How names for spaceships are chosen. What was the name of Yuri Gagarin's spaceship: alternative versions Ships in honor of ships

Residents all over the world learned the name of the man who opened space to people.

From sensational newspaper headlines, read in rapid succession of enthusiastic radio reports in all possible languages, and, finally, television programs, it became known what Yuri Gagarin was called. A common word meaning one of the four cardinal directions. The name doesn’t mean anything like that, it doesn’t reveal any mysteries. There were many questions, but few answers.

A bit of pseudo-scientific-political fiction

Of course, if such an event had happened forty years earlier, in the twenties, one can only guess what name the first one would have received. In those years, as usual, it would probably have been called “International-1”, or some clever abbreviation, corresponding to the party fashion of the time. For example, “Strasovkosom” (Country of Soviets in space). Or “Vladlenkos” (Vladimir Lenin in the same place). After all, even the position of Deputy People's Commissar for Naval Affairs was designated as “Zamkompomorde”. In general, we would come up with something expressive.

And if the first one had entered orbit under Stalin, then perhaps he would have carried on his body the name of the leader, the “father of nations.”

Another name for the rocket, military

If a professional military man, a secret rocket scientist, was asked what the real name of Yuri Gagarin’s spaceship was, he would answer (observing secrecy, and only to those who had “first clearance”) that it was correct - R-7. Because it was this one that was the carrier that launched the now famous Soviet pilot into orbit. But just asking such questions was fraught. Firstly, it was still necessary to find out who to approach with them, and this turned out to be beyond the power of even such an insidious intelligence agency as the CIA. And secondly, almost everything related to Soviet space research was kept secret.

Tricky questions to Gagarin and his witty answers

On April 16, 1961, the world's first cosmonaut came to a press conference, at which correspondents from all news agencies could ask him any, even the most tricky, questions. At that time, they only knew the name of Yuri Gagarin’s spacecraft, the weight of its payload (5 tons) and several other parameters announced earlier by Academician Keldysh. The hero smiled charmingly, willingly and wittily answered all the interviewers’ questions, but did not provide any new technical information. Until 1968, when the Vostok descent module became an exhibit at VDNKh, even the shape of the habitable compartment remained a mystery, not to mention the complex devices that ensured the vital functions and landing of the capsule. There were reasons for such a veil of secrecy. The Americans literally stepped on their heels, but were always two or three months late, which greatly upset President Kennedy and other important people in the White House, and not only that. Even seemingly insignificant details could lead overseas designers to the right direction, and priority would be lost. Experts from the United States made assumptions about the layout of the Vostok, but, as time has shown, they were all wrong.

“Vostok” and “Zenith” are twin brothers

So, everyone knows the name of Yuri Gagarin’s spaceship - Vostok-1. But the word “Zenith” meant almost nothing to anyone until 1968. Only a few knew about the true and main problem that was being solved by designing the return head of the space rocket. In addition to delivering nuclear weapons, the R-7 could launch into orbit a reconnaissance satellite equipped with high-power optics and photographic equipment. With great difficulty, Keldysh and Korolev managed to add words about a manned flight to the top-secret government decree. Thus, Yuri Gagarin’s spaceship became an example of conversion, while its main purpose was military photographic reconnaissance.

And again about history

Time has shown that the great scientist S.P. Korolev and his wonderful team were right. Decades have passed, and today they rarely remember about spy satellites, clear photographs of Soviet and American defense facilities, ballistic mega-deaths aimed at each other and other terrible realities. But all of humanity remembers the name of Yuri Gagarin’s ship, knows about our space priority and pronounces the name of the pioneer space with respect and love. This cannot be changed.

The spacecraft that docked with the Soyuz-19 spacecraft in 1975:

• Apollo

The history of the docking of two ships

On July 17, 1975 at 15.20 Moscow time, for the first time in the history of mankind, a unique event occurred: having launched into open space with an interval of several hours, the US Apollo and USSR Soyuz-19 spacecraft docked. Two days later, the ships undocking and re-docking, spending a total of 46 hours and 36 minutes docked.

