types of proposals based on the presence of main members: two-part. Offer
Preparation for the Unified State Exam
Tasks type 1 – 10, 15, 16.
Option 1
1.
1) French scientists Mirbel and Lamarck established that all animal organisms and plants consist of cells, but for the first time the idea that a cell is the basic structural unit of any organism was expressed by Robert Hooke.
2) In 1808, the French scientist Mirbel established that all plants consist of cells, but a similar conclusion about the cellular structure of animal organisms was made not by Mirbel, but by another French botanist, Lamarck.
3) Tiny cells separated by partitions, discovered by Robert Hooke when studying thin sections of wood through a microscope, were called by him cells (English cell - cell, honeycomb), as they seemed to the scientist to be similar in appearance to honeycombs in bee hives.
4) The cell was discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke, but the English scientist did not assume that the cellular structure is characteristic of any organism, and this conclusion was made by Mirbel and Lamarck only a century later.
5) Having discovered the cell in 1665, Robert Hooke, an English scientist, could not even imagine that the cellular structure is characteristic of any organism, and such a conclusion was made only a century later by scientists Lamarck and Mirbel.
2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in the blank in the third sentence?
In addition, in this way, however, and only above all
3. Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word THEORY. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
THEORY, - and, female
1. Doctrine, a system of scientific principles, ideas that generalize practical experience and reflect the laws of nature, society, and thinking. Philosophical T. T. of knowledge. T. relativity.
2. A set of generalized provisions that form a science or some section. science, as well as a set of rules in the field of some. skill. Linguistic T. T. of the chess game.
3. Someone’s situation. opinion, judgment, view of something. He has his own argument about this. To justify his behavior, he came up with a whole theory.
4.
STRENGTHENING THE FILLING MORE BEAUTIFULLY BEGAN TO DEPEND
5. In which sentence should we use PRACTICAL instead of the word PRACTICAL?
1) PRACTICAL skills acquired in early childhood are important for later life.
2) Vikhrev in PRACTICAL life was distinguished by rare simplicity.
3) The system of PRACTICAL classes is widespread in higher education.
4) Marina Vasilievna was very excited, but still listened to her wise and PRACTICAL friend.
6. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
Several APPLES lie on the CABINET before one thousand eight hundred and TWELVE
The richest choice of five ROCKERS
7.
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C) In the movie “War and Peace” S. Bondarchuk played Pierre Bezukhov beautifully |
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D) Nastya asked that they would come to us. |
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D) Upon graduation, our graduates can count on employment in specialized companies. |
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8.
It is proposed to remove the component..it is suggested to try..to find the word
9.
Pr..red, pr..wonderful; world..vision, incident..event;
About..cut, on..paint; nameless, previous..previous; indispensable, indispensable..dress up.
10. Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap.
Unaccommodating.. vy state.. vy.. howl nostrils.. enamel.. vy
15.
1) Russian forest is good in winter and summer, autumn and spring.
2) The performance turned out to be funny and instructive and relevant.
3) Gray gloomy days and long nights dragged on.
4) Both old and young still laugh at the adventures of the hero Alexander Demyanenko.
5) The bell cries loudly and laughs and squeals.
16.
Attracted by the smell of (1) acacia (3) blooming in the park, we stopped (4) enjoying the aroma.
Preparation for the Unified State Exam
Tasks type 1 – 10, 15, 16.
Option 2
1. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the main information contained in the text?
1) Mutual understanding of different peoples in the process of intercultural communication is possible if these peoples know and respect each other’s culture and customs.
2) The problem of interethnic communication must be solved both at the everyday level and at the level of introducing people to culture.
3) To achieve mutual understanding, representatives of one nationality need to know the language of another nationality.
4) The purpose of intercultural communication is to study the customs of different peoples.
5) Only if people know and respect each other’s language, culture and customs is mutual understanding possible between them in the process of intercultural communication.
2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in the blank in the third sentence? Write this word down
Firstly,
Because
Maybe,
3. Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word CULTURE. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the second (2) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
CULTURE, - s, female
1. The totality of production, social and spiritual achievements of people. History of culture. K. ancient Greeks.
2. The same as culture (see cultural in 2 meanings). A man of high culture.
3. Breeding, growing something. plant or animal (special). K. flax. K. silkworm.
4. A cultivated plant, as well as (special) microbial cells grown in a nutrient medium in laboratory or industrial conditions. Industrial crops. K. organic tissue.
