Sodium phosphates, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, E339 - Antioxidants. Sodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate (E450i) Sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate physical and chemical properties
Sodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate belongs to the category of inorganic compounds. Its molecular formula will not clarify much for consumers, but its classification as a food additive will make many wonder whether it is harmful.
Features and Specifications
Instead of the long name found on the labels of various food products, shoppers will see the label E450i, which is the official shortened name for the supplement.
The physical characteristics of the product are unremarkable, since it is a powder in the form of small colorless crystals. The substance easily dissolves in, forming crystalline hydrates. Like most other chemical components, the emulsifier, popular in Europe, does not have a particular odor. The powder easily interacts with various chemical components, and such compounds are characterized by increased strength.
E450i is prepared in laboratory conditions by exposing sodium carbonate to phosphoric acid. Next, the instructions provide for heating the resulting phosphate to a temperature of 220 degrees.
Sodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate, when in contact with the skin, can cause a severe allergic reaction. But this only applies to a certain group of people who have highly sensitive skin or do not follow the safety rules prescribed in the job description.
Symptoms in this situation will appear over the next few days. The main symptoms include the classic picture of swelling and itching. In some cases, the skin becomes covered with tiny blisters, inside of which fluid forms.
The listed manifestations sometimes make themselves felt if a consumer with particularly sensitive skin uses cosmetics that contain the specified substance.
Against this backdrop, customers begin to think that by consuming products containing additives, they are also putting their health to an additional test. But technologists claim that the dosage of E450i in food is much lower, which cannot cause a sharp deterioration in well-being, provided there is no individual intolerance or allergy.
Doctors also advise adhering to the maximum permissible daily dosage, which does not exceed 70 mg per kilogram. To protect potential consumers, food factories regularly conduct inspections. This makes it possible to determine whether manufacturers are exceeding established standards.
Scope of application
Despite the fact that the practical benefits include only benefits for manufacturers, today it is difficult to find canned seafood that does not include a similar ingredient. It is added there to control color retention during the sterilization process.
The additive also often becomes a component of some baked goods. There, its main task is the reaction with soda, since the element produces an acidic result, becoming a source of acid in sufficient quantities.
They cannot do without dihydropyrophosphorate in the meat department of the industry, where it acts as a moisture holder in the finished product. Some enterprises even took note of its features as an integral part in the production of semi-finished potato products. It protects the mass from darkening, which is a side effect when the oxidation process starts.
After numerous experiments, experts came to the conclusion that in moderate quantities E450i does not pose a particular danger in food. Because of this, in most European countries it is listed as an approved emulsifier.
Other names: sodium phosphates, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, monosodium phosphate, monosodium orthophosphoric acid, monosubstituted sodium phosphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium hydrogen phosphate, disodium phosphate, disodium orthophosphoric acid, disodium phosphate disubstituted, disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium orthophosphate, trisodium phosphate, trisodium orthophosphate, sodium phosphoric acid sour tri-substitutions, sodium phosphate, E339.
Sodium phosphates- sodium salts of phosphoric acid. Phosphate acid and sodium form salts with varying degrees of substitution of hydrogen atoms. In the food industry there are:
- E339i monosodium orthophosphate (NaH 2 PO 4);
- E339ii disodium orthophosphate (Na 2 HPO 4 ·12H 2 O);
- E339III trisodium orthophosphate (Na 3 PO 4 ·12H 2 O).
Structure Sodium otrophosphate monosubstituted exists in the form of anhydrous form, mono - and dihydrate. Disubstituted sodium orthophosphate exists in the form of an anhydrous form, as well as in the form of hydrates (di-, hepta- and dodeca-), mainly dodecahydrate. Sodium phosphate exists as an anhydrous form and also as a hydrated form (semi-, mono-, hexa-, octa-, deca- and dodeca-), predominantly dodecahydrate. Moreover, the latter always contains 0.25 molar amount of sodium hydroxide.
Receipt Sodium dihydrogen phosphate, hydrogen phosphate and phosphate are prepared by reacting phosphoric acid with an appropriate amount of sodium hydroxide or soda ash:
- H 3 PO 4 + NaOH → NaH 2 PO 4 + H 2 O
- H 3 PO 4 + 2NaOH → Na 2 HPO4 + 2H 2 O
- H 3 PO 4 + 3NaOH → Na 3 PO4 + 3H 2 O
Usage Sodium phosphates are used in the production of minced meat and fish products as individual salts, or as a mixture in an amount of 0.3% by weight of minced meat. Phosphates contribute to the swelling of muscle proteins, moisture retention during cooking, and increase the juiciness and yield of minced meat products. They ensure the stability of fat emulsions, which prevents the formation of broth-fat edema when cooking sausages, and inhibit oxidative processes in fat. With the introduction of phosphates, the structure of the minced meat improves.
