Feats during the war. Heroes of our time

The highest degree of distinction in the USSR was the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. It was awarded to citizens who accomplished a feat during military operations or distinguished themselves by other outstanding services to their Motherland. As an exception, it could have been appropriated in peacetime.

The title of Hero of the Soviet Union was established by the Decree of the USSR Central Executive Committee of April 16, 1934. Later, on August 1, 1939, as an additional insignia for Heroes of the USSR, the Gold Star medal was approved, in the form of a five-pointed star fixed on a rectangular block, which was issued to the recipients along with the Order of Lenin and a diploma of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces. At the same time, it was established that those who repeated a feat worthy of the title of Hero would be awarded the second Order of Lenin and the second Gold Star medal. When the hero was re-awarded, his bronze bust was installed in his homeland. The number of awards with the title Hero of the Soviet Union was not limited.

The list of the first Heroes of the Soviet Union was opened on April 20, 1934 by polar explorer pilots: A. Lyapidevsky, S. Levanevsky, N. Kamanin, V. Molokov, M. Vodopyanov, M. Slepnev and I. Doronin. Participants in the rescue of passengers in distress on the legendary steamship Chelyuskin.

Eighth on the list was M. Gromov (September 28, 1934). The crew of the aircraft he led set a world record for flight range along a closed curve at a distance of more than 12 thousand kilometers. The next Heroes of the USSR were the pilots: crew commander Valery Chkalov, who together with G. Baidukov and A. Belyakov made a long non-stop flight along the Moscow - Far East route.

It was for military exploits that for the first time 17 commanders of the Red Army (Decree of December 31, 1936) who participated in the Spanish Civil War became Heroes of the Soviet Union. Six of them were tank crews, the rest were pilots. Three of them were awarded the title posthumously. Two of the recipients were foreigners: Bulgarian V. Goranov and Italian P. Gibelli. In total, for battles in Spain (1936-39), the highest honor was awarded 60 times.

In August 1938, this list was supplemented by 26 more people who showed courage and heroism during the defeat of the Japanese interventionists in the area of ​​Lake Khasan. About a year later, the first presentation of the Gold Star medal took place, which was received by 70 fighters for their exploits during battles in the area of ​​the river. Khalkhin Gol (1939). Some of them became twice Heroes of the Soviet Union.

After the start of the Soviet-Finnish conflict (1939-40), the list of Heroes of the Soviet Union increased by another 412 people. Thus, before the start of the Great Patriotic War, 626 citizens received the Hero, among whom were 3 women (M. Raskova, P. Osipenko and V. Grizodubova).

More than 90 percent of the total number of Heroes of the Soviet Union appeared in the country during the Great Patriotic War. 11 thousand 657 people were awarded this high title, 3051 of them posthumously. This list includes 107 fighters who became twice heroes (7 were awarded posthumously), and the total number of those awarded included 90 women (49 - posthumously).

The attack of Nazi Germany on the USSR caused an unprecedented rise in patriotism. The Great War brought a lot of grief, but it also revealed the heights of courage and strength of character of seemingly ordinary ordinary people.

So, who would have expected heroism from the elderly Pskov peasant Matvey Kuzmin. In the very first days of the war, he came to the military registration and enlistment office, but they brushed him off because he was too old: “go, grandfather, to your grandchildren, we’ll figure it out without you.” Meanwhile, the front was inexorably moving east. The Germans entered the village of Kurakino, where Kuzmin lived. In February 1942, an elderly peasant was unexpectedly summoned to the commandant's office - the battalion commander of the 1st Mountain Rifle Division found out that Kuzmin was an excellent tracker with perfect knowledge of the terrain and ordered him to assist the Nazis - to lead a German detachment to the rear of the advanced battalion of the Soviet 3rd Shock Army . “If you do everything right, I’ll pay you well, but if you don’t, blame yourself...” “Yes, of course, of course, don’t worry, your honor,” Kuzmin feignedly whined. But an hour later, the cunning peasant sent his grandson with a note to our people: “The Germans ordered a detachment to be led to your rear, in the morning I will lure them to the fork near the village of Malkino, meet me.” That same evening, the fascist detachment with its guide set off. Kuzmin led the Nazis in circles and deliberately exhausted the invaders: they forced them to climb steep hillsides and wade through dense bushes. “What can you do, your honor, well, there is no other way here...” At dawn, tired and cold fascists found themselves at the Malkino fork. "That's it, guys, they're here." “How did you come!?” “So, let’s rest here and then we’ll see...” The Germans looked around - they had been walking all night, but they had moved only a couple of kilometers from Kurakino and were now standing on the road in an open field, and twenty meters in front of them was a forest, where, now they understood for sure, there was a Soviet ambush. “Oh, you…” – the German officer pulled out a pistol and emptied the entire clip into the old man. But at that same second, a rifle salvo rang out from the forest, then another, Soviet machine guns began to chatter, and a mortar fired. The Nazis rushed about, screamed, and shot randomly in all directions, but not one of them escaped alive. The hero died and took 250 Nazi occupiers with him. Matvey Kuzmin became the oldest Hero of the Soviet Union, he was 83 years old.

And the youngest gentleman of the highest Soviet rank, Valya Kotik, joined the partisan detachment at the age of 11. At first he was a liaison for an underground organization, then he took part in military operations. With his courage, fearlessness and strength of character, Valya amazed his seasoned senior comrades. In October 1943, the young hero saved his squad by noticing the approaching punitive forces in time, he raised the alarm and was the first to enter the battle, killing several Nazis, including a German officer. On February 16, 1944, Valya was mortally wounded in battle. The young hero was posthumously awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union. He was 14 years old.

The entire people, young and old, rose up to fight the fascist infection. Soldiers, sailors, officers, even children and old people selflessly fought against the Nazi invaders. Therefore, it is not surprising that the vast majority of awards with the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union occur during the war years.

In the post-war period, the title of GSS was awarded quite rarely. But even before 1990, awards continued for exploits during the Great Patriotic War, which were not carried out at the time for various reasons, intelligence officer Richard Sorge, F.A. Poletaev, the legendary submariner A.I. Marinesko and many others.

For military courage and dedication, the title of GSS was awarded to participants in combat operations performing international duty in North Korea, Hungary, Egypt - 15 awards; in Afghanistan, 85 internationalist soldiers received the highest honor, of which 28 were posthumous.

