Biography of Fyodor Tyutchev. When was Tyutchev born and died? Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev: biography Fyodor Tyutchev biography

Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev was born in 1803 on his father’s estate, in the Bryansk district of the Oryol province. His father was a well-born landowner. Tyutchev received a good home education, and subjects were taught in French, which F.I. had mastered since childhood. Among his teachers, the teacher of Russian literature was Raich, a writer, translator of Ariosto's Orlando the Furious. Raich aroused young Tyutchev's interest in literature, and partly under the influence of his teacher, Tyutchev began to make his first literary attempts. His first attempt was a translation of one of Horace's epistles, published in 1817.

Portrait of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev (1803 - 1873). Artist S. Alexandrovsky, 1876

In 1822, after graduating from university, Tyutchev was enrolled in the College of Foreign Affairs and lived abroad for twenty-two years, only occasionally visiting Russia. He spent most of his time in Munich, where he met Heine and Schelling, with whom he later corresponded. He married a Bavarian aristocrat and began to consider Munich his home. Tyutchev wrote a lot; the fact that he rarely appeared in print was explained by indifference to his poetic work, but in reality, I think, the reason was his extraordinary vulnerability, sensitivity to editorial and any other criticism. However, in 1836, one of his friends, who was allowed to meet his muse, persuaded him to send a selection of his poems to Pushkin for publication in the magazine Contemporary. From 1836 to 1838 forty poems, which today everyone who loves Russian poetry knows by heart, appeared in the magazine signed F. T. They did not attract the attention of critics, and Tyutchev stopped publishing.

Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev. Video

In the meantime, he became a widower and married a second time, again to a Bavarian German woman. He was transferred for service to Turin. He didn’t like it there, he missed Munich. Being chargé d'affaires, he left Turin and the Sardinian kingdom without permission, for which violation of discipline he was dismissed from the diplomatic service. He settled in Munich, but in 1844 returned to Russia, where he later received a position in the censorship. His political articles and notes, written in the revolutionary year of 1848, attracted the attention of the authorities. He began to play a political role as a staunch conservative and pan-Slavist. At the same time, he became a very prominent figure in St. Petersburg drawing rooms and acquired a reputation as the most intelligent and brilliant conversationalist in all of Russia.

In 1854, a book of his poems finally appeared, and he became a famous poet. It was then that his relationship with Deniseva, his daughter’s governess, began. Their love was mutual, deep and passionate - and a source of torment for both. The young girl’s reputation was ruined, Tyutchev’s reputation was seriously tarnished, and family well-being was overshadowed. When Denisyeva died in 1865, Tyutchev was overcome by despondency and despair. His wife's amazing tact and patience only increased his suffering, causing him a deep sense of guilt. But he continued to live a social and political life. His thin, wizened figure continued to appear in ballrooms, his wit continued to captivate society, and in politics he became unusually cocky and became one of the pillars of unbending political nationalism. Most of his political poetry was written in the last decade of his life. He died in 1873; he was crushed by the blow, he was paralyzed, and only his brain was unaffected.

Russian poet, master of landscape, psychological, philosophical and patriotic lyrics, Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev comes from an ancient noble family. The future poet was born in the Oryol province, on the family estate of Ovstug (today it is the territory of the Bryansk region), on November 23, 1803. In terms of his era, Tyutchev is practically a contemporary of Pushkin, and, according to biographers, it is to Pushkin that he owes his unexpected fame as a poet, since due to the nature of his main activity he was not closely connected with the world of art.

Life and service

He spent most of his childhood in Moscow, where the family moved when Fedor was 7 years old. The boy studied at home, under the guidance of a home teacher, famous poet and translator, Semyon Raich. The teacher instilled in his ward a love of literature and noted his gift for poetic creativity, but the parents intended their son to have a more serious occupation. Since Fyodor had a gift for languages ​​(from the age of 12 he knew Latin and translated ancient Roman poetry), at the age of 14 he began attending lectures by literature students at Moscow University. At the age of 15, he enrolled in a course in the Literature Department and joined the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. Linguistic education and a candidate's degree in literary sciences allow Tyutchev to move in his career along the diplomatic line - at the beginning of 1822, Tyutchev entered the State College of Foreign Affairs and almost forever became an official diplomat.