The experimental flight within the framework of a joint space exploration program was carried out with the aim of docking two ships in outer space, testing the docking unit and elements of a compatible in-orbit rendezvous system, gaining experience, and testing technology and equipment.

To carry out the operation, both the Soviet and American sides developed special models of ships with docking units and special technical means. The Soyuz spacecraft was equipped with a second seat, solar panels were added, and the vessel's carrying capacity was changed. As for the American Apollo, the main technical indicators remained unchanged, the only addition being the installation of a docking-airlock transition compartment.

Considering the difference in air atmosphere and pressure conditions on the ships, the docking was carried out with a certain risk for both crews. The main problem was that the American Apollo was designed to operate at low pressure, while the Soviet Soyuz-19 operated with an atmosphere close in all respects to that of the earth. In order to somehow equalize the difference in performance, the American spacecraft was equipped with a special additional compartment, and the pressure in the Soviet ship was reduced. The Apollo command compartment was pressurized.

The joint flight program was finally agreed upon and approved in the spring of 1972, after the development of a special docking petal assembly. The docking mechanism was similar for both ships, preventing potential problems associated with incompatibility in emergency situations, as well as avoiding disputes in a political context.

The most famous cosmonaut after Yuri Gagarin, Alexey Leonov, was elected as the commander of the Soviet ship, and Valery Kubasov became the flight engineer. The American crew was led by Tom Stafford, whose team included Vance Brand and Donald Slayton.

At the appointed time, the ships were docked and after equalization in atmospheric conditions, the hatches were opened. The pilots shook hands through a special airlock tunnel, after which the teams spent two days getting to know each other, sharing their experiences.

Applicable to: ESA, NASA, China, Japan

Both names - "Rosetta" and "Philae" - are related to the deciphering of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs. The name "Rosetta" comes from the famous Rosetta Stone - a stone slab with three identical texts carved on it, two of which are written in ancient Egyptian (one in hieroglyphs, the other in demotic writing), and the third in ancient Greek. Scientists used the Rosetta Stone to decipher ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs: ancient Greek was well known to them, and by comparing the texts, experts were able to read the new language.

Computer model of the Rosetta spacecraft, photo: DLR German Aerospace Center. Rosetta Stone, photo: Hans Hillewaert

The name of the Philae lander was chosen during a competition held in 2004 among residents of the countries participating in the project. This is the name of an island on the Nile River where an obelisk was discovered with a hieroglyphic inscription mentioning King Ptolemy VIII and Queens Cleopatra II and Cleopatra III. The obelisk also helped scientists decipher ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs.

With the help of Rosetta and the lander, scientists hope to understand what happened to the Universe in the first moments of its existence, hence the choice of names.

By the way, their mission to comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko was so successful that ESA extended it until the fall of 2016.

Tribute to ancient mythology is paid not only in Europe, but also in China. The Chang'e lunar module and its faithful companion, the six-wheeled lunar rover Yutu, descended to the surface of the Moon the year before and told the world a lot of new things about our natural satellite. Chang'e is the name of the Chinese moon goddess, and Yutu (translated as "jade hare") is a strange creature that always accompanies Chang'e.

Lunar module Chang'e-3 with the Yutu rover on board. Image: CNSA/SASTiND/Xinhua/Marco Di Lorenzo/Ken Kremer, Goddess Chang'e flies to the moon, art. Ren Shuaiying/Wikimedia

Other Chinese spacecraft are also related to the mythology of this huge and incomprehensible country, and their names are very poetic: “Shenzhou” - “Heavenly Boat”, “Tiangong” - “Heavenly Palace”, “Shenlong” - “Divine Dragon” and, finally , the Long March launch vehicle, which means "Long March".

All names consist of two hieroglyphs and have a historical and sometimes philosophical (and understandable only to the Chinese themselves) meaning. For example, “Shenlong” is the motto of the reign of the only empress in the entire history of China, Wu Zetian, as well as Emperor Zhong Zong.

