What is MWO? Civil defense: history, modernity, prospects History of the development of Russian civil defense

Carried out by local authorities under the leadership of military organizations aimed at protecting the population and national economy from enemy air attacks and eliminating the consequences of the attacks.

Story

The need to protect the population and economic facilities from air strikes first appeared during the First World War of 1914-1918. For this purpose, in Russia, France, Great Britain, Germany and other warring countries, the following measures were developed and began to be carried out: blackout, warning the population and communicating to them the rules of conduct in the event of an air or chemical attack, providing medical care, providing personal protective equipment, fighting with fires, shelter equipment, etc. These events were held in London, Yarmouth, Worthing, Paris, Reims, Dunkirk, Verdun, Freiburg, Cologne, Kiel, Sofia, Petrograd, Odessa, Sevastopol, Nikolaev, Warsaw, Minsk, Riga, Grodno, Bialystok, Brest, Tallinn, etc. In the USSR, for the first time, measures to protect the population from air attack were carried out on March 3, 1918, during the repulsion of the attack of German troops on Petrograd. It was then that the Committee of Revolutionary Defense, in its Appeal to the population of Petrograd and its environs, brought forward the basic requirements of anti-aircraft and anti-chemical protection.

In the 1920s and 1930s, local air defense services appeared in many European countries.

MPVO arose in large cities, at important industrial, transport, communications facilities, in institutions, educational institutions, and in the residential sector. Shelters were built, the population was trained in ways to protect themselves from air and chemical attacks, and rescue and emergency response teams were prepared.

The Main Directorate of the MPVO of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs directs the work of the headquarters of the MPVO of cities, which are the working apparatus of the city executive committees, through the management of the MPVO, departments of the MPVO and departments of the MPVO, created as part of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the republics and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the territories and regions.

The most important facilities are assigned to the engineering and anti-chemical units of the troops of the GUMPVO Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, with the task of ensuring at these facilities the work to eliminate air attacks.

Local air defense acquired a particularly wide scope during the Great Patriotic War: air defense units and formations neutralized aerial bombs and artillery shells, eliminated fires and fires, restored bridges, prevented accidents, and provided medical assistance.

In 1961, MPVO was transformed into civil defense - in connection with the development of weapons of mass destruction.

Compound

09/01/1949

The Main Directorate of Local Air Defense of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR (GUMPVO MVD of the USSR) was the central management body of the local air defense, directing the preparation of the territory of the USSR for local air defense and directing the activities of all ministries, departments and public organizations in carrying out the tasks of air defense of the USSR.
engineering and anti-chemical units of the GUMPVO troops;
city air defense headquarters;
MPVO headquarters, relevant services of ministries and departments of the Union;

The total number of MPVO troops of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs is 5,205 personnel, including: officers 937 people, sergeants and enlisted personnel 4,181 people and

From MPVO to civil protection. Pages from the history of MPVO-GO-RSChS of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation / comp. , ; Russian Emergency Situations Ministry. – M.: In-octavo, 2004. – 352 p., ill.

Ust-Zeya outpost

General characteristics and features of the region.

In the post-war period, the MPVO of the Amur Region continued to develop and improve. Significant changes began to occur in September 1961, when the regional headquarters of the MPVO was transformed into a civil defense headquarters. Its first boss was a colonel. The headquarters was allocated a separate room, which made it possible to quickly organize and establish proper work to create a coherent air defense system in the region. What is undoubtedly the fact is that he entered into business contacts with the heads of military schools. Cooperation with the command of the schools made it possible in a short time to equip local command bodies with the necessary educational materials, which were very rare at that time.

The opening of regional courses in 1962 had a huge impact on improving civil engineering. Using the potential of military schools, it was possible to get these courses “on their feet” in a short time.

In 1963, civil engineering courses were established in former towns, which made it possible to quickly increase the number of trained personnel for enterprises and teams in the Amur region.

In 1977, the city headquarters of the Civil Defense was formed in Blagoveshchensk, in 1979 - in Belogorsk and Svobodny. As in the regional headquarters of the Civil Defense, military personnel became the leaders here.

By this time, the regional headquarters was headed by a colonel. A former rocket scientist, commander of a training unit, this man left a significant mark on improving civil defense in the region, staffing headquarters and courses with professionals. He was a respected person both in the corridors of power and locally.

Capital shelters were actively built. By 1979, there were already: in Blagoveshchensk - 58 (per person), in Belogorsk - 14 (per 5,709 people), in Svobodny - 7 (per 2,250 people).

At the same time, a 100% mobilization stock of the second group of personal protective equipment was created in the region.

Formation of the regional subsystem of RSChS

Active progress in matters of reorganization of civil defense in the region occurred at the time of the leadership of the regional headquarters (later - the department, then the main department) by Colonel V. Shulzhenko. Life itself pushed us towards this. Activities to involve us in solving the problems of eliminating the consequences of emergency situations were in full swing. Thus, by the fall of 1993, mercury spills became a big problem in the region.

This happened at the end of November 1993, in the regional center of. Here, in the basement of a residential building, a local artisan worked for a long time extracting precious metals. Serious soil contamination has occurred. This became public knowledge throughout the region, and journalists intervened. The question arose: who should be involved in eliminating mercury pollution? The military categorically refused. The path of solving the problem independently was chosen.

A voluntary group was formed from officers and employees of the regional headquarters, which carried out demercurization work for three days and nights.

On December 5 of the same year, heavy mercury contamination occurred at school No. 13 in the regional center. This contamination was cleaned up by a non-staff team within days, after which school classes continued. The head of the regional administration, Vladimir Polevanov, highly appreciated the actions of the group and agreed to the proposal to create a full-time group to eliminate the consequences of such emergencies. Thus, since January 1994, we began to have a full-time team for eliminating the consequences of radiation and chemical contamination; it was one of the first in the Far Eastern region.

