India pillar made of pure iron. Stainless iron pole - the mystery is not solved

When visiting Qutub Minar, I was most interested in the iron pillar, which has its own significant remarkableness among other historical monuments of Delhi.

The column is located near the Qutub Minar itself, literally a couple of tens of meters near the tower.

According to the Hindu belief, this column can cure many diseases and give happiness to a person if you wrap your back around the pillar. In view of the greater number of people who wanted to, the pillar was surrounded by a fence and a guard was assigned to look after it.

The inscription on the column says that it was brought and placed here about 1600 years ago. During the period of its existence, the column has practically not undergone corrosion, with the exception of some plaque at the base of the column. The column consists of 99.7% iron with an insignificant content of phosphorus, carbon and sulfur impurities.

The column rises 7 meters above the ground, has a diameter of 0.485 m and a mass of 6 tons.

The origin of the column carries innuendo and ambiguity. How an Indian civilization with a low technological level of development could pay a solid pillar with almost 100% pure iron content.

Some argue that the column was smelted by the pre-civilization of the Aryans (i.e., the late Atlanteans in conjunction with the early Aryans), from an iron meteorite that fell to the west of Bombay more than 12 thousand years ago. Some argue that there could not have been without aliens.

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Scientists have conducted a number of studies of the iron column in Delhi. For example, British specialists took small pieces of metal as samples for physical and chemical analysis in London. Upon arrival in London, it turned out that the samples were covered with rust. Soon, the Swedish materials scientist I. Wranglen and his colleagues discovered a zone of severe corrosion on the lower part of the column. It turned out that in the area of \u200b\u200bthe foundation, it rusted to a depth of 16 millimeters along the entire diameter. Faith in pure stainless iron was undermined, but other questions remained. Why, for example, does the column not rust higher from the foundation, and also how to explain its healing power?

Many years of efforts by Russian researchers revealed a number of previously unknown features of this building. For example, it turned out that the foundation of the column is made in the form of a two-sided pyramid (rhombus), it forms a vertical energy flow invisible to the ordinary eye, resembling a candle flame about 8 meters high and more than 2 meters in diameter.

Similar energy fields are observed above the tops of the pyramids and other places of worship, such as Orthodox churches, made in the form of pyramids, raised above the ground. Above their central bulbous dome, the iron crosses are also immune to corrosion if properly placed in the energy field.

The conducted studies show that inside the column at a height of about 3 meters from the ground there is an additional source of energy field radiation, made in the form of a small compressed rectangular package of thin sheets of unknown radioactive metal. The radiation source is inserted into the column through a drilled and then plugged hole. Perhaps there is a message for posterity. New studies of the column may reveal additional interesting findings.

It can be assumed that the energy field shell of the iron column is a reliable protection against corrosion. The reason for the appearance of rust on the column in the area of embedding it in the foundation can be a water film from rain and dew formed on the horizontal surface of the foundation, which goes beyond the energy case.

As for the miracle of healing the sick, the main role here is played by the vertical flow of the energy field, which has a beneficial effect on the human energy, normalizes the work of the whole organism. A person receives a powerful additional energy supply, being completely in the arms of the energy field of the column. Recall that modern medicine affects magnetic, electric and other energy fields only on certain parts of the human body, without restoring the deformed energy shell of a person as a whole.

The version of the creation of the iron column is also curious. More than 12 thousand years ago, a large iron meteorite fell to the west of Bombay, the remains of which are still there on the shelf of the sea. During the heyday of the Atlantean and Indian civilizations, local craftsmen created three identical iron columns by crystallizing meteorite fragments. Other ritual items were made in the underground caves using the same method. There, archaeologists in our time find many finished and unfinished products made of crystallized iron.

The special shape and design of the foundation containing energy flow stimulators (crystals, amber, rare earth and radioactive elements), as well as the design of the iron column itself, allowed the ancient masters to create an energy field flow around the column, which can be conditionally called the “Space Communication Channel” (energy antenna).

Similar ritual columns (pillars) made of stone, wood or metal in the area of places of worship are found on all continents of the planet. They vary in size and complexity of manufacture. Some reached 20 meters in height (Pillars of Hercules), others only a few meters. For example, in Northern Bukovina, at the Rzhavinsky sanctuary (VIII-X centuries AD), a tetrahedral stone pillar more than 2 meters high was found, tapering upwards, without inscriptions and images. He stood in the center of the sanctuary, symbolizing the "World Axis", around which the Sun mysteriously and symbolically rotated in the process of ritual actions. In fact, such pillars (columns) fulfilled their functional, and not symbolic purpose. The priests had the knowledge of using and transforming weak earthly energy flows. In a word, the stone pillar played the same role here as the iron pillar in Delhi.

