Task 18 Unified State Exam Russian. as well as
In task 18 of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language, you work with complex sentences consisting of a main clause and a subordinate clause. You know that there must be commas at the boundaries of simple sentences within a complex sentence. What difficulties may be encountered in defining these boundaries?
Task formulation:
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in their place
There must be commas in the sentence.
has more than sixty thousand works of art (4) reflects the development of Russian art since the 11th century.
Let us remind you what you need to know to determine the boundaries between the main and subordinate clauses.
The subordinate clause is attached to the main clause with the help of conjunctions or allied words, which, as a rule, are located at the border of sentences, i.e., they begin the subordinate clause. But there are some sentences in which the conjunction or allied word does not appear after a comma at the sentence boundary, but inside subordinate clause.
The subordinate clause can come before the main clause, after it and inside him. We put commas at the borders of sentences:
1) , (conjunction or allied word) 2) (union or allied word),
3) [ , (conjunction or allied word), ]
What syntactic structures appear most often on the exam? Complex sentences with a subordinate clause, which is located inside the main sentence (see Diagram 3) and joins it with the help of a conjunctive word which.(Remember that this word is inflected and can have a preposition.)
How to complete such a task? Read the sentence expressively; semantic pauses will indicate to you the boundaries of the sentences. Read each simple sentence (remember that you need to connect the two parts of the main clause if the subordinate clause splits it). Make sure you correctly identify the conjunction or connecting word that connects the sentences.
Let's complete the task:
State Tretyakov Gallery (1) collection (2) of which (3)
has more than sixty thousand artistic
works (4) reflects the development of Russian art since
XI century.
Let's read expressively, making semantic pauses.
Let's read the main thing separately: The State Tretyakov Gallery reflects the development of Russian art since the 11th century.
Let's read the subordinate clause: whose collection includes more than sixty thousand works of art.
Let's define a means of communication: which.
Answer: commas are at the boundary of sentences 1, 4.
More examples:
He asked which house to stop the car near and fell silent again. Main offer: He asked and fell silent again. The conjunction I connects the predicates in the main clause. Subordinate clause: near which house to stop the car. Union word near which .
Scheme: , (near which one)
We saw a castle whose unusual architectural style we could not identify. Union word whom stands inside a subordinate clause. Scheme: , (which)
He asked if we wanted to eat and invited everyone to the table. Main offer: He asked and invited everyone to the table. Subordinate clause: Do we want to eat?. Connecting word whether .
Scheme: [ , (li...), ]
Unified State Exam 2017 Task 18
Punctuation marks in a complex proposal
This is what this task looks like in the 2017 demo version
Place punctuation marks:
The idea of a single European space (1) was a fan (2) of which (3) the first director of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was
Malinovsky (4) gained many supporters.
Answer: 14
What is required of you when completing this task?
Rule
As a rule, grammatical stems are separated from each other by commas.
( Melekhovs left for mowing], ( When already in the meadow was near half of the farm) .
(How tree drops leaves), [so I I drop sad words] (S. Yesenin).
Let's review the basic concepts
Complex sentence– a sentence that includes a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses.
Trap #1!
In simple sentences that are part of a complex sentence, there can be either only subjects or only predicates. Don't make mistakes when defining the basics!
[ Soon five years] , ( How I Working At the institute).
Trap #2!
A subordinate clause can be inside a main clause.
It must be separated by commas on both sides!
Remember!
A complex sentence contains introductory constructions, definitions, applications and circumstances that require commas!
Do not place a comma in a complex sentence AFTER the main grammatical stem:
with one subordinate clause
1) if the subordinate clause = one allied word (relative pronoun or adverb):
with two homogeneous subordinate clauses (depending on the same word or stem and answering the same question)
2) if it is preceded by the words especially, in particular, namely, that is, and also. A comma will appear before these words:
Me reproach , But Don't know what
1) if they are preceded by a negation not:
, but (in what).
2) if subordinate clauses are connected using conjunctions and, or, either, nor (usually repeated):
Expedition I'll have to finish ahead of schedule under unfavorable conditions, namely if will begin season rains.
I came NOT to interfere to you, and so that help .
Student couldn't remember no way called work , nor Who his author .
, namely (if).
(not to), but (to)
(no way), (no one)
With compound unions:
thanks to
due to the fact that
At the beginning of a sentence - a comma is NOT separated
due to the fact that
(After I listened violin), [to me I wanted to die from incomprehensible sadness and delight].
due to the fact that
[I was going to become a geologist] , (because was a geologist Sergey) .