In a similar way, we created a non-staff fire brigade, which was involved in extinguishing forest fires near populated areas. Thus, this team, in cooperation with the Blagoveshchensk forestry department, defended the settlements of Novinka and Novotroitskoye in the Blagoveshchensk district.

A series of major exercises took place under the personal leadership of the head of the regional administration, Vladimir Polevanov, who paid a lot of attention to such events. He was the first leader who strictly asked those leaders who continued to work in the old way.

During his tenure, we had a resolution that made it possible to hold managers and other officials accountable for omissions in matters of civil defense. At that time, this document was skillfully used by the headquarters of a number of cities and districts of the region.

Bit by bit, there was an increase in protective measures, and with them the civil and emergency situations bodies in the region. We were the first in the region to create an operational group from among the officers and employees of the regional headquarters; In the fall of 1997, inspectors from Moscow praised the group's work.

By this time, we had already created a professional search and rescue group, financed from the local budget - the first in the region.

At the same time, for the first time, they began to scientifically solve the problems of passing flood waters and eliminating ice jams, the prerequisite for which was the flooding of the village of Krestovozdvizhenka, Konstantinovsky district. One of the streets in the village was flooded. A task force headed by the head of the department, V. Shulzhenko, left for the scene. As a result of hard work, the bypass channel was broken and further flooding of the village was prevented. The whole region started talking about this case. The authority of the civil defense authorities and the authority of our liquidators, who carried out a number of demercurization works in many cities and districts of the region, have increased. This course of events made it possible to adopt the law of the Amur Region “On the protection of the population and territories of the Amur Region from natural and man-made emergencies.”

The spring of 1999 and 2000 was a serious test for the region. As experts from the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations expected, massive ice jams occurred in the region.

In 1999, due to ice jams, the village of Ignashino, Skvortsovsky district, was flooded, and in 2000, the village of Novovoskresenovka, Shimanovsky district. In both cases, the task forces acted professionally. The former (Vladimir Shulzhenko) and current (Alexander Vitalievich Solovyov) heads of the Main Directorate of Civil Defense and Emergency Situations of the region personally worked on site. The current ice jam was more complex and larger than the previous one. The head of the Main Directorate of Civil Defense and Emergency Situations, Colonel Alexander Solovyov, who was appointed to this position only on the eve of the events described, passed the exam with honor. The ice situation was so serious that the head of the regional administration, Anatoly Nikolaevich Belonogov, flew to the scene, whose personal participation contributed to the speedy completion of the task.

The winter heating season of 2000 brought a lot of worries. The heating system of the coal mining town of Raichikhinsk was on the verge of defrosting, and a state of emergency was declared. All power was transferred to the hands of the Main Directorate of Civil Defense and Emergency Situations, which undoubtedly produced results; the emergency situation was eliminated.

Currently, full-time search and rescue groups have been created in the region in the cities of Blagoveshchensk and Svobodny, as well as a mechanized group in the village of Konstantinovka, Konstantinovsky district, based on a mobile mechanized column (PMK-112).

Many heads of municipalities in the region have already expressed their readiness to create similar rescue units in their territories. This is in addition to the existing search and rescue squad of the Main Directorate of Civil Defense and Emergency Situations of the region, which currently numbers 14 people. Thus, the Main Directorate for Civil Defense and Emergency Situations of the region is in constant search.

The main efforts today are focused on carrying out preventive measures. This will be greatly facilitated by the adoption of the law of the Amur Region on the responsibility of managers and other officials for failure to carry out civil and emergency situations measures at the facilities and territories under their jurisdiction.

For the third year in a row, the Amur territorial subsystem of the RSChS has occupied a leading position in the Far Eastern region. This says a lot. At the same time, we, like other main departments of the Far Eastern region, have certain views on the issues of improving the RSChS system that meet the trends of the times.

In our opinion, the existing legislative framework requires further improvement. Our laws are too transparent, especially “On Civil Defense,” which gives some leaders the opportunity to “look for loopholes” so as not to engage in civil defense activities and emergency prevention.

We incur especially large costs in matters of preserving collective means of protection. The privatization period that we experienced left its mark on their fate. Many of them turned out to be ownerless. It took time to reproduce everything again and put it on a legal basis, which required additional time and great moral effort. It was necessary to resort to various kinds of unconventional methods and forms in order for everything to acquire a legal basis.

The creation of search and rescue units on a professional basis, not only in categorized cities, but also in other cities and districts of the region requires great effort.

Currently, developments are being made to create search and rescue units in the cities of Zeya and Tynda. This is especially important for the city of Zeya. The presence of a waterworks obliges us to closely monitor the state of protective measures, which, as is known, consists of many factors, the main one being the availability and training of professional rescuers.

Creating the required number of search and rescue units is the most important task of the territorial subsystem of the RSChS of the Amur Region.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN

GOU SPO "BLAGOVESCHENSK PEDAGOGICAL COLLEGE"

Basics of life safety

History of the organization of the civil defense system in Russia

Compiled by:

Life safety teacher-organizer

F.F. Munasipov

Introduction

For almost seven decades, there have been two systems for protecting the population from air attacks - anti-aircraft defense and civil defense. Over the years, they have shown their vital necessity, the reasonableness of most events, and therefore have acquired a nationwide character.

During the Great Patriotic War, the MPVO saved Moscow, Leningrad, Murmansk, Kyiv, Sevastopol, Voronezh, Tula and many other cities from destruction by the German fascists. The same cannot be said about Stalingrad, and not because there were bad air defense fighters there. This city was at the front for more than six months. Hitler threw almost all of his aircraft at it, but the city survived and won.

From 1961 to the present day, civil defense has fulfilled a strategic defense mission: protecting the population and industry from weapons of mass destruction of a potential enemy. the majority of the population was provided with shelter in reliable protective structures; sufficient supplies of personal protective equipment, radiation and chemical reconnaissance equipment were accumulated. Much has been done to improve the sustainability of industrial enterprises.