The metal column in the courtyard of the Qutub Minar mosque is one of the most mysterious historical sights in India. It is often called the eighth wonder of the world and the hallmark of Delhi. The ancient Indians obviously possessed some secrets in the art of metallurgy. And evidence of this is the Delhi column, which has resisted rust for more than fifteen centuries...

Created by an unknown architect

The origin of the iron column is not precisely established. Some historians claim that it was cast in 895 BC. by order of Raja Dhava, the ruler of Delhi. Muslim chroniclers claim that it was brought from northern Muslim countries. There are versions that attribute the creation of the pillar to Emperor Chandragupta II or Raja Anangpal.

Some of the inscriptions made on the column with the help of incisors helped to unravel the "mystery of birth". The earliest of them is located at a height of two meters from the ground. Six lines in Sanskrit form a conditional rectangle, the length of which is 85 centimeters, the width is 27, and the height of the characters in the inscription is from 0.8 to 1.3 centimeters. Previously, the letters were filled with silver and, illuminated in the dark by the moon, glowed ...

The inscription is an epitaph to King Chandragupta II, who died in 413. The column, as the text says, was erected in memory of this king on a mountain called Vishnu's Foot and is dedicated to this god. The peculiarities of the alphabet and lettering indicate that the column was originally located in Allahabad, in eastern India.

Historians had only to find a mountain called Vishnu's Foot. And she was discovered. It turns out that the column once stood in front of the Vishnu temple and was decorated on top with the image of the sacred bird Garuda. Other similar columns have been found in the area, but they were made of stone, not iron. But why doesn't this iron post rust?

Can't be!

Disbelief in the possibility of ancient civilizations leads to the birth of cosmic theories of the origin of earthly miracles. The iron column in the vicinity of Delhi did not escape a similar fate. It does not rust, it has been standing like new for one and a half thousand years. Can't be!

This means that the pillar is made from the remains of an alien ship, and as you know, everything that is in any way connected with it does not automatically require further evidence.

Another version says that the column was forged, although on Earth, but nevertheless from a celestial alien - an iron meteorite, which, as you know, practically does not corrode under normal conditions.

There were those who seriously argue about a miniature nuclear reactor hidden inside the artifact, which supposedly protects the column from rust. They also say that the column has healing properties: if you hug it, you will be happy and healed from all diseases. True, skeptics joke that if this column had been brought to Russia, one more alien property would have been discovered. If in a frost of minus 40 ° a naked Indian hugs her, and even licks a stainless surface, then she will draw him to her and will not let go for a very long time. Moreover, this artifact would hardly have taken root in our latitudes. What does not rust does not require restoration. And if so, then the expense item “on the preservation of a masterpiece” will not be able to be cut.

There are a dozen of the most fantastic versions of the emergence of the Delhi pillar, but if you go down to the sinful earth, then you can find a completely earthly explanation for any unusual phenomenon.

Forgotten technologies

To do this, you will have to turn to history and see what India was like one and a half thousand years ago in the era of the Guptas. The Indians of those times knew many metals. They knew how to gild and silver jewelry, to make alloys of precious metals. In addition to gold and silver, they knew iron, copper, lead, tin and the hitherto undeciphered metal called vaikrinta. In the oldest written monuments of India - the Vedas - bronze is mentioned, and iron, judging by recent archaeological excavations, was known as early as the 10th century BC.

The smelting of iron is mentioned in the Brahmins - sacred books dating back to about the 9th-6th centuries BC. Thus, by the time of the construction of the column, metallurgy in India had a glorious history, and iron had become so common that it was used to make plows. It's just that the vast majority of products of ancient Indian metallurgy have not survived to this day: they were destroyed by corrosion - the mortal enemy of metals.

A well-known Indian scientist, the author of many works on prehistoric metallurgy in India, Subbarayarra suggested that the column was made in southern India about a thousand years BC. Even then, Indian masters comprehended the secrets of smelting pure iron, which was valued above gold and precious stones. The scientist bases his conclusion on metal household items found by archaeologists in these places with an iron content of up to 95 percent. In favor of his assumption is the fact that another metal column was found in the country, larger than the famous Delhi one. It is also cast from almost pure iron. In addition, the beams of the metal ceilings of the ancient Hindu temples of Konark and Puri in the state of Orissa are made of 99 percent iron.

It is no coincidence that in those distant times, India was famous all over the world for its iron and steel products, and the Persians even had a saying: “To carry steel to India”, which is similar in meaning to the Russian proverb: “Go to Tula with your samovar”.

