Biography. © Inventions and inventors of Russia Commanders: Schilder, Zurov, Kulnev and Novitsky

Engineer General, Adjutant General.

Genus. December 27, 1785 in the estate of Simonovo, Nevelskoy district. Vitebsk province, which his father Andrei Mikhailovich, a wealthy Riga merchant, bought in 1785 after the liquidation of trade affairs and where he moved from Riga. Sh. spent his childhood in the countryside, and received his initial education under the guidance of tutor Liebicht and his mother, who instilled in him sincere religious convictions that distinguished him later, and developed in him a love for the fine arts.

To continue his education, he was sent to Moscow to his older brother Efim Andreevich, a civil engineer, who placed him, in all likelihood, in the Noble University Boarding School.

At the end of the course, due to an early manifestation of a propensity for military service, on March 7, 1802, Sh. was enrolled as a non-commissioned officer in the Moscow garrison battalion; a year later he was recorded as a column leader; in 1804 c. Sukhtelen appointed him as an assistant to Lieutenant Tenner, with whom he began to collect and prepare materials for an astronomical expedition that was supposed to accompany Golovnin to China. Sh., however, did not join the expedition and remained in St. Petersburg to continue his education.

Here he began to study mainly fortification.

In 1805, he was appointed to the headquarters of the corps of General Bennigsen, which was part of the army of General Michelson, sent to join the allied forces against Napoleon.

When this corps entered Silesia, Sh. was sent to the army of c. M. I. Kutuzova, who was already retreating towards the Russian border and pursued by Napoleon, and on November 20 participated in the battle of Austerlitz, for which he was awarded the Order of St. Anna of the 4th degree with the inscription "for bravery". Upon his return to Russia, he continued his interrupted studies at the Kart Depot and, having passed the exam, on May 17, 1806, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant with an appointment to the 2nd Pioneer Regiment. From that time began his service in the engineering troops.

In 1810, with the rank of lieutenant, he, among the best engineering officers, was assigned to the Bobruisk fortress to carry out work on its expansion.

The Patriotic War found Sh. in Bobruisk; this fortress was almost completed by that time, which was of great importance in view of the impending blockade.

During the siege, Sh. was instructed to correct the duties of an artillery officer for the lack of the latter.

The fortress was not taken; the Polish troops besieging it were forced to retreat. On August 13, 1812, Sh. received the rank of staff captain and was transferred to the Sapper Regiment, which was assigned to the corps of Lieutenant General. Ertel, who stood at Mozyr, to defend the banks of the river. Pripet.

Sh. arrived there in September and he was entrusted with the formation of half a company of Cossack horse artillery.

Having completed this assignment, Sh. with his half-company joined the detachment of the regiment. Lukovkin, who on November 7 took part in the battle near the village of Ushi. In 1813, Mr.. Sh. received the rank of captain and was assigned to the 1st sapper battalion.

In the companies of 1813 and 1814 Sh. did not take part, because his battalion remained in Russia.

In 1815 he married the daughter of Dr. Stockmar, a neighbor on his father's estate. In February 1818 he was promoted to lieutenant colonel, and at the beginning of 1819 he left the service and settled in the village. Alexandrov, an estate that belonged to his wife. Less than a year later, however, Sh. again began to think about returning to military service.

Upon learning of this, the adjutant of the Inspector General of Engineers A.K. Gerua reported on the desire of Sh. led. book. Nikolai Pavlovich and, having received permission, invited Sh. to enter the engineering troops. On January 27, 1820, Sh. was appointed commander of the 2nd Pioneer Battalion, and on September 2, 1821, he was promoted to colonel.

Commanding a battalion, Sh. took up the issue of improving the methods of crossing troops across rivers and made his first invention - he drafted a rope bridge of a new design.

For useful activity, on March 11, 1826, Sh. was awarded a transfer to the Life Guards. Sapper battalion as a junior staff officer.