The political systems of states, socio-economic conditions, production technologies and weapons systems are changing, and military doctrines are changing accordingly. The Concept of National Security of Russia, the laws “On Defense”, “On Civil Defense”, “On mobilization preparation and mobilization in the Russian Federation”, “On the protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies” appeared.

Local air defense (LAD) 1932-1941.

On October 4, 1932, the Council of People's Commissars approved a new Regulation on the air defense of the USSR, according to which local air defense was allocated as an independent component of the entire air defense system of the Soviet state. From this date it is customary to count the beginning of the existence of the all-Union MPVO, the successor of which was the Civil Defense of the USSR.

The main tasks of the air defense were: warning the population about the threat of an attack from the air and warning that the threat had passed; camouflaging populated areas and national economic facilities from air attack (especially blackout); eliminating the consequences of an attack from the air, including the use of toxic substances; preparation of bomb shelters and gas shelters for the population; organizing first medical and medical aid for victims of an air attack; providing veterinary care to injured animals; maintaining public order and ensuring compliance with the regime established by the authorities and the Ministry of Defense in threatened areas. The implementation of all these tasks was provided for by the forces and means of local authorities and national economic facilities. This determined the name of this air defense system.

Headquarters, services and formations of anti-aircraft defense were created only in those cities and at those industrial facilities that could be within the range of enemy aircraft. In such cities and at such facilities, air defense and chemical protection measures were carried out in full.

The organizational structure of the MPVO was determined by its tasks. Since it was an integral part of the entire air defense system of the country, the general management of the air defense in the country was carried out by the People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs (since 1934 - the People's Commissariat of Defense of the USSR), and within the boundaries of military districts - by their command.

To solve the tasks of the MPVO, appropriate forces were organized - military units of the MPVO, which were subordinate to the command of military districts, and voluntary formations of the MPVO: in urban areas - precinct teams, at enterprises - object teams, at house management - self-defense groups. MPVO formations were created on the basis of: 15 people from 100-300 workers and employees - at enterprises and institutions and from 200-500 people - at house managements. Precinct teams consisted of various special units, and self-defense groups, as a rule, consisted of six units: medical, emergency recovery, fire protection, law enforcement and surveillance, decontamination and shelter maintenance. Precinct teams and self-defense groups were subordinate to the head of the police department.

Personnel training for MPVO was carried out at special MPVO courses, and training of the population was carried out through the training network of public defense organizations.

Since 1935, the training of the population in air defense and chemical defense has acquired an even wider scope, in particular, standards for passing the “Ready for Air Defense and Anti-Chemical Defense” badge (anti-aircraft and chemical defense) were established. The training of the population was improved as part of the voluntary formations of the MPVO. By the resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of August 8, 1935, the preparation of the population to pass the standards for the “Ready for PVC” badge and the organization of MPVO formations were declared the tasks of Osoaviakhim.

In order to improve the forms of dissemination of sanitary defense knowledge and skills, the standards of the “Ready for sanitary defense” (GSO) complex were introduced for adults and “Be ready for sanitary defense” (BGSD) for schoolchildren. The implementation of these standards was entrusted to the committees of the Union of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.

An important milestone on the path to strengthening the air defense was the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated June 20, 1937 “On local (civil) air defense of Moscow, Leningrad, Baku and Kiev,” which outlined a number of new measures to strengthen local air defense in these cities, including in particular, the direct leadership of the MPVO in these cities was entrusted to local authorities - the Councils of Working People's Deputies, and the positions of deputy chairmen of the executive committees of the Councils of Working People's Deputies for the MPVO were introduced into the executive committees of the city councils of these cities.

Shortly before the start of the Great Patriotic War of 1941 - 1945. The creation and preparation of various MPVO services were completed: warning and communications, medical and sanitary, law enforcement and security, shelters, transport, trade and public catering, water supply and sewerage, restoration of buildings, roads and bridges, blackout. Services were created on the basis of relevant enterprises and organizations of city authorities; a wide range of specialists who had significant material and technical resources participated in their work. By this time, all city enterprises in the threatened zone were objects of local air defense, and full-time positions of deputy directors of enterprises for air defense were introduced at particularly important facilities.

Thus, by the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, a lot of work had been done to prepare the population and cities of the threatened border zone for air defense and chemical defense. Suffice it to say that the entire population of the threatened zone had an idea of how to protect themselves from air attacks; a large number of gas masks were accumulated for city residents.

Due to the local nature of the activities of the MPVO bodies and forces and the need to concentrate the efforts of the People's Commissariat of Defense of the USSR on preparing the Armed Forces for a war that was approaching the borders of the USSR, by a resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated October 7, 1940, the leadership of the MPVO was transferred to the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR, consisting of which the Main Directorate of the MPVO was created.

In 1928, the People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs approved the first Regulations on the air defense of the USSR, which states that air defense is intended to protect the USSR from air attacks using for this purpose forces and means belonging to both military and civilian departments and relevant public defense organizations.

By 1932, the necessary organizational and material prerequisites had been created for the creation of a unified national system of local air defense in the country.

On October 4, 1932, the Council of People's Commissars - the Government of the country adopted the “Regulations on the Air Defense of the USSR”. This document was the first to define measures and means of protecting the population and territories of the country from air danger in the zone of possible action of enemy aviation. This act marked the beginning of the creation of LPA (local air defense).

This date is considered the birthday of Civil Defense, since it was precisely the functions that the country’s MPVO performed that the USSR Civil Defense continued to improve and develop.

Since the air defense system was an integral part of the country's entire air defense system, the general management of the air defense system in the country was carried out by the People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs. In addition to the Military Units of the MPVO, subordinate to the command of the military districts, voluntary formations of the MPVO were organized. In urban areas these were precinct teams, at enterprises - site teams, at house management - self-defense groups.