There is a comma in the middle of a sentence - ONCE!
NOT + compound conjunction:
because of
because
[I came NOT to the performance because He was interesting).
Reinforcing particle + compound conjunction :
although
[ Listeners jammed together to the concert hall ONLY because performance it was free).
instead of
Introductory word + compound conjunction:
in order to
so as to
[We lost football match POSSIBLY due to the fact that were miscalculations in game tactics).
while
after
before as
since
as well as
Algorithm of actions
1. Highlight grammatical basics.
2. Highlight a conjunction or allied word.
3. Determine the boundaries of the main and subordinate clauses.
4. Find out whether there are conditions under which a comma is not placed before a subordinate clause.
5. Add punctuation marks.
6. Select an answer option.
7. Write down all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
In the Unified State Exam KIMs of recent years, the task most often concerns the placement of punctuation marks in IPP with subordinate clause, so let’s take a closer look at this type of sentence.
Subordinate clauses refer to a member of the main sentence, expressed by a noun or another word used in the meaning of a noun, and answer questions of definitions (which? which?...).
Subordinate clauses are attached to the main clause most often with the help of allied words: which, which, what, when, where and etc.
The attributive clause ALWAYS comes either after the main clause or inside the main clause:
There is a house on a hill, in which we live.
House, in which we live, stands on a hillock.
Note!
- A comma is never placed after a conjunctive word which:
Events, witnesses which we have become , shook the city.
2. If the conjunctive word which is a dependent word in a gerund, a comma is placed before the gerund, but not after the word which:
Here's the book after reading which you will discover a lot for yourself .
3. If the attributive clauses are homogeneous and connected by a non-repeating conjunction AND, a comma is not placed between them:
Books, which I read and which I would advise you , written by our contemporaries.
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Khlestakov managed to carry out (1) even the mayor's (2) trickery (3) whose (4) was known to the whole city.
2. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Cicero (1) whose speeches (2) (3) are recognized as an example of oratory (4) was a staunch supporter of the preservation and strengthening of the “Senate Republic”.
3. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
On the Kola Peninsula (1) there are still places (2) that can be reached (3) only by helicopter or tracked vehicles.
4. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
We are the ones (1) who (2) here (3) rummaging in the darkness (4) feed you.
5. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Here is a book (1) after reading (2) which (3) you will discover a lot for yourself.
6. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
The warmth (1) with which the daughter spoke about her mother (2) and (3) which illuminated her face (4) involuntarily attracted attention.
7. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
A blueberry pie was brought for tea (1) at the sight of which everyone perked up (2) moved (3) and started talking merrily.
8. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
The history of science fiction is the history of ideas (1) that (2) changed the world (3) but (4) were first ridiculed and rejected.
8. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
The speleologists, in the light of a lantern (1) illuminating the entire cave (2), saw a fragment of rock (3) on which (4) figures of people and animals were painted.
9. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
On the tall (1) green stem of the Agave, lush clusters of snow-white flowers (2) of unprecedented beauty (3) bloomed, which emitted an indescribable aroma (4) that immediately filled the entire greenhouse.
Thank you for your attention!
Successful passing of the Unified State Exam - 2017
Task 18. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence" No. 1
Beginning of the form
1. In a sparse spruce forest (1) in front of the estate, three motorcycles (2) were rushing about in the grass, machine guns (3) of which (4) were hastily hitting somewhere upward.
2. D The road ran in a recess (1) on both sides (2) of which (3) sandy slopes with pine trees rose.
3. Here began the ancient count's park (1) in the dense greenery (2) of which (3) beautiful dachas, flower beds, greenhouses and fountains were scattered.
4. N Adya turned her head and saw a silk curtain (1) and a window (2) through (3) which (4) the winter twilight was already turning blue.
5. Rose (1) the first mention (2) of which (3) dates back to the 5th century BC. (4) described in ancient Indian legends.
6. Login sat with Anatoly Petrovich Andozersky in the office (1), the decoration (2) of which (3) exposed futile claims to taste and originality
7. The shallow swampy lake (1) along the shore (2) of which (3) we made our way (4) was still white between the trees.
8. For a long time we were driving along a narrow path (1) two or three tracks (2) which (3) slightly cut into the green virgin soil of a luxurious meadow
9. The hours of (1) painful waiting (2) during which (3) Mishka unsuccessfully tried to forget all his troubles (5) seemed to drag on forever.
