Artistic traditions of the Muslim East presentation. "The artistic culture of the Muslim East
What influence did Islam have on the development of architecture and fine arts of Muslim peoples?
Describe the variety of styles of Muslim architecture of the Middle Ages. List the names of famous architectural monuments
What place does ornament occupy in the art of Muslim peoples? Name its main types
What role did poetry play in artistic culture? What are its characteristic features?
What is special about Omar Khayyam's poetry? Why have his poems not lost their appeal even today?
Islam in Bashkortostan
How did the spread of Islam take place in Bashkortostan, and how long did it last? What are the features of this process?
What influence did the Muslim religion have on the development of writing and education of the Bashkir and Tatar peoples?
How did Islam influence the architecture, fine arts and literature of Bashkortostan?
What place, along with Islam, did paganism occupy in the consciousness and way of life of the Bashkirs? Give specific examples
How did state-Islamic relations develop in Bashkortostan from the 16th to the beginning of the 21st century?
Message topics
1) M. Watt’s book “The Influence of Islam on Medieval Europe”
2) Islam and economics
3) Sharia - the law of life of the Muslim community
4) Muslim etiquette
5) The life and work of the great scientist and poet Omar Khayyam
Benchmark tests
1. The commandments, or pillars of Islam, are not...
a) five times prayer
b) visiting a mosque
d) pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina
d) war for faith
2. Arabesque is...
a) one of the Muslim holidays
b) the finest ornament in the art of Muslim countries
c) a non-believer who converted to Islam
d) a religious tower from which a Muslim cleric calls believers to prayer
3. Rhymed quatrains in Arabic poetry are called...
d) hadiths
4. Ibn Sina (Avicenna) was...
a) caliph who patronized science and art
b) a prophet
c) philosopher, doctor, poet and statesman
d) a famous medieval architect
5. The types and genres of fine and decorative arts that developed in the countries of the Muslim East in the Middle Ages are...
a) sculpture
b) portrait painting
c) book miniature
d) calligraphy
e) graphics
e) ornament
6. “Sunnah” is...
a) eating ritual
b) Muslim holiday
c) Muslim calendar
d) the sacred tradition of Muslims
7. A feature of Muslim art is...
a) a uniform style for all Islamic states
b) prohibition on depicting God and living beings
c) recognition of man as the center of the Universe
d) asceticism, simplicity, monotony
8. Shariah is...
a) sacrifice
b) religious sect
c) Muslim court
d) a set of religious, ethical and legal precepts of Islam
9. The characteristic features of the Islamic mentality include...
a) individualism and rationality
b) mysticism and occultism
c) communalism and religiosity
d) asceticism and fatalism
10. The main types of Muslim architecture include...
a) mosque
b) madrasah
c) pyramid
d) mausoleum
d) minaret
e) ziggurat
11.A characteristic feature of Arab-Islamic scientific thought is...
a) atheism
b) mythological
c) encyclopedic
d) anthropocentrism
12.Monuments of Muslim architecture on the territory of Bashkortostan are…
a) Mausoleum of Hussein Beg
b) Arkaim settlement
c) The first cathedral mosque in Ufa
d) Taj Mahal mausoleum
WESTERN CULTURE
First lesson
Ancient culture and its role in the formation
Foundations of Western Civilization
Name and characterize the value system of ancient culture. What factor was most important for its development?
What are the differences between the cultures of Ancient Greece and Rome? What are the features of the mentality of the ancient Greeks and Romans?
Name the features of ancient Greek religion and mythology. What is their place and role in European art?
List the most famous cultural monuments of the ancient world.
What values of antiquity did the industrial civilization of the West inherit?
Give examples of the development of ancient heritage in Russian culture
Culture of the European Middle Ages. Christianity as the spiritual basis of culture
When did the term "Middle Ages" appear? What is the chronological framework of the European Middle Ages?
What factors determined the uniqueness of the culture of medieval Europe?
Name and characterize the main tenets of Christianity and show their influence on the mentality of Europeans
What is the essence of the moral teaching of Christianity? What is the main idea behind this teaching? Remember the famous biblical truths that relate to human morality
What influence did the Christian religion have on the mentality and way of life of Europeans? How did Christianity and the Roman Catholic Church influence the development of science and education?
Briefly describe the first pan-European artistic styles - Romanesque and Gothic
What place does Christianity occupy in modern Western culture?
8.3 Culture of the Renaissance (Renaissance)
What is Renaissance? Name its characteristic features and values
What attracted Renaissance figures to the culture of antiquity?
What importance was attached to the human personality during the Renaissance? What were the requirements for it?
What is the role of the ideology of humanism in the formation and development of modern Western civilization?
Name the most famous architects, sculptors and artists of the Italian Renaissance. List their famous creations
What is Northern Renaissance? Name its main centers. What are the distinctive features of the Northern Renaissance culture?
Message topics
1) Religion and mythology of Ancient Greece
2) The role of spectacle in ancient culture
3) Existence and mentality of a medieval European
4) Titans of the Renaissance: Michelangelo, Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci
Second lesson
Reformation ideological basis
Modern Western culture
Define the Reformation, briefly describe its course and results
What new ideas about the church and worldly life did Protestantism develop? What is the essence of the Protestant work ethic?
What is the influence of Protestantism on the personality culture of modern times?
Provide evidence that Protestantism contributed to the establishment of the industrial civilization of the West.
Enlightenment as the most important stage in development
Industrial civilization of the West
What is Enlightenment? Name and characterize his ideas and values. List the names of the most famous educators.
What impact did Enlightenment ideas have on the development of science and education? How did they influence the artistic culture of the West?
What fundamental principles and values of modern Western civilization were established thanks to the ideas of the Enlightenment?
8.3 Post-industrial (information) society:
Trends in culture change
What is post-industrial (information) culture? Name her features.
What changes are observed in such areas of post-industrial society as production and management, science and education?
What role does information play in the modern world?
