Chemistry theory from scratch for the exam. Ege in chemistry

Today we will talk about how to prepare for the exam in chemistry. First of all, you need to study the codifiers and specifications posted on the FIPI official website, understand the structure of the work, then systematize your knowledge. It is worth noting that if you are preparing for the exam from scratch, then you need to start at least a year in advance.

USE in chemistry

The final work contains 40 tasks, of which 35 require a choice of answer (part 1), and 5 require a detailed answer (part 2). The level of difficulty is also different: 26 are basic, 9 are medium, 5 are advanced. Solving the most complex problems, graduates are required to use their existing skills in a non-standard situation, to systematize and generalize knowledge. Questions that require a complete answer require finding cause-and-effect relationships, formulating and arguing the answer, characterizing the properties of substances and solving chemical problems, and making calculations.

The USE tasks in chemistry cover four main content modules: the theoretical foundations of chemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, methods of knowledge in chemistry, chemistry and life.

180 minutes are allotted for work.

Unified State Examination in Chemistry 2015In the new academic year, innovations appeared in the structure of the work:

number of tasks reduced to 40
only 26 basic level questions left (single choice)
for questions 1-26, only one number is required
you can get 64 points for passing the test
tasks for finding the molecular formula of substances are now estimated at 4 points.

As before, it is allowed to have the periodic system of D. I. Mendeleev, in addition, graduates are given tables of solubility and stresses of metals.

Getting ready for the exam in chemistry

To be ready for certification in chemistry, it is important to systematize the acquired knowledge. The best way to do this is with the following tutorials:

A guide for preparing for the exam in chemistry. A. A. Drozdov, V. V. Eremin
USE. Chemistry. Express preparation. O. V. Meshkova
Electronic resource: himege.ru/teoriya-ege-himiya/

An obligatory part of preparation is solving tests. Demo options, as well as tasks from the open bank of tasks can be found here: www.fipi.ru/content/otkrytyy-bank-zadaniy-ege

You can use the collections of tests:

Chemistry. The most complete edition of standard options for tasks to prepare for the exam. O. G. Savinkina
USE 2015, chemistry. Typical test tasks. Yu. N. Medvedev
Chemistry. Preparation for the Unified State Exam - 2015. V. N. Doronkin, A. G. Berezhnaya

Video

USE. Chemistry. Full course A, B, C. Self-preparation for the exam. Lidin R.A.

M.: 2013. - 352 p.

The textbook contains material to prepare for the exam in chemistry. 43 topics of the USE program are presented, the tasks for which correspond to the basic (28), advanced (10) and high (5) levels of complexity. The whole theory is structured according to the topics and questions of the content of the control measuring materials. Each topic contains theoretical positions, questions and exercises, tests of all kinds (with a choice of one answer, to establish correspondence, with multiple choice or answer in the form of a number), tasks with a detailed answer. Addressed to teachers and students of senior classes of complete secondary school, as well as university applicants, teachers and students of chemical faculties (schools) of pre-university training.

