Who created the Goelro plan? Goelro - transcript

GOELRO was a plan for the development of not just the energy sector, but the entire economy. It provided for the construction of enterprises that would provide these construction sites with everything necessary, as well as the rapid development of the electric power industry. And all this was tied to territorial development plans. Among them is the Stalingrad Tractor Plant, founded in 1927. As part of the plan, the development of the Kuznetsk coal basin also began, around which a new industrial area arose. The Soviet government encouraged the initiative of private owners in implementing GOELRO. Those involved in electrification could count on tax breaks and loans from the state.

Opening of the Shaturskaya Thermal Power Plant. Moscow province. 1925. Photo by A. Shaikhet.

The GOELRO project laid the foundation for industrialization in Russia. The plan was basically exceeded by 1931. Electricity production in 1932 compared to 1913 increased not 4.5 times, as planned, but almost 7 times: from 2 to 13.5 billion kWh. The GOELRO plan was exceeded for the extraction of coal, oil, peat, iron and manganese ore, and the production of cast iron and steel.
Since 1947, the USSR has been ranked 1st in Europe and 2nd in the world in electricity production. The USSR operates the most powerful hydroelectric power stations in the world (Krasnoyarsk with a capacity of 5 million kW. Bratskaya named after the 50th anniversary of the Great October Revolution - 4.1 million kW. Volzhskaya named after the 22nd Congress of the CPSU - 2.53 million kW) and thermal power plants of 2.4 million kW each (Pridneprovskaya, Konakovskaya, Zmievskaya, etc.) and the most distant high-voltage power lines with voltages of 500 and 750 kV AC and 800 kV DC.
The GOELRO plan played a huge role in the life of our country: without it, it would hardly have been possible to bring the USSR into the ranks of the most industrially developed countries in the world in such a short time. The implementation of this plan shaped, in fact, the entire domestic economy and still largely determines it.
Electricity was virtually unknown in villages before the revolution. Large landowners installed small power plants, but their numbers were few.

In 1920, a famous science fiction writer visited Russia H.G. Wells . He met with Lenin, got acquainted with the plans for widespread electrification of Russia and considered them impracticable. In the essay “Russia in the Darkness,” dedicated to this trip, he spoke about these plans as follows:
“The fact is that Lenin, who, as a true Marxist, rejects all “utopians,” ultimately fell into a utopia himself, a utopia of electrification. He is doing everything in his power to create large power plants in Russia that will provide entire provinces with energy for lighting, transport and industry. He said that two areas have already been electrified as an experiment. Is it possible to imagine a more daring project in this vast, flat, forested country, inhabited by illiterate peasants, deprived of sources of water energy, without technically competent people, in which trade and industry have almost died out? Such electrification projects are now being carried out in Holland, they are being discussed in England, and one can easily imagine that in these densely populated countries with highly developed industries, electrification will prove successful, cost-effective and generally beneficial. But the implementation of such projects in Russia can only be imagined with the help of super imagination. No matter what magic mirror I look into, I cannot see this Russia of the future, but the short man in the Kremlin has such a gift.”
Lenin invited Wells to come in 10 years and see how the plan, which was designed for 10-15 years, was being implemented. Wells arrived in 1934 and was amazed that the plan was not only fulfilled, but also exceeded on a number of indicators.

GOELRO plan

GOELRO(abbreviated from Go state commission on el electrification Ro ssia listen)) - a body created to develop a project for the electrification of Russia after the October Revolution of 1917. The abbreviation is often deciphered as State plan for electrification of Russia, that is, the product of the GOELRO commission, which became the first long-term economic development plan adopted and implemented in Russia after the revolution. Starting point of the NEP

According to some sources, the preparation of a project for large-scale electrification of Russia was carried out even before the revolution, one of its ideologists was Professor Vernadsky, but before the Great October Socialist Revolution there was no interest in this project in Russia. During the years of the civil war and intervention, the government under the leadership of Lenin began to develop a long-term plan for the electrification of the country, for which, in particular, a Commission was created to develop an electrification plan under the leadership of Krzhizhanovsky. About 200 scientists and engineers were involved in the work of the commission. In December, the plan developed by the commission was approved by the VIII All-Russian Congress of Soviets, and a year later it was approved by the IX All-Russian Congress of Soviets.

GOELRO was a plan for the development of not just the energy sector, but the entire economy. It provided for the construction of enterprises that would provide these construction sites with everything necessary, as well as the rapid development of the electric power industry. And all this was tied to territorial development plans. Among them is the Stalingrad Tractor Plant, founded in 1927. As part of the plan, the development of the Kuznetsk coal basin also began, around which a new industrial area arose. The Soviet government encouraged the initiative of private owners in implementing GOELRO. Those involved in electrification could count on tax breaks and loans from the state.