A special group, awarding military equipment test pilots, polar explorers, participants in the exploration of the depths of the World Ocean - 250 people in total. Since 1961, the title of GSS has been awarded to cosmonauts; over 30 years, 84 people who have completed a space flight have been awarded it. Six people were awarded for eliminating the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant

It should also be noted that in the post-war years, a vicious tradition arose of awarding high military honors for “armchair” achievements dedicated to anniversary birthdays. This is how repeatedly noted heroes like Brezhnev and Budyonny appeared. “Gold Stars” were also awarded as friendly political gestures; due to this, the list of Heroes of the USSR was supplemented by the heads of the allied states Fidel Castro, Egyptian President Nasser and some others.

The list of Heroes of the Soviet Union was completed on December 24, 1991, by captain 3rd rank, underwater specialist L. Solodkov, who participated in a diving experiment for long-term work at a depth of 500 meters under water.

In total, during the existence of the USSR, 12 thousand 776 people received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Of these, 154 people were awarded it twice, 3 people three times. and four times – 2 people. The first twice Heroes were military pilots S. Gritsevich and G. Kravchenko. Three times Heroes: air marshals A. Pokryshkin and I. Kozhedub, as well as Marshal of the USSR S. Budyonny. There are only two four-time Heroes on the list - USSR Marshals G. Zhukov and L. Brezhnev.

In history, there are known cases of deprivation of the title of Hero of the Soviet Union - 72 in total, plus 13 canceled Decrees on conferring this title as unfounded.

During the battles, the child heroes of the Great Patriotic War did not spare their own lives and walked with the same courage and bravery as adult men. Their fate was not limited to exploits on the battlefield - they worked in the rear, promoted communism in the occupied territories, helped supply troops and much more.

There is an opinion that the victory over the Germans is the merit of grown men and women, but this is not entirely true. The child heroes of the Great Patriotic War made no less contribution to the victory over the regime of the Third Reich and their names should not be forgotten either.

The young pioneer heroes of the Great Patriotic War also acted bravely, because they understood that not only their own lives were at stake, but also the fate of the entire state.

The article will talk about child heroes of the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945), more precisely about seven brave boys who received the right to be called heroes of the USSR.

The stories of child heroes of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 are a valuable source of data for historians, even if the children did not take part in bloody battles with weapons in their hands. Below, in addition, you can see photos of the pioneer heroes of the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945 and learn about their brave deeds during the fighting.

All stories about child heroes of the Great Patriotic War contain only verified information; their full names and the full names of their loved ones have not changed. However, some data may not correspond to the truth (for example, exact dates of death, birth), since documentary evidence was lost during the conflict.

Probably the most child hero of the Great Patriotic War is Valentin Aleksandrovich Kotik. The future brave man and patriot was born on February 11, 1930 in a small settlement called Khmelevka, in the Shepetovsky district of the Khmelnitsky region and studied at the Russian-language secondary school No. 4 of the same town. Being an eleven-year-old boy who only had to study in the sixth grade and learn about life, from the first hours of the confrontation he decided for himself that he would fight the invaders.

When the autumn of 1941 came, Kotik, together with his close comrades, carefully organized an ambush for the police of the city of Shepetivka. In the course of a well-thought-out operation, the boy managed to eliminate the head of the police by throwing a live grenade under his car.

Around the beginning of 1942, the little saboteur joined a detachment of Soviet partisans who fought deep behind enemy lines during the war. Initially, young Valya was not sent into battle - he was assigned to work as a signalman - a rather important position. However, the young fighter insisted on his participation in battles against the Nazi occupiers, invaders and murderers.

In August 1943, the young patriot was accepted, having shown extraordinary initiative, into a large and active underground group named after Ustim Karmelyuk under the leadership of Lieutenant Ivan Muzalev. Throughout 1943, he regularly took part in battles, during which he received a bullet more than once, but even despite this he returned to the front line again, not sparing his life. Valya was not shy about any work, and therefore also often went on reconnaissance missions in his underground organization.

The young fighter accomplished one famous feat in October 1943. Quite by accident, Kotik discovered a well-hidden telephone cable, which was located shallow underground and was extremely important for the Germans. This telephone cable provided communication between the headquarters of the Supreme Commander (Adolf Hitler) and occupied Warsaw. This played an important role in the liberation of the Polish capital, since the fascist headquarters had no connection with the high command. In the same year, Kotik helped to blow up an enemy warehouse with ammunition for weapons, and also destroyed six railway trains with the equipment necessary for the Germans, and in which the people of Kiev were hijacked, mining them and blowing them up without remorse.

At the end of October of the same year, the little patriot of the USSR Valya Kotik accomplished another feat. Being part of a partisan group, Valya stood on patrol and noticed how enemy soldiers surrounded his group. The cat was not at a loss and first of all killed the enemy officer who commanded the punitive operation, and then raised the alarm. Thanks to such a courageous act of this brave pioneer, the partisans managed to react to the encirclement and were able to fight off the enemy, avoiding huge losses in their ranks.

Unfortunately, in the battle for the city of Izyaslav in mid-February of the following year, Valya was mortally wounded by a shot from a German rifle. The pioneer hero died from his wound the next morning at the age of just 14 years.

The young warrior was laid to rest forever in his hometown. Despite the significance of Vali Kotik’s exploits, his merits were noticed only thirteen years later, when the boy was awarded the title of “Hero of the Soviet Union,” but posthumously. In addition, Valya was also awarded the Order of Lenin, the Red Banner and the Order of the Patriotic War. Monuments were erected not only in the hero’s native village, but throughout the entire territory of the USSR. Streets, orphanages, and so on were named after him.

Pyotr Sergeevich Klypa is one of those who can easily be called a rather controversial personality, who, being a hero of the Brest Fortress and possessing the “Order of the Patriotic War,” was also known as a criminal.

The future defender of the Brest Fortress was born at the end of September 1926 in the Russian city of Bryansk. The boy spent his childhood practically without a father. He was a railway worker and died early - the boy was raised only by his mother.

In 1939, Peter was taken into the army by his older brother, Nikolai Klypa, who at that time had already achieved the rank of lieutenant of the spacecraft, and under his command was the musical platoon of the 333rd regiment of the 6th rifle division. The young fighter became a student of this platoon.

