Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov. Biography of Nekrasov: life path and work of the great national poet Childhood and education of the poet

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was born on November 28 (December 10), 1821 in the city of Nemirov, Podolsk province, into a wealthy landowner family. The writer spent his childhood years in the Yaroslavl province, the village of Greshnevo, on a family estate. The family was large - the future poet had 13 sisters and brothers.

At the age of 11, he entered the gymnasium, where he studied until the 5th grade. Young Nekrasov’s studies were not going well. It was during this period that Nekrasov began to write his first satirical poems and write them down in a notebook.

Education and the beginning of a creative path

The poet's father was cruel and despotic. He deprived Nekrasov of financial assistance when he did not want to enlist in military service. In 1838, Nekrasov’s biography included a move to St. Petersburg, where he entered the university as a volunteer student at the Faculty of Philology. In order not to die of hunger, experiencing a great need for money, he finds part-time work, gives lessons and writes poetry to order.

During this period, he met the critic Belinsky, who would later have a strong ideological influence on the writer. At the age of 26, Nekrasov, together with the writer Panaev, bought the Sovremennik magazine. The magazine quickly became popular and had significant influence in society. In 1862, the government banned its publication.

Literary activity

Having accumulated enough funds, Nekrasov published his debut collection of poems, “Dreams and Sounds” (1840), which failed. Vasily Zhukovsky advised that most of the poems in this collection should be published without the name of the author. After this, Nikolai Nekrasov decides to move away from poetry and take up prose, writing novellas and short stories. The writer is also engaged in the publication of some almanacs, in one of which Fyodor Dostoevsky made his debut. The most successful almanac was the “Petersburg Collection” (1846).

From 1847 to 1866 he was the publisher and editor of the Sovremennik magazine, which employed the best writers of that time. The magazine was a hotbed of revolutionary democracy. While working at Sovremennik, Nekrasov published several collections of his poems. His works “Peasant Children” and “Peddlers” brought him wide fame.

On the pages of the Sovremennik magazine, such talents as Ivan Turgenev, Ivan Goncharov, Alexander Herzen, Dmitry Grigorovich and others were discovered. The already famous Alexander Ostrovsky, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, Gleb Uspensky were published in it. Thanks to Nikolai Nekrasov and his magazine, Russian literature learned the names of Fyodor Dostoevsky and Leo Tolstoy.

In the 1840s, Nekrasov collaborated with the magazine Otechestvennye zapiski, and in 1868, after the closure of the Sovremennik magazine, he rented it from the publisher Kraevsky. The last ten years of the writer’s life were associated with this magazine. At this time, Nekrasov wrote the epic poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” (1866-1876), as well as “Russian Women” (1871-1872), “Grandfather” (1870) - poems about the Decembrists and their wives, and some other satirical works , the pinnacle of which was the poem “Contemporaries” (1875).

Nekrasov wrote about the suffering and grief of the Russian people, about the difficult life of the peasantry. He also introduced a lot of new things into Russian literature, in particular, he used simple Russian colloquial speech in his works. This undoubtedly showed the richness of the Russian language, which came from the people. In his poems, he first began to combine satire, lyricism and elegiac motifs. Briefly speaking, the poet’s work made an invaluable contribution to the development of Russian classical poetry and literature in general.

Personal life

The poet had several love affairs in his life: with the owner of the literary salon Avdotya Panaeva, the Frenchwoman Selina Lefren, and the village girl Fyokla Viktorova.

One of the most beautiful women in St. Petersburg and the wife of the writer Ivan Panaev, Avdotya Panaeva, was liked by many men, and the young Nekrasov had to make a lot of effort to win her attention. Finally, they confess their love to each other and begin to live together. After the early death of their common son, Avdotya leaves Nekrasov. And he leaves for Paris with the French theater actress Selina Lefren, whom he had known since 1863. She remains in Paris, and Nekrasov returns to Russia. However, their romance continues at a distance. Later, he meets a simple and uneducated girl from the village, Fyokla (Nekrasov gives her the name Zina), with whom they later got married.

Nekrasov had many affairs, but the main woman in Nikolai Nekrasov’s biography was not his legal wife, but Avdotya Yakovlevna Panaeva, whom he loved all his life.

last years of life

In 1875, the poet was diagnosed with intestinal cancer. In the painful years before his death, he wrote “Last Songs” - a cycle of poems that the poet dedicated to his wife and last love, Zinaida Nikolaevna Nekrasova. The writer died on December 27, 1877 (January 8, 1878) and was buried in St. Petersburg at the Novodevichy cemetery.

Chronological table

• The writer did not like some of his own works, and he asked not to include them in collections. But friends and publishers urged Nekrasov not to exclude any of them. Perhaps this is why the attitude towards his work among critics is very contradictory - not everyone considered his works to be brilliant.
• Nekrasov was fond of playing cards, and quite often he was lucky in this matter. Once, while playing for money with A. Chuzhbinsky, Nikolai Alekseevich lost a large sum of money to him. As it turned out later, the cards were marked with the enemy's long fingernail. After this incident, Nekrasov decided to no longer play with people who have long nails.
• Another passionate hobby of the writer was hunting. Nekrasov loved to go bear hunting and hunt game. This hobby found a response in some of his works (“Peddlers”, “Dog Hunt”, etc.) One day, Nekrasov’s wife, Zina, accidentally shot his beloved dog during a hunt. At the same time, Nikolai Alekseevich’s passion for hunting came to an end.
• A huge number of people gathered at Nekrasov’s funeral. In his speech, Dostoevsky awarded Nekrasov third place in Russian poetry after

Open literature lesson in 10th grade

“The life and work of A.N. Nekrasova"

Teacher of Russian language and literature

Kravchenko O.A.