How does standardization, unification of life and working conditions affect culture?
How does a person’s worldview and spiritual world change?
Message topics
2) M. Weber on the Protestant ethic
3) The role of science and technology in the culture of the 20th – 11th centuries
4) Postmodernism in the culture of the 20th – early 21st centuries
5) Avant-garde and traditions in modern culture
Benchmark tests
1. A characteristic feature of the Western type of culture is...
a) fatalism
b) rationalism
c) collectivism
d) the desire for constancy and stability
2. The research position according to which European culture is a model or standard for the study of any other culture is called ...
a) Eurocentrism
b) anthropocentrism
c) Westernism
d) sociocentrism
3. A characteristic feature of the culture of ancient Greece is...
a) elitism
b) agonality
c) symbolism
d) dogmatism
4. An indulgence is called...
a) the process of reforming the Catholic Church
b) religious rite in Catholicism
c) paper granting remission of sins
d) the fight against the reform of the Catholic Church
5. Translated the Bible from Latin into German...
a) Zwingli
b) J. Calvin
c) M. Luther
6. Representatives of Protestantism are...
a) people protesting against church reform
b) people protesting against something
c) representatives of medieval art
d) adherents of a branch of Christianity
7. The doctrine of deism is...
a) the doctrine of the Divine predestination of human life
b) the teachings of M. Luther and J. Calvin
c) direction in medieval church painting
d) the doctrine of God as a creator, after which he does not interfere in earthly life
8. The dominant role of the Christian church is characteristic of...
a) ancient culture
b) medieval culture
c) the culture of the Enlightenment
d) Renaissance culture
9. Baroque is...
a) a movement in modernism
b) architectural direction of the 20s. 20th century, which developed the principles of constructing public buildings using reinforced concrete structures, strictly geometric, simplified forms
c) the main style direction in the artistic culture of Europe in the late 15th and mid 19th centuries, gravitating towards solemnity, pomp and variety of forms
10. Classicism is:
a) direction in artistic culture of the early twentieth century. opposed to modernism
b) style in painting
c) a direction in the artistic culture of the 17th - early 19th centuries, turned to ancient art as an aesthetic standard
11. An artistic movement in the culture of the 19th century, associated with the desire to comprehend reality in all its completeness and diversity is called...
a) romanticism
b) expressionism
c) realism
d) baroque
12. The culture of postmodernism is characterized by... (at least two options)
a) denial of traditional culture
b) eclecticism, mixing and coexistence of all genres, styles and trends
c) denial of mass culture
d) regulation of cultural processes by the state
Masterpieces of Islamic Architecture
art
Music of Islam
Literature of the Arab East
During the classes.
Culture of the East. The original culture of the peoples of the East is the brightest and unforgettable page in the history of world civilizations.
The study of the culture of the East began relatively recently, at the end of the 19th century.
In the 17th century A powerful state arose on the vast territory from Spain to India - the Arab Caliphate. At the same time, the foundations of Islam were laid - one of the world religions along with Christianity and Buddhism.
The word “Islam” is translated from Arabic as “submission”, “submission”.
The founder of Islam was an Arab merchant from the Quraysh tribe, Muhammad, who declared himself in 610 the prophet of the one and all-powerful god Allah.
Let's consider the most characteristic achievements of the culture of the peoples of the Arab East and, starting with architecture.
Masterpieces of Islamic architecture.
The architecture of Islam inherited many achievements of ancient civilizations:
From Mesopotamia - brickwork and glazed tiles;
From Egypt - columned halls;
From Byzantium - the art of marble cladding and mosaics.
New types of buildings were developed here:
mosques (place for prostration)
minarets (towers) madrassas (theological schools)
madrasahs (theological schools - seminaries)
mausoleums (funerary tombs)
palaces and caravanserais (inns)
covered markets
Cathedral Mosque of Cordoba
Cathedral Mosque of Cordoba, which was founded back in 785, occupies a special place among the architectural attractions of the city. The main time of construction of the mosque was the 10th century. The entire structure occupies a huge area: 23,400 sq.m., a small part is reserved for the courtyard, where parishioners performed ablutions at the fountains. The entire architecture of the mosque is subject to strict mathematical logic. The building was built not only taking into account the principles established in the religious architecture of the Middle East, but also taking into account the characteristics of available building materials.
Cathedral Mosque of Cordoba- a special monument in the traditional architecture of the Middle East, the influence of which spread to Spain. The building is characterized by the absence of a central axis, which marks the main nave. The absence of a central axis was also reflected in the façade of the building. Outside, the Cathedral Mosque of Cordoba has several entrance portals of equal importance.
The mosque is characterized by an abundance of columns. A total of 1,293 of them were used in this building. The columns were brought here from destroyed Roman buildings from all over Spain, and another 114 pieces were delivered from Byzantium. The abundance of columns creates a feeling of infinity of space in the mosque, which awakens special emotions in visitors. The columns in the Cathedral Mosque of Cordoba are made of multi-colored marble, granite, jasper and porphyry. Here they seem to grow out of the ground, as if tree branches intertwine with each other, forming semicircular and horseshoe-shaped arches. The arches are made of white and red bricks, and the vaults form octagonal stars. The visitor, once under the arches of the mosque, must stop to take in the rows of columns stretching away from him in all directions. This is the main difference from the Byzantine basilica, where the arrangement of the columns precisely directs the movement of parishioners towards the sanctuary.
Hall of Columns Cathedral Mosque of Cordoba often compared to a dense forest. And such an analogy has a right to exist. Round columns that do not have bases really resemble tree trunks, and horseshoe-shaped and semi-circular arches are like a crown of intertwined branches. At the intersection of many columns and two-tiered arches, visible in perspective, one can observe the play of chiaroscuro on colorful patterns with a complex ornamental rhythm. Somewhere in the depths of the hall, the parishioner will find a richly decorated mihrab and maqsura - the place for the caliph.