After the Red Army captured the territory of Poland, he, together with the 6th Infantry Division, was sent to the area of ​​​​the city of Brest-Litovsk. The barracks of his regiment were located close to the famous Brest Fortress. On June 22, Pyotr Klypa woke up in the barracks just as the Germans began to bomb the fortress and the surrounding barracks. The soldiers of the 333rd Infantry Regiment, despite the panic, were able to give an organized rebuff to the first attack of the German infantry, and young Peter also actively participated in this battle.

From the first day, he, together with his friend Kolya Novikov, began to go on reconnaissance missions around the dilapidated and surrounded fortress and carry out orders from their commanders. On June 23, during the next reconnaissance, young soldiers managed to discover a whole warehouse of ammunition that was not destroyed by explosions - this ammunition greatly helped the defenders of the fortress. For many more days, Soviet soldiers repelled enemy attacks using this find.

When senior lieutenant Alexander Potapov became commander of 333-poka, he appointed the young and energetic Peter as his liaison. He did a lot of useful things. One day he brought to the medical unit a large supply of bandages and medicines that were urgently needed by the wounded. Every day Peter also brought water to the soldiers, which was sorely lacking for the defenders of the fortress.

By the end of the month, the situation of the Red Army soldiers in the fortress became catastrophically difficult. To save the lives of innocent people, the soldiers sent children, old people and women into captivity to the Germans, giving them a chance to survive. The young intelligence officer was also offered to surrender, but he refused, deciding to continue participating in battles against the Germans.

In early July, the defenders of the fortress almost ran out of ammunition, water and food. Then it was decided with all our might to make a breakthrough. It ended in complete failure for the Red Army soldiers - the Germans killed most of the soldiers and took the rest half prisoner. Only a few managed to survive and break through the encirclement. One of them was Peter Klypa.

However, after a couple of days of grueling pursuit, the Nazis captured him and the other survivors and took them prisoner. Until 1945, Peter worked in Germany as a farm laborer for a fairly wealthy German farmer. He was freed by the troops of the United States of America, after which he returned to the ranks of the Red Army. After demobilization, Petya became a bandit and robber. He even had murder on his hands. He served a significant part of his life in prison, after which he returned to normal life and started a family and two children. Pyotr Klypa died in 1983 at the age of 57. His early death was caused by a serious illness - cancer.

Among the child heroes of the Great Patriotic War (WWII), the young partisan fighter Vilor Chekmak deserves special attention. The boy was born at the end of December 1925 in the glorious city of sailors Simferopol. Vilor had Greek roots. His father, a hero of many conflicts with the participation of the USSR, died during the defense of the capital of the USSR in 1941.

Vilor was an excellent student at school, experienced extraordinary love and had artistic talent - he drew beautifully. When he grew up, he dreamed of painting expensive paintings, but the events of bloody June 1941 crossed out his dreams once and for all.

In August 1941, Vilor could no longer sit back while others shed blood for him. And then, taking his beloved shepherd dog, he went to the partisan detachment. The boy was a real defender of the Fatherland. His mother dissuaded him from joining an underground group, since the guy had a congenital heart defect, but he still decided to save his homeland. Like many other boys his age, Vilor began serving in the intelligence service.

He served in the ranks of the partisan detachment for only a couple of months, but before his death he accomplished a real feat. On November 10, 1941, he was on duty, covering his brothers. The Germans began to surround the partisan detachment and Vilor was the first to notice their approach. The guy risked everything and fired a rocket launcher to warn his brothers about the enemy, but with the same act he attracted the attention of an entire squad of Nazis. Realizing that he could no longer escape, he decided to cover the retreat of his brothers in arms, and therefore opened fire on the Germans. The boy fought until the last shot, but then did not give up. He, like a real hero, rushed at the enemy with explosives, blowing up himself and the Germans.

For his achievements, he received the medal “For Military Merit” and the medal “For the Defense of Sevastopol.”

Medal "For the Defense of Sevastopol".

Among the famous child heroes of the Great Patriotic War, it is also worth highlighting Arkady Nakolaevich Kamanin, who was born in early November 1928 in the family of the famous Soviet military leader and Red Army Air Force general Nikolai Kamanin. It is noteworthy that his father was one of the first citizens of the USSR to receive the highest title in the state, Hero of the Soviet Union.

Arkady spent his childhood in the Far East, but then moved to Moscow, where he lived for a short time. Being the son of a military pilot, Arkady was able to fly airplanes as a child. In the summer, the young hero always worked at the airfield, and also briefly worked at a factory for the production of aircraft for various purposes as a mechanic. When hostilities began against the Third Reich, the boy moved to the city of Tashkent, where his father was sent.

In 1943, Arkady Kamanin became one of the youngest military pilots in history, and the youngest pilot of the Great Patriotic War. Together with his father he went to the Karelian front. He was enlisted in the 5th Guards Attack Air Corps. At first he worked as a mechanic - not the most prestigious job on board an aircraft. But very soon he was appointed navigator-observer and flight mechanic on the plane to establish communications between individual units called U-2. This plane had dual controls, and Arkasha himself flew the plane more than once. Already in July 1943, the young patriot was flying without any help - completely on his own.

At the age of 14, Arkady officially became a pilot and was enlisted in the 423rd Separate Communications Squadron. Since June 1943, the hero fought against the enemies of the state as part of the 1st Ukrainian Front. Since the victorious autumn of 1944, it became part of the 2nd Ukrainian Front.

Arkady took more part in communication tasks. He flew behind the front line more than once to help the partisans establish communications. At the age of 15, the guy was awarded the Order of the Red Star. He received this award for assisting the Soviet pilot of an Il-2 attack aircraft, who crashed on the so-called no man's land. If the young patriot had not intervened, Polito would have died. Then Arkady received another Order of the Red Star, and then the Order of the Red Banner. Thanks to his successful actions in the sky, the Red Army was able to plant a red flag in occupied Budapest and Vienna.

After defeating the enemy, Arkady went to continue his studies at high school, where he quickly caught up with the program. However, the guy was killed by meningitis, from which he died at the age of 18.

Lenya Golikov is a well-known occupier killer, partisan and pioneer, who for his exploits and extraordinary devotion to the Fatherland, as well as dedication, earned the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, as well as the Medal “Partisan of the Patriotic War, 1st degree.” In addition, his homeland awarded him the Order of Lenin.