5. High level of something, high development, skill. K. production. K. voices(for singers). Physical k.(physical training). K. speech.
4. In one of the words below, an error was made in the placement of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound was highlighted incorrectly. Write this word down.
5. Which answer option uses the highlighted word incorrectly?
1) All restoration and DESIGN work was carried out under the guidance of experienced specialists.
2) Rhythmic gymnastics is one of the most EFFECTIVE and beautiful sports.
3) It is necessary to develop skills of DIPLOMATIC behavior.
6. Give an example of an error in the formation of a word.
In two thousand and nine
Twenty apple trees were planted
Refrain from commenting
Most brightly
7. Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
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1) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition |
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B) The bus has high steps and low dynamic performance. |
2) violation of the connection between subject and predicate |
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C) The group of students sent for field practice includes forty-one people. |
3) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application |
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D) The testing was discussed at the teachers' council, without giving any useful recommendations. |
4) error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members |
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D) The director is holding stills from a film being filmed at Mosfilm. |
5) incorrect construction of sentences with participial phrases |
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6) violation in the construction of sentences with participial phrases |
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7) incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech |
Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
8. Identify the word in which the unstressed vowel of the root being tested is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.
Ec..logy g..mnazist lean..get with. liking this...cat
9. Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write out these words by inserting the missing letter.
Ra..expand, be..humane;
Ex..protect, ex..protect;
In..it’s coming, to..come;
Z..to spend the night, not..visible;
Un..disputable, happy.
10. Write down the word in which the letter E is written in the blank.
Quirky
Evaluate
Glossy
Hardy
Unbutton...unbutton
15. Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) Anna held knitting in her hands but did not knit, but looked at the guest with a strange and unfriendly look.
2) Arkady Pavlych poured himself a glass of red wine, brought it to his lips and suddenly frowned.
3) On the table and on the windowsill lay two open books, several notebook sheets covered with writing and drawings of various sizes.
4) He cut off any attempt to speak to him either with bilious courtesy or insolence.
5) In the park, crows fly from one tree to another and collect crumbs of black bread from the ground.
16.B Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Clinging close to the road (1), the forest around me was green (2), occasionally giving way to (3) fields overgrown with sedge (4).
ANSWERS
Option 1:
4.strengthening
8. keep silent
9. unnamedprevious|previousunnamed
10. quarrelsome
Option 2:
6. twenty apple trees
8. ecology
9. expandinhuman|inhumanexpand
10. glossy
Resource used:
http://rus. reshuege. ru/test? id=2095954
Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) Russian forest is good in winter and summer, autumn and spring.
2) The performance turned out to be funny and instructive and relevant.
3) Gray gloomy days and long nights dragged on.
5) The bell cries loudly and laughs and squeals.
Explanation (see also Rule below).
Let's give the correct spelling.
1) Russian forest is good in winter and summer, autumn and spring.
2) The performance turned out to be funny, and instructive, and relevant.
3) Gray, gloomy days and long nights dragged on.
4) Both old and young still laugh at the adventures of the hero Alexander Demyanenko.
5) The bell cries loudly, and laughs, and squeals.
You need to add one comma:
in the first sentence: it separates two pairs of homogeneous members of the sentence;
in the third: homogeneous members are connected using intonation.
The correct answer is indicated under numbers 1 and 3.
Answer: 13|31
Relevance: 2016-2017
Difficulty: normal
Codifier section: Punctuation marks in BSC and sentences with homogeneous members
Rule: Task 16. Punctuation marks in BSC and in sentences with homogeneous members
PUNCTUATION MARKS IN COMPLEX SENTENCES AND IN SENTENCES WITH HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS
This task tests knowledge of two punctograms:
1. Commas in a simple sentence with homogeneous members.
2. Commas in a complex sentence, the parts of which are connected by coordinating conjunctions, in particular, the conjunction I.
Target: Find TWO sentences that require ONE comma in each. Not two, not three (but this happens!) commas, but one. In this case, you need to indicate the numbers of those sentences where the missing comma was PUT, since there are cases when the sentence already has a comma, for example, in an adverbial phrase. We don't count it.