After the bright sunlight that flooded the noisy streets, a person found himself in twilight, where the majestic columns were illuminated by the light of thousands of silver lamps. He felt like an insignificant worm here among an unreal, fantastic and truly divine environment. The forest of columns disappears into the darkness, where in the depths you can barely discern the flickering of carvings on the shadowed walls. All this evokes thoughts about the infinity of the universe and the transience of vain worldly life. This is precisely the feeling that the builders of the Cathedral Mosque of Cordoba, an original work of architecture imbued with inexhaustible vitality, sought among parishioners.
Kul Sharif Mosque.
Kul-Sharif was the name of the chief priest of the Kazan Khanate, diplomat, theologian and poet. He died in 1552 during the capture of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible. At the same time, the cathedral mosque was burned to the ground. In the Muslim world it was famous as a center of religious education and the development of sciences in the Middle Volga region. It amazed me with its splendor, grace and rich library.
But from the outlandish mosque, proudly towering on the crest of a hill, not one stone was left upon another. Mintimer Shaimiev planned to revive the mosque in the mid-90s of the last century.
Architects initially designed Kul-Sharif as the main mosque of Tatarstan and the Tatar diaspora. Its main dome is shaped like a “Kazan hat” - the crown of the Kazan khans, which was taken to Moscow after the fall of Kazan and exhibited in the Armory Chamber. Turquoise minarets and marble decoration on the outside of the religious building, according to the authors of the project, give the mosque a bright image. The interior decoration - carpets, a colored crystal chandelier with a diameter of five meters and weighing almost two tons, stained glass windows, stucco, mosaics and gilding - adds to the grandeur of the temple.
Kul-Sharif was built by Turkish builders. The chandeliers for it were made in the Czech Republic, granite and marble were brought from the Urals. More than two thousand square meters of the mosque are covered with Persian carpets - a gift from the Iranian government. And the whole world built the temple: more than 40 thousand citizens and organizations donated money for its construction, which is estimated at approximately 400 million rubles.
In Kazan they are convinced that their mosque is the tallest in Europe: the height of the minarets of the Kul-Sharif mosque is 57 meters.
Mass services in the Kazan mosque are held only on major Muslim holidays. The rest of the time, the temple operates as Russia’s first museum of Islam and a cultural, educational, scientific center. More than two thousand exhibits are collected here, the oldest of which are stone monuments of the 10th-11th centuries, discovered on the territory of the former Volga Bulgaria.
Minarets
Minaret al-Malwiya
From the 8th century A characteristic element of Muslim architecture is the minaret, which is erected next to the mosque or built separately. The minaret and the mosque form a single architectural ensemble. A mosque can have several minarets, but no more than eight - their number should not exceed the number of minarets in Mecca. Under the influence of local building traditions, independent types of mosques have developed in different countries. The giant al-Malwiya minaret (50 m high) in Iraq stands on a square base and is shaped like a truncated cone with a spiral five-tiered ramp (an inclined plane replacing a staircase). Its tiers gradually decrease towards the top, so that the rise to the upper ramp becomes more cool. On one side the ramps are flooded with the rays of the sultry sun, and on the other they are immersed in cool shadow.
Ulugbek Madrasah (Samarkand, Uzbekistan, 15th century)
Built in 1417 -1470. During the lifetime of the outstanding scientist, the Ulugbek madrasah was the largest scientific educational institution in Central Asia in the 15th century. Here, in addition to theology, mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy were studied. Lectures were given by the most prominent scientists of the time. Mirzo Ulugbek himself taught at this school, where he repeatedly held debates with students and scientists. Alisher Navoi listened to lectures here, Abdurakhman Jami studied here. Thus, the madrasah became the center of Central Asian education.
Dimensions of the madrasah(81x51 m, courtyard 30x30 m) created an image of self-affirming grandeur, not inferior to the buildings of Timur’s era. The madrasah has a rectangular plan. To the side area The main façade of the madrasah is facing, the composition of which is determined by a portal, two minarets and sections of walls connecting them, above which the domes of two classrooms rose. The spiral-shaped ornament, contracting upward, emphasizes the slenderness of the minarets, their proportionality, and enhances the feeling of aspiration upward.
Mausoleums. Taj Mahal. (Agra. India)
Majestic, divine, radiant, and, despite its 74-meter height, so light and airy that it is like a fairy-tale dream, the Taj Mahal mausoleum rises in the valley of the Yamuna River - the most beautiful architectural creation of India, and, perhaps, of the whole earth. .. White marble domes rush high into the sky - one large and four small ones, in the chaste outlines of which one can guess the female form. Reflected in the motionless surface of an artificial canal, the Taj Mahal seems to float in front of us, representing an example of extraterrestrial beauty and perfect harmony... But it is not only architectural perfection that attracts millions of travelers from all over the world to the Taj Mahal. The story of its origin makes no less impression on the hearts of people... A story more like an oriental fairy tale or legend that any poet would envy...
Legend
This mausoleum monument tells the story of the tender love of the Muslim king of the Great Mughals (not to be confused with the Mongols) Shah Jahan for his wife, the fabulous beauty Mumtaz Mahal. Shah Jahan was still a prince when he married a nineteen-year-old girl at the beginning of the 17th century. The young couple loved each other dearly. Despite the fact that Shah Jahan, like any eastern ruler, had a large harem, he was so in love with his young wife that he did not pay any attention to other women. The beloved wife gave birth to her ruler eight sons and six daughters. But... Soon after the birth of her fourteenth child, the beautiful Mumtaz passed away... The earthly heart could not withstand extraterrestrial love. Shah Jahan's grief was so great that he wanted to commit suicide. Life without his beloved seemed to him devoid of meaning and joy. At the deathbed of his wife, the king turned gray with grief... And soon he declared a two-year mourning in the country, during which holidays, dancing and music were prohibited. Later, in Agra, which was at that time the capital of the Mughal Empire, a mausoleum was erected over the grave of Mumtaz, which, according to Shah Jahan’s plan, should become a symbol of the fabulous beauty of his deceased wife...