Lenya Golikov was born in a small village in the Parfinsky district, in the Novgorod region. Her parents were ordinary workers, and the boy could have had the same calm fate. At the time of the outbreak of hostilities, Lenya had completed seven classes and was already working at a local plywood factory. He began to actively participate in hostilities only in 1942, when the enemies of the state had already captured Ukraine and went to Russia.

In mid-August of the second year of the confrontation, being at that moment a young but already quite experienced intelligence officer of the 4th Leningrad Underground Brigade, he threw a combat grenade under an enemy vehicle. In that car sat a German major general from the engineering forces, Richard von Wirtz. Previously, it was believed that Lenya decisively eliminated the German military leader, but he was able to miraculously survive, albeit seriously injured. In 1945, American troops captured this general. However, on that day, Golikov managed to steal the general’s documents, which contained information about new enemy mines that could cause significant harm to the Red Army. For this achievement, he was nominated for the highest title in the country, “Hero of the Soviet Union.”

In the period from 1942 to 1943, Lena Golikov managed to kill almost 80 German soldiers, blew up 12 highway bridges and 2 more railway bridges. Destroyed a couple of food warehouses important for the Nazis and blew up 10 vehicles with ammunition for the German army.

On January 24, 1943, Leni’s detachment found itself in battle with superior enemy forces. Lenya Golikov died in a battle near a small settlement called Ostray Luka, in the Pskov region, from an enemy bullet. His brothers in arms also died with him. Like many others, he was awarded the title of “Hero of the Soviet Union” posthumously.

One of the heroes of the children of the Great Patriotic War was also a boy named Vladimir Dubinin, who actively acted against the enemy in the Crimea.

The future partisan was born in Kerch on August 29, 1927. Since childhood, the boy was extremely brave and stubborn, and therefore from the first days of hostilities against the Reich he wanted to defend his homeland. It was thanks to his persistence that he ended up in a partisan detachment that operated near Kerch.

Volodya, as a member of a partisan detachment, conducted reconnaissance operations together with his close comrades and brothers in arms. The boy delivered extremely important information and information about the location of enemy units and the number of Wehrmacht fighters, which helped the partisans prepare their offensive combat operations. In December 1941, during the next reconnaissance, Volodya Dubinin provided comprehensive information about the enemy, which made it possible for the partisans to completely defeat the Nazi punitive detachment. Volodya was not afraid to participate in battles - at first he simply brought ammunition under heavy fire, and then stood in the place of a seriously wounded soldier.

Volodya had the trick of leading his enemies by the nose - he “helped” the Nazis find the partisans, but in fact led them into an ambush. The boy successfully completed all the tasks of the partisan detachment. After the successful liberation of the city of Kerch during the Kerch-Feodosia landing operation of 1941-1942. the young partisan joined the sapper detachment. On January 4, 1942, while clearing one of the mines, Volodya died along with a Soviet sapper from a mine explosion. For his services, the pioneer hero received the posthumous award of the Order of the Red Banner.

Sasha Borodulin was born on the day of a famous holiday, namely March 8, 1926 in a hero city called Leningrad. His family was rather poor. Sasha also had two sisters, one older than the hero, and the second younger. The boy did not live long in Leningrad - his family moved to the Republic of Karelia, and then returned to the Leningrad region - in the small village of Novinka, which was 70 kilometers from Leningrad. In this village the hero went to school. There he was elected chairman of the pioneer squad, which the boy dreamed of for a long time.

Sasha was fifteen years old when the fighting began. The hero graduated from 7th grade and became a member of the Komsomol. In the early autumn of 1941, the boy volunteered to join the partisan detachment. At first he conducted exclusively reconnaissance activities for the partisan unit, but soon took up arms.

At the end of the autumn of 1941, he proved himself in the battle for the Chashcha railway station in the ranks of a partisan detachment under the command of the famous partisan leader Ivan Boloznev. For his bravery in the winter of 1941, Alexander was awarded another very honorable Order of the Red Banner in the country.

Over the next months, Vanya repeatedly showed courage, went on reconnaissance missions and fought on the battlefield. On July 7, 1942, the young hero and partisan died. This happened near the village of Oredezh, in the Leningrad region. Sasha remained to cover the retreat of his comrades. He sacrificed his life to allow his brothers in arms to leave. After his death, the young partisan was twice awarded the same Order of the Red Banner.

The names listed above are far from all the heroes of the Great Patriotic War. The children performed many feats that should not be forgotten.

A boy named Marat Kazei accomplished no less than other child heroes of the Great Patriotic War. Despite the fact that his family was out of favor with the government, Marat still remained a patriot. At the beginning of the war, Marat and his mother Anna hid partisans at home. Even when arrests of the local population began in order to find those who were sheltering the partisans, his family did not hand over theirs to the Germans.

Afterwards he himself joined the ranks of the partisan detachment. Marat was actively eager to fight. He accomplished his first feat in January 1943. When the next firefight took place, he was easily wounded, but he still raised his comrades and led them into battle. Being surrounded, the detachment under his command broke through the ring and was able to avoid death. For this feat the guy received the medal “For Courage”. Later he was also given the medal “Partisan of the Patriotic War”, 2nd class.

Marat died along with his commander during a battle in May 1944. When the cartridges ran out, the hero threw one grenade at the enemies, and blew up the second one to avoid being captured by the enemy.

However, not only photos and names of boys pioneer heroes of the Great Patriotic War now decorate the streets of large cities and textbooks. There were also young girls among them. It is worth mentioning the bright but sadly cut short life of the Soviet partisan Zina Portnova.

After the war began in the summer of forty-one, a thirteen-year-old girl found herself in occupied territory and was forced to work in a canteen for German officers. Even then, she worked underground and, on the orders of the partisans, poisoned about a hundred Nazi officers. The fascist garrison in the city began to catch the girl, but she managed to escape, after which she joined the partisan detachment.

At the end of the summer of 1943, during another mission in which she participated as a scout, the Germans captured a young partisan. One of the local residents confirmed that it was Zina who poisoned the officers. They began to brutally torture the girl in order to find out information about the partisan detachment. However, the girl did not say a word. Once she managed to escape, she grabbed a pistol and killed three more Germans. She tried to escape, but was captured again. Afterwards she was tortured for a very long time, practically depriving the girl of any desire to live. Zina still didn’t say a word, after which she was shot on the morning of January 10, 1944.