Goals:

Get acquainted with the main stages of the life of the great Russian poet N.A. Nekrasov, to trace the stages of his creative path.

Development of independent work skills, ability to work with information,ability to summarize and systematize material on a specific issue, developmentcritical thinking and ability to work in a group.

Cultivating interest in the subject of Russian literature, promoting the development of citizenship, compassion for loved ones, respect for women using the example of the work of N.A. Nekrasova.

Lesson type: learning new material.

Lesson type : combined.

Equipment: computer, electronic presentations on the topic, exhibition of Nekrasov’s books, portrait of the writer.

DURING THE CLASSES:

Call stage.

Org moment.

The teacher greets the students and reads an excerpt from the poem:

Why are you, my heart, at odds?..

Shame on you! This is not the first time about us

Passed like a snowball - rolled

Slander in native Rus'.

Don't push! Let it grow, increase,

Don't push! How we die

Someone will spill the beans about us too

Kind words...

Questions for students :

What did you hear in this passage?

What feelings did the author of these lines want to convey?

This poem was written by the outstanding poet of the 19th century Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov in the middle of his creative career. It contains pain, bitterness and, at the same time, saving irony - those feelings that accompanied the poet throughout his creative life until his “last songs.” And there were many reasons for his heartache...

Today we get acquainted with the life and work of the poet N.A. Nekrasov. Or maybe we’ll recognize him in a new way, because you already know this name.

Question to think about : For what purpose is it necessary to know, in addition to poetry, also the poet’s life path?

Please formulate the purpose of our lesson.(students' answers)

Teacher: Our task in the lesson is, based on the groups’ messages, to create our own idea about the personality of the poet Nekrasov, about the originality of his poetic creativity.

Conception stage. Now we will listen to the groups’ performances, you yourself will evaluate these performances, so that the assessments are objective, we must develop criteria for assessing oral presentations. What kind of speech do you think is interesting to listen to? Does interest in information depend on the information itself or how it is presented? (Students develop criteria)

Approximate criteria : informativeness, emotionality, clarity of presentation, originality, clarity. (The groups are given rating sheets with the names of the participants; the group does not evaluate itself)

Also, as the groups perform, you will create a cluster about Nekrasov, because the information is scattered and requires synthesis, i.e. you need to put it together and create a holistic picture of perception. (Students are given white A3 sheets to create clusters). Here you can also use your imagination and creativity by depicting the cluster in its original form.

Sample performance of group 1 “Childhood of a Poet” with presentation.

The great Russian poet Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was born in the town of Nemirov, Podolsk province (now Vinnitsa region)

At that time, in the Vinnitsa district of the Podolsk province, a regiment was stationed in which Nekrasov’s father, Lieutenant Alexey Sergeevich Nekrasov (1788-1862), served. This was a man who experienced a lot in his lifetime. He was not spared by the Nekrasov family weakness - the love of cards (Sergei Nekrasov, the poet’s grandfather, lost almost his entire fortune at cards). A keen and passionate man, women really liked Alexey Sergeevich Nekrasov. Elena Andreevna Zakrevskaya, a Warsaw native, the daughter of a wealthy possessor (tenant) of the Kherson province, fell in love with him. The parents did not agree to marry their well-bred daughter to a poor, poorly educated army officer; the marriage took place without their consent. He was not happy. Turning to childhood memories, the poet always spoke of his mother as a sufferer, a victim of a rough and depraved environment. In a number of poems, especially in “The Last Songs,” in the poem “Mother” and in “A Knight for an Hour,” Nekrasov painted a bright image of the one who brightened up the unattractive environment of his childhood with her noble personality. The charm of memories of his mother was reflected in Nekrasov’s work through his extraordinary participation in women’s lot. His mother, Elena Andreevna, a dreamy, meek woman, suffered greatly in her marriage. She was a person of high culture, and her husband was ignorant, cruel and rude. She remained alone in the estate all day, and her husband constantly traveled to neighboring landowners: his favorite pastimes were cards, drinking, and hunting hares with dogs. There were days when she played the piano for hours and cried and sang about her bitter captivity. “She was a singer with an amazing voice,” the poet later recalled about her. According to him, the sad melody that is heard in some of his poems was inspired in him by his mother’s songs:You played and sang a sad hymn;
That song, the cry of the long-suffering soul,
Your firstborn inherited later . She treated the peasants belonging to her husband with sympathy and often stood up for them when he threatened them with violence. But her attempts to curb his rage were not always successful. There were cases when during these attempts the husband attacked her with his fists. One can imagine how his son hated him at such moments!Elena Andreevna knew world poetry well and often retold to her young son those passages from the works of great writers that were accessible to his understanding. Many years later, already an elderly man, he recalled in the poem “Mother”:And I heard your voice in the darkness,

Filled with melody and caress,

To whom did you tell fairy tales?

About knights, monks, kings.

Then, when I read Dante and Shakespeare,

It seemed that I encountered familiar features:

Those are images from their living world

You imprinted on my mind.

It seems that there was no other poet who so often, with such reverent love, would resurrect the image of his mother in his poems. This tragic image was immortalized by Nekrasov in the poems “Motherland”, “Mother”, “Knight for an Hour”.