Sh. took an active part in the company in 1828 on April 1 of this year, commanding the L.-Gds. As a sapper battalion, Sh. set out from St. Petersburg to the south; having safely reached Kovarna, he fell ill with a fever and was forced to transfer command to Colonel Wittw; only on September 12, he rejoined the battalion, which was ordered to go to the troops besieging Varna. The siege of Varna proceeded extremely slowly; the coming autumn promised storms on the Black Sea, which would force the Russian fleet to retreat from Varna in order to find a more convenient parking lot, and the troops would be forced to urgently lift the siege and retire to the left bank of the Danube, since there were no permanent crossings across this river for supply supplies to the active army. These circumstances prompted Count Vorontsov to resort to taking Varna by storm.

Arriving at the fortress, Sh. quickly got acquainted with the siege work and developed a plan for new work, which, eliminating the need for a bloody assault, would make it possible to capture the fortress in a short time. On the approval of this plan of mine work by the Sovereign, Sh. boldly began to carry it out, while showing great resourcefulness in the application of engineering art and great personal courage.

Sh.'s main merit in this matter is the quick capture of the fortress without storming it, but only with the help of successfully applied engineering art.

For the capture of Varna Sh. was awarded the Order of St.. George of the 4th degree, the rank of major general and the appointment of commander of the life guards. Sapper battalion.

By order of Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich, the artist Zacerveide depicted one of the moments of the explosion of the 2nd bastion of the Varna fortress. Another feat Sh. in this war was the preparation of the crossing over the Danube for the siege of Silistria.

The boats for the bridge were prepared near the Cape Fundeni and it was necessary to float them along the Danube to Kalrat in view of the Turkish fortifications and the Danube flotilla.

Having strengthened the mouth of pp. Arzhis and Botha, Sh. set off on ponies, arming them, down the Danube. The first two days the storm almost broke the boats; in the further voyage, they had to withstand several attacks by the Turks, which, however, were successfully repulsed.

The boats were delivered to their destination and the island against Silistria was occupied. Upon arrival at Silistria, the main Russian forces from land, but from the sea? Black Sea Flotilla, the siege of the fortress began.

Sh. was entrusted with part of the mine work. At this time, the main part of the army had to move away from Silistria, where only 8 thousand people were left for the siege.

Sh. used here the means tested by him during the siege of Varna, and after a series of undermining and explosions, Russian troops entered the fortress, which was forced to surrender on June 17th.

For this Sh. was awarded the Order of St.. George 3rd degree.

After the capture of Silistria, Sh. was at the corps of General-Leut. Krasovsky and took part in three battles.

At the conclusion of peace, Sh. returned to St. Petersburg to his battalion.

In May 1830 he entered into a second marriage with Alexandra Nikolaevna Dubenskaya.

In 1831, Mr.. Sh. was appointed chief of engineers of the guards corps and seconded to the headquarters of the corps, which was under the command led. book. Mikhail Pavlovich, moved to Poland to pacify the outbreak of the uprising.

Here Sh took part in several battles; for his work at the crossing at Tykochin he was awarded a golden sword with diamond decorations and the inscription "for courage". In the case near Ostrolenka, near vil. Srjendi Sh. was wounded in the leg, after which, having been treated for three months in Koenigsberg, having a bullet in his leg, still walking on crutches, he returned to the active army, which was stationed near Warsaw, and took an active part in the storming of the latter.

Field Marshal Prince Varshavsky reported on the activities of Sh. "despite the wound received at Ostroleka, from which he had not yet recovered, and moving on crutches, he was everywhere in front with the guards sappers, who, both in the fortification of Volya and on the main city rampart, in the most cruel fire, they carried out work in order to crash loopholes into it. Soon, however, the suffering caused by an unhealed wound forced Sh. to leave the active army and go to St. Petersburg.

The ensuing period of peace gave Sh. the opportunity to engage in the development of mine and sapper business. In 1832, he was the first to use a galvanic current to explode gunpowder embedded in the ground. Further, he invented a new anti-mine system based on the principle of laying a pipe in holes drilled in the ground; for the production of these wells, he invented a special drill.

For these inventions Sh. in 1833 was awarded the rank of Adjutant General.

In 1836, he was appointed chief of engineers of a separate Guards Corps.