Tyutchev spends the next 23 years of his life serving as part of the Russian diplomatic mission in Germany. He writes poetry and translates German authors exclusively “for the soul”; he has almost nothing to do with his literary career. Semyon Raich continues to maintain contact with his former student; he publishes several of Tyutchev’s poems in his magazine, but they do not find an enthusiastic response from the reading public. Contemporaries considered Tyutchev's lyrics somewhat old-fashioned, since they felt the sentimental influence of poets of the late 18th century. Meanwhile, today these first poems - “Summer Evening”, “Insomnia”, “Vision” - are considered one of the most successful in Tyutchev’s lyrics; they testify to his already accomplished poetic talent.

Poetic creativity

Alexander Pushkin brought Tyutchev his first fame in 1836. He selected 16 poems by an unknown author for publication in his collection. There is evidence that Pushkin meant the author to be a young aspiring poet and predicted a future for him in poetry, not suspecting that he had considerable experience.

His work becomes the poetic source of Tyutchev's civic poetry - the diplomat is too well aware of the price of peaceful relations between countries, as he witnesses the building of these relations. In 1848-49, the poet, having acutely felt the events of political life, created the poems “To a Russian Woman”, “Reluctantly and timidly...” and others.

The poetic source of love lyrics is largely a tragic personal life. Tyutchev first married at the age of 23, in 1826, to Countess Eleanor Peterson. Tyutchev did not love, but respected his wife, and she idolized him like no one else. The marriage, which lasted 12 years, produced three daughters. Once on a trip, the family had a disaster at sea - the couple was rescued from the icy water, and Eleanor caught a bad cold. After being ill for a year, the wife died.

Tyutchev married again a year later to Ernestine Dernberg, in 1844 the family returned to Russia, where Tyutchev again began climbing the career ladder - the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the position of Privy Councilor. But he dedicated the real pearls of his creativity not to his wife, but to a girl, the same age as his first daughter, who was brought together by a fatal passion with a 50-year-old man. The poems “Oh, how murderously we love...”, “All day she lay in oblivion...” are dedicated to Elena Denisyeva and compiled into the so-called “Denisyev cycle.” The girl, caught having an affair with a married old man, was rejected by both society and her own family; she bore Tyutchev three children. Unfortunately, both Denisyeva and two of their children died of consumption in the same year.

In 1854, Tyutchev was published for the first time in a separate collection, as an appendix to the issue of Sovremennik. Turgenev, Fet, Nekrasov begin to comment on his work.

62-year-old Tyutchev retired. He thinks a lot, walks around the estate, writes a lot of landscape and philosophical lyrics, is published by Nekrasov in the collection “Russian Minor Poets”, gains fame and genuine recognition.

However, the poet is crushed by losses - in the 1860s, his mother, brother, eldest son, eldest daughter, children from Denisyeva and herself died. At the end of his life, the poet philosophizes a lot, writes about the role of the Russian Empire in the world, about the possibility of building international relations on mutual respect and observance of religious laws.

The poet died after a serious stroke that affected the right side of his body on July 15, 1873. He died in Tsarskoe Selo, before his death he accidentally met his first love, Amalia Lerchenfeld, and dedicated one of his most famous poems, “I Met You,” to her.

Tyutchev’s poetic heritage is usually divided into stages:

1810-20 - the beginning of his creative path. The influence of sentimentalists and classical poetry is obvious in the lyrics.

1820-30 - the formation of handwriting, the influence of romanticism is noted.

1850-73 - brilliant, polished political poems, deep philosophical lyrics, “Denisevsky cycle” - an example of love and intimate lyrics.

Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev (1803−1873) - Russian poet. Also known as a publicist and diplomat. Author of two collections of poems, winner of a number of the highest state titles and awards. Currently, Tyutchev's works are compulsorily studied in several classes of secondary schools. The main thing in his work is nature, love, Motherland, and philosophical reflections.