The construction of this grandiose mausoleum, surpassing all others in beauty and size, lasted more than twenty years. More than twenty thousand people took part in the work, including the best architects and architects invited from Persia, Turkey, Samarkand, Venice and India itself. The finished work amazes with its perfection and the beauty of its lines and colors... Indeed, this is a miracle of miracles. For centuries. Light as a morning song, clear as a mountain spring... The height of the Taj Mahal together with the dome reaches 74 meters. At the corners of the mausoleum, four graceful minarets rise 42 meters high. The walls of the Taj Mahal are lined with white polished marble, shining like snow under the rays of the midday sun. Beautiful with its perfect forms, the Taj Mahal amazes with its details - elegant carvings, openwork lattices and precious colored stones sparkling in the snow-white walls. The vaulted passages are decorated with Arabic script, imprinting some of the surahs of the Koran on stone. A magnificent decorative park with lakes, fountains and canals was laid out around the Taj Mahal, occupying a total of 18 hectares. Unlike other structures, which were usually placed in the center of the garden, the Taj Mahal is located at its end, being its crown. Along the artificial canal with fountains, cypress trees are planted, the outlines of the crowns of which echo the domes of the four minarets... To the left and right of the mausoleum there are two elegant mosques made of red sandstone, their color shading the whiteness of its walls. Emerald green lawns and large bright flowers complement the picture, making it completely magical and fabulous. The precise and harmonious lines of the garden, combined with its crown - the mausoleum, floating like a cloud above the ground - created a work of art that is unique in its beauty... So bright, lively and joyful...
On the other side of the Yamuna, opposite the Taj Mahal, Shah Jahan intended to build another tomb - for himself. According to the plan, his mausoleum was supposed to reproduce the forms of the Taj Mahal, but would be made not of white, but of black marble. Both mausoleums were supposed to be connected by a bridge. But, alas, the grandiose plans and plans of Shah Jahan were not destined to come true... As often happens in history, by the will of fate, the king lost his power overnight. And the once great Shah Jahan, the ruler of India, was imprisoned in heavy chains and thrown into prison... Seriously ill, gray-haired, lonely and exhausted... He once owned the whole world, but now he had nothing... Nothing but one single joy - a narrow prison window. He could not see the endless valleys of his native land, nor the dark clumps of mango trees, nor the golden sunrise of the gentle sun... In the small frame of the window, only he was visible - like a dream, shining like a snow-white swan in the sky, the mausoleum of his long-dead beloved. ..
Later, the great and defeated king himself was buried in the same tomb, next to his beloved... Such is this beautiful and sad story, which gave us examples of great love and great creativity...
The Taj Mahal remains the most remarkable and it is so graceful and elegant that in India it is called “a cloud frozen on an airy throne.”
Palaces. Alhambra Palace. (13th-14th centuries Southern Spain)
The Alhambra, the most famous monument of Moorish art in Spain, was built during the reign of the Nasrid dynasty. The palace was built from wood, ceramic tiles and plaster. Each ruler made some changes to this complex of buildings and courtyards. The palace is located on the top of a hill dominating the city, and is organically integrated into the surrounding landscape. A powerful red fortress wall separates the palace buildings from the outside world.
The palace was intended for magnificent receptions of ambassadors, as well as for the personal life of the emir, that is, the ruler. Its ensemble included pavilions, halls, a mosque, a harem, and a bathhouse. Water and greenery are organically included in the architecture. The measured fall of streams of water in the murmuring fountains, the aroma of flowers and fragrant plants create a special atmosphere of contemplation and bliss.
The basis of the Alhambra's composition is a system of courtyards located at different levels. The main ones are Myrtle and Lion's– represent a wonderful example of the combination of architecture and landscape art. The middle of the Myrtle courtyard is occupied by the mirror surface of the reservoir, along the edges of which rise the crowns of two rows of trimmed myrtle bushes.
It is shadow and water, two indispensable elements of an Islamic garden, that play a very important role in the overall composition. In a corner of the park, designed with terraces, water gurgles. It sparkles with splashes of fountains, flows through canals and pours, filling ponds and reservoirs. All this is surrounded by cypress alleys, orange trees, flowering flower beds against the backdrop of mountain peaks covered with eternal snow and a bright blue sky.
Water is the highest element of the Islamic garden, both on the physical and metaphysical level. Fountains and pools have different shapes, but always have a geometric shape. In Islam, art and contemplation are inextricably linked. There is an inscription on the fountain in the Lion Courtyard: “Look at the water and look at the pond, and you won’t be able to decide whether the water is calm or marble flowing.”
In Islamic gardens, water is treated with love and deep respect, with an understanding of its true beauty and greatness; it never produces a “disturbing” impression, it is peaceful and serene.
Fountains, unlike “boiling” waterfalls, are restrained, blending harmoniously with the surrounding landscape. Beauty was associated with impeccable sophistication of form, with a thrill of bright colors and light. This is where Muslim architects’ craving for objects that are sparkling, transparent, shiny, iridescent and reflecting light comes from. That is why in the Alhambra the marble columns shine like pearls; its courtyards and bright window openings, flooded with sun and at the same time darkened by galleries, radiate an enchanting magic.
Next door to Myrtle Court the emir's personal chambers are located, the center of which is Lion's courtyard- "the eighth wonder of the world". The rectangular garden is divided into four equal parts by two canals intersecting in the center. At the intersection there is a fountain - a bowl supported by twelve sculptures of lions. The garden itself is marked by four orange trees. This is a modern tribute to the old Spanish tradition of orange gardens in the courtyards of monasteries and palaces. Old photographs and drawings show different versions of the “four gardens” of the Lion’s Courtyard. Twelve animals, only similar to lions, are located in the middle of the Lion Court and support a marble bowl. All of them are sculpted from some special semi-precious marble and arranged like the rays of a ten-pointed star. Four narrow, stone-lined ditches lead to the center of the courtyard. Through them, water flows from the bowl in transparent streams to four fountains.