In 1838, Mr.. Sh. invented high-explosive rockets of a new design, containing a large amount of gunpowder; he used electric current to explode underwater mines, inventing a method of laying wires under water; he perfected the method of arranging wineskin bridges; he also owns the honor of inventing the first submarine and, moreover, armored.

True, the first boat, worked out at the Alexander Plant, did not justify, due to the imperfection of the technical devices, the hopes placed on it; but Sh.'s merit is that he was the first in Russia to build a boat made of iron, wanting to make it impervious to shells, to hide the mechanism that sets the ship in motion from shots, and to reduce the size of the surface of the boat in order to reduce the sight area as much as possible; in a word, W. owns the idea of building armored ships. At the same time, Sh. worked on the device of the steamship communication between St. Petersburg and Kronstadt.

However, this enterprise ended in failure, because the steamships made in Russia were poorly built, went slowly, and soon the organized society ceased its activities.

From this short list of the most important inventions Sh. easy to imagine how tireless was their author. Sh. enjoyed great confidence in the Sovereign Nikolai Pavlovich, in whose presence experiments were carried out on many of his inventions.

In 1849, Mr.. W. was instructed to investigate the actions of the General. Schwartz and the highest commission in the Novye Zagatala fortress in the case of the theft of private and government funds. He went to his destination, but with the beginning of the Hungarian campaign, he was ordered to complete the investigation of the case as soon as possible, so that he could then go to the army in the field. Despite the hasty completion of the case and the speed of the move, Sh. arrived at the main army headquarters after the suppression of the uprising.

In the same year, he was appointed chief of engineers of the army in the field. His duty was to monitor the condition of the fortresses in the western region; under him, the Novogeorgievsk fortress was built, and in honor of him one of the fortifications was named "Schilder". The rest of the fortresses of the region were put in full order at his insistence.

In 1853, the Eastern War broke out. Prince M. D. Gorchakov was appointed commander of the army, which was supposed to occupy the Danubian principalities, who soon asked Sh. to be sent to him, which was done.

Indecisive course of action. Gorchakov was known to Sh., so the latter, upon arrival in the army, began to act independently.

He began to strengthen the banks of the Danube in order to destroy the Turkish flotilla with the help of the fortifications being built, which he succeeded on February 3 near Ruschuk.

After that, he arranged a successful crossing of Russian troops across the Danube, for which he was awarded the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky with diamond jewelry.

He began to prepare the siege of Silistria, for which, by his order, three islands on the Danube below this fortress were occupied and batteries were erected on them.

The siege work had already begun, and the mine work entrusted to Sh. was proceeding successfully. On July 1, during his usual round of work, he sat down on the tour to rest.

A grenade that exploded at that time crushed the foot of his wounded leg. He was taken to a tent, his leg was immediately amputated and transported to Kalrath for further treatment.

The wounded man did not lose his presence of mind and treated his position with jokes.

The state of health, however, became more complicated; On June 10, he demanded a priest, took communion, and on 11 he died.

He was buried in the Kalrat cemetery of the church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker.

Contemporaries highly valued Sh.; he himself ardently loved the soldiers, who, in turn, idolized him. One of his contemporaries commented on Sh .: “Until his most glorious death, he was always a man of initiative, remarkable courage, for whom difficulties gave rise to energy and a means to destroy them, and at the same time possessing such a rare moral courage in our time, which is not retreats from any responsibility." Markovich: "The life and service of Adjutant General K. A. Schilder" St. Petersburg. 1876 - "For many years. Rus. Star." 1894 - N. K. Schilder. "Emperor Nicholas I in 1828-29 Rus. Star". 1894 His own, "K. A. Schilder.

Rus. Old." 1875 - His own, "Field Marshal Paskevich in the Crimean War. Rus Star." 1875 - His own, "Notes on the events of 1853-1854. Rus. Old." 1875. - Ushakov, "Notes of an eyewitness about the warrior of Russia against Turkey and the Western powers 1853-1856" - P. Glebov, "K. A. Schilder in the Turkish War of 1828 and 29 Military collection" 1861 No. 10? "Memoirs of the campaign on the Danube in 1854" by General Clemens, "Eng. journal." 1864 No. 2. - Valkenstein, "History Ch. Sapper Battalion "St. Petersburg. 1851. - N. Epapchin," Sketches of the campaign. 1829 to European Turkey "St. Petersburg. 1905-1907 B. Savinkov. (Polovtsov) Schilder, Karl Andreevich (1785-1854) - an outstanding military engineer.