For her services, the seventeen-year-old girl received the title of Hero of the USSR posthumously.

These stories, stories about child heroes of the Great Patriotic War should never be forgotten, but on the contrary, they will always be in the memory of posterity. It is worth remembering them at least once a year - on the day of the Great Victory.

Since 2009, February 12 has been declared by the UN as International Day of Child Soldiers. This is the name given to minors who, due to circumstances, are forced to actively participate in wars and armed conflicts.

According to various sources, up to several tens of thousands of minors took part in the fighting during the Great Patriotic War. “Sons of the regiment”, pioneer heroes - they fought and died along with adults. For military merits they were awarded orders and medals. The images of some of them were used in Soviet propaganda as symbols of courage and loyalty to the Motherland.

Five minor fighters of the Great Patriotic War were awarded the highest award - the title of Hero of the USSR. All - posthumously, remaining in textbooks and books by children and teenagers. All Soviet schoolchildren knew these heroes by name. Today RG recalls their short and often similar biographies.

Marat Kazei, 14 years old

Member of the partisan detachment named after the 25th anniversary of the October Revolution, scout at the headquarters of the 200th partisan brigade named after Rokossovsky in the occupied territory of the Belarusian SSR.

Marat was born in 1929 in the village of Stankovo, Minsk region of Belarus, and managed to graduate from the 4th grade of a rural school. Before the war, his parents were arrested on charges of sabotage and “Trotskyism,” and numerous children were “scattered” among their grandparents. But the Kazey family was not angry with the Soviet regime: In 1941, when Belarus became an occupied territory, Anna Kazey, the wife of the “enemy of the people” and the mother of little Marat and Ariadne, hid wounded partisans in her home, for which she was executed by the Germans. And the brother and sister joined the partisans. Ariadne was subsequently evacuated, but Marat remained in the detachment.

Along with his senior comrades, he went on reconnaissance missions - both alone and with a group. Participated in raids. He blew up the echelons. For the battle in January 1943, when, wounded, he roused his comrades to attack and made his way through the enemy ring, Marat received the medal "For Courage".

And in May 1944, while performing another mission near the village of Khoromitskiye, Minsk Region, a 14-year-old soldier died. Returning from a mission together with the reconnaissance commander, they came across the Germans. The commander was killed immediately, and Marat, firing back, lay down in a hollow. There was nowhere to leave in the open field, and there was no opportunity - the teenager was seriously wounded in the arm. While there were cartridges, he held the defense, and when the magazine was empty, he took the last weapon - two grenades from his belt. He threw one at the Germans right away, and waited with the second: when the enemies came very close, he blew himself up along with them.

In 1965, Marat Kazei was awarded the title of Hero of the USSR.

Valya Kotik, 14 years old

Partisan reconnaissance in the Karmelyuk detachment, the youngest Hero of the USSR.

Valya was born in 1930 in the village of Khmelevka, Shepetovsky district, Kamenets-Podolsk region of Ukraine. Before the war, he completed five classes. In a village occupied by German troops, the boy secretly collected weapons and ammunition and handed them over to the partisans. And he fought his own little war, as he understood it: he drew and pasted caricatures of the Nazis in prominent places.

Since 1942, he contacted the Shepetivka underground party organization and carried out its intelligence orders. And in the fall of the same year, Valya and her boys the same age received their first real combat mission: to eliminate the head of the field gendarmerie.

"The roar of the engines became louder - the cars were approaching. The faces of the soldiers were already clearly visible. Sweat was dripping from their foreheads, half-covered by green helmets. Some soldiers carelessly took off their helmets. The front car came level with the bushes behind which the boys were hiding. Valya stood up, counting the seconds to himself . The car passed, there was already an armored car opposite him. Then he stood up to his full height and, shouting “Fire!”, threw two grenades one after another... Explosions were heard simultaneously on the left and right. Both cars stopped, the front one caught fire. The soldiers quickly jumped to the ground , threw themselves into a ditch and from there opened indiscriminate fire from machine guns,” is how a Soviet textbook describes this first battle. Valya then completed the task of the partisans: the head of the gendarmerie, Chief Lieutenant Franz Koenig and seven German soldiers died. About 30 people were injured.

In October 1943, the young soldier scouted out the location of the underground telephone cable of Hitler's headquarters, which was soon blown up. Valya also participated in the destruction of six railway trains and a warehouse.

On October 29, 1943, while at his post, Valya noticed that the punitive forces had staged a raid on the detachment. Having killed a fascist officer with a pistol, the teenager raised the alarm, and the partisans managed to prepare for battle. On February 16, 1944, five days after his 14th birthday, in the battle for the city of Izyaslav, Kamenets-Podolsk, now Khmelnitsky region, the scout was mortally wounded and died the next day.

In 1958, Valentin Kotik was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Lenya Golikov, 16 years old

Scout of the 67th detachment of the 4th Leningrad Partisan Brigade.

Born in 1926 in the village of Lukino, Parfinsky district, Novgorod region. When the war began, he got a rifle and joined the partisans. Thin and short, he looked even younger than 14 years old. Under the guise of a beggar, Lenya walked around the villages, collecting the necessary information about the location of the fascist troops and the amount of their military equipment, and then passed this information on to the partisans.

In 1942 he joined the detachment. “He took part in 27 combat operations, destroyed 78 German soldiers and officers, blew up 2 railway and 12 highway bridges, blew up 9 vehicles with ammunition... On August 12, in the new combat area of ​​the brigade, Golikov crashed a passenger car in which there was a major general of engineering troops Richard Wirtz, heading from Pskov to Luga,” such data is contained in his award certificate.