Nekrasov’s childhood passed on the Nekrasov family estate, in the village of Greshnevo, Yaroslavl province and district, where father Alexey Sergeevich Nekrasov, having retired, moved when his son was 3 years old. A huge family (Nekrasov had 13 brothers and sisters, only three survived - two brothers and a sister), neglected affairs and a number of processes on the estate forced Nekrasov’s father to take the place of police officer. During his travels, he often took little Nikolai with him, and the arrival of a police officer in the village always marks something sad: a dead body, the collection of arrears, etc. - and thus many sad pictures of people’s grief were embedded in the boy’s sensitive soul . The Nekrasovs had a huge shady garden, and the children spent a lot of time in the garden. There was a fence around the garden with a secret loophole. On the other side of the fence, little Nekrasov was usually waiting for his friends - peasant children. The father forbade him to be with them. “The master’s children,” he said, “should not play with servile children.” But the mother thought completely differently: she was glad that her children lived in friendship with the peasant children and got to know their life. Children rode sleds with their friends in the winter, went to the forest to pick mushrooms and berries in the summer, and then, tired and cheerful, they loved to sit under the thick old elms that grew along the main road, listening to the conversations of passers-by who often rested there.

It happened that whole days flew by here,

With a new passerby, there’s a new story.

Many years later, Nekrasov dedicated wonderful poems to peasant children. And, of course, when he wrote these poems, he remembered the little friends of his childhood.

Approximate performance of group 2 “Nekrasov’s University Years”

In 1832, Nekrasov entered the Yaroslavl gymnasium, where he stayed until the 5th grade. He did not study well, and did not get along with the gymnasium authorities (partly because of the satirical poems that he wrote since childhood). The father always dreamed of a military career for his son, and five years later 16-year-old Nekrasov went to St. Petersburg to be assigned to a noble regiment. The matter was almost settled, but a meeting with a fellow gymnasium student Glushitsky, acquaintance with other students suddenly aroused in Nekrasov such a thirst for learning that he ignored his father’s threat to leave him without any material help and began to prepare for the entrance exam. However, he failed the exam and entered the Faculty of Philology as a volunteer student. His enraged father stopped providing him with financial support, and Nekrasov had to endure a painful struggle with poverty for a number of years.

Nekrasov spent his subsequent university years not so much studying as searching for income. He suffered terrible poverty, even went hungry. Nekrasov described that time as follows: “For exactly three years I felt constantly hungry every day. More than once it got to the point that I went to a restaurant on Morskaya, where they were allowed to read newspapers, without even asking myself anything. You used to take a newspaper for appearance’s sake, and then push yourself a plate of bread and eat.” Nekrasov fell ill from prolonged starvation and owed a lot to the soldier from whom he rented a room. When, still half-sick, he went to see a friend, upon his return the soldier, despite the November night, did not let him into the house. A passing beggar took pity on the future poet and took him to the slums on the outskirts of the city. In this overnight shelter, Nekrasov also found income for himself by writing a petition to someone for 15 kopecks.

Things got better for the poet when he began writing articles in the “Literary Supplement to the Russian Invalid”, and in the Literary Gazette, he composed ABCs and fairy tales in verse for popular print publishers, and staged vaudevilles on the Alexandrinsky stage (under the name of Perepelsky). Nekrasov had savings, and he decided to publish a collection of his poems, which were published in 1840 under the title “Dreams and Sounds.” He signed with the initials N.N. Debutant, Zhukovsky treated him favorably, but Belinsky in “Notes of the Fatherland” spoke disparagingly about the book, and this had such an effect on Nekrasov that he himself bought and destroyed “Dreams and Sounds,” which therefore became the greatest bibliographic rarity.

Question to think about:

What do you think, if Nekrasov had not dared to disobey his father and entered a military school instead of university, how would his life have turned out?

Approximate performance of group 3 “Creativity of the Poet”

After the failure with the first collection, possessing a strong character, Nekrasov promised himself “not to die in the attic” and began energetic literary and journalistic activity. “It’s incredible how much I worked,” he later recalled. Nekrasov wrote short stories, novellas, plays, theatrical reviews, and feuilletons. His vaudevilles were staged on the stage of the Alexandrinsky Theater (under the pseudonym N.A. Perepelsky). From 1840 he began to collaborate in the theater magazine “Pantheon...”, from 1841 - in the “Literary Gazette” and “Otechestvennye zapiski”. In 1842-1843 he became close to Belinsky and his circle.

His poem “On the Road” (1845) brought him fame. The poem “On the Road” opens with a simple dialogue between the rider and the coachman. The word “boredom” is repeated several times: the rider, clearly a master, is bored because he does not know real tragedies, indifferently asks to sing about “recruitment and separation,” that is, the suffering of the peasants does not affect him. And only in the final lines do we feel that even such a person was affected by the coachman’s story.And the story is simple: his wife was raised from a young age in a manor house along with a young lady. It is obvious that the gentlemen loved the girl, but simply did not think that, having given her a noble upbringing, they would not give her a noble position, she would remain a serf, she was only temporarily “pulled out” from her usual environment. The young lady got married and left, the master fell ill and died, “leaving Pear an orphan.” A month later, the son-in-law arrived... The new landowner is not interested in the feelings of the peasants under his control, he is guided by momentary moods and decisions. He sent the girl to the village and married her off.

Having become accustomed to the master's life, the peasant woman cannot regularly fulfill the duties prescribed by fate: “Neither mow nor follow the cow!.. It would be a sin to say that she was lazy. Yes, you see, the matter was in good hands! Like carrying firewood or water. As I went to corvée, Inda sometimes felt sorry for her!”

The woman strives to teach her son to read and write, does not allow her husband to beat the child, but the coachman himself sees that she does not have long to live in such difficult conditions: “It won’t be long before the arrow amuses himself! Hear how the sliver is thin and pale, walks and struggles, just beyond its strength, won’t eat two spoons of oatmeal in a day - Tea, will end up in the grave in a month...” Thus, using the example of a story about one fate, the poet shows the difficult situation of a Russian peasant woman.