The GOELRO plan, designed for 10-15 years, provided for the construction of 30 regional power plants (20 thermal power plants and 10 hydroelectric power stations) with a total capacity of 1.75 million kW. Among others, it was planned to build Shterovskaya, Kashirskaya, Gorky, Shaturskaya and Chelyabinsk regional thermal power plants, as well as hydroelectric power stations - Nizhegorodskaya, Volkhovskaya (1926), Dnieper, two stations on the Svir River, etc. Within the framework of the project, economic zoning was carried out, transport and energy framework of the country's territory. The project covered eight main economic regions (Northern, Central Industrial, Southern, Volga, Ural, West Siberian, Caucasian and Turkestan). At the same time, the development of the country's transport system was carried out (transportation of old and construction of new railway lines, construction of the Volga-Don Canal). The GOELRO project laid the foundation for industrialization in Russia. The plan was largely exceeded by . Electricity production in 1932 compared to 1913 increased not 4.5 times, as planned, but almost 7 times: from 2 to 13.5 billion kWh.

Members of the GOELRO Commission

Participants in the development of the GOELRO plan

Notes

see also

• Design of the Elektrosila metro station in St. Petersburg

Links

• GVOZDETSKY V. GOELRO PLAN. MYTHS AND REALITY // Science and life. - 2005. - № 5.
• Erlikhman V. The Age of Lighting // Energy of industrial growth. - M.: 2005. - No. 2.
• Summary information on the current state and plans for the development of generation in Russia. relevance - May 2008.

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See what the “GOELRO Plan” is in other dictionaries:

Plan, the first unified state long-term plan for the development of the national economy of the Soviet Union. republics based on the electrification of the country, developed in 1920 on the instructions and under the leadership of V.I. Lenin by the State Commission for ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

The request "Electrification of the Soviet Union" is redirected here; see also other meanings... Wikipedia

The first long-term plan for the restoration and development of the people. x va Sov. countries based on electrification. The GOELRO plan was an integral part of the program for creating material and technical equipment. the basis of socialism put forward by V.I. Lenin in the first months after the victory... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia

GOELRO- single household plan prepared by the state Commission on Electrification of Russia under the department. electrical engineering prom. VSNKh in 1920 under the leadership. G.M. Krzhizhanovsky. Following the organization of the Supreme Economic Council, the nationalization of industry. and transport, the question was raised about drawing up state... ... Ural Historical Encyclopedia

On December 22, 1920, the VIII All-Russian Congress of Soviets took place, at which the State Plan for the Electrification of Russia (GOELRO) was approved, which became the first long-term economic development plan adopted and implemented in Russia after the revolution.

A year later, it was approved by the IX All-Russian Congress. The Soviet GOELRO Plan was developed in less than a year in the most difficult conditions of the civil war (1917-1922/1923) and intervention by the State Commission for the Electrification of the Country, created on February 21, 1920, under the leadership of G. M. Krzhizhanovsky. About 200 scientists and engineers were involved in the work of the commission. According to some sources, the preparation of a project for large-scale electrification of Russia was carried out even before the 1917 revolution by German engineers working for the St. Petersburg Electric Company, on the assumption that during the First World War (1914-1918) it was impossible to begin implementation due to large military expenses. According to other sources, the basis of GOELRO was the developments of the energy department of the Academic Commission for the Study of Natural Productive Forces of Russia (KEPS), created in 1916, transformed in 1930 into the Energy Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

The first experience of using centralized electric lighting instead of gas lighting was made by palace management technician engineer Vasily Pashkov to illuminate the halls of the Winter Palace during the Christmas and New Year holidays in 1885. To implement it, on November 9, 1885, a project for the construction of a special “electricity factory” was approved with a note from Alexander III: “The winter balls of 1886 (January 10) should be completely illuminated by electricity.” To eliminate unwanted vibration of the building during operation of steam engines, the power plant was placed in a special pavilion made of glass and metal in the second courtyard of the Winter Palace (since called “electric”). The area occupied by the station was 630 m². It consisted of an engine room, where 6 boilers, 4 steam engines and 2 locomotives were installed, and a hall with 36 electric dynamos. The total power of the power plant was 445 horsepower and consumed about 30 thousand poods (520 tons) of coal per year. The generated electricity illuminated: the Antechamber, Petrovsky, Great Field Marshal, Armorial and St. George Halls. Three lighting modes were provided:

• full (holiday, which was turned on five times a year) - 4888 incandescent lamps and 10 Yablochkov candles were turned on;
• working - 230 incandescent lamps;
• duty (night) - 304 incandescent lamps.