You should not look for commas in various phrases, introductory words and in the IPP: according to the specification in this task, only the three indicated punctograms are checked. If the sentence requires commas for other rules, they will already be placed
The correct answer will be two numbers, from 1 to 5, in any sequence, without commas or spaces, for example: 15, 12, 34.
Legend:
OC - homogeneous members.
SSP is a compound sentence.
The algorithm for completing the task should be like this:
1. Determine the number of bases.
2. If the sentence is simple, then we find ALL rows of homogeneous members in it and turn to the rule.
3. If there are two basics, then this is a complex sentence, and each part is considered separately (see point 2).
Do not forget that homogeneous subjects and predicates create NOT a complex, but a simple complicated sentence.
15.1 PUNCTION MARKS FOR HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS
Homogeneous members of a sentence are those members that answer the same question and relate to the same member of the sentence. Homogeneous members of a sentence (both main and secondary) are always connected by a coordinating connection, with or without a conjunction.
For example: In “The Childhood Years of Bagrov the Grandson,” S. Aksakov describes with truly poetic inspiration both summer and winter pictures of Russian nature.
In this sentence there is one row of meanings, these are two homogeneous definitions.
One sentence can have several rows of homogeneous members. Yes, in a sentence Soon a heavy downpour hit and covered with the noise of rain streams and gusts of wind, and the groans of the pine forest two rows: two predicates, hit and covered; two additions, gusts and groans.
note: Each row of OCs has its own punctuation rules.
Let's look at various sentence patterns with OP and formulate the rules for placing commas.
15.1.1. A series of homogeneous members connected ONLY by intonation, without conjunctions.
General scheme: OOO .
Rule: if two or more words are connected only by intonation, a comma is placed between them.
Example: yellow, green, red apples.
15.1.2 Two homogeneous members are connected by the union AND, YES (in the meaning of AND), EITHER, OR
General scheme: O and/yes/either/or O .
Rule: if two words are connected by a single conjunction I/DA, no comma is placed between them.
Example 1: The still life depicts yellow and red apples.
Example 2: Everywhere she was greeted cheerfully and friendly.
Example 3: Only you and I will stay in this house.
Example 4: I will cook rice with vegetables or pilaf.
15.1.3 The last OC is joined by the union I.
General scheme: O, O and O.
Rule: If the last homogeneous member is joined by a conjunction and, then a comma is not placed in front of it.
Example: The still life depicts yellow, green and red apples.
15.1.4. There are more than two homogeneous members and a union AND repeated at least twice
Rule: For various combinations of union (clause 15.1.2) and non-union (clause 15.1.1) combinations of homogeneous members of a sentence, the rule is observed: if there are more than two homogeneous members and the union AND is repeated at least twice, then a comma is placed between all homogeneous terms
General scheme: Oh, and Oh, and Oh.
General scheme: and O, and O, and O.
Example 1: The still life depicts yellow, and green, and red apples.
Example 2: The still life depicts and yellow, and green, and red apples.
More complex examples:
Example 3: From the house, from the trees, and from the dovecote, and from the gallery- Long shadows ran far away from everything.
Two unions and, four och. Comma between och.
Example 4: It was sad in the spring air, and in the darkening sky, and in the carriage. Three unions and, three och. Comma between och.
Example 5: Houses and trees and sidewalks were covered with snow. Two unions and, three och. Comma between och.
Please note that there is no comma after the last och, because this is not between the och, but after it.
It is this scheme that is often perceived as erroneous and non-existent; keep this in mind when completing the task.
note: This rule only works if the conjunction AND is repeated in one row, and not in the entire sentence.
Let's look at examples.
Example 1: In the evenings they gathered around the table children and adults and read it aloud. How many rows? Two: children and adults; gathered and read. The conjunction is not repeated in each row, it is used once. Therefore, commas are NOT placed according to rule 15.1.2.
Example 2: In the evening Vadim went to his room and sat down reread letter and write a response. Two rows: left and sat down; I sat down (why? for what purpose?) to re-read and write.
15.1.5 Homogeneous members are connected by the union A, BUT, YES (= but)
Scheme: O, a/no/da O
Rule: If there is a conjunction A, BUT, YES (= but), commas are added.