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Brief biography: early life and training

Fyodor Ivanovich was born on November 23, 1803 (December 5, old style) in the Oryol province, in the Ovstug estate. The future poet received his primary education at home, studying Latin and ancient Roman poetry. His childhood years largely predetermined Tyutchev’s life and work.

As a child, Tyutchev loved nature very much; according to his memoirs, he “lived the same life with it.” As was customary at that time, the boy had a private teacher, Semyon Egorovich Raich, a translator, poet and simply a person with a broad education. According to the memoirs of Semyon Yegorovich, it was impossible not to love the boy, the teacher became very attached to him. Young Tyutchev was calm, affectionate, and talented. It was the teacher who instilled in his student a love of poetry, taught him to understand serious literature, and encouraged creative impulses and the desire to write poetry on his own.

Fyodor's father, Ivan Nikolaevich, was a gentle, calm, reasonable person, a real role model. His contemporaries called him a wonderful family man, a good, loving father and husband.

The poet's mother was Ekaterina Lvovna Tolstaya, second cousin of Count F. P. Tolstoy, the famous sculptor. From her, young Fedor inherited dreaminess and a rich imagination. Subsequently, it was with the help of his mother that he met other great writers: L.N. and A.K. Tolstoy.

At the age of 15, Tyutchev entered Moscow University in the department of literature, from which he graduated two years later with the degree of candidate of literary sciences. From that moment on, his service began abroad, at the Russian embassy in Munich. During his service, the poet made personal acquaintance with the German poet, publicist and critic Heinrich Heine, and the philosopher Friedrich Schelling.

In 1826, Tyutchev met Eleanor Peterson, his future wife. One of the interesting facts about Tyutchev: at the time of meeting the poet, the young woman had already been a widow for a year, and she had four young sons. Therefore, Fyodor and Eleanor had to hide their relationship for several years. They subsequently became the parents of three daughters.

Interesting, that Tyutchev did not dedicate poems to his first wife; Only one poem dedicated to her memory is known.

Despite his love for his wife, according to biographers, the poet had other connections. For example, in the winter of 1833, Tyutchev met Baroness Ernestina von Pfeffel (Dernberg in his first marriage), became interested in the young widow, and wrote poetry for her. To avoid scandal, the loving young diplomat had to be sent to Turin.

The poet's first wife, Eleanor, died in 1838. The steamer on which the family sailed to Turin suffered a disaster, and this seriously undermined the young woman’s health. This was a great loss for the poet; he sincerely grieved. According to contemporaries, after spending the night at his wife’s coffin, the poet turned gray in just a few hours.

However, having endured the required period of mourning, a year later he resumed his relationship with Ernestina Dernberg and subsequently married her. In this marriage, the poet also had children, a daughter and two sons.

In 1835 Fyodor Ivanovich received the rank of chamberlain. In 1839, he stopped his diplomatic activities, but remained abroad, where he did a lot of work, creating a positive image of Russia in the West - this was the main task of this period of his life. All his endeavors in this area were supported by Emperor Nicholas I. In fact, he was officially allowed to speak independently in the press about political problems arising between Russia and Europe.

The beginning of a literary journey

In 1810-1820 The first poems of Fyodor Ivanovich were written. As one would expect, they were still youthful, bore the stamp of archaism, and were very reminiscent of the poetry of a bygone century. In 20−40 years. the poet turned to various forms of both Russian lyrics and European romanticism. His poetry during this period becomes more original and original.

In 1836, a notebook with poems by Fyodor Ivanovich, then unknown to anyone, came to Pushkin.

The poems were signed with only two letters: F. T. Alexander Sergeevich liked them so much that they were published in Sovremennik. But the name Tyutchev became known only in the 50s, after another publication in Sovremennik, which was then headed by Nekrasov.

In 1844, Tyutchev returned to Russia, and in 1848 he was offered the position of senior censor at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. At that time, Belinsky's circle emerged, in which the poet took an active part. Together with him there are such famous writers, like Turgenev, Goncharov, Nekrasov.

In total, he spent twenty-two years outside Russia. But all these years Russia appeared in his poems. It was “Fatherland and Poetry” that the young diplomat loved most, as he admitted in one of his letters. At this time, however, Tyutchev almost did not publish, and as a poet he was completely unknown in Russia.