The main themes of Nekrasov’s creativity.
1. The fate of the Russian peasantry in the works of Nekrasov.

2. The image of a Russian woman in the works of Nekrasov.

3. The citizenship of Nekrasov’s poetry.

N. A. Nekrasov is one of the Russian writers who most vividly and soulfully described the character of the people and their difficult life in his works. He not only sympathizes - he identifies himself with the ordinary workers of Russia. Nekrasov’s works are full of truthful pictures of slavery and poverty, bitter thoughts about the fate of his native people:

People! People!

I love you, I sing your suffering.

But where is the hero, who will lead

From the darkness to the light?..

In his opinion, to love your people means to hate their oppressors and devote your life to the fight for their freedom and happiness. Therefore, personal experiences in Nekrasov’s work are inseparable from the fate of the people. For example, in the poem “A Knight for an Hour,” Nekrasov called the fight for the rights of the people “a great work of love.”

Feelings of unflagging love and deep compassion for oppressed people, for impoverished Russia are heard in all of Nekrasov’s works. The Russian people-heroes, the endless expanses of Russia, green forests and frosty, snowy winters - all this was a source of inexhaustible inspiration for the poet

The bitter lot of peasant workers always worried the poet. The world of Nekrasov’s poetry is seen “through tears” through the eyes of the people themselves. The poet passionately dreams of seeing the peasants free:

Motherland!

I'll reach the grave

Without waiting for your freedom!

However, Nekrasov continued to believe that the Russian people would endure everything and in the end “will pave a wide, clear path for themselves.” The writer imagined the future of his native country as the life of a free, prosperous society of full citizens:

...Freed from shackles,

Tireless people

Will ripen, populate densely

Coastal deserts;

The science of water will deepen:

Along their smooth plain

Giant ships will run

Countless crowd

And vigorous work will be eternal.

Above the eternal river...

Theme of the female share begins to develop in Nekrasov’s work in the 40s. We find the image of a woman ruined by everyday life in “Troika”, and in “Am I Driving at Night...”, and in the poem “Frost, Red Nose” in the person of Daria.And in his most monumental work - the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” - Nekrasov again develops this theme. Nowhere in the poem is it revealed so clearly as in the image of Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina. It is to her that the author devotes an entire part of the poem entitled “Peasant Woman”.

The theme of the female share in Nekrasov’s work is widely represented: the poet covers different aspects of a woman’s life, draws various female images. One thing remains unchanged - the cruelty and injustice of society in relation to the fate of women. Thus, in the poem “Orina, the soldier’s mother,” the poet talks about the great grief of the unfortunate mother, whose only son was taken into the army as a healthy, strong guy of “heroic build”, and was returned back as a cripple. Vanya slowly dies in the arms of her mother, whose grief is inexhaustible.

However, it is not only serfdom that becomes the cause of women’s broken destinies. All the hard housework and caring for children falls on fragile women's shoulders. All this is accompanied by beatings from the husband and bullying from the mother-in-law. Moreover, such a fate is predetermined for the peasant woman from birth. In the poem “Troika,” Nekrasov says exactly this to a young girl who stares dreamily at a cornet passing by. He says that the girl’s beauty “will fade before it has time to bloom” from hard and backbreaking work, that her “fastidious husband” will beat her, and her mother-in-law will bend her “to death.”

In the poem “Frost, Red Nose,” Nekrasov says that the main character of the poem, Daria, like any peasant woman, has had three shares in life:

And the first part: to marry the slave. The second is to be the mother of a slave’s son, and the third is to submit to the slave to the grave... And all these formidable shares fell

To a woman of Russian soil.

Having buried her husband, the heroine cannot afford to indulge in grief - all the work lies on her shoulders, which without her husband has become more overwhelming. Daria goes to the forest to get firewood because her children are frozen at home. She is destined to freeze in the winter forest, and only before her death does she feel happy for a moment.Nekrasov considers the main advantage of a Russian woman to be her way ofthe ability to be a selfless, caring mother. Caring for children makes Dariaovercome your grief and somehow support your family. The heroine of the poem "Invillage suffering is in full swing...” “working hard” to be well fed her child. She really wantsto keep her children happy.

In his work, the famous Russian poet Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov repeatedly expressed his admiration and respect for the simple peasant women of Russia. In addition, in his works one can feel not only delight, but also sympathy for the unenviable lot of women. He sympathizes with women who are forced to work long and hard, deprived of affection and warmth, and constantly experiencing various humiliations from others. At the same time, Nekrasov did not create the image of an exhausted and downtrodden woman, not at all. In many of Nekrasov’s poems we see the image of a Russian beauty, strong, strong, hard-working, spiritually rich, sincere and pure.

Nekrasov closely connects the concepts of “citizen” and “poet”, revealing the close relationship that the poet must be a conduit expressing the needs of the people and their desires.
“...So you may not be,
But you have to be a citizen.”
The civic theme runs like a red thread through one of the author’s most famous poems, “Reflections at the Front Entrance” (1858):
The whole city is in some kind of fright
Drives up to the cherished doors...
At the same time, Nekrasov’s civil lyrics are not only a defense of the humiliated and insulted, it is also an denunciation of those who are ready to bow their heads before the regime, who have resigned themselves and do not want to fight for their rights:
“And they went, scorched by the sun,
Repeating: “God judge him!”
Throwing up my hands hopelessly..."
Nekrasov considers sycophancy one of the main vices of society, reproaching his people for blindly following the orders established by the authorities:
“You have already done everything you could -
Created a song like a groan
And spiritually rested forever?..”