By a resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated October 7, 1940, the leadership of the MPVO was transferred to the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR, within which the Main Directorate of the MPVO was created. The Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated July 2, 1941 introduced universal compulsory training of the population for air defense.

civil defense

On July 15, 1961, by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, MPVO was transformed into civil defense, the position of head of civil defense was introduced and a new national system was created: Civil defense of the USSR. The Regulations on Civil Defense of the USSR were approved. The general leadership of the USSR Civil Defense was carried out by the Council of Ministers of the USSR, direct leadership - by the USSR Ministry of Defense, day-to-day management - by the head of the USSR Civil Defense, Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR. The direct leadership of civil defense in the union and autonomous republics, territories, regions, cities, urban and rural areas is carried out by the chairmen of the Councils of People's Deputies, who are the heads of civil defense.

In the 1970s, new types of high-readiness civil defense formations were created: combined detachments and mechanization teams, and then civil defense troops.

In 1971, the leadership of the Civil Defense was entrusted to the Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR, and the system itself was transferred to the subordination of the Ministry of Defense. From that moment on, both the civil defense system and the DOSAAF system (voluntary society for the assistance of the army, aviation and navy) began to flourish. Many events were carried out, an enormous material base was created, which is still in use today.

Since 1987, Civil Defense has been officially entrusted with the responsibility of protecting the population and national economic facilities from the consequences of accidents, catastrophes, natural disasters, and carrying out rescue and restoration work. The question arose about the formation of a unified state system that would provide advance preparation for actions in extreme conditions to overcome emergency situations caused by major accidents, catastrophes and natural disasters. This formulation of the question in no way implied the substitution or, conversely, replacement of the country’s civil defense system with a new system. On the contrary, a wider use of the capabilities of the Civil Defense system was envisaged in overcoming various emergency situations.

On December 27, 1990, the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR “On the formation of the Russian rescue corps as a state committee of the RSFSR, as well as the formation of a unified state-public system for forecasting, preventing and eliminating the consequences of emergency situations” was adopted.

April 17, 1991 Deputy Chairman of the State Construction Committee of the RSFSR Sergei Shoigu was appointed chairman of the Russian rescue corps.

By a resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR dated July 30, 1991, the Russian rescue corps was transformed into the RSFSR State Committee for Emergency Situations, of which S. K. Shoigu was reappointed chairman on August 5, 1991.

On November 19, 1991, by Decree of the President of the RSFSR B. N. Yeltsin No. 221, the State Committee for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief under the President of the RSFSR (GKChS RSFSR) was created, the chairman of which was appointed S. K. Shoigu.

In 1991, the civil defense system was included in the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief. The head of the Russian Civil Defense is the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation.

In May 1993, Russia joined the International Civil Defense Organization (ICDO).

On January 10, 1994, by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 66 “On the structure of federal executive bodies,” the State Committee for Emergency Situations of Russia was transformed into the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief (EMERCOM of Russia).

By Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of January 20, 1994 No. 171, S.K. Shoigu was appointed head of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations.

World Civil Defense Day is celebrated annually on March 1st.
Civil Defense Day of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations is celebrated on October 4.

Moscow State Institute of Radio Engineering, Electronics and Automation (Technical University).

Abstract on civil defense on the topic: “The role of anti-aircraft defense in eliminating German air raids during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.”

Performed by student of Platoon #53

Koshelev Yu.N.

Checked by Denisov G.D.

Moscow 2003

1.Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..3

2.MPVO in 1932-1941. – history of creation……………………………………………………….3

3.MPVO in 1941-1945…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………7

4.Could Hitler destroy Moscow?.................................................. ...............................7

5. The truth about military Moscow…………………………………………………………………………………10

6. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..15

7. Sources of information……………………………………………………………………………………….15

1. Introduction.

The Moscow Department for Civil Defense and Emergency Affairs celebrated on October 4, 2002 the 70th anniversary of the country's civil defense structures. On October 4, 1932, the Regulations “On the Air Defense of the Territory of the USSR” were adopted and a local air defense (LAD) was created, which became the prototype of the all-Russian civil defense system.
As part of the implementation of the situation in the capital, bomb and gas shelters with a total capacity of 400 thousand people were built and equipped, metro stations were adapted as shelters, and more than 3 million gas masks were manufactured. During the Great Patriotic War, only thanks to the dedication of the MPVO fighters, Moscow avoided the sad fate of London, Belgrade, and Coventry, which were subjected to barbaric bombing by Nazi aircraft. The MPVO units eliminated about 40 thousand incendiary bombs at the crash site and extinguished over 4 thousand fires. More than 300 soldiers and commanders of the unit were awarded medals “For the Defense of Moscow”, and the city’s fire service was awarded the Order of Lenin.

2.MPVO in 1932-1941. - History of creation.

Personnel training for MPVO was carried out at special MPVO courses, and training of the population was carried out through the training network of public defense organizations.

An important milestone on the path to strengthening the air defense was the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated June 20, 1937 “On local (civil) air defense of Moscow, Leningrad, Baku and Kiev,” which outlined a number of new measures to strengthen local air defense in these cities, including in particular, the direct leadership of the MPVO in these cities was entrusted to local authorities - the Councils of Workers' Deputies, and the positions of deputy chairmen of the executive committees of the Councils of Workers' Deputies for MPVO were introduced into the executive committees of the city councils of these cities.

Shortly before the start of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. The creation and preparation of various MPVO services were completed: warning and communications, medical and sanitary, law enforcement and security, shelters, transport, trade and public catering, water supply and sewerage, restoration of buildings, roads and bridges, blackout. Services were created on the basis of relevant enterprises and organizations of city authorities; a wide range of specialists who had significant material and technical resources participated in their work. By this time, all city enterprises in the threatened zone were objects of local air defense, and full-time positions of deputy directors of enterprises for air defense were introduced at particularly important facilities.