Relations with E. A. Deniseva

While working as a senior censor, while visiting his eldest daughters, Ekaterina and Daria, at the institute, Fyodor Ivanovich met Elena Alexandrovna Denisyeva. Despite the significant difference in age (the girl was the same age as his daughters!), they began a relationship that ended only with the death of Elena, and three children appeared. Elena had to sacrifice many for the sake of this connection: the career of a maid of honor, relationships with friends and father. But she was probably happy with the poet. And he dedicated poems to her - even fifteen years later.

In 1864, Denisyeva died, and the poet did not even try to hide the pain of his loss in front of his acquaintances and friends. He suffered from pangs of conscience: due to the fact that he put his beloved in an ambiguous position, he did not fulfill his promise to publish a collection of poems dedicated to her. Another grief was the death of two children, Tyutchev and Deniseva.

During this period, Tyutchev was promoted quite quickly:

• in 1857 he was appointed full-time state councilor;
• in 1858 - chairman of the Committee of Foreign Censorship;
• in 1865 - Privy Councilor.

Besides, the poet was awarded several orders.

Collections of poems

In 1854, the first collection of the poet’s poems was published, edited by I. S. Turgenev. The main themes of his work:

• nature;
• Love;
• Homeland;
• meaning of life.

In many poems one can see a tender, reverent love for the Motherland and worries about its fate. Tyutchev’s political position is also reflected in his work: the poet was a supporter of the ideas of pan-Slavism (in other words, that all Slavic peoples would unite under the rule of Russia), and an opponent of the revolutionary way of solving problems.

In 1868, the second collection of the poet’s lyrics was published, which, unfortunately, turned out to be no longer so popular.

All the poet’s lyrics - landscape, love, and philosophical - are necessarily imbued with reflections on what the purpose of man is, on questions of existence. It cannot be said that any of his poems are dedicated only to nature and love: all his themes are intertwined. Every poem by a poet- this is, at least briefly, but necessarily a reflection on something, for which he was often called a poet-thinker. I. S. Turgenev noted how skillfully Tyutchev depicts the various emotional experiences of a person.

The poems of recent years are more like a lyrical diary of life: here are confessions, reflections, and confessions.

In December 1872, Tyutchev fell ill: his vision deteriorated sharply, and the left half of his body was paralyzed. On July 15, 1873, the poet died. He died in Tsarskoe Selo and was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in St. Petersburg. Over the course of his entire life, the poet wrote about 400 poems.

Interesting fact: in 1981, asteroid 9927 was discovered at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, which was named after the poet - Tyutchev.

Fyodor Tyutchev is a famous Russian lyricist, poet-thinker, diplomat, conservative publicist, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1857, privy councilor.

Tyutchev wrote his works mainly in the direction of romanticism and pantheism. His poems are very popular both in Russia and throughout the world.

In his youth, Tyutchev spent his days reading poetry (see) and admiring their creativity.

In 1812, the Tyutchev family was forced to move to Yaroslavl due to the outbreak.

They remained in Yaroslavl until the Russian army finally expelled the French army, led by.

Thanks to his father’s connections, the poet was enrolled in the College of Foreign Affairs as a provincial secretary. Later, Fyodor Tyutchev becomes a freelance attaché of the Russian diplomatic mission.

During this period of his biography, he works in Munich, where he meets Heine and Schelling.

Tyutchev's creativity

In addition, he continues to write poetry, which he later publishes in Russian publications.

During the period of biography 1820-1830. he wrote such poems as “Spring Thunderstorm”, “Like the Ocean Envelops the Globe...”, “Fountain”, “Winter is not angry for nothing...” and others.

In 1836, the Sovremennik magazine published 16 works by Tyutchev under the general title “Poems sent from Germany.”

Thanks to this, Fyodor Tyutchev is gaining great popularity in his homeland and abroad.

At the age of 45, he receives the position of senior censor. At this time, the lyricist continues to write poetry, which arouses great interest in society.