The Japanese revere their mythology no less than their neighbors. The second Japanese artificial satellite of the Moon was given the name “Kaguya” (the name was traditionally chosen by the public) - this was the name of the lunar princess from an ancient Japanese legend. And after two small satellites successfully separated from Kaguya, they were officially named “Okina” and “Oyuna” in honor of the old man and old woman who sheltered the lunar princess in the same fairy tale.

Computer model of the Japanese Kaguya spacecraft, image: JAXA. Still from the animated film “The Tale of the Princess Kaguya”/Studio Ghibli

Europeans are not alone in loving their mythology. At the beginning of the space age, ships and missions were named after ancient Greek and Roman gods: the first US manned program was called Mercury, and the Apollo program landed American astronauts on the Moon six times.

But since then, NASA has forgotten Greece and Ancient Rome.

The ancient European gods are sometimes remembered by other countries: the same Japanese gave their space sailing ship the name ICAROS (Icarus), which is traditionally an English abbreviation: Interplanetary Kite-craft Accelerated by Radiation Of the Sun (interplanetary sailing vehicle propelled by solar radiation).

Ships named after ships

Applicable to: ESA, NASA

Often, when naming new spacecraft, space agencies perpetuate significant sea vessels of the past. For example, the European Beagle lander is named after the ship on which Charles Darwin traveled. Unlike the “real” Beagle, the mission of its space successor failed: after an unsuccessful landing on Mars, it disappeared and was found relatively recently by orbital vehicles.

The Beagle lander leaves Mars Express, image: Medialab/ESA. The Beagle on which Charles Darwin traveled, watercolor by Owen Stanley

The most consistent “admirers” of maritime transport are shuttles. All space shuttles are named after ships that became famous for something.

The first shuttle, Columbia, was named after the sailboat on which Captain Robert Gray explored the inland waters of British Columbia (today Washington and Oregon) in 1972. The next one, Challenger, was named after the sea vessel that carried out the first global ocean scientific expedition in the 70s of the last century. Both of these shuttles crashed and exploded. The Discovery shuttle bears the name of one of the two ships of the famous British captain James Cook. Cook's second ship, the Endeavor, gave its name to the last of the shuttles. The fourth shuttle bears the loud and seemingly meaningless name “Atlantis” (Atlantis); it was named after the first American sailing ship, which was specially built in 1930 to study the biology, geology and physics of the sea.

It is curious that the very first test shuttle, a prototype of future shuttles that never left the earth’s atmosphere, was originally supposed to be pathetically called “Constitution” in honor of the 200th anniversary of the US Constitution. However, according to the results of a vote by viewers of the terribly popular TV series “Star Trek” at that time, it was named “Enterprise” (initiative) - this was the name of the fictional starships in the universe of the series.

“Star Wars” also “participated” in the naming of real spaceships. Their famous Millennium Falcon became the prototype for the Falcon series of launch vehicles created by the American private space company SpaceX.

Falcon-9 launch vehicle, photo: CRS-6. Millennium Falcon, still from the Star Wars franchise/Lucasfilm

Romantic names

Typical: NASA, Japan, USSR/Russia

Very often ships have romantic names. For example, “Nozomi” (hope), the Japanese probe sent to Mars in 1998, the famous American rovers “Spirit” (spirit), “Oportunity” (opportunity). The last two flew in pairs - their names were invented in 2003 as part of a traditional NASA competition by a 9-year-old girl, Sophie Collins. By the way, she was born in Siberia and was adopted by an American family from Arizona.

Right now, the Curiosity spacecraft crawling around Mars (curiosity) was named based on the results of an online vote. The options offered were entirely poetic: Adventure, Journey, Pursuit, Perception, Wonder, and so on.

A romantic flair can also be seen in the names of both Voyagers (travelers), who headed beyond the boundaries of the solar system more than 30 years ago. Moreover, this name was chosen by the mission organizers from NASA themselves - it was not customary to hold a naming competition among citizens at that time.