At the end of the last century, metallurgists also became interested in the column. Since then, many analyzes of her have been carried out; their results are not classified, but, alas, few people know. Historians do not read articles on metallurgy, and metallurgists prefer not to interfere in the disputes of historians.

It was possible to establish that the column was made not of iron, but of low-carbon steel, "very pure in sulfur and impermissibly contaminated in phosphorus", with the same carbon content as in very popular modern steel - 15 (high-strength high-alloy steel with increased corrosion resistance ). In addition, the column was not solid. Lumps of iron weighing 20-30 kg were welded together by forging: hammer blows and welding lines were preserved on the column.

And finally, the fact that the artifact is not subject to corrosion is a myth. Not without reason, in the 1960s of the XX century, the pillar was cleaned. It is unlikely that only bird droppings were washed from him.

A Swedish metallurgist thought of doing a simple study. He dug up the ground at the foot of the column and looked at that part of it that is not visible to historians and ufologists. The underground part was covered with a centimeter layer of rust with corrosive ulcers up to ten centimeters deep.

The same Swede sawed off several pieces from the column and took one of them to the ocean coast, the other to Sweden. Samples rusted at an enviable rate. It turned out that the dry and warm climate of Northern India helped the creators of the legend. Studies on the corrosion of metals, conducted recently in various parts of the Earth, showed that Delhi is in second place in the world after Khartoum in terms of the passivity of the atmosphere. Even unstable zinc in Delhi hardly oxidizes.

A number of hypotheses suggest that the ancient metallurgists, wittingly or unwittingly, created a special protective film. In particular, it is assumed that during the manufacture of the column, it was treated with superheated steam, and thus the steel was blued. There is a version that when smelting "by eye", as happened in antiquity, very large deviations in the quality of the metal are possible.

One of these exceptions could be a column. Moreover, it is not unique. The iron beams of ten meters in length with a diameter of twenty centimeters, which were used in the construction of the temple in Konarok, also did not succumb to corrosion.

Kutubov column:

Installed in the 9th century BC;

Height - 7.21 m;

Weight - 6.5 tons;

Lower diameter - 0.485 m:

Upper diameter -0.223 m.

Shot at a masterpiece

The iron column is so firmly planted in the ground that the cannonball launched into it by the conqueror Nadir Shah in 1739 could neither knock down nor even damage it, only leaving a small depression on the even and smooth surface of the column.

Considering that cannonballs on average weighed from a kilogram to 18 kg, a large cannon would hardly have been rolled in for this experiment - they were most likely fired from some kind of infantry. The weight of the projectile was approximately 9 kg, and the weight of the column was 6 tons. Therefore, the maximum that the core could make was a small dent. There is nothing surprising in this fact.

The authorities of Ecuador have deprived Julian Assange of asylum in the London embassy. The founder of WikiLeaks is detained by the British police, and this has already been called the biggest betrayal in the history of Ecuador. Why is Assange being avenged and what awaits him?

Julian Assange, a programmer and journalist from Australia, became widely known after the website WikiLeaks, founded by him, published secret documents of the US State Department, as well as materials related to military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan in 2010.

But it was quite difficult to find out who the policemen, supporting by the arms, were taking out of the building. Assange grew a beard and did not look at all like the energetic man that he had so far presented in photographs.

According to Ecuadorian President Lenin Moreno, Assange's asylum was denied because of his repeated violations of international conventions.

He is expected to remain at a police station in central London until he appears before Westminster Magistrates' Court.

Why the President of Ecuador is accused of betrayal

Former President of Ecuador Rafael Correa called the decision of the current government the biggest betrayal in the history of the country. "What he (Moreno. - Approx. ed.) did is a crime that humanity will never forget," Correa said.

London, on the contrary, thanked Moreno. The British Foreign Office believes that justice has prevailed. The representative of the Russian diplomatic department, Maria Zakharova, has a different opinion. "The hand of 'democracy' is squeezing the throat of freedom," she said. The Kremlin expressed the hope that the rights of the arrested person would be respected.

Ecuador harbored Assange because the former president was center-left, critical of US policy, and welcomed WikiLeaks' release of classified documents on the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Even before the Internet activist needed asylum, he managed to get to know Correa personally: he interviewed him for the Russia Today channel.

However, in 2017, the government in Ecuador changed, the country headed for rapprochement with the United States. The new president called Assange "a stone in the shoe" and immediately made it clear that his stay on the territory of the embassy would not be delayed.