He was brought up in the school of columnists.

In 1805 he was in the battle of Austerlitz.

Having drawn the attention of Count Operman, in 1811 he was sent by him to work on expanding the fortress in Bobruisk.

Then he participated in the defense of the latter during the blockade of its Polish troops in 1812. In 1813 he was transferred to the 1st engineer battalion, where he served until 1818, when, due to family reasons, he retired as a lieutenant colonel; but in 1820, at the invitation of Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich, he again entered the service as commander of the 2nd Pioneer Battalion, and in 1826 Sh. was appointed commander of the Life Guards engineer battalion, with whom he went on a Turkish campaign in 1828. By the arrival of guards sappers near Varna, Sh. fell ill.

The gradual attack of the fortress, begun without him, was unsuccessful.

Immediately after his recovery, Sh. drew up his plan of attack and carried it out brilliantly.

With the beginning of the company in 1829, Sh. near Silistria led a gradual attack with such success that it ended with the surrender of the fortress.

The Polish war in 1831 found him correcting the post of chief of engineers of the Guards Corps.

In the battle of Ostrołęka he was wounded by a bullet in the leg, but during the assault on Warsaw he was already on crutches in the most cruel dump in the fortification of Wola. From 1831 to 1854 Sh., appointed Adjutant General, chief of engineers of the army in the Kingdom of Poland, stood out for his activity in inventing and testing various methods of engineering attack and defense.

His proposals are most remarkable: tube mines; applying Schiling's ideas to explosions through galvanism; submarines with pole mines; galvanic and galvanic shock underwater mines, developed by him jointly with Academician Jacobi. Many of Sh.'s inventions were far ahead of his current state of technology, and therefore only now can they be properly applied.

The secret of his submarine was kept so diligently that she herself disappeared without a trace, and the son of Sh. in the seventies could only learn something about her from the words of N.P. Patrick, who sailed on her during the experiments, and found in one abandoned archive some drawings.

The drawing of the original boat is placed in Mazyukevich's book: the engine was rows like crow's feet; the use of them and the screw remained unfulfilled, many rather successful experiments were made with the boat, the speed of movement turned out to be insufficient.

Sh.'s activity as the initiator and organizer of fortress maneuvers, experiments, and other methods of practical training of the engineering corps in peacetime is also remarkable, thanks to which our engineers, with Totleben at the head, who went through Sh.'s school in most, then took such an honorable place in the history of defense. Sevastopol.

A business trip in 1854 to the Danube army gave Sh. a new case for a number of differences: during the destruction of the Turkish flotilla at Ruschuk by the fire of our batteries, which he built and ingeniously masked with anvelops and fleur masks; during the crossing of our troops at Brailov; at the siege of Silistria.

Started by Prince Gorchakov, against the wishes of the commander in chief, the Danube campaign of 1853-54. It was led incoherently and sluggishly, contrary to the instructions of Emperor Nicholas, which was reflected in a number of failures.

Unaware of personal considerations, imbued only with a desire for success for the cause, Sh. waged a merciless struggle not only with the enemy, but also with countless reasons that prevented the favorable course of our movements on the Danube, especially during the siege of Silistria.

Always ahead with his sappers, bypassing the siege, Sh. was wounded by a fragment of a grenade in the leg, and died in Calarasi, unable to endure the operation.

Emperor Nicholas I, in a letter to Prince Gorchakov, honored the memory of his favorite with the words: "The loss of Sh. made me extremely sad; there will not be another like it, both in knowledge and in courage." A man of initiative, with rare military and civil courage, inexhaustible in the means to overcome unexpected obstacles, alien to pettiness, Sh. was quite a "knight without fear and reproach" and deserved the title "Bayard of the Russian engineering corps." Wed Mazyukevich, "The Life and Service of Adjutant General K. A. Sh." (St. Petersburg, 1876); "Russian Antiquity" (1875 and 1876). (Brockhaus) Schilder, Karl Andreevich General Engineer, General Adjutant, Chief. engineers of the active army, commander of a sapper battalion (1830); R. 1786 (1787), † July 11, 1854 from a wound during the siege of Silistria. (Polovtsov)

Schilder Karl Andreevich

(1785 - 1854)

Engineer-general, adjutant general, inventor, designer of submarines and weapons, creator of the world's first armored missile-carrying submarine.