The poet’s civic lyrics include many dedications to those people, the “luminaries” of society whom Nekrasov respected and appreciated. These works, including “On the Death of Shevchenko”, “In Memory of Dobrolyubov”, “Prophet”, “In Memory of Belinsky” and many others, were written about those people who sincerely worried about the fate of their people. And again we see that the pathos and revolutionary sentiments heard in these poems coexist with simple human thoughts about friendship, loyalty, tenderness and love for a friend. For Nekrasov, such people, who carry the mission to support the people and lead them, are heroes:
Mother Nature!
If only such people
Sometimes you didn't send to the world,
The field of life would die out.

Nekrasov’s civic poetry is not only sympathy for the people, it is also a fiery testament left with love to all those who cannot imagine their life without their Motherland.

Approximate performance of group 4 “Death of a poet, “funeral” dispute.”

In the mid-50s, Nekrasov became seriously and seemingly fatally ill with a throat disease, but his stay in Italy helped him temporarily cope with the disease. Nekrasov's recovery coincided with the beginning of a new era of Russian life. A happy period also began in Nikolai Alekseevich’s work, which propelled him into the forefront of writers. Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov became the main figures of Sovremennik. However, Nekrasov thought and spoke about death more and more often. He hinted about his imminent death in the poem “I Will Die Soon.” And as if he prophesied...
At the beginning of 1875, Nekrasov became seriously ill, and soon his life turned into a slow agony. It was in vain that the famous surgeon Billroth was discharged from Vienna - the painful operation led to nothing. Meanwhile, news of the poet's fatal illness made him more popular than ever. Letters, telegrams, and greetings poured in from all over Russia. To the patient in his terrible torment, these news brought joy. The “Last Songs” written during this time, due to the sincerity of the feeling, focused almost exclusively on memories of childhood, about the mother and about the mistakes made, belong to the best poetic creations of Nekrasov.Particularly significant was the work on the poem “Russian Women”
Nekrasov died on December 27, 1877. Despite the severe frost, a crowd of several thousand people, mostly young people, accompanied the poet to his eternal resting place in the Novodevichy Convent.
Already at Nekrasov’s funeral, a fruitless dispute began, or rather continued, about the relationship between him and the two greatest representatives of Russian poetry - Pushkin and Lermontov. Dostoevsky, who said a few words at Nekrasov’s open grave, put these names side by side, but several young people interrupted him with shouts: “Nekrasov is higher than Pushkin and Lermontov.” The dispute went into print: some supported the opinion of young enthusiasts, others pointed out that Pushkin and Lermontov were spokesmen for the entire Russian society, and Nekrasov only for his circle. Still others indignantly rejected the very idea of ​​a parallel between the creativity that brought Russian verse to the pinnacle of artistic perfection, and the “clumsy” verse of Nekrasov, supposedly devoid of any artistic significance. However, all these points of view are one-sided. It is undeniable that Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was a great Russian poet.

Question to think about: What do you think, if Pushkin and Nekrasov knew each other and lived at the same time, what would the relationship be like between them?

3. Reflection stage. Summing up, defending clusters based on Nekrasov’s work.

Teacher: Guys, you drew wonderful clusters, each group had a special one, now your task is to evaluate them formatively using colored stickers, each participant will stick their sticker to the poster they liked more than the others. The group does not evaluate its cluster. The cluster that receives the most votes will hang on the board throughout all lessons on studying N.A.’s creativity. Nekrasov, the group that drew it will receive additional points. (Students vote with stickers)

And now at the end of the lesson, as a reflection, I suggest you write a 2-minute essay about the poet. If you don't know where to start, I can suggest a few phrases:

Today I learned about Nekrasov that...

What struck me most about Nekrasov’s biography...

You can learn from Nekrasov...

Homework: read Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”

>>Literature: N. A. Nekrasov. Essay on life and work

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov

1821, November 28 (December 10) - born in the town of Nemirov, Podolsk region.
1838 - leaves for St. Petersburg to study.
1840 - the first collection of poems, “Dreams and Sounds,” was published.
1847-1866 - work in the Sovremennik magazine.
1856 - publication of a collection of poems.
1865 - the first part of the poem "" was published.
1868 - beginning of work in the journal Otechestvennye zapiski.
1877 - the book “Last Songs” was published.
1877, December 27 (1878, January 8) - died in St. Petersburg.

Essay on life and work

The beginning of the way.

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was born in the town of Nemirov, Vinnitsa district, Podolsk province, into the family of a bankrupt landowner Alexei Sergeevich Nekrasov. While on military service in Poland, he met a wealthy Polish landowner Zakrevsky, fell in love with his daughter, an educated and cultured girl, and married her against the will of her parents. This marriage turned out to be unhappy, because the father of the future poet, a stern and reckless man, created an atmosphere of despotic tyranny in the family. Nekrasov’s mother, cut off from her family and loved ones, silently bore the brunt of family life. And only the children felt her spiritual generosity, which she often recalled in her poems and poems:

O my mother, I am moved by you,
You saved the living soul in me!

Nekrasov spent his childhood on the Volga in the village of Greshnevo, Yaroslavl province. His early life experiences were bleak. The cruel serfdom established on the family estate by the father of the future poet was reflected in a number of autobiographical poems.

In an unknown wilderness, in a semi-wild village,
I grew up among violent savages, -

he wrote in one of them.

Collection “Poems. 1856".