The number of lions is not accidental. According to legend, 12 lions supported the throne of King Solomon. Sultan Muhammad al-Ghani was told about this by his vizier ibn Nagrella, a Jew by origin. He also advised the Sultan to decorate the fountain with figures of lions. Meticulous researchers classify this story as a legend, since the lions at the fountain allegedly appeared only in the 16th century - after the fall of Granada. One hundred and twenty-four graceful columns support a carved stone arcade surrounding the courtyard. Rough, high tiled roofs play an active role in the composition, as if emphasizing the refined elegance of the arcade. The ornament is made of knock- a mixture of alabaster and clay. Fresh stukk is easily cut with a knife, and when it dries, it hardens and is not afraid of time. The peculiarity of the Alhambra is that, with unbridled luxury, it is built from very cheap materials - wood and stucco.
The ceilings of the Alhambra look like honeycombs. Graceful columns with elegant capitals decoratively fill the space rather than carry any weight... The edges of the bends of numerous arches are so cut that they give the impression of light falling lace... And all this shimmers and sparkles in the shimmering glare of chiaroscuro.
Fine art of the Arab East.
The fine arts of Islam are represented by various types of ornaments, calligraphy, and book miniatures.
The earliest form of ornamental art is arabesque. This is a complex linear geometric pattern, built on a mathematically precise combination of polygons and multi-rayed stars. Initially it included a plant motif, later inscriptions and images of animals, birds, people and fantastic creatures were woven into it. For example, the triangle represented the “eye” of God. The pentagon symbolized the 5 basic commandments of Islam (belief in one God, prayer five times a day, almsgiving, fasting, pilgrimage to Mecca)
Arabesque has its favorite colors: bright cobalt, emerald green, red and yellow. It rarely contains calm colors and gradations of the same color. Each tone is given a special aperture and intensity. These features allow us to call oriental ornament “music for the eye.”
Enjoyed special honor in the Arab world calligraphy art, which was the language not only of religion, but also of poetry, philosophy, and science. Calligraphy was widely used in architecture, both as a means of conveying text and simply for decoration. Architects sometimes covered entire walls of palaces and mosques with intricate Arabic script, along with stylized plant motifs and geometric patterns.
Shamail – a painting depicting the holy places of Islam, containing, along with suras (chapters from the Koran), philosophical sayings, aphorisms, quotes from the poetic masterpieces of the East, made in beautiful Arabic script. Shamails were painted with blue, blue, and green paints on glass or paper with decorative inserts made of velvet or foil.
Music of Islam.
The Muslim religion strictly regulated not only architecture, fine arts and entertainment, but also musical creativity. On the one hand, music fell into the rank of arts prohibited by Islam, and on the other, a rich musical heritage with characteristic traditions was created. The music is vocal in nature. The expressive and dynamic voice of an Islamic minister – muezzin(from Arabic - “caller”) had to call believers together for prayer five times a day.
The Muslim call to prayer is called adhan It was established by the prophet Muhammad in 622-623. The legend tells. Previously, Muslims never gathered for prayer at the same time: some earlier, others later. Then it was decided to build a large bell, which should be struck at strictly established hours. A large log was needed to strengthen the bell, and one of the priests went to get it, but the next day he appeared to the Prophet Muhammad empty-handed, saying that in a dream he had a vision: “Do not make a bell, but call for prayer with the azan.” Muhammad replied with a smile: “Revelation has forestalled you.”
The Azan ceremony is very theatrical. Imagine: against the picturesque backdrop of colorful southern nature, the soaring minaret of a mosque gracefully rises with a lonely figure of a muezzin. His appearance is artistic: on his dark face there is a dazzling white turban, loose clothes covered with a bright sash, a beard falls to his waist... His special, proud manner of deportment is also attractive.
Literature of the Arab East.
The love lyrics of the peoples of the East, created in Arabic, Persian and Turkish, have no analogues in world literature. Her best works glorify love, loyalty, sincerity and freedom of feelings.
It is impossible to imagine Persian and Tajik lyrics without the work of the poet, mathematician and philosopher Omar Khayyam (c. 1048 1122). In his world-famous philosophical quatrains - rubai- there is a call to experience the fleeting earthly happiness available to man. Every moment spent next to your beloved is priceless.
How beautiful and how invariably new.
Like the blush of your beloved and the greenness of the grass!
Be cheerful too: don’t mourn the past,
Do not repeat, shedding tears: “Alas!”
Translation by G. Plisetsky.
The rubai of Omar Khayyam are distinguished by the grace of each phrase, the depth of philosophical thought, bright, memorable images, the spontaneity of the lyrical hero’s views on the world, special musicality and rhythm. A significant part of the rubai is a reflection on the Koran, which is why the lyrical hero is characterized by a search for the spiritual foundations of existence.
For many years I reflected on earthly life.
There is nothing incomprehensible to me under the sun.
I know that I know nothing! –
This is the last truth I discovered.
Don't envy someone who is strong and rich.
Sunset always follows dawn.
With this short life, equal to a sigh,
Treat it as if it was rented to you.
Homework:
1. What differences exist in the organization of the internal space and decor of the columned mosque and
basilicas
?
2. What decorative means did architects resort to to create the image of the Garden of Eden in domed mosques?
Artistic culture of the Muslim East: the logic of abstract beauty
IN VI c.c.e. The Arabian Peninsula was considered the "end of the world." Most of the population of the village were Bedouin tribes who called themselves Arabs, which meant “dashing riders.” Only Yemen had a culture that created a large number of trading cities.
- The territory included Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, part of Transcaucasia, Central Asia, northern Africa, and Spain.
- The first leader is Muhammad.
- Arabic has become the language of international communication, a powerful factor uniting all Arab countries.
- In the 10th century AD broke up into separate independent parts - emirates, but Arab culture remained united thanks to Islam.