Karl Andreevich Schilder was born on December 27, 1785 (according to some sources - January 7, 1786) in the Simonovo estate of the Nevelsky district in the Vitebsk province (today - the Nevelsky district of the Pskov region, Russia). He spent his childhood in the countryside, where he received his initial education, under the guidance of a tutor and his mother, who developed in him a love for the fine arts. To continue his education, he was sent to Moscow to his older brother Efim Andreevich, a civil engineer, who placed him in the Noble University Boarding School. At the end of the course at the boarding school, due to an early inclination towards military service, on March 7, 1802, K. A. Schilder was enrolled as a non-commissioned officer in the Moscow garrison battalion.

During the Russian-Austrian-French war, K. A. Schilder participated in the battle of Austerlitz in 1805. In 1806 he graduated from the school of columnists.

In 1810, with the rank of lieutenant, among the best engineering officers, K. A. Schilder was appointed to the fortress of Bobruisk to carry out work on its expansion, where he was caught by the Patriotic War of 1812. Already in 1821, K. A. Schilder made his first invention - he drafted a rope bridge of a new design to improve the methods of crossing troops across rivers.

In the Russian-Turkish war of 1828 - 1829. K. A. Schilder distinguished himself during the siege of the fortresses of Varna, Silistria and Shumla. In 1831, K. A. Schilder was appointed chief of engineers of the guards corps and took part in many battles, was repeatedly awarded.

In 1832, he was the first to use a galvanic current to explode gunpowder embedded in the ground. Then he invented a new anti-mine system based on the principle of laying a pipe in holes drilled in the ground; and for the production of these wells he invented a special drill. For these inventions in 1833, K. A. Schilder was awarded the title of Adjutant General.

In 1834 according to the project of K. A. Schilder. The world's first all-metal submarine was built and tested. The ship with an underwater displacement of 18.1 tons was built at the Alexander foundry in St. Petersburg. Its length was 6 meters, width - 1.5 meters, the height of the hull (without cutting towers) - 1.8 meters.

The crew consisted of ten people. The immersion depth (up to 20 meters) was provided with the help of weights and tanks filled with water. Submerged boat

moved with the help of four rowers, and on the surface - under sail with a folding mast. The boat had a periscope optical tube and a retractable ventilation system, and the air intake pipe for replenishing air was raised in 30 seconds. The armament of the submarine consisted of a pole mine with a powder charge and six incendiary and high-explosive rockets along the sides, to which wires from galvanic batteries were connected. The missiles were fired underwater from a shallow depth.

Karl Schilder was the first in Russia to build a boat from iron, wanting to make it impervious to projectiles, hide the mechanism that sets the ship in motion from shots, and reduce the size of the surface of the boat in order to reduce the sight area as much as possible. K.A. Schilder came up with the idea of building armored ships.

In 1838, K. A. Schilder invented high-explosive rockets of a new design, containing a large amount of gunpowder; applied electric current to explode underwater mines, inventing a method of laying wires under water; and improved the method of arranging wineskin bridges.

In 1853, during the Eastern War for the Principalities of the Danube, K. A. Schilder carried out mine work. In 1854, he was seriously wounded during the siege of the Turkish fortress of Silistria and died on June 23, 1854 in the Romanian city of Calarasi.

One of his contemporaries commented on Schilder in this way: "Until his most glorious death, he was always a man of initiative, remarkable courage, for whom difficulties gave rise to energy and a means to destroy them, and at the same time possessing such a rare moral courage in our time, which does not recede no responsibility."

Sources

1. Glushko, V.P. Development of rocket science and astronautics in the USSR: [dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the space age, 1957-1987] [K. A. Schilder] / USSR Academy of Sciences. - Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 1987. - 302, p.