Format: pdf

Size: 3.5 MB

Watch, download: yandex.disk

CONTENT
FOREWORD 7
1. Theoretical sections of chemistry
1.1. Modern ideas about the structure of the atom 8
1.2. Periodic law and Periodic system of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleeva 17
1.2.1. Patterns of changes in the chemical properties of elements and their compounds by periods and groups 17
1.2.2-1.2.3. General characteristics of metals of the main subgroups of groups I-III and transition elements (copper, zinc, chromium, iron) according to their position in the Periodic system and structural features of their atoms 23
1.2.4. General characteristics of non-metals of the main subgroups of IV-VII groups according to their position in the Periodic system and structural features of their atoms 29
1.3. Chemical bond and structure of matter 43
1.3.1. Covalent bond, its varieties and formation mechanisms. Polarity and energy of a covalent bond. Ionic bond. Metal connection. Hydrogen bond 43
1.3.2. Electronegativity and oxidation state of chemical elements. Atomic valency 51
1.3.3. Substances of molecular and non-molecular structure. Type of crystal lattice. Dependence of the properties of substances on their composition and structure 57
1.4. Chemical reaction 66
1.4.1-1.4.2. Classification of reactions in inorganic and organic chemistry. Thermal effect of the reaction. Thermochemical Equations 66
1.4.3. Reaction rate, its dependence on various factors 78
1.4.4. Reversible and irreversible reactions. chemical balance. Equilibrium shift under the influence of various factors 85
1.4.5. Dissociation of electrolytes in aqueous solutions. Strong and weak electrolytes 95
1.4.6. Ion exchange reactions 106
1.4.7. Salt hydrolysis. Environment of aqueous solutions: acidic, neutral, alkaline 112
1.4.8. Redox reactions. Corrosion of metals and methods of protection against it 125
1.4.9. Electrolysis of melts and solutions (salts, alkalis, acids) 141
2. Inorganic chemistry
2.1. Classification of inorganic substances. Nomenclature of inorganic substances (trivial and international) 146
2.2. Characteristic chemical properties of simple substances - metals: alkali, alkaline earth, aluminum, transition metals - copper, zinc, chromium, iron 166
2.3. Characteristic chemical properties of simple substances - non-metals: hydrogen, halogens, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, silicon 172
2.4. Characteristic chemical properties of oxides: basic, amphoteric, acidic 184
2.5-2.6. Characteristic chemical properties of bases, amphoteric hydroxides and acids 188
2.7. Characteristic chemical properties of salts: medium, acidic, basic, complex (on the example of aluminum and zinc compounds) 194
2.8. The relationship of different classes of inorganic substances 197
3. Organic chemistry
3.1-3.2. Theory of the structure of organic compounds: homology and isomerism (structural and spatial). Hybridization of carbon 200 atomic orbitals
3.3. Classification of organic compounds. Nomenclature of organic compounds (trivial and international). Radical. Functional group 207
3.4. Characteristic chemical properties of hydrocarbons: alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, dienes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene and toluene) 214
3.5. Characteristic chemical properties of saturated monohydric and polyhydric alcohols, phenol 233
3.6. Characteristic chemical properties of aldehydes, saturated carboxylic acids, esters 241
3.7. Characteristic chemical properties of nitrogen-containing organic compounds: amines, amino acids 249
3.8. Biologically important compounds: fats, proteins, carbohydrates (mono-, di- and polysaccharides) 253
3.9. The relationship of organic compounds 261
4. Methods of knowledge in chemistry. Chemistry and life
4.1. Experimental Foundations of Chemistry 266
4.1.1-4.1.2. Rules for working in the laboratory. Methods for separation of mixtures and purification of substances 266
4.1.3-4.1.5. Determination of the nature of the environment of aqueous solutions of substances. Indicators. Qualitative reactions to inorganic substances and ions. Identification of organic compounds 266
4.1.6. The main methods for obtaining (in the laboratory) specific substances belonging to the studied classes of inorganic compounds 278
4.1.7. The main methods for obtaining hydrocarbons (in the laboratory) 279
4.1.8. The main methods for obtaining oxygen-containing organic compounds (in the laboratory) 285
4.2. General ideas about industrial methods for obtaining the most important substances 291
4.2.1. The concept of metallurgy: general methods for obtaining metals 291
4.2.2. General scientific principles of chemical production (on the example of obtaining ammonia, sulfuric acid, methanol). Chemical pollution of the environment and its consequences 292
4.2.3. Natural sources of hydrocarbons, their processing 294
4.2.4. high molecular weight compounds. Reactions of polymerization and polycondensation. Polymers. Plastics, rubbers, fibers 295
4.3. Calculations by chemical formulas and reaction equations 303
4.3.1-4.3.2. Calculations of volume ratios of gases and heat effect in reactions 303
4.3.3. Calculation of the mass of a solute contained in a certain mass of a solution with a known mass fraction 307
4.3.4. Calculations of the mass of a substance or volume of gases from a known amount of a substance, mass or volume of one of the substances participating in the reaction 313
4.3.5-4.3.8. Calculations: mass (volume, amount of substance) of the reaction product, if one of the substances is given in excess (has impurities) or in the form of a solution with a certain mass fraction of the substance; practical yield of the product, mass fraction (mass) of the substance in the mixture 315
4.3.9. Calculations for finding the molecular formula of a substance 319
Standard exam paper
Work instructions 324
Answers to the standard version of the examination paper 332
Answers to tasks for independent work 334
APPS 350