- Islam translated from Arabic means “submission, devotion.” It arose at the beginning of the 7th century AD.
- Muslims believe in one God - Allah.
- The followers of Islam were called “Muslims” (“submissive to God”), hence the name “Muslims” (“those who have surrendered themselves to Allah”).
- The last and main prophet, founder - a real person - Muhammad (570-632).
- In 610, the prophet preached for the first time in Mecca; in 622, he and his followers moved to the city of Medina, the city of the prophet.
- Muslim chronicles begin from this year.
- Muhammad brought the words of Allah to people. His speeches were recorded by his disciples and collected in the Koran. All written sayings are called revelations, all others are called traditions.
- The entire Koran was collected after the death of Muhammad.
- The contents of the Qur'an highlight suras(chapters) and lines(poetry).
- Never illustrated.
- Contents of the Quran: After a person’s death, God’s judgment awaits him, and then his fate will depend on what deeds he did during his lifetime.
- The second source of Muslim doctrine is the Sunnah, sacred tradition, examples from the life of Muhammad.
- Obligatory five times daily prayer - namaz, ablution before prayer and in some other cases, annual fasting, which is required to be performed from sunrise to sunset, pilgrimage to Mecca - hajj, at least once in a lifetime.
Calligraphic inscriptions have become one of the forms of ornament
Calligraphic inscriptions on the walls of mosques are the only decoration; the word and letter of the Koran are the only approach to God. Allah cannot be seen or touched; the power of influence is in the sacred word. Hence the ban on depicting the visible world and living beings in religious art.
Architectural monuments.
The building for prayer is a mosque (from Arabic “masjid” - place of worship).
- Omeya Mosque (687-691) in Jerusalem
The huge building, topped with a golden dome, is located in the Old City, where the grand temple of King Solomon once stood, destroyed by the Romans, and where Jesus Christ delivered his sermons. It is called the "Dome of the Rock", the Mosque of Omar.
Minarets are towers from which the muezzin called believers to prayer.
The minaret was built next to the mosque.
The shapes were round, square, multifaceted.
Madrasahs are Muslim educational institutions.
Artistic creativity of the Arab world -
- arts and crafts.
Technique ornament– abstract shapes, bright colors.
The complex weaving of lines and colors that the artist recreated on a plane - arabesque.
From the middle VIII V. capital of the caliphate - Baghdad
- He was famous for the fantastic luxury of decoration of the caliph's palace and the houses of rich people.
- The caliphs cared about the development of education. In terms of the number of public libraries available to literate people, Baghdad surpassed imperial Rome.
Music
According to the Islamic tradition, it was considered as one of the forms of scientific knowledge.
The Arabs highly valued musical improvisation (both vocal and instrumental).
Musical instruments
various (drums, tambourines), oud
(the predecessor of the European lute) and the bowed rebab.
A combination of instrumental music
singing and dancing are not found among the Arabs.
Music was created on the basis of canonical rules - maqama, determining the modal and rhythmic features of compositions.
Moorish style is art created by masters of Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and Southern Spain.
The Moors (from the Greek “dark”) are a North African people related to the Arabs.
X century - the formation of a caliphate centered in Cordoba (a consequence of the expansion(spreading) these peoples to Southern Spain).
In 785 - the cathedral mosque in Cordoba.
Its peculiarity is 850 columns made of pink and blue marble and granite, stretching in 19 rows from north to south and 36 rows from east to west. The colonnade was illuminated by hundreds of silver lamps.
The last stronghold of Islamic culture on Spanish soil was the Emirate of Granada (end X V.)
The Alhambra is an architectural ensemble: the world courtyard of the Comares Palace and the Lion's Courtyard.
The peoples of the Iranian group contributed to the development of Islamic medieval artistic culture
In the VII-VIII centuries. a single literary language has emerged - Farsi.
Art of Iran, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, Central Asia - reflection Iranian (Persian) classical poetry.
- The founder of poetry - Rudaki. According to legend, he composed about a million poems. He was a singer-improviser, sang his poems, accompanying himself on a string instrument. The poems are full of bitter reflections on the injustice of life, as a result of which he was expelled (blinded).
- Poet Ferdowsi Abulqasim composed the poem “Shahname” (revealed the roots of evil leading the country to decline). Three parts: mythological, heroic, historical (about 28 rulers of the royal dynasty). He repeated the fate of Rudaki.
3) Scientist, astronomer, creator of an accurate calendar, mathematician, original poet - Omar Khayyam. The works are imbued with the spirit of freethinking, protesting against hypocrisy and hypocrisy. The poet's ideal is justice, freedom, joy of life, honesty. The only form of poetry he had was rubai(quatrains).
4) Poet Saadi - a collection of parables in verse and prose “Gulistan” (“Blooming Garden”). He denounced hypocrisy and hypocrisy and preached eternal values.
5) To the poet Hafiz Shamseddin brought gazelles- short poems about love.
6) Poet Nizami Ganjavi- poem “Leili and Majnun” (eastern “Romeo and Juliet”).
Applied arts of Muslim countries of the Middle East
Products made of glass, metal, wood, fabric, clay, weapons were highly valued on the world market.
It was customary to give brocade, satin, and velvet to guests and ambassadors.
The Persian carpet was most famous.
Book miniature of the Muslim East
- A combination of the skills of a calligrapher-scribe and a professional painter.
- This is an independent art form in which real events, fiction and symbolism, decorative images and illustrative plots are inextricably linked.
"The artistic culture of the Muslim East: the logic of abstract beauty."
Find a painting by N.K. Roerich "Mohammed on Mount Hira".
Epigraph: poems by A.S. Pushkin 5h. "Imitation of the Koran."
Pray to the Creator; he is mighty:
He rules the wind; on a hot day
It sends clouds to the sky;
Gives the earth tree shade.
He is merciful: he is to Mohammed
Opened the shining Koran,
Let us also flow towards the light,
And let the fog fall from your eyes.