2. Kisel, V.P. Inventors and designers: a popular biographical guide [K. A. Schilder] / V.P. Kisel. - Minsk, 2004. - S. 190.

3. Mazyukevich, M. N. Life and service of Adjutant General K. A. Schilder / M. N. Mazyukevich. - St. Petersburg, 1876.

SHILDER KARL ANDREEVICH

Schilder (Karl Andreevich, 1785 - 1854) - an outstanding military engineer. He was brought up in the school of columnists. In 1805 he was in the battle of Austerlitz. Drawing the attention of Count Operman, in 1811 he sent him to work on expanding the fortress in Bobruisk. Then he participated in the defense of the latter during the blockade of its Polish troops in 1812. In 1813 he was transferred to the 1st engineer battalion, where he served until 1818, when, due to family reasons, he retired as a lieutenant colonel; but in 1820, at the invitation of Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich, he again entered the service as commander of the 2nd pioneer battalion, and in 1826 Schilder was appointed commander of the Life Guards engineer battalion, with whom he went on a Turkish campaign in 1828. With the arrival guards sappers near Varna, Schilder fell ill. The gradual attack of the fortress, begun without him, was unsuccessful. Immediately upon his recovery, Schilder drew up his plan of attack and carried it out brilliantly. With the beginning of the campaign of 1829, Schilder led a gradual attack near Silistria with such success that it ended with the surrender of the fortress. The Polish war in 1831 found him correcting the post of chief of engineers of the Guards Corps. In the battle of Ostrołęka he was wounded by a bullet in the leg, but during the assault on Warsaw he was already on crutches in the most cruel dump in the fortification of Wola. From 1831 to 1854 Schilder, appointed adjutant general, chief of engineers of the army in the Kingdom of Poland, stood out for his activity in inventing and testing various methods of engineering attack and defense. His proposals are most remarkable: tube mines, the application of Schilling's ideas to explosions by means of galvanism; submarines with pole mines; galvanic and galvanic shock underwater mines, developed by him jointly with Academician Jacobi. Many of Schilder's inventions were far ahead of his contemporary state of technology, and therefore only now can they be properly applied. The secret of his submarine was kept so diligently that it itself disappeared without a trace, and Schilder's son, in the seventies, could only learn something about it from the words of N.P. Patrick, who sailed on it during the experiments, and find some drawings in one abandoned archive. The drawing of the original boat is placed in Mazyukevich's book: the engine was rows like crow's feet; the use of them and the propeller remained unfulfilled, many rather successful experiments were made with the boat, the speed of movement turned out to be insufficient. Schilder's activity as an initiator and organizer of serf maneuvers, experiments, etc. is also remarkable. ways of practical training of the engineering corps in peacetime, thanks to which our engineers, with Totleben at the head, who went through the school of Schilder for the most part, then took such an honorable place in the history of the defense of Sevastopol. The assignment in 1854 to the Danube army gave Schilder a new opportunity for a number of differences: when the Turkish flotilla at Ruschuk was destroyed by the fire of our batteries, which he built and ingeniously masked with anvelopes and fleur masks; during the crossing of our troops at Brailov; at the siege of Silistria. Started by Prince Gorchakov, against the wishes of the commander in chief, the Danube campaign of 1853-1854. It was led incoherently and sluggishly, contrary to the instructions of Emperor Nicholas, which was reflected in a number of failures. Knowing no personal considerations, imbued only with the desire for success for the cause, Schilder waged a merciless struggle not only with the enemy, but also with countless reasons that prevented the favorable course of our movements on the Danube, especially during the siege of Silistria. Always ahead with his sappers, bypassing siege work, Schilder was wounded by a grenade fragment in the leg and died in Calarasi, unable to endure the operation. Emperor Nicholas I, in a letter to Prince Gorchakov, honored the memory of his favorite with the words: "The loss of Schilder made me extremely sad; there will not be another like it, both in knowledge and in courage." - A man of initiative, with rare military and civil courage, inexhaustible in the means to overcome unexpected obstacles, alien to pettiness, Schilder was quite a "knight without fear and reproach" and deserved the title "Bayard of the Russian engineering corps." Wed Mazyukevich "Life and service of Adjutant General K.A. Schilder" (St. Petersburg, 1876); "Russian Antiquity" (1875 and 1876).