In 1855, in the context of social upsurge that followed the defeat of Russia in the Crimean War and the death of Nicholas I, Nekrasov began preparing a collection of poems for publication, which was published in October 1856. This book made Nekrasov the most popular poet of his time. “God is universal. It’s unlikely that Pushkin’s first poems, “The Inspector General” and “Dead Souls” were hardly as successful as your book,” wrote N. G. Chernyshevsky to Nekrasov, who was undergoing treatment abroad at that time. The book opened with the programmatic poem “The Poet and the Citizen” (1856), which determined the sound of the entire collection.

Cutting-edge book Nekrasov's poems consisted of four sections, which reflected the main motives of the poet's lyrics.

The first section consisted of poems telling about the difficult lot of people from the people. Nekrasov included well-known poems (“On the Road”, “Troika”), and works specially written for the new collection.

The second section of the collection included poems whose pathos was a satirical depiction of “virtuous” hypocrites - representatives of the ruling classes (“Lullaby”, “Philanthropist”, “Modern Ode”, etc.). The third section was composed of the poem “Sasha” (1855), depicting images of the intelligentsia and the formation of human consciousness from a democratic environment. The lyrical intensity of the poem, as it were, prepared the fourth section of the collection, consisting of poems in which the personality of the author himself, excited by the burning problems of our time, was in the foreground.

The collection of poems of 1856 also included an intimate lyrics Nekrasova, addressed to the common-law wife of the pet A. Ya. Panaeva and composed the so-called “Panaev cycle”.

The flowering of poetic talent.

The second half of the 50s - early 60s were the heyday of Nekrasov's poetic talent. Russia at that time lived in anticipation of change: some hoped for reforms, others dreamed of revolution. The question of the fate of the people, its future, was very acute. A number of Nekrasov’s works of this time are also permeated with painful thoughts about the Russian people. In the poem “Reflections at the Main Entrance” (1858), a particular episode of the indifferent attitude of the “owner of luxurious palaces” towards peasant walkers turns under the poet’s pen into a formidable accusation to the upper crust.

In 1859, the famous “Song of Eremushka” was written, which was taken up by progressive youth and became perhaps the most popular work of the great poet. Two collide in it songs-nanny and passerby, in the latter the call to fight is heard passionately and solemnly:

A life of free impressions
Give up your soul freely.
To human aspirations
Don't bother waking up in it.

You were born with them by nature -
Cherish them, save them!
Brotherhood, Equality, Freedom
They are called.

After the reform of 18611, there was a decline in social growth. In 1862, N. G. Chernyshevsky was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, and a year earlier N. A. Dobrolyubov passed away. Sovremennik magazine was left without its main employees. Censorship was rampant, and in 1862 the magazine's publication was stopped for several months. In a difficult mood, Nekrasov visits his native places - the village of Greshnevo and the neighboring village of Abakumtsevo, where his mother was buried.

In 1862-1863, Nekrasov wrote the poem “Frost, Red Nose,” in which he depicted the tragic fate of a peasant family that lost its breadwinner. In the images of the “majestic Slavic woman” Daria and the deceased farmer-hero Proclus, who makes one remember the epic hero Mikula Selyaninovich, the poet sang the people’s ideal of spiritual beauty and high humanity. The work closely intertwines the poetics of fairy tales, epics, ritual songs, crying, lamentations, which, merging into a multi-voiced symphony, give Nekrasov’s poem a truly folk character.

In the context of the brutal reaction that followed the assassination attempt Alexandra ll, Nekrasov, already without Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov, continues to head the Sovremennik magazine. In the name of his salvation, he decided on a moral compromise, writing a madrigal to M. N. Muravyov, who was implementing a policy of repression. Friends accused the poet of apostasy, and the poet himself suffered painfully from his cowardice. He writes a whole series of poems in which he fearlessly exposes his weaknesses and strictly evaluates his life path: “The Enemy rejoices, is silent in bewilderment...” (1866), “Why are you tearing me apart...” (1867), “I will die.” I soon. A pitiful inheritance..." (1867).

Nekrasov's publishing activity resumed in 1868, when he began renting the journal Otechestvennye zapiski from A. A. Kraevsky, which replaced the closed Sovremennik and became the best democratic journal of that time. Nekrasov managed to unite around the “Notes of the Fatherland” by M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, N. A. Ostrovsky, G.I. Uspensky, A.N. Pleshcheev and other writers and poets.

In 1865, the first part of Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” was published. The poet worked on this work intermittently for the last fifteen years of his life. “I decided,” the poet noted, “to present in a coherent story everything that I know about the people, everything that I happened to hear from their lips, and I started “Who Lives Well in Rus'.” This will be an epic of modern peasant life." But the author, who collected the material of the poem “by word” throughout his life, did not manage to carry out his plan to the end and talked about the meetings of peasant wanderers with an official, a merchant, a minister and a king. The poem remained unfinished, but even in its unfinished form it gives a wide panorama of people's life. In his poem, Nekrasov seeks to answer the question that persistently tormented him: “The people have been liberated, but are the people happy?” The answer to it required a multifaceted work, in which the poet chose the form of traveling around Rus'. By the will of Nekrasov, seven “temporarily obliged” peasants, freed by the royal favor from serfdom, but still dependent on the master, decided to find out “who lives happily and freely in Rus'.” The plot of the journey allows the poet to show a broad picture of folk life on weekdays and holidays, in the past and present, as well as in the future, as it was seen by the characters in the poem.