Man and telescope

Featured: NASA and ESA

In cosmonymics (the non-existent science of naming spacecraft) there is another growing trend - naming ships after great people. The Saturnian probe "Cassini" is named after the French astronomer; NASA has christened the most famous space observatories with the names of Planck, Hubble, Herschel and Kepler and is going to continue this tradition further: in 2018, another American space telescope "James Webb" will begin work, bearing the name of the second head of the American Space Agency.

Europeans prefer scientists to artists. Thus, the space probe "Giotto", which was created to fly past Halley's Comet, is named after the Renaissance artist Giotto di Bondone, who depicted this comet in the fresco "Adoration of the Magi". The European cargo ship Jules Verne is in the same trend.

Computer model of the “Giotto” probe, image: Andrzej Mirecki/Wikimedia, Giotto di Bondone “Adoration of the Magi”

Patriotic

Typical: China and the USSR

The space age began with the unremarkable Sputnik, and the modest name immediately spread throughout the world, becoming a proper name from a common noun. Then came “Vostok” and “Voskhod”, which apparently symbolized the beginning of the space age and the advantage of the East over the West. They were replaced by “Worlds” and “Salyuts”, which denoted the main values ​​of Soviet ideology.

Model of the Vostok ship, photo: Georgy Elizarov/Wikimedia

China also suffers from the virus of patriotism. Take, for example, the 1970 launch vehicle "Dongfanghong" ("Already the East") and the already mentioned "Changzheng" ("Long March"), although there are some doubts about the latter due to the ambiguity of the name.

Bureaucratic

Typical: USSR/Russia; ESA, India

Russia, Europe and partly India often call their spacecraft dryly and bureaucratically. When sending another apparatus to the Moon, the USSR often called it simply “Moon” with the corresponding number. Russia continued the tradition: “Mars” (“Mars-96”) tried to fly to Mars, “Phobos” (“Phobos-Grunt”) to Phobos, and so on. Europeans are also prone to official names: just remember the Venus Express and Mars Express probes. India, which recently joined the pool of space powers, also does not shy away from this tradition and names its ships without frills, but in Hindi, which gives the names a national flavor - “Chandrayaan” (lunar ship) and “Mangalyaan” (Martian ship).

Assembly of the Mars Express apparatus. Photo: ESA

Part 1
Quiz "Cosmonautics"

1. 
   Who, according to ancient Greek legend, made the first model of the celestial sphere? (Centaur Heron)
   2. What is the origin of the medical emblem and what constellation is it associated with? (Asclepius (Aesculapius), the first healer, is depicted in the sky in the form of the constellation Ophiuchus. He holds the snake, with the poison of which Asclepius resurrected the dead, in his hand. This is, as it were, a symbol of healing.)
   3. Which constellations in the “Animal Circle” are not named after animals? (Virgo, Libra, Aquarius, Gemini. All the others, including Pisces and Cancer, are really animals.)
   4. What constellations are associated with the Argonauts’ journey for the Golden Fleece? (Aries, Carina, Sails, Poop (former constellation Ship Argo), Gemini (participated in the Argonauts’ campaign.))
   5. Which constellations in the winter sky never appear together? (Scorpio and Orion.When one appears, the other disappears behind the horizon.)