We consider the date August 3, 1937 to be the birthday of the MPVO-GO of the Moscow Region. Last year she turned 65 years old. By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, about a million people had been trained in methods of protection against airborne weapons and providing mutual assistance in the cities of the region. During the war, on the territory of the Moscow region there were 36 cities classified as points in the threat zone, where anti-aircraft defense measures must be fully implemented, as well as 176 categorized national economic facilities. Among them are such important plants as the Kolomna and Mytishchi machine-building plants, the Podolsk cracking-electrolyte plant, the Lyubertsy agricultural machine-building plant, and the machine-tool plants in Serpukhov and Yegoryevsk. In addition, one can name chemical plants in Voskresensk and Shchelkovo, Shaturskaya, Kashirskaya and Orekhovo-Zuevskaya power plants. Not to mention the fact that railway lines passed through the territory of the region, along which the delivery of military equipment and weapons was carried out, and the transfer of troops. By Order No. 1 of the MPVO, a “threatening situation” was introduced in the Moscow region on June 22, 1941. On July 1, 1941, the day after the formation of the State Defense Committee, city Defense Committees were created in some cities. In the city of Kolomna, the city defense committee united: Kolomna, Lukhovitsky, Zaraisky, Ozersky, Malinovsky, Egoryevsky, Voskresensky and Vinogradovsky districts of the Moscow region. His main task was the creation of fighter battalions, the organization of anti-aircraft defense services, and the work on the construction of defensive structures. On July 2, 1941, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted the Resolution “On universal compulsory training of the population for air defense.”

The first raid of fascist aviation on areas of the Moscow region was carried out on the night of August 10-11, 1941 - in the city of Solnechnogorsk, Zvenigorod and Kuntsevo districts.

In total, during the Great Patriotic War, fascist aviation carried out 678 air raids on settlements and enterprises of the Moscow region, dropping 133 thousand aerial bombs on them.

Regional air defense formations stood up to protect towns and villages near Moscow from air raids by German aviation. By September 1941, 13 thousand fire-fighting teams and units were created in Moscow and the Moscow region, which included more than 205 thousand people.

In 1943, by order of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, anti-aircraft defense systems were created in the cities of the region: Yegoryevsk, Zagorsk, Shatura, Krasnogorsk, Pavlovsky Posad, Ramenskoye, Shchelkovo, Dmitrov, Khimki, Balashikha. They form headquarters, services and units from those liable for military service with the transfer of 50% of the personnel to barracks status.

After the war, MPVO units, together with the population of the region, restored destroyed cities and enterprises, neutralized unexploded shells and bombs

The main department of the region's Civil Defense and Emergency Situations has done a lot of work to find the names of the chiefs of staff of the region's MPVO since its formation. Unfortunately, according to the Central Archive of the Moscow Region, classified materials, incl. about the work of the anti-aircraft defense were destroyed in 1941. Therefore, the list of names of the chiefs of staff of the MPVO-GO region has been compiled since 1942. In other archives of Moscow and the region, data on the activities of the MPVO region before 1941 were also not found.

These are the names:

1942-1946 - Major V.P. Kolesov

1946-1949 - Major G.P. Milantyev

1950-1955 - Lieutenant Colonel D.F. Lubenchenko

1955-1959 - Colonel Krasnogor F.Ya.

1960-1962 - Colonel V.I. Sovetnikov

1962-1965 - Major General B.P. Peskov

1965-1981 - Major General Rakcheev M.I.

1981-1988 - Major General N.P. Varyagov

1988-1993 - Major General Zakharov Yu.P.

1993-2000 - Major General Ermakov V.V.

2000 - present - Major General Mustafaev Yunis Abutalybovich.

In June 1961, the MPVO was transformed into the Civil Defense of the USSR, the Moscow Region Civil Defense was organized, and a civil defense headquarters was created.

Civil defense veterans made a great contribution to improving the civil defense of the region:

Major General Ermakov Vladimir Vladimirovich - headed the Civil Defense Administration from 1993 to 2001, reserve colonels - Kosyak Grigory Grigorievich, served in the headquarters of the regional civil defense from 1975 to 1992, Krymov Boris Ivanovich - from 1975 to 1983. Ogurtsov Sergey Nikolaevich - from 1986 to 1992. Burov Valentin Nikolaevich - from 1986 to 1995, Didyk Vladimir Vasilievich - from 1975 to 1989, Dubrovin Vladimir Ivanovich - from 1979 to 1996, Kasparov Osip Georgievich from 1990 to 1995, Latyshko Vladimir Vasilievich - from 1979 to 1992 year, Nazarov Grigory Mikhailovich - from 1977 to 1988 and other veterans.

I. Makarov Main Directorate of Civil Defense and Emergencies of the Moscow Region

3.MPVO in 1941-1945.

On June 22, 1941, all headquarters, services and forces of the Air Defense Forces were put on combat readiness. The very first days of the war convincingly showed the high readiness of the anti-aircraft defense system and at the same time revealed some shortcomings that were quickly eliminated.

An important role in mobilizing the air defense to successfully solve the problems arising in connection with the attack of Nazi Germany on the Soviet Union was played by the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of July 2, 1941 “On universal mandatory training of the population for air defense.” According to this decree, all Soviet citizens from 16 to 60 years old were required to acquire the necessary knowledge of MPVO. In addition, men from 16 to 60 years old and women from 18 to 50 years old were required to belong to self-defense groups. Fulfilling the demands of the party and government, the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs on July 3, 1941 approved the Regulations on self-defense groups of residential buildings, institutions and enterprises. An important role in the activation of the air defense was played by the speech of I.V. Stalin, dated July 3, 1941, which pointed out the need to immediately “... establish local air defense.”

The MPVO rapidly gained strength during the war years. The number of its formations exceeded 6 million people; district formations were reorganized into urban military units of the MPVO, and the number of engineering and anti-chemical military units increased significantly.

4. Could Hitler Destroy Moscow?

Hitler's threat to destroy Moscow is widely known. This is what the Chief of the German General Staff of the Ground Forces, Colonel General Halder, wrote in his diary: “July 8, 1941, the 17th day of the war... The unshakable decision is to raze Moscow and Leningrad to the ground in order to completely get rid of the population of these cities... "

And this was not an empty threat - they knew how to do it: remember the Spanish Guernica; London, almost a quarter burned out; only 500 tons of bombs were needed to destroy the English city of Coventry with a population of 300 thousand.