In the regional military archive, Golikov’s original report with a story about the circumstances of this battle has been preserved:

“In the evening of August 12, 1942, we, 6 partisans, got out onto the Pskov-Luga highway and lay down near the village of Varnitsa. There was no movement at night. It was dawn. A small passenger car appeared from the direction of Pskov. It was walking fast, but near the bridge, where we were there, the car was quieter. Partisan Vasiliev threw an anti-tank grenade, missed. Alexander Petrov threw the second grenade from the ditch, hit the beam. The car did not stop immediately, but went another 20 meters and almost caught up with us. Two officers jumped out of the car. I fired a burst from a machine gun. Didn't hit. The officer sitting behind the wheel ran through the ditch towards the forest. I fired several bursts from my PPSh. Hit the enemy in the neck and back. Petrov began shooting at the second officer, who kept looking around, screaming and fired back. Petrov killed this officer with a rifle. Then the two of us ran to the first wounded officer. They tore off the shoulder straps, took the briefcase and documents. There was still a heavy suitcase in the car. We barely dragged it into the bushes (150 meters from the highway). While still at the car , we heard an alarm, a ringing, a scream in the neighboring village. Grabbing a briefcase, shoulder straps and three captured pistols, we ran to ours...”

For this feat, Lenya was nominated for the highest government award - the Gold Star medal and the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. But I didn’t have time to receive them. From December 1942 to January 1943, the partisan detachment in which Golikov was located fought out of encirclement with fierce battles. Only a few managed to survive, but Leni was not among them: he died in a battle with a punitive detachment of fascists on January 24, 1943 near the village of Ostraya Luka, Pskov region, before he turned 17 years old.

Sasha Chekalin, 16 years old

Member of the "Advanced" partisan detachment of the Tula region.

Born in 1925 in the village of Peskovatskoye, now Suvorovsky district, Tula region. Before the start of the war, he completed 8 classes. After the occupation of his native village by Nazi troops in October 1941, he joined the “Advanced” partisan destroyer detachment, where he managed to serve for only a little more than a month.

By November 1941, the partisan detachment inflicted significant damage on the Nazis: warehouses burned, cars exploded on mines, enemy trains derailed, sentries and patrols disappeared without a trace. One day, a group of partisans, including Sasha Chekalin, set up an ambush near the road to the city of Likhvin (Tula region). A car appeared in the distance. A minute passed and the explosion tore the car apart. Several more cars followed and exploded. One of them, crowded with soldiers, tried to get through. But a grenade thrown by Sasha Chekalin destroyed her too.

At the beginning of November 1941, Sasha caught a cold and fell ill. The commissioner allowed him to rest with a trusted person in the nearest village. But there was a traitor who gave him away. At night, the Nazis broke into the house where the sick partisan lay. Chekalin managed to grab the prepared grenade and throw it, but it did not explode... After several days of torture, the Nazis hanged the teenager in the central square of Likhvin and for more than 20 days they did not allow his corpse to be removed from the gallows. And only when the city was liberated from the invaders, partisan Chekalin’s comrades-in-arms buried him with military honors.

The title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded to Alexander Chekalin in 1942.

Zina Portnova, 17 years old

Member of the underground Komsomol youth organization "Young Avengers", scout of the Voroshilov partisan detachment on the territory of the Belarusian SSR.

Born in 1926 in Leningrad, she graduated from 7 classes there and went on vacation to relatives in the village of Zuya, Vitebsk region of Belarus, for the summer holidays. There the war found her.

In 1942, she joined the Obol underground Komsomol youth organization “Young Avengers” and actively participated in distributing leaflets among the population and sabotage against the invaders.

Since August 1943, Zina has been a scout in the Voroshilov partisan detachment. In December 1943, she received the task of identifying the reasons for the failure of the Young Avengers organization and establishing contacts with the underground. But upon returning to the detachment, Zina was arrested.

During the interrogation, the girl grabbed the fascist investigator's pistol from the table, shot him and two other Nazis, tried to escape, but was captured.

From the book “Zina Portnova” by the Soviet writer Vasily Smirnov: “She was interrogated by the executioners who were the most sophisticated in cruel torture... They promised to save her life if only the young partisan confessed everything, named the names of all the underground fighters and partisans known to her. And again the Gestapo met with a surprising their unshakable firmness of this stubborn girl, who in their protocols was called a “Soviet bandit". Zina, exhausted by torture, refused to answer questions, hoping that they would kill her faster.... Once in the prison yard, prisoners saw a completely gray-haired girl when she "They were taking me for another interrogation and torture, and threw herself under the wheels of a passing truck. But the car was stopped, the girl was pulled out from under the wheels and again taken for interrogation..."

On January 10, 1944, in the village of Goryany, now Shumilinsky district, Vitebsk region of Belarus, 17-year-old Zina was shot.

The title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded to Zinaida Portnova in 1958.

Description of the presentation Heroes of the Great Patriotic War and their exploits Shahbazyan on slides

Alexander Matveevich Matrosov (1924 -1943) On February 23, 1943, fierce battles broke out in one of the sections of the Kalinin Front near the village of Chernushki north of the city of Velikiye Luki. The enemy turned the village into a heavily fortified stronghold. Several times the soldiers launched an attack on the fascist fortifications, but destructive fire from the bunker blocked their path. Then a private of the Sailors Guard, making his way to the bunker, covered the embrasure with his body. Inspired by Matrosov’s feat, the soldiers went on the attack and drove the Germans out of the village. For his feat, A. M. Matrosov was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Today, the regiment in which Sailors served bears the name of a hero who is forever included in the unit’s lists.

Nelson Georgievich Stepanyan (1913 -1944) During the Great Patriotic War, the commander of the assault regiment Stepanyan made 293 successful combat missions to attack and bombard enemy ships. Stepanyan became famous for his high skill, surprise and audacity of striking the enemy. One day, Colonel Stepanyan led a group of planes to bomb an enemy airfield. The attack aircraft dropped their bombs and began to leave. But Stepanyan saw that several fascist planes remained undamaged. Then he directed his plane back, and approaching the enemy airfield, he lowered the landing gear. The enemy's anti-aircraft artillery stopped firing, thinking that the Soviet plane was voluntarily landing on their airfield. At this moment, Stepanyan stepped on the gas, retracted the landing gear and dropped the bombs. All three aircraft that survived the first raid burst into flames with torches. And Stepanyan’s plane landed safely at its airfield. On October 23, 1942, for the excellent performance of command tasks, the glorious son of the Armenian people was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. He was awarded a second Gold Star medal posthumously on March 6, 1945.