Brief biographical encyclopedia. 2012

Submarine in the 19th century

Tests of the world's first all-metal submarine designed by K. A. Schilder were carried out on August 29, 1834 in the upper reaches of the Neva. The boat was equipped with a harpoon with a mine installed on it, which was supposed to pierce the armor of an enemy ship. The mine was then detonated from a safe distance. In addition, movable rocket units were installed on the machine. The submarine was propelled by four blades, which were spun by four crew members. She was also equipped with some kind of periscope to observe objects on the surface of the water. On tests, the boat reached a speed of about 0.7 km / h. Nicholas I and his advisers approved the idea of further development of the machine.

Schilder's second submarine

The second boat designed by Schilder was smaller in size. Her tests were carried out on July 24, 1838. She was equipped with the same armament and slightly modified propeller blades. Despite the fact that the boat successfully passed fire tests, it never entered mass production due to low mobility and maximum speed (the crew could not accelerate the boat faster than 0.7 km / h).

Later, a third prototype of the submarine was also created, equipped with a jet engine, however, it was also unable to develop sufficient speed.

Steamboat "Courage"

Realizing all the shortcomings of the submarine, Schilder proposed a project for a tugboat delivering the boat to the combat zone. The ship "Brave" - the emperor himself gave it the name - was a mobile pier for a submarine. In addition, it was equipped with its own weapons, consisting of three rocket launchers: "With the help of these rockets, as experiments have shown, it is possible to throw 2, 3 and 5 pound bombs with great accuracy." The idea of a tug was not further developed, but the steamer became the prototype of modern destroyers.

The first mines of Schilder and Jacobi

Together with B. S. Jacobi, Schilder developed the first galvanic mines. They were widely used during the Crimean War. The mine was activated after a glass ampoule with a galvanic cell electrolyte located inside the case was damaged.

Military equipment of another outstanding domestic designer can be found in ours.

He was born on December 27, 1785 (January 7, 1786 according to the new style) in the village of Simanovo, now the Nevelsky district of the Pskov region.

He received his secondary education at the Moscow Noble University Boarding School. In 1803 he was enrolled in the school of columnists at the Depot of the tsar's retinue.

In 1805 he was in the battle of Austerlitz. Having drawn the attention of Count Opperman, in 1811 he was sent by him to work on expanding the fortress in Bobruisk. Then he participated in the defense of the latter during the blockade of its Polish troops in 1812.

In 1813 he was transferred to the 1st engineer battalion, where he served until 1818, when, due to family reasons, he retired as a lieutenant colonel; but in 1820, at the invitation of Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich, he again entered the service as commander of the 2nd Pioneer Battalion, and in 1826 Schilder was appointed commander of the Life Guards engineer battalion, with whom he went on a Turkish campaign in 1828.

With the arrival of guards sappers near Varna, Schilder fell ill. The gradual attack of the fortress, begun without him, was unsuccessful. Immediately upon his recovery, Schilder drew up his plan of attack and executed it brilliantly. With the beginning of the campaign in 1829, Schilder under Silistria led a gradual attack with such success that it ended with the surrender of the fortress.

The Polish war in 1831 found him correcting the post of chief of engineers of the Guards Corps. In the battle of Ostrołęka he was wounded by a bullet in the leg, but during the assault on Warsaw he was already on crutches in the most cruel dump in the fortification of Wola.

From 1831 to 1854, Schilder, who was appointed Adjutant General on October 31, 1831, chief of engineers of the army in the Kingdom of Poland, stood out for his activity in inventing and testing various methods of engineering attack and defense. His proposals are most remarkable: tube mines; the application of Schilling's ideas to explosions through galvanism; submarines with pole mines and missiles; galvanic and galvanic shock underwater mines, developed by him jointly with Academician Jacobi.