The Federal Institute for Pedagogical Measurements (FIPI), for informational purposes, presented documents regulating the structure of the KIM USE. You can learn about the main innovations from the specification. As you can see, the new version of the KIM variant contains 2 parts, consisting of 40 tasks of varying complexity. By the way, there was a decrease in the maximum score for the performance of all work - in 2015 it is 64 (in 2014 - 65).

How to prepare for the exam in chemistry?

Learning the language of chemistry

Like any other subject, chemistry needs to be understood, not crammed. After all, chemistry is a continuous interweaving of formulas, laws, definitions, names of reactions and elements. Here it is important to learn the chemical "language", and then it will be easier - you will be able to notice some patterns, learn to understand and compose chemical formulas, as well as operate with them. As you know, "the road will be mastered by the walking one."

What books will help to successfully prepare for the exam - 2015 in chemistry? Pay attention to the collection of tasks "USE - 2015. Chemistry." (2014 ed.) authors Orzhekovsky P.A., Bogdanova N.N., Vasyukova E.Yu. A lot of useful information can also be gleaned from the teaching aid "Chemistry, preparation for the Unified State Examination - 2015" (Book 1 and 2) by the author Doronkin V.N.

Using tables correctly is half the battle

To prepare for the exam in chemistry from scratch, it is important to carefully study 3 tables:

Mendeleev
solubility of salts, acids and bases
electrochemical voltage series of metals

On a note! These reference tables are attached to each version of the examination paper. The ability to use them correctly provides more than 50% of the information needed in the exam.

Writing out formulas and tables

Knowledge of which sections of chemistry will be tested at the exam? The FIPI website provides access to an open bank of USE tasks in chemistry - you can try your hand at solving tasks. The codifier contains a list of content elements tested for the exam in chemistry.

It is better to outline each topic studied in the form of brief notes, diagrams, formulas, tables. In this form, the effectiveness of preparing for the exam will significantly increase.

Mathematics - as a basis

It is no secret that chemistry as a subject is "saturated" with various tasks for percentages, alloys, and the number of solutions. So knowledge of mathematics is very important for solving chemical problems.

We check our level of knowledge and skills with the help of a demonstration version of the KIM USE 2015 in chemistry, prepared by FIPI. The demo version allows the graduate to get an idea about the structure of KIM, types of tasks and their levels of complexity.

How to prepare for the exam in chemistry from scratch? Learn the material meaningfully, ask questions, try to understand the essence. Numerous Internet resources are also at your service, with the help of which you can sort out “incomprehensible” moments. It is possible to successfully pass the exam - believe in yourself! And our video will reveal to you some of the secrets of preparing for the exam in chemistry.

USE. Chemistry. Full course A, B, C. Self-preparation for the exam. Lidin R.A.

M.: 2013. - 352 p.

Format: pdf

Size: 3.5 MB

Watch, download: yandex.disk

Greetings students who have moved into the 11th grade! The last academic year is the most memorable and important in a student's life. After all, it is required to finally decide on the choice of a future specialty and subjects for passing exams. This time I have selected useful material for you on how to prepare for the exam in chemistry.

Theory for preparation

Preparation for the exam always begins with the study of the theoretical part. Therefore, if your knowledge of chemistry is at an average level - pump over the theory, but reinforce it with practical exercises.

In 2018, the USE in chemistry consisted of 35 tasks: the first 29 questions involve choosing an answer from those offered, or writing a digital answer after calculation, the remaining 6 tasks require a full, detailed answer. For the first 29 answers, you can score a maximum of 40 points, and for the second part of the exam - 20 points. Perhaps in 2019 the structure of the exam in chemistry will remain unchanged.