Nikolai Gastello (1907 -1941) Military pilot, commander of the 2nd squadron of the 207th long-range bomber aviation regiment, captain. On June 26, 1941, the crew under the command of Captain Gastello took off to strike a German mechanized column. It happened on the road between the Belarusian cities of Molodechno and Radoshkovichi. But the column was well guarded by enemy artillery. A fight ensued. Gastello's plane was hit by anti-aircraft guns. The shell damaged the fuel tank and the car caught fire. The pilot could have ejected, but he decided to fulfill his military duty to the end. Nikolai Gastello directed the burning car directly at the enemy column. This was the first fire ram in the Great Patriotic War. The name of the brave pilot became a household name. Until the end of the war, all aces who decided to ram were called Gastellites. If you follow official statistics, then during the entire war there were almost six hundred ramming attacks on the enemy.

Matvey Kuzmin (1858 -1942) Peasant Matvey Kuzmin was born three years before the abolition of serfdom. And he died, becoming the oldest holder of the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. His story contains many references to the story of another famous peasant - Ivan Susanin. Matvey also had to lead the invaders through the forest and swamps. And, like the legendary hero, he decided to stop the enemy at the cost of his life. He sent his grandson ahead to warn a detachment of partisans who had stopped nearby. The Nazis were ambushed. A fight ensued. Matvey Kuzmin died at the hands of a German officer. But he did his job. He was 84 years old.

Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya (1923 -1941) Partisan who was part of the sabotage and reconnaissance group of the Western Front headquarters. During one of the sabotage operations, Kosmodemyanskaya was caught by the Germans. She was tortured, forcing her to give up her own people. Zoya heroically endured all the trials without saying a word to her enemies. Seeing that it was impossible to achieve anything from the young partisan, they decided to hang her. Kosmodemyanskaya bravely accepted the tests. Moments before her death, she shouted to the assembled locals: “Comrades, victory will be ours. German soldiers, before it’s too late, surrender!” The girl’s courage shocked the peasants so much that they later retold this story to front-line correspondents. And after publication in the newspaper Pravda, the whole country learned about Kosmodemyanskaya’s feat. She became the first woman to be awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union during the Great Patriotic War.

Victor Talalikhin (1918 -1941) Deputy squadron commander of the 177th Air Defense Fighter Aviation Regiment. Viktor Talalikhin began to fight already in the Soviet-Finnish war. He shot down 4 enemy planes in a biplane. Then he served at an aviation school. In August 1941, he was one of the first Soviet pilots to ram, shooting down a German bomber in a night air battle. Moreover, the wounded pilot was able to get out of the cockpit and parachute down to the rear to his own. Talalikhin then shot down five more German aircraft. He died during another air battle near Podolsk in October 1941. 73 years later, in 2014, search engines found Talalikhin’s plane, which remained in the swamps near Moscow.

Alexey Maresyev (1916 -2001) Pilot. He met the Great Patriotic War at a flight school, but soon found himself at the front. During a combat mission, his plane was shot down, and Maresyev himself was able to eject. Eighteen days later, seriously wounded in both legs, he got out of the encirclement. However, he still managed to overcome the front line and ended up in the hospital. But gangrene had already set in, and doctors amputated both of his legs. For many, this would have meant the end of their service, but the pilot did not give up and returned to aviation. Until the end of the war he flew with prosthetics. Over the years, he made 86 combat missions and shot down 11 enemy aircraft. Moreover, 7 were after amputation. In 1944, Alexey Maresyev went to work as an inspector and lived to be 84 years old. His fate inspired the writer Boris Polevoy to write “The Tale of a Real Man”.

Lenya Golikov (1926 -1943) Brigade reconnaissance officer of the 67th detachment of the 4th Leningrad partisan brigade. Lena was 15 years old when the war began. He was already working at a factory, having completed seven years of school. When the Nazis captured his native Novgorod region, Lenya joined the partisans. He was brave and decisive, the command valued him. Over the several years spent in the partisan detachment, he participated in 27 operations. He was responsible for several destroyed bridges behind enemy lines, 78 Germans killed, and 10 trains with ammunition. It was he who, in the summer of 1942, near the village of Varnitsa, blew up a car in which was the German Major General of the Engineering Troops Richard von Wirtz. Golikov managed to obtain important documents about the German offensive. The enemy attack was thwarted, and the young hero was nominated for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for this feat. In the winter of 1943, a significantly superior enemy detachment unexpectedly attacked the partisans near the village of Ostray Luka. Lenya Golikov died like a real hero - in battle.

Zina Portnova (1926 -1944) Pioneer. Scout of the Voroshilov partisan detachment in the territory occupied by the Nazis. Zina was born and went to school in Leningrad. However, the war found her on the territory of Belarus, where she came on vacation. In 1942, 16-year-old Zina joined the underground organization “Young Avengers”. She distributed anti-fascist leaflets in the occupied territories. Then, undercover, she got a job in a canteen for German officers, where she committed several acts of sabotage and was only miraculously not captured by the enemy. Many experienced military men were surprised at her courage. In 1943, Zina Portnova joined the partisans and continued to engage in sabotage behind enemy lines. Due to the efforts of defectors who surrendered Zina to the Nazis, she was captured. She was interrogated and tortured in the dungeons. But Zina remained silent, not betraying her own. During one of these interrogations, she grabbed a pistol from the table and shot three Nazis. After that she was shot in prison.

Heroes of the Great Patriotic War

Today is the Great Victory Day and I couldn’t stay away in preparation for such a significant day. I wrote for you a short article about people who fought against Nazism, about famous and not so famous exploits, about military stories that surprised me, about patriotism, about the unity of the people, about the strong desire to win.

It is impossible to express in words all the gratitude to the survivors and those who died in the wars of our fatherland for our peaceful sky!

Eternal memory to you!

And thank you for our lives!

Heroes of the Great Patriotic War

— Lieutenant Dmitry Komarov was the first and perhaps the only one to ram an entire armored train with his tank. This happened on June 25, 1944 near Chernye Brody in western Ukraine. At that time, the tank was hit and on fire, but Dmitry Komarov decided to stop the German train no matter what. To do this, he had to ram the train at full speed in a burning T-34 tank. By some miracle, Lieutenant Komarov managed to survive when all the crew members died.