2. There is a star in the constellation Virgo.

3. My first syllable is everywhere,

4. And pepper, and chewing gum, a forgotten leaf -

5. I am a supergiant, but everything is in me

6. The first syllable is very melodious,

7. The first syllable is one second;

8. The first syllable is the second note;

9. I am a country without the letter "I"

10. My first syllable is in the land of hummocks;

11. I am a pretext, I will preface this

12. You don’t have to go far.

13. I am a tributary of the Yenisei

Goals: attract children to study the history of astronautics, promote the development of children’s cognitive abilities, as well as the ability to work in a group, develop attention, imagination, and thinking.
Decor: book exhibition, portraits of astronauts, a collection of postcards dedicated to space.
Form: travel game.
Progress of the event:
The class is divided into two teams. Each team is the crew of a spaceship. Before you go on a long interplanetary journey, you need to check the knowledge that may be useful far from Earth. The captains of each team roll a die with the names of the topics written on it. This can also be done by a representative of one of the teams. The player can answer the question on his own or ask his team for help. After the correct answer, the group takes a card with the question number - this is its cost, i.e. points. If the answer is incorrect, the card remains with the presenter. Groups answer in turns.
Space mosaic
1. The celestial body closest to us. (Moon)
2. A device for observing celestial bodies. (Telescope)
3. A body falling to Earth from interplanetary space. (Meteorite)
4. What is the name of an astronaut in the USA? (Astronaut)
5. What is the orbit of a satellite around the Earth called? (Coil)
6. The hero of ancient Greek mythology, who rose above the earth with his son Icarus using an aircraft he designed. (Daedalus)
7. The word that Yuri Gagarin said before the start. ("Go!")
8. Yu. Gagarin’s partner on his last flight on March 27, 1968. (V.Seregin)
9. What is a light year? (The distance traveled by a light beam in 365 Earth days)
10. What is the name of the gaseous shell of the Earth? (Atmosphere)
11. What do you call a person who tests and operates space technology in space flight? (Astronaut)
12. How long did Yuri Gagarin’s flight last? (108 minutes)
Aircrafts
1. A controlled aircraft with a lighter-than-air engine. (Airship)
2. A heavier-than-air aircraft designed to fly in the atmosphere. (Airplane)
3. The body of an aircraft is called... (Fuselage)
4. What was the name of the spaceship on which Yuri Gagarin made his flight? ("East")
5. The name of the cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, from which the first artificial Earth satellite in history was launched and the first cosmonaut in history flew? ("Baikonur")
6. A given direction for an airplane or rocket. (Well)
7. A line that a flying rocket or celestial body describes in space. (Trajectory)
8. Name the spaceships of the USSR and Russia. ("Sunrise", "Soyuz", "Salyut", "Vostok")
9. What is the maximum lifting altitude of a rocket or airplane called? (Ceiling)
10. Name the US spaceships. (Challenger, Columbia, Mercury, Apollo)
Living beings and space
1. The first woman astronaut. (Valentina Tereshkova)
2. The first cosmonaut to perform a spacewalk in 1965, he moved about 5 meters away from the spacecraft and spent 12 minutes 9 seconds in outer space. (Alexey Leonov)
3. An experimental animal used to study the conditions of space flight. (Rabbit)
4. The first living creature, which in November 1957. went into space, but did not return back. (Dog Laika)
5. Name the names of dogs that have been in space and returned safely to Earth. (Belka and Strelka)
6. Who was the first living creature to orbit the Moon in a spacecraft on September 21, 1968? (Turtle)
7. Soviet designer of the first rocket and spacecraft. Under his leadership, the first manned flight in the USSR was carried out. (Sergey Korolev)
8. Name the understudy of Gagarin, the youngest cosmonaut in history. (German Titov)
9. This teacher from the city of Kaluga in 1912. For the first time in history, he proposed using a rocket for space exploration and interplanetary flights. (Konstantin Tsiolkovsky)
10. What chicks were born on the first space poultry farm? (Quail chicks)
Planets of the Solar System
1. The central body of the Solar System, spherical and hot, consists of gases. The main source of energy on Earth. (The sun. Its surface temperature reaches 6000 degrees)
2. The only planet in the solar system on which life exists. (Earth)
3. How many planets are there in the solar system? (9)
4. The planet closest to the Sun. (Mercury. The temperature on the surface of this planet is +430 degrees during the day, and +170 degrees at night)
5. This planet is sometimes called the red planet because. most of its surface is red-orange in color. (Mars)
6. Around this planet there are huge rings of pieces of stone, ice and dust. (Saturn)