Phosphates are also used in the production of processed cheeses as melting salts. Often used together with other phosphates and citrates. To restore the salt (ionic) balance necessary for the thermal stability of milk that is heated, stabilizer salts are added to it, which can be phosphates capable of binding calcium ions. Salts are used in the form of 10-25% aqueous solutions. The dosage of the stabilizer salt depends on the heat resistance of a particular batch of milk and therefore has a wide range within 0.05-0.4% of the mass of the normalized mixture.
Used as a stabilizer for powdered milk and cream, an anti-crystallizer for condensed milk, etc. Acceleration of the dissolution of dry mixtures (for example, for ice cream) is achieved by adding phosphates and sodium citrates.
Sodium monophosphate has proven itself as a stabilizer for the green color of vegetables that are subjected to heat treatment. It maintains the optimal acidity of the medium for color preservation (pH 6.8-7.0). Preference is given to using a mixture of magnesium carbonate and sodium phosphate for these purposes.
Other applications: as a laxative in medicine, a water softener, a component of detergents, glass, and protective coatings for metals. Used as a bleach in photography and in the textile industry.
Bibliography
- Sarafanova L. A. Food additives: Encyclopedia. - 2nd ed., rev. and additional - St. Petersburg: GIORD, 2004. - 808 p. ISBN 5-901065-79-4 (p. 649 - 654)
- Lastukhin Yu.A. Nutritional supplements. E-codes. Structure. Receipts. Properties. Textbook manual. - Lviv: Center of Europe, 2009. - 836 p. ISBN 978-966-7022-83-9 (p. 678 - 681)
- Sanitary norms and rules “Requirements for food additives, fragrances and technological aids” APPROVED. Resolution of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus December 12, 2012 No. 195
- Health Canada. List of Permitted Emulsifying, Gelling, Stabilizing or Thickening Agents (Lists of Permitted Food Additives) Date issued: 2014-08-28
- Appendix 1 to SanPiN 2.3.2.1293-03 FOOD ADDITIVES FOR FOOD PRODUCTION
- Resolution of January 4, 1999 N 12 Kyiv On approval of the list of food additives permitted for use in food products
Sodium phosphate or sodium phosphate(English) Sodium phosphate) is the general name for a number of sodium salts of phosphoric acids.
Sodium phosphates used in the pharmaceutical and food industries
Historically, each of the sodium phosphate compounds has several names, both in Russian and in English. Below are some of the names and chemical formulas of the most common sodium phosphates in medicine and the food industry:
Sodium phosphates in medicine
Sodium salts of phosphoric acids are used in medicine as laxatives, as part of antacids, and also to maintain mineral balance and acid-base balance in the blood. In addition, they are often included in medications as excipients.The laxative effect of sodium phosphate is based on the increase and retention of fluid in the intestine due to osmotic processes. The accumulation of fluid in the colon leads to increased peristalsis and bowel movements.
Sodium phosphate compounds have contraindications, side effects and application features; consultation with a specialist is necessary.
Sodium phosphate - food additive
The composition and requirements for food additives - sodium salts of phosphoric acid are regulated by GOST R 52823-2007. Food additives. Sodium phosphates E339. General technical conditions". This GOST applies to the food additive sodium phosphates E339, which are 1-substituted (i), 2-substituted (ii) and 3-substituted (iii) sodium salts of orthophosphoric acid (hereinafter referred to as food sodium monophosphates) and intended for use in the food industry . GOST divides all food additives E339 - sodium monophosphates into three types:- E339(i), sodium orthophosphate 1-substituted (sodium dihydrogen phosphate)
- E339(ii), 2-substituted sodium orthophosphate (sodium hydrogen phosphate)
- E339(iii), 3-substituted sodium orthophosphate (sodium phosphate).
| Sodium dihydrogen phosphate | |
| Dihydrogenfosforečnan sodný.JPG | |
| Are common | |
|---|---|
| Systematic Name |
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate |
| Traditional names | Sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate, sodium phosphate, monosubstituted |
| Chem. formula | NaH2PO4 |
| Physical properties | |
| State | colorless crystals |
| Molar mass | 119.98 g/mol |
| Density | hydr. 1.9096 g/cm³ |
| Thermal properties | |
| T. float. | hydr. 60°C |
| Chemical properties | |
| Solubility in water | 85.2 20; 207.3 80 g/100 ml |
| Classification | |
| Reg. CAS number | 7558-80-7 |
| PubChem | 24204 |
| SMILES | P(=O)(O)O] |
| Data are based on standard conditions (25 °C, 100 kPa) unless otherwise stated. | |
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate- an inorganic compound, an acid salt of the alkali metal sodium and orthophosphoric acid with the formula NaH 2 PO 4, colorless crystals, highly soluble in water, forms crystalline hydrates.