According to Correa, the moment of truth came at the end of June last year, when US Vice President Michael Pence arrived in Ecuador on a visit. Then everything was decided. "You can be sure: Lenin is just a hypocrite. He has already agreed with the Americans about the fate of Assange. And now he is trying to make us swallow the pill, saying that Ecuador allegedly continues the dialogue," Correa said in an interview with Russia Today.

How Assange made new enemies

The day before his arrest, WikiLeaks editor-in-chief Kristin Hrafnsson said that Assange was under total surveillance. "WikiLeaks uncovered a massive spy operation against Julian Assange at the Ecuadorian embassy," he said. According to him, cameras and voice recorders were placed around Assange, and the information received was transmitted to the administration of Donald Trump.

Hrafnsson specified that Assange was going to be expelled from the embassy a week earlier. This did not happen only because WikiLeaks made this information public. A high-ranking source told the portal about the plans of the Ecuadorian authorities, but the head of the Ecuadorian Foreign Ministry, Jose Valencia, denied the rumors.

The expulsion of Assange was preceded by a corruption scandal involving Moreno. In February, WikiLeaks published the INA Papers package, which traced the operations of the offshore company INA Investment, founded by the brother of the Ecuadorian leader. In Quito, they said that this was a plot by Assange with Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro and former head of Ecuador Rafael Correa to overthrow Moreno.

In early April, Moreno complained about Assange's behavior in Ecuador's London mission. “We have to protect the life of Mr. Assange, but he has already crossed all the lines in terms of violating the agreement that we reached with him,” the president said. “This does not mean that he cannot speak freely, but he cannot lie and hack ". At the same time, back in February last year, it became known that Assange at the embassy was deprived of the opportunity to interact with the outside world, in particular, he was turned off access to the Internet.

Why Sweden stopped persecuting Assange

At the end of last year, Western media, citing sources, reported that Assange would be charged in the United States. This was never officially confirmed, but it was precisely because of Washington's position that Assange had to take refuge in the Ecuadorian embassy six years ago.

Sweden, in May 2017, stopped investigating two cases of rape in which the founder of the portal was accused. Assange demanded compensation from the country's government for legal costs in the amount of 900,000 euros.

Earlier, in 2015, Swedish prosecutors also dropped three charges against him due to the statute of limitations.

Where did the rape investigation lead?

Assange arrived in Sweden in the summer of 2010, hoping to get protection from US authorities. But he was under investigation for rape. In November 2010, a warrant for his arrest was issued in Stockholm, and Assange was put on the international wanted list. He was detained in London, but was soon released on bail of 240 thousand pounds.

In February 2011, a British court ruled to extradite Assange to Sweden, followed by a series of successful appeals for the founder of WikiLeaks.

The British authorities placed him under house arrest before deciding to extradite him to Sweden. Breaking his promise to the authorities, Assange asked for asylum in the Ecuadorian embassy, which was granted to him. Since then, the UK has had its own grievances against the founder of WikiLeaks.

What's next for Assange?

The man was re-arrested following a U.S. extradition request for publishing classified documents, police said. At the same time, Deputy Foreign Minister Alan Duncan said that Assange would not be sent to the United States if he faced the death penalty there.

In the UK, Assange is likely to appear in court on the afternoon of 11 April. This is stated on the WikiLeaks Twitter page. It is likely that the British authorities will seek a maximum sentence of 12 months, the man's mother said, citing his lawyer.

At the same time, the Swedish prosecutor's office is considering reopening the investigation into the rape allegation. Lawyer Elizabeth Massey Fritz, who represented the interests of the victim, will seek this.

This unusual column is made entirely of iron and is located in the city of Delhi. Its age is estimated at 1600 years, but despite this, no traces of rust were found on its surface, as is often the case with iron products that are outdoors and not coated with anti-corrosion compounds.

The iron pillar in Delhi has a height of 7 meters and is almost 100% pure iron. A detailed analysis of the composition, carried out by Indian specialists, showed only a small (less than 0.5%) content of nickel and phosphorus in it. This column has a very interesting history. The fact is that she was not always in Delhi, on the territory of the Qutub Minar complex, but was transported there from the city of Mathura. But the exact date of this event is unknown, presumably it happened in the XI-XIII centuries. It is believed that the iron column was built in 415 in honor of Chandragupta II - the greatest ruler of the Gupta state, which existed on the territory of modern India. Initially, there was a sculpture of a bird on top of the iron column, but by now the column has lost its decoration.

This column as an outstanding structure is mentioned in the writings of medieval historians and travelers. The British who captured India were also amazed by this unusual monument of antiquity, which delighted everyone with its safety. Indeed, at such a venerable age, the iron column had no signs of corrosion, which indicated the incredible knowledge of the ancient masters.