This strategy and tactics of total destruction and global destruction had to be countered by the 100,000-strong corps of the Moscow air defense zone (ADZ) and the 650,000-strong “army” of units and formations of the local air defense (LAD) of Moscow. Air defense (anti-aircraft artillery, fighter aircraft, searchlight operators) was entrusted with the task of preventing enemy aircraft from approaching the city, while anti-aircraft defense was tasked with protecting the population, eliminating the consequences of bombing, and ensuring the life of the city.

Let's remember what Moscow was like sixty years ago. Although the capital was called “white stone”, more than half was wooden: out of 58 thousand residential buildings, about 40 thousand (70 percent) were wooden and heated with wood, wooden sheds and other combustible buildings were everywhere, roofing felt and even roofing felt In short, there is so much flammable material that in dry weather one match and the fire is difficult to stop. The enemy knew this well and therefore widely used incendiary bombs. There was no doubt about the seriousness of his intentions.

German aviation began the air attack on Moscow exactly a month after the start of the war with a powerful raid in which more than 200 aircraft took part. And from that day on, the bombing of the city did not stop almost until the beginning of December.

We must pay tribute to the skill and courage of the fighter pilots, anti-aircraft gunners, and searchlight operators of the Moscow air defense zone: they did not allow most of the bombers to reach the city, they shot down 1,932 aircraft, but, as it has now become known, not just single aircraft broke through to the capital.

According to the MPVO, at least 700 bombers unloaded over the city. During the raids on Moscow, the enemy managed to drop 1,610 high-explosive bombs and about 110,000 incendiary bombs. There were almost two bombs for each house. At this rate, if we take into account the experience of bombing European cities, the capital should have burned down and suffered very serious losses. However, Muscovites - fighters and commanders of the MPVO - did not allow their hometown to be burned.

The first shelters to shelter the population began to be built already in 1933. The fighters and commanders of the MPVO Osoaviakhim, the Red Cross, and the headquarters of the MPVO were taught everything that could be needed and was actually needed in war conditions, all kinds of training and exercises were carried out.

For the start of the raids in Moscow, anti-aircraft defense formations and units were prepared at all large and small enterprises; They were on duty in organizations and house administrations, and during the raids various detachments, teams, squads, and self-defense groups of the MVPO, formed from workers and employees, were active. These were mostly women who replaced men who had gone to the front, as well as old people and teenagers 12–15 years old, who needed a stand to reach the machine. During the day they worked for 10–11 hours, at night they became fighters and commanders of air defense forces and fought with bombs. They built defensive lines, were on duty in hospitals, and gave their blood to the wounded.

At the beginning of the war, representatives of London's civil defense came to Moscow to share their experience in dealing with the consequences of the bombings. Londoners began to put out fires after the “air raid all clear,” that is, when the fires flared up and it was very difficult to put them out.

Muscovites took a different route: according to air raid signals, fighters and commanders of the air defense took up positions in all fire-hazardous places - these are primarily attics, roofs, entrances, etc., barrels of water and boxes of sand were placed here...

Firefighters say: any fire can be extinguished with a glass of water if done in time. True, in order to extinguish an incendiary bomb with a combustion temperature of about 2000 degrees, a glass of water is not enough, but if this bomb, without allowing it to flare up, grab it with special tongs and lower it into a barrel of water or a box of sand, or simply throw it off the roof , then most often there was no fire.

This is how Muscovites acted. They extinguished 42 thousand lighters, 2700 fires, including 675 major ones, eliminated about 3000 major accidents, cleared more than 1000 rubble, restored what was destroyed in the shortest possible time, ensuring the operation of enterprises and the life of the city as a whole!

The number of bombs that were dropped by enemy planes that overcame the air defense system (2 bombs for each residential building) was quite enough to, if not completely burn Moscow, then cause very serious damage. Yes, the capital was in danger, which is still not properly appreciated by everyone. There is only one memorial plaque in all of Moscow, dedicated to the 92 soldiers who died in the defense of the Kremlin.

Julius Kammerer , former head of the engineering department of the Moscow MPVO headquarters

5. The truth about military Moscow.

The real meaning, it seems, is not that the German troops just on the very border of Moscow have lost all their strength, but that our troops have gained “superpower” here.

Vadim Kozhinov

The importance of Moscow in the war was determined by the fact that it was the capital of the state, and the governing bodies of the national economy of the USSR were concentrated there. There were 475 largest enterprises operating in the city, including 115 facilities of “special importance” according to the Ministry of Defense. The share of industry in Moscow and the Moscow region in all-Union production reached 22.6%. During the war years, Moscow was truly a weapons forge, because literally everyone, even small local industrial enterprises, carried out defense orders. It so happened that in the fall of 1941, only the Moscow State Bearing Plant (GPZ-1) produced bearings for the entire aviation and tank industry. The famous “Katyushas” and much more were given to the front at that time by Moscow.

The strategies and tactics of the wholesale extermination of Muscovites and global destruction, developed by the fascists, had to be countered by the 100,000-strong corps of the Moscow Air Defense Zone (Air Defense) and the 650,000-strong “army” of the Air Defense Forces. The air defense (anti-aircraft artillery, fighter aircraft, searchlight units...) was entrusted with the task of preventing enemy aircraft from approaching the city, and the anti-aircraft defense (rescuers, firefighters, builders, doctors...) was tasked with eliminating the consequences of the raids and ensuring the life of the city.

For these purposes, 18 specialized MPVO services were created. They were supplemented by detachments, teams, squads at sites, self-defense groups in house administrations and other MPVO formations. They were properly equipped and trained by Osoaviakhim and the Red Cross Society to conduct rescue operations, provide medical assistance, put out fires, in a word, everything that needs to be done where bombs fell.