10. A little further away, a dense cloud (1) hovered in the depths (2) of which (3) red sparks lit up and went out.
Task 18. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence" No. 2
Beginning of the form
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence. Write down the sequence of numbers without spaces, commas or other additional characters.
In the treasury of Russian art (1) one of the most honorable places (2) belongs to I.I. Shishkin (3) whose name (4) (5) is associated with the history of the Russian landscape of the second half of the 19th century.
When painting silk (1), a special coloring composition is applied to the fabric in the form of a closed contour (2) within which (3) the product is painted with special paints (5) in accordance with the sketch (6).
The scientific interests of S.M. Bondi (1) were formed during his studies at Petrograd University (2) after graduation (3) from which (4) he was left at the department.
Zhuravlev rushed to the gun (1) near (2) which (3) a battery with a broken arm was fumbling.
IN In the 18th century (1) at European imperial palaces (2) there were orchestral and choral chapels (3) for the leadership (4) of which (5) outstanding musicians were invited.
The sons of Johann Sebastian Bach (1) and other musicians trained by him (2) from among whom (3) many serious professionals (5) emerged testify to the talent of Bach as a teacher.
The fashion for German resorts (1) was explained by the desire for Eden (2), the outlines (3) of which (4) appeared in the landscapes of the Rhine Valley.
Raskolnikov (1) prefers Sennaya Square (2) in the vicinity (3) of which (4) the poor eke out a miserable existence.
9. Now a young bright green forest (1) was growing towards us above the tops (2) of which (3) the chalk cliffs were already disappearing.
10. Science fiction (1) many forms (2) of which (3) can be found even in Gogol’s “everyday” works (4) permeates the entire work of the writer.
KEYS
№ tasks
1 option
Option 2
1
2
3
4
5
6
2 5
7
1 4
8
9
2 5
10
1 4
End of form
Theory for Task No. 18 Unified State Exam 2019 in Russian
“Punctuation marks when addressing and introductory words”
You need to know the following topics:
-introductory words and phrases
- appeals.
Introductory words and phrases
Introductory words and phrases are not members of the sentence (you cannot ask a question about them), are separated by commas, do not change the information in the sentence, they can be excluded without distorting the meaning.
Groups of introductory words by meaning
1. The speaker's feelings(joy, anger, regret, etc.).
Fortunately, unfortunately, to horror, to shame, for the future, for joy, etc.
2. Degree of confidence(assumption, possibility, uncertainty, etc.).
Maybe, perhaps, apparently, in fact, it seems, it would seem, indisputably, it is true, one must believe, essentially, unconditionally, etc.
3. Connection of thoughts, sequence of presentation
So, therefore, by the way, firstly, secondly, on the other hand, for example, the main thing, thus, by the way, means vice versa, etc.
4. Source of message
According to rumors, they say, according to someone, in my opinion, in my opinion, according to legend, remember, report, convey, etc.
5. Techniques and ways to formulate thoughts
In other words, in other words, simply put, to put it mildly, in one word, etc.
6. Appeal to the interlocutor or reader in order to attract attention
Do you know, know, understand, excuse me, forgive me, listen, believe me, agree, imagine, please, etc.
7. Assessing the extent of what is being said
At least at most, at least
8. Degree of commonality of what is being reported
As usual, it happens, it happens, it happens, etc.
9. Expressiveness of the statement
To say it honestly, honestly, in truth, in conscience, to say it funny, etc.
HOMONYMY
The same words can be used both as introductory and as members of a sentence! (You can ask questions to members of the sentence, but not to introductory words)
FOR EXAMPLE:
You probably know this man. (introductory word)
You translated the text correctly. (adverb)
First of all, do we need to talk about this? (introductory word)
First of all, we need to talk about the book (adverb).
He, you know, is a man of obligation. (introductory word)
Do you know him? (verb)
The following words and phrases are not introductory and are not separated by commas:
Perhaps, literally, as if, in addition, to top it off, suddenly, after all, ultimately, here, hardly, after all, even, hardly, exclusively, precisely, as if, as if, just, besides, meanwhile, I suppose, by proposal, by decree, by decision, approximately, approximately, moreover, almost, therefore, simply, decisively, as if, supposedly
Complex cases
I. Particles O, AH, A and others standing before addresses are NOT SEPARATED from them.
Examples: Oh my dear, my tender, beautiful garden (Ch.); Oh Nadya, Nadenka, we would be happy... (Ok.); O beloved deceptions, delusions of infancy! On the day when the meadows turn green, there is no way for me to get rid of you (Sick); O sun, overheated, go out, have mercy on the poor earth! (Sick.); Death, and death, will you let me say one word? (TV).