All this taken together could not but influence the mood of electrical engineers and, perhaps, became one of the reasons that many of them, including Alliluyev, Krasin, Krzhizhanovsky, Smidovich and others, were involved in the revolutionary shaking of the country. Moreover, the leaders of the world proletariat turned out to be much more perspicacious in this regard than the authorities of tsarist Russia and foresaw the key role that electricity was to play in the social transformation of society. One of those political figures who correctly assessed this role was V.I. Lenin, a great enthusiast for the electrification of Russia. Based on Marx's thesis about capitalism as the era of steam, Lenin believed that socialism would become the era of electricity. Back in 1901 he wrote: "... at the present time, when it is possible to transmit electrical energy over distances... there are absolutely no technical obstacles to the fact that the treasures of science and art, accumulated over centuries, can be used by the entire population, distributed more or less evenly throughout the country"Isn't it remarkable that this was said many decades before the advent of not only the Internet, but also the computer and even television! It is possible, however, that Lenin saw in electrification not only a social, but also a purely political task: he hoped to conquer with its with the help of the peasantry. After all, light in Russia, since pre-Christian times, has always been associated with truth and world order, and it is clear how in a remote village that received light they should have treated the one who brought it.

Another reason was also important. Technocrats, who for many years did not have the opportunity to bring their ideas to life, now have this opportunity. The new government consistently and firmly demonstrated its interest and political will in this.

In December 1918, the CES organized a Bureau to develop a general plan for the electrification of the country, and about a year later, Krzhizhanovsky sent Lenin his article “Tasks of Electrification of Industry” and received an enthusiastic response to it. And also a request to write about this problem popularly - in order to captivate “the masses of workers and class-conscious peasants” with it.

G. M. Krzhizhanovsky - chairman,
A. I. Eisman - Deputy Chairman,
A. G. Kogan, B. I. Ugrimov - comrades of the chairman,
N. N. Vashkov, N. S. Sinelnikov - deputy comrades of the chairman,
G. O. Graftio, L. V. Dreyer, G. D. Dubelir, K. A. Krug, M. Ya. Lapirov-Skoblo, B. E. Stunkel, M. A. Shatelain, E. Ya. Shulgin - members,
D. I. Komarov, R. A. Ferman, L. K. Ramzin, A. I. Tairov, A. A. Schwartz - deputy members.

Wikipedia mentions 10 more participants: I. G. Alexandrov, A. V. Winter, I. I. Vikhlyaev, R. E. Klasson, S. A. Kukel, T. R. Makarov, V. F. Mitkevi, M. K. Polivanov , G. K. Riesenkamf, R. L. Semenov.

Krzhizhanovsky involved not only practicing engineers, but also scientists from the Academy of Sciences - about 200 people in total. Among them, by the way, was the famous Russian philosopher, priest and “part-time” outstanding electrical engineer Pavel Florensky. He came to commission meetings in a cassock, and the Bolsheviks tolerated it.

After ten months of hard work, the commission produced a 650-page volume with numerous maps and diagrams.

Members of the St. Petersburg "Union of Struggle" for the liberation of the working class" (1897) Krzhizhanovsky sits second from the left (to the left of Lenin)

There is a version that the GOELRO plan allegedly does not represent an original development, but is copied from a book by the German professor of political economy K. Ballod, published in Germany in 1898 and called “The State of the Future, Production and Consumption in a Socialist State.” Domestic electrifiers were, of course, very familiar with this book and used it when developing the GOELRO plan. But, firstly, this material itself is just a desk project, quite abstract, and the question of its implementation has never been and could not be raised. Secondly, Russian scientific personnel did not lag behind foreign ones, and in some respects - including in the matter of building an economy based on energy - they were even ahead of them. And, thirdly, and this is the most important thing, the nature and raw materials of Russia, its territory, economy, demography, national mentality and even the monetary system are so unique that they exclude the very possibility of completely borrowing, much less copying, any specific programs . Therefore, we can safely say that both in theoretical and practical aspects, the GOELRO plan is original and has no analogues in world practice. On the contrary: its uniqueness, attractiveness and practical reality have led to attempts to copy it by the leading countries of the world. In the period 1923-1931, electrification programs appeared in the USA (developed by Fran Baum), Germany (Oscar Miller), England (the so-called Weyer Commission), France (engineers Velem, Duval, Lavanchy, Mative and Molyar), as well as Poland, Japan etc. But they all ended in failure at the planning and feasibility stage.