However, the relationship between Tyutchev and Lerchenfeld never reached the wedding. The girl chose to marry the wealthy Baron Krudner.

The first wife in Tyutchev’s biography was Eleonora Fedorovna. In this marriage they had 3 daughters: Anna, Daria and Ekaterina.

It is worth noting that Tyutchev had little interest in family life. Instead, he liked to spend his free time in noisy companies in the company of representatives of the fairer sex.

Soon, at one of the social events, Tyutchev met Baroness Ernestina von Pfeffel. An affair began between them, which everyone immediately found out about.

When the poet's wife heard about this, she, unable to bear the shame, struck herself in the chest with a dagger. Fortunately, there was only a minor injury.

Despite the incident and condemnation in society, Fyodor Ivanovich was never able to part with the baroness.

After the death of his wife, he immediately married Pfeffel.

However, having married the baroness, Tyutchev immediately began to cheat on her. For many years he had a close relationship with Elena Deniseva, whom we have already mentioned.

Death

In the last years of his life, Tyutchev lost many relatives and people dear to him.

In 1864, his mistress Elena, whom he considered his muse, passed away. Then his mother, brother and his own daughter Maria died.

All this had a negative impact on Tyutchev’s condition. Six months before his death, the poet was paralyzed, as a result of which he became bedridden.

Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev died on July 15, 1873 at the age of 69. The poet was buried in St. Petersburg at the Novodevichy Convent cemetery.

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Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev was born on November 23 (December 5), 1803 in the Ovstug estate, Oryol province.

In Tyutchev’s biography, primary education was received at home. He studied the poetry of Ancient Rome and Latin. Then he studied at the University of Moscow in the department of literature.

After graduating from the university in 1821, he began working at the College of Foreign Affairs. As a diplomat he goes to Munich. Subsequently, the poet spends 22 years abroad. Tyutchev’s great and most important love in life, Eleanor Peterson, was also met there. In their marriage they had three daughters.

The beginning of a literary journey

The first period in Tyutchev’s work falls on the years 1810-1820. Then youthful poems were written, very archaic and similar to the poetry of the last century.
The second period of the writer’s work (20s – 40s) is characterized by the use of forms of European romanticism and Russian lyrics. His poetry during this period became more original.

Return to Russia

The third period of his work was the 50s - early 70s. Tyutchev's poems did not appear in print during this period, and he wrote his works mainly on political topics.
The biography of Fyodor Tyutchev in the late 1860s was unsuccessful both in his personal life and in his creative life. The collection of Tyutchev's lyrics, published in 1868, did not gain much popularity, to put it briefly.

Death and legacy

Troubles broke him, his health deteriorated, and on July 15, 1873, Fyodor Ivanovich died in Tsarskoe Selo. The poet was buried in St. Petersburg at the Novodevichy cemetery.

Tyutchev's poetry numbers a little more than 400 poems. The theme of nature is one of the most common in the poet’s lyrics. So landscapes, dynamism, diversity of seemingly living nature are shown in such works by Tyutchev: “Autumn”, “Spring Waters”, “Enchanted Winter”, as well as many others. The image of not only nature, but also the mobility, power of streams, along with the beauty of water against the sky, is shown in Tyutchev’s poem “Fountain”.

Tyutchev's love lyrics are another of the poet's most important themes. A riot of feelings, tenderness, and tension are manifested in Tyutchev’s poems. Love, as a tragedy, as painful experiences, is presented by the poet in poems from a cycle called “Denisyevsky” (composed of poems dedicated to E. Denisyeva, the poet’s beloved).
Tyutchev's poems, written for children, are included in the school curriculum and are studied by students of different classes.

Chronological table

Other biography options

• Tyutchev was a very amorous person. In his life there was a relationship with Countess Amalia, then his marriage to E. Peterson. After her death, Ernestina Dernberg became Tyutchev's second wife. But he also cheated on her for 14 years with another lover, Elena Denisyeva.
• The poet dedicated poems to all his beloved women.
• In total, the poet had 9 children from different marriages.
• Remaining in public service all his life, Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev never became a professional writer.
• Tyutchev dedicated two poems