And the MPVO “army” consisted mainly of women who replaced the men who had gone to the front, and those who, due to their youth or, conversely, old age or illness, could not hold a weapon in their hands. Yes, these are our mothers, wives and sisters, old people and “standers” - boys and girls 12-15 years old, who needed a stand in order to reach the machine - forged the coming victory, working 10-12 hours, and at night fighting bombs...

One cannot fail to mention anti-chemical preparation. Bearing in mind the treachery of the Germans, who were unexpectedly the first to use toxic substances in the war of 1914-1918, Muscovites were intensively prepared for anti-chemical protection, and not only special formations, but the entire population (all Muscovites who remained in the city after the evacuation had gas masks in their reserves) . Shelters were built and equipped with filter and ventilation units.

In the pre-war years, I, a young engineer, more than once took part in training trips wearing a gas mask and worked on drawings in it.

As usual, there were skeptics, but it turned out that the preparations were not in vain: at the end of the war, specialists were shown a film made by the Germans themselves about huge underground, carefully camouflaged storage facilities with tens of thousands of bombs and shells filled with potent toxic substances. By the way, when the Germans were forced to liquidate these reserves, they asked for our Soviet gas masks for work - they turned out to be more reliable.

And the Nazis did not use terrible chemical weapons not because of their love for humanity, but because they knew about our serious readiness.

Great importance was attached to camouflage and blackout. The city's outdoor lighting was turned off from 2,550 points; turning it off required 350 people and an hour and a half of time. By the beginning of the war, a lot of work had been done to centralize outdoor lighting. Now it was turned off from one point in a few seconds. Berlin, as the crews of long-range bombers later testified, did not have such centralized control.

In advance, special blackout paper was prepared to mask millions of windows in residential buildings and other buildings...

With the beginning of the war, the entire air defense system of the capital was put on alert. Immediately after the transmission of the Government Statement at 12 o'clock on June 22, 1941, Order No. 1 of the Moscow Defense Ministry was announced on the introduction of a “threatened situation” in Moscow.

Already in the evening of that Sunday, the windows of all the buildings in the city were darkened, street lighting and advertising were turned off, Moscow was plunged into darkness. For a long time.

By the end of 1941, 1,029 gas shelters, 6,215 bomb shelters, 19,500 dugouts and crevices, 23.3 kilometers of metro lines were prepared and used to shelter the population; 1,600,000 people could be sheltered in them.

In a matter of days, Moscow was transformed beyond recognition. The widest streets and squares were “lined up” with residential buildings and, not sparing paint, they were generously “greened”. Even the roofs of the workshops of many enterprises turned into residential areas of predominantly mixed low-rise buildings, characteristic of that time.

The Kremlin has become unrecognizable, its golden-domed cathedrals seem to have been donned by soldiers’ caps, the protective coloring has dimmed their sparkling gilding; the ruby stars crowning the Kremlin towers are covered. Like raincoats, camouflage nets are draped over some buildings. The walls, painted in contrasting colors, created the appearance of residential buildings closely pressed against one another...

In different ways, but with the sole purpose of making them invisible, merging with the surrounding buildings, large buildings that were of great importance were camouflaged: the Central Telegraph, the Moscow Hotel, where command posts were located. The Bolshoi Theater is disguised as a complex of quaint ancient buildings with the scenery for the opera “Prince Igor”...

On the day the war began - June 22, 1941 - the capital switched to martial law: the mobilization and transfer to barracks of air defense units and formations began, equipping them with everything necessary. Muscovites adapted basements for shelters, tore out cracks and dugouts, covered store windows with sandbags, and received special light-proof paper for windows. In all buildings, crisscrossing paper strips were glued to the glass, and barrels of water and boxes of sand were installed in attics and stairwells. Moscow was actively preparing for possible surprises.

1941 Wood warehouse on Gorky Street

The air attack on Moscow began emphatically exactly a month after the treacherous attack: on the night of July 21-22, 1941; More than 200 aircraft took part in this operation. And from that day on, regular, almost nightly bombings did not stop almost until the end of the year...

We must pay tribute to the skill and courage of our fighter pilots, anti-aircraft gunners, and searchlight operators in the Moscow air defense zone - they did not allow most of the enemy bombers into the city, and shot down 1,932 aircraft! But, as has now become reliably known, it was not single “bomb sowers” who broke through, as was reported, but dozens. According to the Ministry of Defense, not 229 bombers “unloaded” over the city, but not less than 700. Firefighters, who bore the heaviest burden of extinguishing fires, believe that there were at least 1000.

1,610 high-explosive bombs and more than 110,000 incendiary bombs fell on the territory of the capital of that time - it slightly extended beyond the line of the city's Circular Railway. On the territory of the Moscow region, about 9 thousand high-explosive bombs were “accounted for,” most of them dropped on the approaches to Moscow, that is, on the territory of the city within its current borders...

1941 Residential buildings destroyed by bombing on Malaya Tulskaya Street, bldg. 18 and 19

The participants themselves tell how the rescue work was carried out. Architect B. Kulumbekov, company commander of the Krasnopresnensky State Bureau of the MPVO: “In one of the raids, a residential building in Srednekislovsky Lane was destroyed by a direct hit from a high-explosive bomb. Several dozen people took refuge in a littered shelter on the ground floor. The approach was cleared, and two soldiers and I entered the structure. In one corner, several people were trapped under the rubble of structures and needed urgent help.

Among those killed under the rubble, they saw a young man in a major’s uniform. He, passing from the hospital, decided to visit his family. An air raid signal found him at the gates of his house. The air defense posts on duty directed the major to a bomb shelter, where they believed his family had taken refuge. But they were mistaken - the family ended up in another shelter...”

In an effort to suppress the morale of the defenders of the capital and sow panic among the population, the Nazis in every possible way advertised the extent of the destruction in Moscow. Berlin radio boastfully declared in those days: “Strong formations of German aviation every night subject this important industrial center of the country to devastating bombardment. Plants and factories around Moscow are so destroyed that all foreigners are prohibited from traveling outside the city. The Kremlin and all train stations were destroyed. Red Square does not exist. Industrial areas were especially affected. Moscow has entered a phase of destruction.”