Interest in historical topics. The beginning of the 70s was the time of a New social upsurge associated with the populist movement, “going to the people.” During these years, Nekrasov showed great interest in historical topics. He creates the poem “Grandfather” (1870), addressed to a young reader, the poems “Princess Trubetskaya” (1871) and “Princess Volkonskaya” (1872), in which the author’s interest in the Decembrist uprising found its artistic embodiment. The heroes of these poems are the old Decembrist exile, who returned from hard labor, according to Nekrasov, “unrepentant,” and the wives of the Decembrists Trubetskaya and Volkonskaya, who followed their husbands to Siberia, showing rare fortitude and dedication. The poet sang in his works not only the feat of Russian women, but also glorified the heroism of the Decembrists themselves. In the spirit of populist propaganda, he showed in their images the ideal of a hero - a fighter, a revolutionary. Nekrasov's poems became the first appeal in Russian literature to the theme of the Decembrist movement in the half century that elapsed after the uprising on Senate Square.

The influence of the populist liberation struggle was also reflected in Nekrasov’s lyrics in the 70s. The poetry of this period is characterized by moods of anxiety and doubt caused by increased social reaction, loneliness, loss of friends, and serious illness. But Nekrasov does not betray high civic ideals, he rises to capacious poetic images. His “muse cut with a whip” is still faithful to the suffering of the people and sensitively expresses the suffering of the poet himself, powerless to change the lot of the people.

Collection of poems "Last Songs".

Nekrasov’s poetic activity ended with the collection “Last Songs”, the content of which consisted of lyric poems, the poem “Contemporaries” and excerpts from the poem “Mother”. This collection is connected with many themes and motifs of the poet’s previous work. And at the same time, this is the final book, to which the terminally ill Nekrasov attached great importance. A sad farewell to life is combined in Nekrasov’s last poems with life-affirming pathos, with the idea of ​​sacrificial service to the “great goals of Bek.”

The idea of ​​self-denial in the name of a common cause is embodied in the poem “The Prophet” (1874). The artistic idea of ​​serving a true citizen to the people runs through all of Nekrasov’s work and becomes one of the main themes of his poetry. Nekrasov also creates a special genre of biographies and characteristics of his contemporaries. in which he shows the spiritual greatness of their feat.

Until his last days, despite his painful illness, Nekrasov continued to work. In the poem “Zine” (“Move pen, paper, books!...”) (1877), the poet emphasizes that his life was spent in tireless work: “Labor has always given life to me.”

On January 8, 1878, Nekrasov passed away. His funeral was an event of great public importance. There was severe frost in St. Petersburg, but thousands of people followed the poet’s coffin.

Literature. 10 grades : textbook for general education. institutions / T. F. Kurdyumova, S. A. Leonov, O. E. Maryina, etc.; edited by T. F. Kurdyumova. M.: Bustard, 2007.

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1. Childhood
Nekrasov Nikolai Alekseevich was born on December 28, 1821 in the quiet town of Podolsk province Nemirovo, where that year the regiment in which his father, Aleksey Sergeevich Nekrasov, who came from a family of small landed nobles, served was temporarily stationed.
His childhood years were spent in the village of Greshnev, on the family estate of his father, a man of a despotic character who oppressed not only the serfs, but also his family, which the future poet witnessed. Perhaps this is why in Nekrasov’s works one can discern notes of pity for his own mother. The poet's mother, an educated woman, was his first teacher; she instilled in him a love of literature and the Russian language.
2. Youth
In 1832 - 1837 Nekrasov studied at the Yaroslavl gymnasium. Then he began to write poetry.
At the age of 17 he moved to St. Petersburg, but, refusing to devote himself to a military career, as his father insisted, he was deprived of material support. In 1838, against the will of his father, the future poet tries to enter the university. Having failed the entrance exams, he became a volunteer student and attended lectures at the Faculty of Philology for two years. The disasters that befell Nekrasov were subsequently reflected in his poems and the unfinished novel “The Life and Adventures of Tikhon Trostnikov.”
In order not to die of hunger, he began to write poetry commissioned by booksellers. At this time he met V. Belinsky. Soon Nekrasov’s business “went uphill”, he gives lessons, writes short articles for local newspapers, which even allows him to save money).
3. Literary and journalistic activities
Nikolai Alekseevich’s affairs went so successfully that in 1847 Nekrasov and Panaev acquired the Sovremennik magazine, founded by A. S. Pushkin. The influence of the magazine grew every year, until in 1862 the government suspended its publication and then completely banned the magazine. This year Nekrasov acquired the Karabikha estate, not far from Yaroslavl, where he came every summer, spending time hunting and communicating with friends from the people.
After the closure of the Sovremennik magazine, Nekrasov acquired the right to publish Otechestvennye Zapiski, with which the last ten years of his life were associated. During these years he worked on the poem "Who Lives Well in Rus'" (1866 - 76), wrote poems about the Decembrists and their wives ("Grandfather", 1870; "Russian Women", 1871 - 72). In addition, he created a series of satirical works, the pinnacle of which was the poem “Contemporaries” (1875).
4. Disease
But the euphoria from a good life did not last long, because already in 1850 the writer became very ill (doctors even predicted his imminent death), but the trip to Italy significantly improved Nekrasov’s health. In 1875, Nekrasov was diagnosed with intestinal cancer, after which the writer’s life turned into a slow departure to another world. It was in the period before his death that Nekrasov, having received support from loved ones, took up creativity with renewed vigor. Nikolai Alekseevich died in December 1877. The funeral of this extraordinary, but undoubtedly great personality in Russian literature, was organized by numerous fans and took place at the Novodevichy cemetery.

The name of one of the brightest writers of the 19th century is familiar to everyone. Works such as “Who Lives Well in Rus'” and “Grandfather Mazai and the Hares” are part of the school curriculum of every modern student. Nekrasov’s biography includes information known to all admirers of his work.