7. The most distant planet from the Sun. (Pluto. Discovered by the latter astronomers in 1930)
8. The largest planet in the solar system. (Jupiter. Equator diameter 142,700 km)
9. Which planet has the longest orbital time around the Sun? (Pluto has 247 Earth years)
10. Which planet has the highest surface temperature? (On Venus, +480 degrees)
About everything
1. What is the name of the phenomenon in which the Earth falls into the shadow cast by the Moon? (Solar eclipse)
2. What is the name of the suit that protects the astronaut’s body? (Spacesuit)
3. What is the name of a celestial body that is constantly circling around another? ( Satellite. The Earth has one single satellite - the Moon and many artificial ones made by human hands. Today there are about 300 satellites in Earth orbit. The first satellite was launched in 1957 in the USSR)
4. Which country’s astronauts were the first and so far the only ones to be on the surface of the Moon? (US astronauts in 1969)
5. Call sign of the first cosmonaut. ("Cedar")
6. Call sign of the first female cosmonaut. ("Gull")
7. A complex of structures and technical means for the assembly, preparation and launch of spacecraft. (Cosmodrome)
8. The first self-propelled spacecraft for exploring the lunar surface. (Lunokhod 1 was delivered to the Moon on November 17, 1970)
9. A person who observes the starry sky, photographs it, studies the life of stars and planets. (Astronomer)
10. What disasters are considered the largest in the history of astronautics? (The explosion during the launch of the American space shuttle Challenger in 1986 took the lives of 7 astronauts; the crash of the space shuttle Columbia during its return to earth in 2003 also took the lives of 7 astronauts.)
11. What event is dedicated to the celebration of World Aviation and Space Day? (On April 12, 1961, the first human flight into space took place.)
12. What is the name of the accumulation of water vapor in the atmosphere? (Cloud)
13. Name the world of stars and galaxies in one word. (Universe)
14. Drawing of the starry sky. (Map)
15. Time of a complete revolution of the Earth around the Sun. (Year)
16. What is the name of a closed curve along which one body moves around another: for example, the Moon around the Earth? (Orbit)
17. What is the “solar corona”? (Glow around the Sun)
Space tasks
1. Is it possible to navigate on the lunar surface using a compass? (Impossible, since the Moon does not have a magnetic field)
2. How long will a match burn on the Moon? (Only the head of the match, which contains oxygen, will flare up)
3. Is it possible to navigate on the surface of the planets of Venus by the Sun and stars? (Not possible, since the sky of Venus is covered with a thick layer of opaque clouds)
4. An astronaut, being on Mars, looks at the starry sky. Will the pattern of constellations familiar to the astronaut from observations from Earth change? What else can he see? (The pattern of the constellations will practically not change, since the distance between the Earth and Mars is small compared to the distance to the stars. And the astronaut will also see the Earth.)
5. An astronaut in conditions of weightlessness needs to engage in physical exercise. Could dumbbells or an expander be useful for this? (It is not advisable to use dumbbells in zero gravity conditions, since they will lose weight, but an expander can be used in zero gravity.)
6. What is the difference between a meteor and a meteorite? (A meteor is an atmospheric phenomenon, the combustion of cosmic particles during an invasion of the Earth's atmosphere, which produces a glow. Meteorites are celestial bodies falling to the Earth from interplanetary space.)
7. In Antiquity and the Middle Ages, their appearance caused anxiety and fear among people. It was believed that they were harbingers of wars, epidemics and other terrible events, since these objects appeared suddenly and had a tail. What is this? (Comets)
8. How much does a 70-kilogram person weigh on the Moon? (About 12 kilograms. The force of gravity on the Moon is 6 times less than on Earth)
9. Imagine that you are on the moon and you need to say something to each other. How can I do that? (With the help of gestures and radio. On Earth, sound is transmitted through the air, but on the Moon there is no air. Therefore, on the Moon there is complete silence: no matter how much you shout, no one will hear.)
10. What is the length of day and night on the Moon? (Day and night on the moon last 2 weeks)
(Based on materials from "Cool hours: 6th grade/Author by L.A. Egorov")
part 1

Space alphabet

Quiz for primary school students

The teacher prepares cards with letters of the alphabet. The class is divided into two teams, which choose names for their teams. The teacher, showing letters in alphabetical order, asks questions one by one. Each team gives its answer, the beginning of which coincides with the letter on the card.