— Nikolai Sirotinin accomplished an incredible feat, single-handedly confronting an entire column of German tanks. On July 17, 1941, Nikolai and his battalion commander were supposed to cover the retreat of his regiment. On a hillock near the bridge over the Dobrost River in Belarus, a gun was camouflaged right in the rye. When a column of armored vehicles appeared on the road, Nikolai skillfully knocked out the first tank in the column with the first shot, and the last one with the second shot, thereby creating a tank jam. The battalion commander was wounded and, since the task was completed, he retreated. But Nikolai refused to retreat, because there were still many unspent shells left.

The battle lasted two and a half hours during which Nikolai Sirotinin destroyed 11 tanks, 6 armored personnel carriers and 57 soldiers and officers of the enemy army. For a long time the Germans could not determine the location of the gun and thought that a whole battery was fighting them. By the time Nikolai's position was discovered, he had three shells left. The Germans offered Sirotinin to surrender, but he only responded with fire from his carbine and fired back to the last.

When it was all over, the Nazis themselves buried the twenty-year-old Red Army soldier with military honors and rifle fire, paying tribute to his heroism.

Unfortunately, Nikolai never received the Hero due to the fact that a photograph was needed to complete the documents, and after his death there was not a single photograph left.

For you, I am inserting a drawing of his colleague made from memory.

Partisans - heroes of the Great Patriotic War

— Konstantin Chekhovich is the organizer and sole executor of one of the largest partisan sabotage acts during the Great Patriotic War. Konstantin was drafted into the army in the first months of the war and in August 1941, as part of a sabotage group, he was sent behind enemy lines. But unfortunately, on the front line, the group was ambushed and of the five people, only Chekhovich survived - he was captured. Two weeks later, Konstantin Chekhovich managed to escape and after another week he got in touch with the partisans of the 7th Leningrad Brigade, where he received the task of infiltrating the Germans in the city of Porkhov, Pskov Region, to carry out sabotage work.

In this city, having achieved some favor with the Germans, Chekhovich received the position of administrator at the local cinema.

It was this cinema that on November 13, 1943, by the forces of Chekhovich, was blown up right during a film show, 760 German soldiers and officers were buried under the ruins. None of the Nazis could have even thought that the humble administrator had been planting bombs on the supporting columns and roof all this time, so that during the explosion the entire structure collapsed like a house of cards.

— Matvey Kuzmich Kuzmin is the oldest recipient of the “Partisan of the Patriotic War” and “Hero of the Soviet Union” awards. He received the awards posthumously, but accomplished the feat at the age of 83. The Germans captured the village in the Pskov region in which Matvey Kuzmich lived, and later occupied his house, where the commander of the German battalion settled. At the beginning of February 1942, this battalion commander ordered Matvey Kuzmich to act as a guide and bring the German unit to the village of Pershino occupied by the Red Army, and in return offered food. Kuzmin agreed, but after looking at the route of movement on the map, he sent his grandson Vasily to the destination so that he would warn the Soviet troops. Matvey Kuzmich himself deliberately led the frozen Germans through the forest for a long time and confusedly and only in the morning led them out, but not to the desired village, but to an ambush, where the warned Red Army soldiers had already taken positions.

The invaders came under fire from machine gun crews and lost about 80 people captured and killed, along with them the hero-guide Matvey Kuzmich Kuzmin died.

Children - heroes of the Great Patriotic War

- Kazei Marat Ivanovich. The Nazis burst into the village where Marat lived with his mother and sister. And very soon the boy’s mother was captured by the Germans and hanged for her connection with the partisans. Together with his sister, Marat went to join the partisans in the Stankovsky forest, Belarus. Marat became a scout, penetrated enemy garrisons and obtained valuable information, thanks to which the partisans managed to develop an operation and defeat the fascist garrison in the city of Dzerzhinsk. Marat fearlessly participated in battles, and together with demolition men he mined the railway. In his last battle, he participated on an equal basis with adults and fought until the last bullet, when he had only one grenade left, he let the enemies get closer to him and blew them up along with him. For courage and courage, fifteen-year-old Marat was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, and a monument to the young hero was erected in the city of Minsk.

— Zina Portnova arrived on summer holidays in the village of Zuya, Belarus, when the war began. The underground Komsomol youth organization “Young Avengers” also appeared here, which Zina joined at the beginning of the war. She helped distribute leaflets and conducted reconnaissance activities on behalf of the partisan detachment. But in 1943, returning from a mission, the Germans caught her in the village of Mostishche on a tip from a traitor. The Nazis, under torture, tried to get at least some information from Zina, but received only silence in response. During one of the interrogations, Zina, seizing the moment, grabbed a pistol from the table and shot point-blank at the Gestapo man. After killing two more Germans, Zina tried to escape, but could not - she was caught. After this, the Germans tortured the girl for more than a month, but she never betrayed a single one of her comrades. Having made an oath to the Motherland, Zina kept it.

On the morning of January 10, 1944, a gray-haired and blind girl was taken out to be executed. Zina was shot in a prison in the city of Polotsk; at that time she was 17 years old. Zina was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Women heroes of the Great Patriotic War

— Ekaterina Zelenko. The only woman in the world to perform an aerial ramming.

On September 12, 1941, on her Su-2 bomber, she entered into battle with the German “Messers” and when her vehicle ran out of ammunition, Catherine destroyed the enemy fighter by performing an aerial ramming. The pilot herself did not survive this battle. And only in 1990, Ekaterina Zelenko was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union posthumously.

— Manshuk Zhiengalievna Mametova voluntarily went to the front in August 1942 and died a little more than a year later for the honor and freedom of her native country. She was 20 years old.

On October 16, 1943, the battalion in which Manshuk served received an order to repel an enemy counterattack. As soon as the Nazis tried to repel the attack, they felt the fire of Senior Sergeant Mametova’s machine gun. The Germans retreated, leaving behind a hundred of their dead soldiers. Several more times the Germans tried to break through, but they were always met by furious machine gun fire. At that moment, the girl noticed that two neighboring machine guns had fallen silent - both machine gunners had been killed. Then Manshuk, quickly crawling from one firing point to another, began to fire at the advancing enemies with three machine guns. Then the enemy transferred machine gun fire to the girl’s position. Before her death, Manshuk managed to shower the Nazis with a lead shower of bullets, and this ensured the successful advancement of our units. But the girl from distant Kazakh Urda remained lying on the hillside still clutching the Maxim trigger.

In 1944, Manshuk Mametova was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Written by

Varvara

Creativity, work on the modern idea of ​​world knowledge and the constant search for answers