Exposure: Show a video of oriental architecture (mosque) to music.
1.Question: What do these buildings have in common? (Eastern style. Islamic architecture. Mosques)
Exercise: Write down similar features (characteristic architectural elements).
Hear the answers.
We check our answers in notebooks with the correct standard
ANSWER: Commonality of intent: unity with eternity, balance with nature, feeling of peace;
Empty space in the interior is a symbol of the presence of the spiritual principle, i.e. divine voids";
A combination of decorativeness and rhythm.
Strict geometric shapes;
Huge size of the building
Very wide domes.
Abstract decorative decorations: inlay, colored tiles, paintings, carvings;
The open courtyard is square;
Belt of arched galleries
Presence of minarets
The orientation of one of the parties towards Mecca.
Tie:
Question: What kind of religion is Islam? Who do we call a Muslim?
Answer: information about the emergence of Islam.
Video shown: painting by N.K. Roerich “Mohammed on Mount Hira”, Pushkin’s poems taken in the epigraph about the Koran are read.
Despite all the similarities, the temples have their own characteristics.
Peoples who influenced the development of Islamic medieval artistic culture.
1. “Golden Age of Culture” of the Abbasid reign – heyday of Baghdad(founded 762).
What institutions did the caliphs build to promote the development of education? (madrassas, libraries). In the middle of the 9th century. The “House of Wisdom” was opened - in it scientists translated into Arabic. Language Works of classical world literature.
1) Music as one of the forms of scientific knowledge (Islamic philosopher. Tradition)
Scientific theorist Al-Farabi - “Great treatise on music” (problems of acoustics, instrumentation, aesthetics and philosophy of music were developed. Studies).
2) performing skills: improvisation vocal and instrumental.
Assignment: voice a statement about the requirement for a singer’s vocal technique (p. 85; textbook by MHC L.A. Rapatskaya)
3) Instruments - drums, tambourines, timpani, oud - older than the European lute, bowed rebab.
4) The maqama culture has been characteristic of the Islamic world since ancient times (maqama are the canonical rules of modal and rhythmic compositions characteristic of Arabic music) and has given rise to national branches. This kind of music is called "symphony of Islamic peoples"
10th century - formation of a caliphate centered in Cordoba.
Peoples of the Iranian group(in the 7th and 8th centuries, a single literary language emerged - Farsi). The commonality of traditions in the art of Iran, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, and Central Asia is the sublime, flowery Iranian (Persian) classical poetry, like ornaments.
Rudaki(Abu Abdallah Jafar lived at the end of the 9th-10th centuries) - the founder of poetry, singer-improviser from Bukhara.
(Read lines from the poems. Maybe there are songs by modern singers based on his poems, talk about his fate, show a portrait of the poet, recreated by the sculptor-historian M.M. Gerasimov).
Ferdowsi Abul-Kasim (lived in the late 10th-11th centuries), his poem“Shahname” (3 parts: mythological, heroic about the exploits of Rustam, historical about 28 kings and rulers of the Sassanid dynasty. (I dreamed of building a dam for the reward received from the emir. Bitter fate).
Omar Khayyam(11-12 centuries) - scientist, astronomer, mathematician, creator of an accurate calendar. An original freethinking poet. Form of verses - rubai(morality in an aphoristic, concise, clear presentation).
Saadi(13th century left his native Shiraz due to the hordes of Genghis Khan), his collection parable in verse and prose “Gulistan” (Blooming Garden)
Hafiz Shamseddin (14th century, fellow countryman of Saadi from Shiraz), became famous for his ghazals - short poems about love.
Nizami Ganjavi (Abu Muhammad Ilyas ibn Yusuf lived at the turn of the 12th-13th centuries) - the poem “Leili and Majnun” (eastern Romeo and Juliet) is the pinnacle of classical Persian poetry about love. (learning page 90).
Samarkand- at the end of the 14th century. the capital of Timur's power in Central Asia, which included Iran. The heyday of the KhK Islamic tradition in the 14th-15th centuries.
Samarkand grandiose architectural monuments– masterpieces of medieval art: 1) cathedral mosque (ruins) - octagonal minarets support a huge arch topped with a shining turquoise dome.
2) complex of tombs of the nobility Shah-i-Zinda.
3) Gur-Emir mausoleum, beginning. 15th century (Timur’s tomb) - description on page 91.
4) Ulugbek Madrasah (Samarkand, Uzbekistan, 15th century)
Decorative and applied arts:
Ornament technique (patterned script - arabesques: a combination of plant patterns with geometric shapes and letter motifs).
Calligraphic script of sayings from the Koran as decoration.
Iranian carpets (by theme - garden, hunting, animal, vase).
Book miniatures are in tune with oriental poetry: sublime, philosophically rich, flowery. There are no religious prohibitions in it, because... this is secular art. The skills of calligraphy and professional painting are combined.
Al-Kadimiya Mosque, Baghdad
In 762, Caliph al-Mansur of the Abbasid dynasty began construction of a new capital on the west bank of the river. Three concentric walls surrounded the new city; in the central part there was a mosque and the palace of the caliph, followed by military garrisons, and in the outer part there were residential areas. A gate was made in the wall on each side of the world, through which communication with the city was carried out. The heyday of Baghdad occurred during the reign of Caliph Harun al-Rashid (786-809) and throughout the 9th century, when the city became the religious, economic, intellectual and cultural center of the state.
Modern Baghdad, located on both banks of the Tigris, is a city of countless mosques. The al-Kadimiya Mosque in the northwestern part of the city is one of the main Shiite shrines; Every day thousands of pilgrims gather there to pray.
Construction of the mosque was completed in 1515. It contains the tombs of Musa ibn Jafar al-Kazim and his grandson Muhammad al-Jawad al-Taqi, the seventh and ninth imams. Al-Kadimiya is considered the third holiest Shia mosque after the mosques in Karbala and Najaf.