1. A person who observes the starry sky, photographs it, studies the life of stars and planets. (Astronomer)
2. A thick layer of air that envelops our Earth. (Atmosphere)

1. What is the name of the place in Kazakhstan - “cosmonaut town”, where spaceships take off from? (Baikonur)
2. The nickname of one of the experimental dogs that flew into space. (Squirrel)

1. Star country, where there are countless star cities-galaxies. (Universe)

2. What is the name of the spacecraft on which the first astronaut flew? ("East")

3. One revolution of the satellite around the Earth. (Revolution)

4. Planet, the dear “sister” of our Earth. Lives in the second house, counting from the Sun. (Venus)

1. The first cosmonaut in the world. (Yuri Gagarin)

2. Star City, where the Sun and planets live. (Galaxy)

1. A huge, fiery ball that emits light in all directions. (Star)

2. The name of our home planet on which we all live. (Earth)

1. A round, glass window on an airplane, ship, or spacecraft. (Porthole)

1. The place from where spaceships depart on long journeys. (Cosmodrome)

2. These are small bodies of the Solar System, the names of which can be translated as “shaggy stars”. (Comets)

3. Famous Soviet designer of rocket and space technology, academician (Sergei Pavlovich Korolev)

4. This is the name of the specialty of people who fly on spaceships. (Cosmonaut)

2. Natural satellite of the Earth. (Moon)

3. The name of the dog - the first four-legged space passenger. .(Laika)

4. A mechanism controlled by radio and used to work on the surface of the Moon. (Lunokhod)

1. One of the planets in the solar system, closest to the Sun. (Mercury)

2. “Red Planet”, fourth from the Sun. (Mars)

1. A state of extraordinary lightness that occurs when flying in a rocket or spacecraft at the first escape velocity. (Weightlessness)

2. Eighth planet in the solar system. (Neptune)

1. “Kingdom” for an astronomer, where instruments for observing planets and stars are located. (Observatory)
2. This is the name of the space “road” of ships, satellites, rockets. (Orbit)

1. This speed is necessary for a rocket to “escape” from the Earth, it is equal to 8 km/sec (First cosmic speed)

2. A huge and cold ball cannot glow on its own and is visible only because a star illuminates it. (Planet)

3. A spaceship, a “truck” that carried cargo to the Mir station. (Progress)

1. An aircraft that can move everywhere: in water, in the air, in space. (Rocket)

2. Rocket engines are all like that. (Jet engines.)

1. Space clothing for astronauts, which is sometimes called a “soft cabin”. (Space suit.)

2. The hole through which hot gases fly out of the rocket. (Nozzle)

3. The second largest planet, surrounded by a large number of satellite rings. From a distance it seems that the planet is wearing a hat without a bottom. (Saturn)

4. This was the name of the first spacecraft launched in the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957. (Satellite)

5. This is the name of the period of time during which the Earth manages to turn around itself once. (Day)

1. The “eyes” of astronomers, with the help of which they see very distant stars and planets. (Telescope)

2. The first female cosmonaut (Valentina Tereshkova)

1. The third “largest” planet lives behind Saturn and also has satellite rings. (Uranus)

1. “Devil's carousel” is one of the most difficult tests that astronauts undergo. (Centrifuge)

1. Since 1980, US astronauts began flying on these reusable spacecraft. "Shuttle"

1. The fifth planet from the Sun, the largest in the Solar System. It does not have a solid surface and consists of gas clumps with a presumably liquid core. (Jupiter)