II. If there is an interjection before the address, then it is SEPARATED by a comma or an exclamation mark.
Examples: Ah, my fields, dear furrows, you are good in your sadness (Ec); Hey, three octagons for thread, go get a bolt! - From that day on, Zakhar Pavlovich was called by the nickname “Three Osmushki for Carving” (Plat.). The word o (meaning ah) can also act as an interjection: Oh, my lost freshness, the riot of my eyes and the flood of feelings (Her).
How to distinguish homonymous particles and interjections (o, ah, ah)
The particle has an intensifying meaning and is not separated from the address intonationally (does not have independent stress);
Interjections are intonationally independent, stressed, and are followed by a pause.
Compare:
O my cherished field, you are now resting after the harvest (Aitm.)
Oh, the wind! Oh, snow storms! (Bl.).
The interjection hey (as a call for attention) can itself act as an address.
Examples: Hey, watch out! You'll create a closure! (Vozn.); - Hey, be careful there! - shouted Stepakha (Cool); - Where? What are you doing? Hey!.. (Shuksh.); - Hey! It is forbidden! - Frosya was scared (Tok.).
18 -1. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
1. In front of the mother (1) a small fire was lit and two or three firebrands (2) were smoking (2) the smoke (3) from which (4) went straight to her.
2. We climbed (1) onto a rather steep hill (2) on a flat surface (3) of which (4) there were several new and old unfinished huts.
3. Lieutenant Vulich (1) on whose face (2) the hero “read the seal of death” (4) remains alive.
4. We had to arrive for transportation before dawn (1) in order to cross the river in quiet time (2) because every day (3) as soon as the sun began to warm up (4) a strong wind blew up.
5. Iron is the most important of the vital microelements (1) whose main role (2) (3) is to provide the body with oxygen.
6. Batyushkov was a recognized idol of Pushkin the lyceum student (1) in whose poems (2) (3) “echoes of Batyushkov’s lyre” (4) were very numerous.
7. A phraseological unit is a phrase (1) whose general meaning (2) (3) is not derived (4) from the independent meanings of the words included in it.
8. The basis of F. Dostoevsky’s realistic creativity is the world of human suffering (1) in the depiction (2) of which (3) he knows no equal.
9. From the stone pier (1) the steps (2) of which (3) descended directly into the water (4) began a city with European hotels and restaurants.
10. Unlike I.S. Turgenev (1) in the novels (2) of whom (3) the stages of spiritual searches of intellectuals of the 40–70s of the 19th century were highlighted (4) I.A. Goncharov was fascinated by the study of phenomena of a different order.
18-2. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence .
1. A light secular comedy is a play (1) whose intrigue (2) is very elegant.
2. Tree-like peonies (1) whose leaves (2) (3) fly away for the winter (4) over time turn into lushly flowering spreading bushes.
3. Chekhov’s dreams of a future life speak of a high culture of spirit, of the World Soul, of a new beautiful life (1) to create which we need (4) another two hundred or three hundred years to work, toil, suffer.
4. Especially often (1) the poet visited the Olenins (2) whose daughter (3) (4) was the subject of his serious hobby.
5. Rose (1) the first mention (2) of which (3) dates back to the fifth century BC. (4) described in ancient Indian legends.
6. Scientists have created a unique material (1) granules (2) of which (3) have the ability (4) to retain huge amounts of moisture.
7. The first stage of business conversations or negotiations (1) may be an introductory meeting (2) during which (3) the subject of negotiations is clarified, and organizational issues are resolved.
8. In one of the bays of the Pacific Ocean (1) a giant squid (2) was discovered whose eye (3) diameter (4) was one and a half meters.
9. This was a poetess (1) whose enchanting verses (2) (3) hid a certain mystery.
10. One day in Tsarskoe Selo (1) a bear cub tore the chain from the pole (2) near which (3) his booth (4) was built and ran into the garden.
ANSWERS.
18-1.
18-2.
1-2
1-1
2-2
2-14