Many of Schilder's inventions were far ahead of his contemporary state of technology, and therefore only now can they be properly applied. The secret of Schilder's submarine, tested in 1834, was kept so diligently that she herself disappeared without a trace, and Schilder's son in the seventies of the XIX century could only learn something about her from the words of P. I. Patrick, who sailed on her during experiments, and find some drawings in one abandoned archive. The drawing of the original boat is placed in Mazyukevich's book: the engine was rows like crow's feet; the use of them and the screw remained unfulfilled, many rather successful experiments were made with the boat, the speed of movement turned out to be insufficient. Tests of this world's first all-metal submarine, including the first underwater rocket launch, were carried out on August 29, 1834, on the Neva, 40 versts above St. Petersburg. In the presence of Nicholas I, 4-inch incendiary rockets were launched from a submarine under the command of Schilder himself, which destroyed several training targets - sailing scows at anchor.

Schilder's activity as the initiator and organizer of fortress maneuvers, experiments and other methods of practical training of the engineering corps in peacetime is also remarkable, thanks to which our engineers, with Totleben at the head, who went through Schilder's school in most, then took such an honorable place in the history of the defense of Sevastopol.

The assignment in 1854 to the Danube army gave Schilder a new opportunity for a number of differences: when the Turkish flotilla at Ruschuk was destroyed by the fire of our batteries, which he built and ingeniously masked with anvelops and fleur masks; during the crossing of our troops at Brailov; at the siege of Silistria. Started by Prince Gorchakov, against the wishes of the commander in chief, the Danube campaign of 1853-1854 was conducted incoherently and sluggishly, contrary to the instructions of Nicholas I, which was reflected in a series of failures.

Knowing no personal considerations, imbued only with the desire for success for the cause, Schilder waged a merciless struggle not only with the enemy, but also with countless reasons that prevented the favorable course of our movements on the Danube, especially during the siege of Silistria. Always ahead with his sappers, bypassing siege work, Schilder was seriously wounded by a fragment of a grenade in his leg, and died on June 11 (June 23, according to a new style), 1854, in a hospital in the city of Calarasi in Romania (now Moldova).

Emperor Nicholas I, in a letter to Prince Gorchakov, honored the memory of his favorite with the words:

A man of initiative, with rare military and civil courage, inexhaustible in means to overcome unexpected obstacles, alien to pettiness, Schilder was quite a "knight without fear and reproach" and deserved the title "Bayard of the Russian engineering corps."

Passing service

Officer (05/17/1806)
Staff captain (08/13/1812)
Captain (02/17/1813)
Lieutenant Colonel (02/19/1818)
Colonel (09/20/1821)
Major General (09/29/1828)
Adjutant General (10/11/1833)
Lieutenant General (04/18/1837)
General (11/26/1852)

Awards

Russian Empire:

Order of St. Anne 4th class (1811)
Order of St. George 3rd class (1829)
Order of St. Anne, 1st class (1830)
Imperial crown to the Order of St. Anne, 1st class (1831)
Golden sword for bravery with diamonds (1831)
Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd class (1831)
Distinction for Military Dignity 2nd Class (1831)
Snuffbox with the monogram of His Imp. Majesties (1833)
Insignia for XXX years of service (1839)
Order of the White Eagle (1844)
Insignia for XXXL years of service (1848)
Order of St. Alexander Nevsky (10/117/1851) with diamond signs (3/25/1854)

Foreign:

Prussian Order of the Red Eagle 2nd class with star and diamonds (1842)
Prussian Order of the Red Eagle, 1st class (1851)

Developments

K. A. Schilder developed a new, more effective system of counter-mine combat (horizontal and inclined pipes instead of vertical wells), anti-personnel mines, stone-throwing and buckshot land mines, etc.
Invented the original designs of a hanging rope bridge (1828) and crossing facilities (“skinskin bridge”, from quickly assembled rubberized canvas folding pontoons, 1836).
Together with P. L. Schilling, he developed an electric method for igniting powder charges (1832-1836), and together with B. S. Jacobi, he designed galvanic and galvanic shock sea mines (1838-1848).
According to Schilder's designs, the world's first all-metal submarine (1834) was built, with which, under his command, the world's first rocket launch from a submerged position was carried out, and the ship Courage armed with artillery and missiles (1846), which was the prototype of the destroyer.