Receipt
- Neutralization of concentrated orthophosphoric acid with a dilute solution of sodium hydroxide:
- Reaction of sodium hydrogen phosphate with phosphoric acid:
- Dissolving white phosphorus in a slightly alkaline solution of hydrogen peroxide:
Physical properties
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate forms colorless crystals. Well soluble in water, poorly soluble in ethanol.
Forms several NaH 2 PO 4 crystalline hydrates n H 3 O, where n= 1, 2, which melt in water of crystallization at 100, 60°C, respectively.
Melts of crystalline hydrates, as well as concentrated solutions of sodium dihydrogen phosphate, are viscous, turbid, opalescent liquids that easily crystallize when the temperature drops into a translucent glassy mass.
Chemical properties
- Crystalline hydrate loses water when heated in a vacuum:
- When heated, it forms sodium acid pyrophosphate:
- Reacts with alkalis:
- Enters into metabolic reactions:
Application
- Pharmacology (laxative).
- Sodium dihydrogen phosphate is used as a multi-purpose additive in the E339 food industry, where it acts as a buffer and as a color stabilizer for products.
- Sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate belongs to large-scale chemical production, price ≈800$/t.
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Excerpt describing Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate
Prince Andrei lived in the village for two years without a break. All those enterprises on estates that Pierre started and did not bring to any result, constantly moving from one thing to another, all these enterprises, without showing them to anyone and without noticeable labor, were carried out by Prince Andrei.He had, to a high degree, that practical tenacity that Pierre lacked, which, without scope or effort on his part, set things in motion.
One of his estates of three hundred peasant souls was transferred to free cultivators (this was one of the first examples in Russia); in others, corvee was replaced by quitrent. In Bogucharovo, a learned grandmother was written out to his account to help mothers in labor, and for a salary the priest taught the children of peasants and courtyard servants to read and write.
Prince Andrei spent half of his time in Bald Mountains with his father and son, who was still with the nannies; the other half of the time in the Bogucharov monastery, as his father called his village. Despite the indifference he showed Pierre to all the external events of the world, he diligently followed them, received many books, and to his surprise he noticed when fresh people came to him or his father from St. Petersburg, from the very whirlpool of life, that these people, in knowledge of everything that is happening in foreign and domestic policy, they are far behind him, who sits in the village all the time.
In addition to classes on names, in addition to general reading of a wide variety of books, Prince Andrei was at this time engaged in a critical analysis of our last two unfortunate campaigns and drawing up a project to change our military regulations and regulations.
In the spring of 1809, Prince Andrei went to the Ryazan estates of his son, whom he was guardian.
Warmed by the spring sun, he sat in the stroller, looking at the first grass, the first birch leaves and the first clouds of white spring clouds scattering across the bright blue sky. He didn’t think about anything, but looked around cheerfully and meaninglessly.
We passed the carriage on which he had spoken with Pierre a year ago. We drove through a dirty village, threshing floors, greenery, a descent with remaining snow near the bridge, an ascent through washed-out clay, stripes of stubble and green bushes here and there, and entered a birch forest on both sides of the road. It was almost hot in the forest; you couldn’t hear the wind. The birch tree, all covered with green sticky leaves, did not move, and from under last year’s leaves, lifting them, the first green grass and purple flowers crawled out. The small spruce trees scattered here and there throughout the birch forest with their coarse, eternal greenness were an unpleasant reminder of winter. The horses snorted as they rode into the forest and began to fog up.
The footman Peter said something to the coachman, the coachman answered in the affirmative. But apparently Peter had little sympathy for the coachman: he turned on the box to the master.
- Your Excellency, how easy it is! – he said, smiling respectfully.
- What!
- Easy, your Excellency.
"What he says?" thought Prince Andrei. “Yes, that’s right about spring,” he thought, looking around. And everything is already green... how soon! And the birch, and the bird cherry, and the alder are already starting... But the oak is not noticeable. Yes, here it is, the oak tree.”
There was an oak tree on the edge of the road. Probably ten times older than the birches that made up the forest, it was ten times thicker and twice as tall as each birch. It was a huge oak tree, two girths wide, with branches that had been broken off for a long time and with broken bark overgrown with old sores. With his huge, clumsy, asymmetrically splayed, gnarled hands and fingers, he stood like an old, angry and contemptuous freak between the smiling birches. Only he alone did not want to submit to the charm of spring and did not want to see either spring or the sun.
“Spring, and love, and happiness!” - as if this oak tree was saying, - “and how can you not get tired of the same stupid and senseless deception. Everything is the same, and everything is a lie! There is no spring, no sun, no happiness. Look, there are the crushed dead spruce trees sitting, always the same, and there I am, spreading out my broken, skinned fingers, wherever they grew - from the back, from the sides; As we grew up, I still stand, and I don’t believe your hopes and deceptions.”