The main theoretical questions in the exam in chemistry cover the following topics:

The structure of the atom in the modern sense.
Mendeleev table.
Inorganic chemistry (chemical properties of metals and non-metals).
Organic chemistry (fats, proteins and carbohydrates).
Experimental chemistry in theory (rules of work and safety in the laboratory, methods for obtaining a certain substance).
Ideas about the methods for obtaining the required substances and elements in an industrial version (metallurgy and methods for obtaining metals in production, the chemical industry).
Calculations by formulas and chemical equations.

Plan training

1). Make an annual plan with the calculation by the hour and the choice of days of preparation. For example, do chemistry for 2 hours a day on Mondays, Wednesdays and Saturdays.

2). It is best to involve a close person (parents or sister / brother) in the preparation. If this is not possible, then team up with another student who plans to take the exam in chemistry. So you will feel the support of each other and at the same time adjust if one of you is lagging behind. This is a kind of motivation, and classes will be more interesting.

3). Calculate the time to complete each test task. So you will know in advance how much time to spend on the question, and if you “hover” over something, you can move on to another task, and return to the unfulfilled one later.

4). As you approach your exam, try to eat and sleep as much as possible. The examinee should feel rested.

Advice! On the exam itself, you need to decide on the tasks by complexity. The tasks that are easiest for you to understand are best left for the last 30 minutes of the exam. The tasks of the second part will bring you a high score, so it is recommended to start with them, but it is advisable to keep the scheduled time for each task. Answers to simple questions can be given at the end of the exam.

Books for preparation

You can prepare for the chemistry exam on your own by studying textbooks and teaching aids. This method is the most difficult, since the student will need maximum concentration of attention, the ability to independently understand the material, perseverance and self-discipline.

Among the popular textbooks for preparing for the exam in chemistry are:

"Unified State Examination. Chemistry. Big reference book "(authors - Doronkin, Sazhneva, Berezhnaya). The book describes in detail the main sections of organic and inorganic chemistry, as well as general chemistry. The manual has tasks for the practical part. The book contains 560 pages. The approximate cost is about 300 rubles.
« Chemistry Tutor"(Author - Egorov). The book was created for an in-depth study of chemistry in preparation for the exam. "Tutor" consists of theoretical questions and answers to them (thematic testing), as well as practical tasks by difficulty levels with a detailed explanation of the solution algorithm. The book contains 762 pages. The approximate cost is about 600 rubles.

Courses in chemistry

The most popular and easiest way to prepare for the exam in chemistry is to attend group courses or an individual tutor. It does not require self-discipline and independent analysis of materials. The chemistry teacher will schedule a visit and help you understand simple and complex problems within the approved program.

The material provided in chemistry courses is usually based on questions and topics from last year's USE. The teacher takes into account the most common mistakes of students and gives a complete analysis of such problems.

Sites for preparation

Distance learning is now popular, so you can take advantage of the opportunity to prepare for the exam in chemistry with the help of online lessons. Some of them are free, some are completely paid, and there are online lessons with partial payment, i.e. you can watch the first lesson for free, and then decide to continue training on a paid basis.

For example, I see a lot of positive feedback about these online tutorials on sites:

https://novisse.ru/course/podgotovka-k-ege-po-himii- with the opportunity to get acquainted with part of the lessons for free.
https://www.ctege.info/videouroki-ege-po-himii/- Free video tutorials.

In my experience, most of the students who chose the Unified State Examination in Chemistry go on to medical university as a doctor or pharmacist. However, someone chooses a specialty as their future profession: a chemist-technologist, a biochemist or a biotechnologist, an environmental chemist or a teacher of chemistry at an educational institution.

Sincerely, Ekaterina!

She released her own video course CopyKASTA, which teaches copywriting from scratch. The course was created for students, mothers on maternity leave and just lovers of texts!

If you have a desire to master such a profession as a copywriter, then you can contact me through social networks: Vkontakte and Instagram.

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