For a long time it was believed that the column was cast from a single piece of iron, but research by scientists has shown that it is most likely made from several separate parts, and the total weight of the column is 6.5 tons. As you know, pure iron is susceptible to corrosion, so in the modern world it is used in the form of alloys, which contain various components that protect it from moisture and oxygen. Given the fact that the column has no signs of damage, for a long time it was believed that it was made of a special alloy, the secret of which was known to the masters of antiquity.

But the myth, maintained for centuries about the wonderful anti-corrosion parameters of the alloy, was dispelled by a detailed study. It turned out that the part of the column, which is underground, is exposed to the moisture contained in the soil, it has survived much worse and is corroded by rust. But the above-ground part, according to experts, survived 1600 years without significant damage, thanks to several factors. The main reason is the oxide film that has formed on the surface of the column, making it chemically inert to atmospheric moisture. The formation of this film was facilitated by particles of phosphorus, which was found in very small amounts in the composition of the column. In addition, Delhi has dry and hot weather for most of the year, and significant precipitation occurs only from July to September, so the top of the column is in contact with moisture for a rather short time. It turns out that the researchers did not find any miraculous composition or technology of the ancient masters in the iron column, but saw only a chain of facts that all together led to the emergence of the myth of the stainless column.

Today, a fence has been erected around the famous iron column: too many wanted to touch it, as it was believed that hugging the column would bring happiness and fulfill wishes. Nevertheless, it remains one of the places of pilgrimage for Hindus, as well as a popular tourist attraction in the old part of Delhi.

In India, not far from Delhi, in the town of Shimaikhalori, there is a huge iron pillar-column. Its height is 6.7 meters, diameter is 1.37 meters. At the top, the column is decorated with ancient ornaments and outwardly resembles a column of an ancient temple. Perhaps this pillar was erected several millennia ago. The most amazing thing is that it is not subject to corrosion and destruction at all. In 1739, a cannonball was fired at it, which did not cause the slightest harm to the pillar.

How did the ancient masters manage to create chemically pure iron, how did they manage to cast a metal column 7 meters high and girth thick? Science cannot explain it. Some scientists believe that the Iron Column is evidence of the existence of a long-vanished ancient civilization, others believe that it was left in memory of an alien visit to Earth. let it distract a little from the topic, but it will help to complete road work at the lowest financial cost.

The famous Kutubov column on the altar of the Kuvwat-ul-Islam mosque in the fortified city of Lal-Kot, not far from Delhi, perhaps even today remains one of the many iconic engineering creations of ancient civilizations that keep the secret of the Great Knowledge of antiquity, attracting more and more new researchers. There are many hypotheses about the origin of the column, many argue that the stainless column is never made of meteoric iron, and some are sure that this is the work of the aliens themselves!

Standing in the open air, the legendary iron column with a diameter of 0.485 meters reaches a height of more than 7 meters and weighs about 6 tons. The inscription on the pillar says that it was brought and placed on this site during the reign of Samandragunta, who lived from 330 to 380 AD. The encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron says: "... the iron column of Raja Dhava (beginning of the 4th century AD) was erected in memory of the victory over the peoples of Central Asia, as the Sanskrit inscription located here says." For a period of more than 1600 years, rare iron products have survived to this day. There are no traces of rust on the visible surface of the column. Until recently, it was believed that if the column, washed by rain and dew, does not rust, then it is made of pure iron. No other explanations were found.

The glory of this column was also added by legends about its magical healing properties, relieving people from a number of diseases. It is believed that it is enough for a patient who has arrived here on crutches to stand, hugging a column, for 20-30 minutes to recover.

Similar ritual columns (pillars) made of stone, wood or metal in the area of places of worship are found on all continents of the planet. They vary in size and complexity of manufacture. Some reached 20 meters in height (Pillars of Hercules), others - only a few meters. For example, in Northern Bukovina, at the Rzhavinsky sanctuary (VIII-X centuries AD), a tetrahedral stone pillar more than 2 meters high was found, tapering upwards, without inscriptions and images. He stood in the center of the sanctuary, symbolizing the "World Axis", around which the Sun mysteriously and symbolically rotated in the process of ritual actions. In fact, such pillars (columns) fulfilled their functional, and not symbolic purpose. The priests had the knowledge of using and transforming weak earthly energy flows. In a word, the stone pillar played the same role here as the iron pillar in Delhi.

Nowadays, similar stone pillars can be seen in French Brittany (giant menhirs), in England (carved cross from Gosford), in the Crimea, the Caucasus, Africa, Central America.