Muscovites saved the capital from total fires and destruction. They extinguished about 42 thousand “lighters”, eliminated more than 3,000 major accidents, extracted victims from under the rubble, provided them with medical care, restored the destruction as soon as possible, ensured the operation of enterprises and the life of the city.

An interesting detail: out of 1,610 high-explosive bombs dropped by the Germans, 130 did not explode for various reasons. Most of them were then removed and neutralized, but there were bombs that could not be found either then or later, and to this day “slow death” lurks in the bowels of Moscow. One such large-caliber high-explosive bomb fell on Pushkin Square between the monument to the poet and the former Press House. Then they dug up a deep pit, and it turned out that the bomb at great depths changed direction and went somewhere to the side. They never found it. When the Chekhovskaya metro station was built, precautions were taken.

A heavy 1000-kilogram bomb was dropped on the Burdenko hospital, undoubtedly with precision, because there were no important objects near it. The bomb fell among closely packed buildings not far from the main building, founded by Peter the Great. The explosion of such a bomb could have serious consequences: the hospital was overcrowded with wounded, and their evacuation in a short time was impossible.

The bomb not only went deep into the ground, but also moved to the side. It was discovered at a depth of 9 meters. It was not possible to remove the fuse; the bomb had to be lifted in such a form that any carelessness could lead to irreparable consequences. To prevent it from hitting the mounting walls, Ivan Vasilyevich Luzan, who was tasked with neutralizing it, sat astride a seemingly harmless “ingot.” In this form, she was lifted up, loaded onto a sand cushion in the car and driven at first speed to the blasting site. So Sergeant Luzan sat astride the bomb until they passed the city limits...

Moscow designers and builders, with the active participation of security officers, designed, built in the shortest possible time and, while the raids continued, maintained various false “important military installations.”

It is dangerous to underestimate the experience and knowledge of the enemy, so “defensive objects” were designed according to all the rules of camouflage art. Volumetric frame-panel structures were erected, rows of glazed greenhouse frames imitated factory workshops... Before the raid, faint lights appeared on the territory of the “object” - as if there were blackout flaws. Often the very first planes pecked at this simple bait and dropped “lighters.” Then the ground crew set fire to the prepared piles of brushwood, firewood, and barrels of waste oil, and a “fire” broke out. The bombers following him attacked him.

Architects I.M. Tigranov, S.V. Lyashchenko, engineers A.A. Rumyantsev, I.N. Muravyov showed a lot of imagination and ingenuity in this area. Enemy pilots persistently searched and, having discovered them, bombed aircraft factory No. 23. And the plant, as if nothing had happened, continued to produce aircraft. They bombed, and successfully, a false object...

In total, seven mock-ups of factory buildings, two mock-ups of elevators with all services, an oil depot, and nine false airfields with hangars, runways, and mock-up aircraft were built in different places in the Moscow region.

The Nazis dropped about 700 high-explosive bombs on false targets alone. We must pay tribute to the courage and dedication of the air defense fighters and commanders. They, calling fire on themselves, had no protection from bombs, except for the simplest trenches and crevices...

Moscow was saved from total destruction and loss, preserved, first of all, by the Muscovites themselves - fighters and commanders of units and formations of the MPVO - who defended the capital during the fierce raids of fascist aviation. However, in the textbook on the history of Moscow, published in 1996, there is not a word about the MPVO. What is this, neglect of the massive feat of Muscovites or complete ignorance of what the capital really experienced during the war?

Such misinformation belittles the feat of Muscovites, because it is not for air defense combat operations, but “For outstanding services to the Motherland, mass heroism and courage shown by the working people of the capital...” Moscow was awarded the high title of “Hero City”!

Unfortunately, now this massive feat of the fighters and commanders of the MPVO - of all working Moscow - has been consigned to oblivion. The townspeople, and especially young people, know almost nothing about him.

While the memory of the past war is not lost and few of its participants are alive, I would like to see more modest museums, or at least rooms and corners preserving the memory of the life and deeds of the older generation, in enterprises, schools and other educational institutions.

We, the living, are commanded to do this by our duty of memory to the fallen and to the coming generation.

Julius Kammerer.

6.Conclusion.

The MPVO forces successfully completed their task during the war. They eliminated the consequences of more than 30 thousand fascist air raids, prevented over 32 thousand serious accidents at national economic facilities in cities, neutralized over 430 thousand air bombs and almost 2.5 million shells and mines. Through the efforts of the MPVO formations and units, 90 thousand fires and fires were eliminated. In a word, in cooperation with units of the Armed Forces, the MPVO made a significant contribution during the war years to protecting the population and national economy from fascist air raids; in a number of cases, its forces took part in repelling attacks by enemy ground units on cities.

MAY 9, 1945... the entire Soviet people and all progressive humanity celebrated the victory over fascism. A wonderful fireworks display was held in all the liberated cities. Red Square was jubilant, there were a lot of people, everyone shouted “Hurray”! We hugged and kissed friends and strangers, congratulated each other on the Victory!

Many years have passed, but in the memory of people who experienced all the difficulties of the war, all its hardships, the memories of those terrible and difficult days that they managed to survive are fresh.

People remember these days differently, depending on what they did, what they saw and where they were.

In this essay, I have collected several such memoirs, which, in my opinion, very well and in detail reveal the role of the MPVO during the Great Patriotic War, and of all the people who passed through this time, and thanks to whom Victory was achieved.

7. Sources of information.

Written based on materials from various Internet publications and sites dedicated to Civil Defense, in addition, a magazine article was used “Our Contemporary” No. 12 2001 - “Mosaic of War”.

Websites dedicated to Civil Defense:

- http :// www . himvoiska . people . ru

- http :// www . airplane . people . ru

- http :// www .0-1. ru

- http :// www . mosreg . ru

- http://ugo.novotec.ru