In 1920, the famous science fiction writer Herbert Wells visited Russia. He met with Lenin, got acquainted with the plans for widespread electrification of Russia and considered them impracticable. In the essay “Russia in the Darkness,” dedicated to this trip, he spoke about these plans as follows: “D The point is that Lenin, who, as a true Marxist, rejects all “utopians,” ultimately fell into a utopia himself, a utopia of electrification. He is doing everything in his power to create large power plants in Russia that will provide entire provinces with energy for lighting, transport and industry. He said that two areas have already been electrified as an experiment. Is it possible to imagine a more daring project in this vast, flat, forested country, inhabited by illiterate peasants, deprived of sources of water energy, without technically competent people, in which trade and industry have almost died out? Such electrification projects are now being carried out in Holland, they are being discussed in England, and one can easily imagine that in these densely populated countries with highly developed industries, electrification will prove successful, cost-effective and generally beneficial. But the implementation of such projects in Russia can only be imagined with the help of super imagination. No matter what magic mirror I look into, I cannot see this Russia of the future, but a short man in the Kremlin has such a gift"Lenin invited Wells to come 10 years later and see how the plan was being implemented. In 1934, Wells arrived and was amazed that the plan was not only fulfilled, but also exceeded on a number of indicators.

The success of the plan was most clearly manifested in the gradual elimination of imported supplies of equipment - due to the growth of power engineering in this industry. If in 1923 the Elektrosila plant produced only the first four hydrogenerators with a capacity of 7.5 MW each for the Volkhov hydroelectric power station, then by the mid-30s such large enterprises as Elektrozavod (Moscow), Dynamo (Moscow) were operating in the country ), "Red Kotelshchik" (Taganrog), Turbogenerator Plant named after S. M. Kirov (Kharkov). And starting from 1934, the USSR no longer needed imports for energy construction. The construction itself proceeded at a pace unprecedented in history. And the reason for this was not only the enthusiasm of the people, which we were told about before, but also a number of very shadowy aspects of the implementation of the GOELRO plan. A significant part of the builders were not only soldiers drafted into the so-called “construction labor army,” but also prisoners. And to finance the program, treasures of Russian culture, including the Hermitage and the Tretyakov Gallery, were widely sold. And also grain - and this in conditions when famine was raging in many regions of the country, and primarily in the Volga region and Ukraine. And in general, for many years, all social sectors of the economy were financed only on a residual basis, which is why the people in the USSR lived extremely difficult. The sacrifices made by the Soviet people for the implementation of the GOELRO plan were enormous. To forget about the present day for the sake of the future - such was the pathos of the system that gave birth to this plan and ensured its implementation. Was the goal worth such sacrifices? - our descendants will have to answer this question.

The matter of “electrifying the entire country” could not have happened without the NEPmen. For example, 24 artisanal artels near Moscow united into the large partnership "Electric Production", and 52 Kaluga artels - into the partnership "Serena"; they were building stations, laying power lines, and electrifying industrial enterprises. The Soviet government, in a rare case, encouraged the initiative of private owners in implementing GOELRO. Those involved in electrification could count on tax breaks and even loans from the state. True, the entire regulatory framework, technical control and tariff setting were retained by the government (the tariff was uniform for the entire country and was set by the State Planning Committee). The policy of encouraging entrepreneurship has yielded tangible results: about half of the generating capacities built according to the GOELRO plan were created with the involvement of the forces and resources of the NEPmen, that is, business. In other words, it was an example of what we now call a public-private partnership.

As for the help of foreign specialists, these were mainly the so-called chief engineers and consultants, with the help of whom the installation and commissioning of equipment supplied from abroad was carried out. Sometimes the habits and ambitions of representatives of Western companies conflicted with the interests of domestic energy developers. Western pedantry, the desire to strictly follow the letter and paragraph of agreements, regulations, standards and instructions, was difficult to coexist with the Soviet mentality, focused on the speedy commissioning of facilities. Foreigners were unaccustomed to extracurricular and three-shift work, ignoring sleep, rest, and timely nutrition; they lived by their own rules and routine. It happened that this led to difficult and even emergency situations. During the construction of the Shterovskaya State District Power Plant, deep cracks formed in its brand new concrete foundation during testing. It turned out that pedantic chief installers from England took breaks from work regularly and at regular intervals. And the concrete at the levels to which it was supposed to be supplied during these pauses had time to dry out, and as a result it did not set well and cracked at the first vibration. After a lawsuit was brought against the English company, it had to redo the work. But for the most part, foreigners worked honestly and efficiently and received government gratitude and gifts in addition to their salaries. And some - such as, for example, the chief consultant of Dneprostroy, Colonel Cooper - were awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.

CONTENT: 1932 Ural, Krasnotalsk city. There was sabotage at the power plant. The turbine is out of order. After putting the guards to sleep, someone poured sand into the turbine oil. In Moscow, the leadership of the OGPU received a secret code. From it it becomes known about the conspiracy of German intelligence against the USSR. Its main goal is subversive actions at Soviet power plants. Particular attention is paid to the Urals and the DneproGES under construction. The sabotage in Krasnotalsk is a link in this chain. OGPU special agent Viktor Sergeevich Lartsev was sent to Krasnotalsk...