Now the political situation in Baghdad is quite acute; Further developments in Iraq are unpredictable. Nevertheless, the al-Kadimiya Mosque remains an important center of the Muslim faith.
Ibn Tulun Mosque in Cairo
In 876–879, Sultan Ahmed ibn Tulun, the first ruler of Egypt, independent of the Baghdad caliphs, built a mosque in Cairo, on Yashkur Hill, which received the name Ibn Tulun Mosque after the ruler. Today it is one of the most ancient mosques in Cairo. Located between the citadel and the Old City, this mosque is of the gamaia type, that is, intended for public prayers. In the Middle Ages, the three main Cairo mosques - Ibn Tulun, Al-Azhar and Al-Hakim - accommodated the entire male population of the city during traditional Friday prayers.
Tradition tells that the design of the Ibn Tulun mosque was drawn up by a Christian architect, who was released from prison specifically for this purpose. History has not preserved the name of this mosque creator.
Ibn Tulun Mosque
The Ibn-Tulun Mosque has survived to this day almost intact, although the centuries that passed over it still left their imprints on it. Already from the distant narrow streets leading to the mosque, you can see its tall minaret, built at the end of the 13th century. It is adjacent to the mosque building on the west side and is unlike any of the other Cairo minarets. The mosque is surrounded by a mighty wall with battlements. The only thing that reminds the viewer that this is not a fortress, but a mosque, is the frieze of lancet windows and arches encircling the wall.
The spacious courtyard of the Ibn Tulun Mosque, measuring 92–92 m, is surrounded on three sides by arcades with high pointed arches supported by square columns. The arches are covered with strict geometric patterns. There are several dozen such arches here, and not a single ornament repeats another. In the center of the courtyard there is a fountain for ablution, over which a dome was built in 1296. It rests on an octagonal drum standing on a square plinth.
The Ibn Tulun Mosque is built of baked bricks and coated with lime. This method of construction is not typical for Egyptian buildings; it was brought from Baghdad. The appearance of the mosque is strict and laconic. Devoid of any pretentiousness, it seems to be created for contemplation and reflection. Nothing here distracts a person from thinking and praying. Probably, the nameless architect who built the mosque sought precisely this atmosphere of peace, so that a person coming to the mosque would leave the passions raging around him for a while.
The walls of the mosque and all architectural details - arches, column capitals, spaces between windows, cornices - are covered with a stylized floral pattern - large, relief. The traditions of Muslim art are known to limit the possibility of depicting living beings. As a result, the role of ornament sharply increased. It decorates carpets, fabrics, ceramics, wood and metal, medieval manuscripts, but its significance is especially great in Muslim architecture - the ornament gives Islamic buildings amazing grace and beauty.
The mihrab of the mosque, one of the most ancient elements of the building, built under Ibn Tulun, was remodeled several times in subsequent years. It is decorated with four columns with beautiful carved capitals. They apparently were taken from some Byzantine basilica from the time of Emperor Justinian.
For a long time, the Ibn Tulun Mosque served as a transit point for pilgrims heading from West African countries to the holy places of Islam - Mecca, Jerusalem and Baghdad. Here they rested and performed prayers before moving on. Next to the mosque he built, Sultan Ibn Tulun built a square where he played polo or bowls. There are several gates leading to this square: the Gate of the Nobles, the Gate of the Harem. Only Ibn Tulun himself had the right to pass through the central arch. The army of Ibn Tulun, numbering about 30 thousand people, passed through the neighboring arch during parades and ceremonies.
Among more than five hundred Cairo mosques, the Ibn Tulun Mosque stands out both for its antiquity and high artistic merit. The austere, restrained beauty of the mosque makes it one of the most outstanding works of medieval Arab architecture.
“Culture of Islam” - Court poet Ibn Zumruk. Allah cannot be seen or touched; the power of influence is in the sacred word. What currents have emerged in Islam? Cathedral Mosque in Cordoba. Arab Caliphate. The first leader is Muhammad. Architecture of Islam. Muslim East. Practical ritual commandments of Islam. Alhambra.
"Muslim culture" - Fatalism. 5. Confucian civilization of China. Main directions: Receive the exact prayer schedule of your city on your phone! 5. India: traditions and innovations. http://www.e-samarkand.narod.ru/. Ulugbek Observatory. Sikhs eat amrita during the festival. Parsis are fire worshipers in Bombay. Islam.
“Terrorism and Islam” - Is Islam a religion of terrorism? Forbidden: Verily, Allah loves those who are impartial [Sura 9, verse 9]; Verily, Allah is the All-Powerful, the Mighty [Sura 22, verse 39,40]. - “feat”, “effort”, “aspiration”. During war, strict rules of conduct against attackers are defined. Fight against your own passions and shortcomings,
"Man in Islam" - Trade caravan. Sharia - rules of conduct Qadi - experts in the Koran. Bedouin tribes: Muhammad was born around 570 into a noble merchant family. Bedouins are nomadic Arabs. Arab world. Muhammad is the founder of Islam. A huge Arab state was formed - the Arab Caliphate, the capital of Damascus. When Muhammad was 40 years old, an important event occurred in the month of Ramadan.
“The Artistic Culture of Islam” - How will the vessel you smashed into shards give you something to drink? To drag out your days without a friend is the worst of all troubles. The word coming from the heart penetrates the heart. Artistic culture of Islam. Abu Muhammad Ilyas ibn Yusuf Nizami Ganjavi. Omar Khayyam. The soul that has no friend is worthy of pity. The lover is blind. Architecture of Islam.
“Arab-Muslim culture” - Muslim law. Falsafa (philosophy). 14. Geographical location helped the development of trade. Minaret of Bukhara (Uzbekistan) Height 48 meters Erected in 1127. The first muazzin to call to prayer was a former slave, Ethiopian Bilal. ALLAH was especially revered here. 4.4. "Year of Embassies" 7. Sunnah. The winged horse had a human face, shining in the darkness.