For example, he is considered not only a poet, but also a publicist. He is a revolutionary democrat, director and editor of the magazines Otechestvennye zapiski and Sovremennik. Lover of card games and hunting. Nekrasov's biography contains many other interesting facts. Our article is dedicated to them.

Who is he?

The hometown of the future poet was the Ukrainian Nemirov, where he was born in 1821. Nekrasov Nikolai Alekseevich was born into the family of a military man and the well-bred daughter of a wealthy tenant. According to the poet’s recollections, the parents’ marriage was not happy. The mother always presented herself as a sufferer, experiencing her share as a woman. The writer dedicated many works to her. Perhaps her image is the only positive hero of Nekrasov’s world, which he will carry through all his work. The father will also become a prototype of individual heroes, but more despotic ones.

Growing up and becoming

After his father retired, Alexey Sergeevich became a police officer - that’s what the head of the police used to be called. Little Nikolai often went with him on business. During this time he saw a lot of death and poverty. Subsequently, the writer Nekrasov reflected the complexities of the peasant people in his poems.

He will study at the Yaroslavl gymnasium until the 5th grade. The first poems will be written in a specially prepared notebook. Most of the poet's early works are full of sad images and impressions. When he turns 17, his father, who dreamed of a military career, will send his son to a noble regiment.

Nekrasov’s first independent decision was the desire to enter St. Petersburg University. This was facilitated by meeting students who became good friends. He failed the exam, enrolling in the Faculty of Philology as a volunteer student. For two years, Nekrasov attended lectures and did not give up looking for work - the angry Nekrasov Sr. refused to help him financially. During this period, the poet experiences terrible suffering, left homeless, and even hungry. In a shelter for 15 kopecks, he wrote a petition for someone. This was the first episode of his life when his future profession brought money.

Finding your direction

The hardships were not in vain for the writer. He realized for himself what the hardships of life are. Nekrasov's life soon improved. “Literary Gazette” published his works, and he himself worked diligently in all directions: he wrote vaudeville, alphabet books, poetry and prose.

Nekrasov published his first collection of poems, “Dreams and Sounds,” with his own savings. Criticism about the book was divided equally - some considered it commendable, others were unflattering. Like Gogol, the disgruntled Nekrasov bought and then destroyed almost all of its copies. Nowadays, “Dreams and Sounds” has acquired the status of a literary rarity, which is extremely difficult to find.

Failure Follows Recognition

The fact that the poems were not sold out made the writer think and study the reason for his defeat. Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov discovered a new genre for himself - prose. It came easier. In it, the author reflects life experience, impressions of the city, where he strives to show all its classes. These are peddlers, officials, deceived women, money lenders and the poor. Not stopping there, Nekrasov introduces a humorous subtext, which became the basis of several subsequent works.

The writer's creative upsurge comes with the release of his own almanacs. Nekrasov’s life cannot be imagined without publishing, which he associates with the rental of Sovremennik in 1847. Many talented poets joined the magazine, including Belinsky, who was always the first to become acquainted with Nekrasov’s new works and give his reviews. Those for whom Sovremennik became a launching pad included: Turgenev, Ogarev, Ostrovsky, Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov, Saltykov-Shchedrin and others. Everyone contributed something of their own, making Sovremennik the best literary publication. Nekrasov himself publishes in it, remaining its director.

Satire is a way to laugh at society

The creative path of a writer is invariably connected not only with the search for oneself, but also for other directions in which one can work. Nekrasov’s biography cannot ignore his love for satire, which he discovered in his later years of creativity. A number of satirical works were published. In this genre, the writer exposes social foundations, delicately describes topical issues, and uses methods of sincere intonations and vaudeville components. In short, he deftly uses the richness of the Russian language, using grotesque, sarcasm, farce and irony.

At this time, “Who Lives Well in Rus'” is born. The peasant-themed poem touches on the main idea - feeling freedom, do the Russian people experience happiness? In 1875, the poet fell ill. He receives telegrams and letters from readers, which provides new inspiration for his latest works. A huge number of people came to the funeral at the Novodevichy cemetery. Among them was Dostoevsky, who called Nekrasov the third writer after Pushkin and Lermontov. Dates of Nekrasov's life: November 28, 1821 (born) - December 27, 1877 (died).

Personal happiness

What can you say about a person who felt and saw with his own eyes all the misfortunes of the peasants and working class, to whom he devoted so much work? Was he himself happy?

Of course, Nekrasov’s biography provides information that the poet loved Avdotya Panaeva, the wife of the writer Ivan Panaev. Their relationship remained in history as one of the strangest. And although Ivan Panaev was known as a reveler, his wife remained a decent woman. At first she rejected both Nekrasov and Dostoevsky, who was also in love with her. And soon she admitted reciprocal feelings for the first one. Nekrasov moved into her house, forming a love triangle of Nekrasov-Panaev-Panaev. They lived like this for 16 years. The death of Panaev is associated with the birth of Nekrasov’s son and his imminent death. The poet falls into depression, which caused a break in relations on Avdotya’s initiative.

The writer's new chosen one was the village girl Fekla Viktorova. The age difference was 25 years. He gave the uneducated woman the name Zinaida. He takes her to theaters and tries to educate her in every possible way.

Place in literature

Every writer leaves his mark. Nekrasov Nikolai Alekseevich was one of the brightest authors of the 19th century, who left a legacy of many works endowed with depth and philosophy. Libraries, museums and other cultural institutions bear his name. The central streets of many Russian cities are named after the writer. Monuments and postage stamps are dedicated to him. According to many writers, his work was not fully appreciated during his lifetime. However, this loss is being made up in our time.