Prince Andrei looked back at this oak tree several times while driving through the forest, as if he was expecting something from it. There were flowers and grass under the oak tree, but he still stood in the midst of them, frowning, motionless, ugly and stubborn.
“Yes, he is right, this oak tree is a thousand times right,” thought Prince Andrei, let others, young people, again succumb to this deception, but we know life - our life is over! A whole new series of hopeless, but sadly pleasant thoughts in connection with this oak tree arose in the soul of Prince Andrei. During this journey, he seemed to think about his whole life again, and came to the same old reassuring and hopeless conclusion that he did not need to start anything, that he should live out his life without doing evil, without worrying and without wanting anything.
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Chemical formula
Molar mass of NaH 2 PO 4, sodium dihydrogen phosphate 119.977012 g/mol
22.98977+1.00794 2+30.973762+15.9994 4
Mass fractions of elements in the compound
Using the Molar Mass Calculator
- Chemical formulas must be entered case sensitive
- Subscripts are entered as regular numbers
- The dot on the midline (multiplication sign), used, for example, in the formulas of crystalline hydrates, is replaced by a regular dot.
- Example: instead of CuSO₄·5H₂O in the converter, for ease of entry, the spelling CuSO4.5H2O is used.
Electric potential and voltage
Molar mass calculator
Mole
All substances are made up of atoms and molecules. In chemistry, it is important to accurately measure the mass of substances that react and are produced as a result. By definition, the mole is the SI unit of quantity of a substance. One mole contains exactly 6.02214076×10²³ elementary particles. This value is numerically equal to Avogadro's constant N A when expressed in units of mol⁻¹ and is called Avogadro's number. Amount of substance (symbol n) of a system is a measure of the number of structural elements. A structural element can be an atom, molecule, ion, electron, or any particle or group of particles.
Avogadro's constant N A = 6.02214076×10²³ mol⁻¹. Avogadro's number is 6.02214076×10²³.
In other words, a mole is an amount of substance equal in mass to the sum of the atomic masses of atoms and molecules of the substance, multiplied by Avogadro's number. The unit of quantity of a substance, the mole, is one of the seven basic SI units and is symbolized by the mole. Since the name of the unit and its symbol are the same, it should be noted that the symbol is not declined, unlike the name of the unit, which can be declined according to the usual rules of the Russian language. One mole of pure carbon-12 is equal to exactly 12 g.
Molar mass
Molar mass is a physical property of a substance, defined as the ratio of the mass of this substance to the amount of substance in moles. In other words, this is the mass of one mole of a substance. The SI unit of molar mass is kilogram/mol (kg/mol). However, chemists are accustomed to using the more convenient unit g/mol.
molar mass = g/mol
Molar mass of elements and compounds
Compounds are substances consisting of different atoms that are chemically bonded to each other. For example, the following substances, which can be found in any housewife’s kitchen, are chemical compounds:
- salt (sodium chloride) NaCl
- sugar (sucrose) C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁
- vinegar (acetic acid solution) CH₃COOH
The molar mass of a chemical element in grams per mole is numerically the same as the mass of the element's atoms expressed in atomic mass units (or daltons). The molar mass of compounds is equal to the sum of the molar masses of the elements that make up the compound, taking into account the number of atoms in the compound. For example, the molar mass of water (H₂O) is approximately 1 × 2 + 16 = 18 g/mol.
Molecular mass
Molecular mass (the old name is molecular weight) is the mass of a molecule, calculated as the sum of the masses of each atom that makes up the molecule, multiplied by the number of atoms in this molecule. Molecular weight is dimensionless a physical quantity numerically equal to molar mass. That is, molecular mass differs from molar mass in dimension. Although molecular mass is dimensionless, it still has a value called the atomic mass unit (amu) or dalton (Da), which is approximately equal to the mass of one proton or neutron. The atomic mass unit is also numerically equal to 1 g/mol.
Calculation of molar mass
Molar mass is calculated as follows:
- determine the atomic masses of elements according to the periodic table;
- determine the number of atoms of each element in the compound formula;
- determine the molar mass by adding the atomic masses of the elements included in the compound, multiplied by their number.
For example, let's calculate the molar mass of acetic acid
It consists of:
- two carbon atoms
- four hydrogen atoms
- two oxygen atoms
- carbon C = 2 × 12.0107 g/mol = 24.0214 g/mol
- hydrogen H = 4 × 1.00794 g/mol = 4.03176 g/mol
- oxygen O = 2 × 15.9994 g/mol = 31.9988 g/mol
- molar mass = 24.0214 + 4.03176 + 31.9988 = 60.05196 g/mol
Our calculator performs exactly this calculation. You can enter the acetic acid formula into it and check what happens.
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