Example 1: The student writes quickly but sloppily.
Example 2: The baby no longer whimpered, but cried bitterly.
Example 3: Small spool but precious .
15.1.6 With homogeneous members, conjunctions are repeated NO NO; NOT THIS, NOT THAT; THAT, THAT; OR EITHER; OR OR
Scheme: O, or O, or O
Rule: when repeating other conjunctions (except I) twice, neither, nor; not this, not that; this, that; or either; or, or a comma is always used:
Example 1: And the old man walked around the room and either hummed psalms in a low voice or impressively lectured his daughter.
Please note that the sentence also contains homogeneous circumstances and additions, but we do not highlight them for a clearer picture.
There is no comma after the predicate “paced”! But if instead of the union AND THEN, AND THEN there was simply AND, there would be three whole commas (according to rule 15.1.4)
15.1.7. With homogeneous members there are double unions.
Rule: In double conjunctions, a comma is placed before the second part. These are unions of both... and; not only but; not so much... but; how much... so much; although and... but; if not... then; not that... but; not that... but; not only not, but rather... than others.
Examples: I have an errand How from the judge So equals And from all our friends.
Green was Not only a magnificent landscape painter and master of plot, But It was still And a very subtle psychologist.
Mother not really angry, But I was still unhappy.
There are fogs in London if not every day , That every other day for sure.
He was not so much disappointed , How many surprised by the current situation.
Please note that each part of a double conjunction is BEFORE OC, which is very important to take into account when completing task 7 (type “error on homogeneous members”), we have already encountered these conjunctions.
15.1.8. Often homogeneous members are connected in pairs
General scheme: Scheme: O and O, O and O
Rule: When combining minor members of a sentence in pairs, a comma is placed between the pairs (the conjunction AND acts locally, only within groups):
Example1: Alleys planted with lilacs and lindens, elms and poplars led to a wooden stage.
Example 2: The songs were different: about joy and sorrow, the day that has passed and the day to come.
Example 3: Geography books and tourist guides, friends and casual acquaintances told us that Ropotamo is one of the most beautiful and wild corners of Bulgaria.
15.1.9. They are not homogeneous, therefore they are not separated by commas:
A number of repetitions that have an intensifying connotation are not homogeneous members.
And it snowed and snowed.
Simple complicated predicates are also not homogeneous
That's what he said, I'll go check it out.
Phraseologisms with repeating conjunctions are not homogeneous members
Neither this nor that, neither fish nor meat; neither light nor dawn; neither day nor night
If the offer contains heterogeneous definitions, which stand before the word being explained and characterize one object from different sides, it is impossible to insert a conjunction between them and.
A sleepy golden bumblebee suddenly rose from the depths of the flower.
15.2. PUNCTION MARKS IN COMPLEX SENTENCES
Complex sentences are complex sentences in which simple sentences are equal in meaning and are connected by coordinating conjunctions. The parts of a complex sentence are independent of each other and form one semantic whole.
Example: Three times he wintered in Mirny, and each time returning home seemed to him the limit of human happiness.
Depending on the type of coordinating conjunction that connects the parts of the sentence, all complex sentences (CCS) are divided into three main categories:
1) SSP with connecting conjunctions (and; yes in the meaning and; neither..., nor; also; also; not only..., but also; both..., and);
2) BSC with dividing conjunctions (that..., that; not that..., not that; or; either; either..., or);
3) SSP with adversative conjunctions (a, but, yes in the meaning but, however, but, but then, only, the same).
15.2.1 The basic rule for placing a comma in the BSC.
A comma between parts of a complex sentence is placed according to the basic rule, that is, ALWAYS, with the exception of special conditions, which limit the application of this rule. These conditions are discussed in the second part of the rule. In any case, to determine whether a sentence is complex, you need to find its grammatical basis. What to consider when doing this:
a) Not always every simple sentence can have both a subject and a predicate. So, the frequency of sentences with one impersonal part, with a predicate in vague personal proposal. For example: He had a lot of work ahead of him, and he knew it.
Scheme: [is coming], and [he knew].
The doorbell rang and no one moved.
Scheme: [they called], and [no one moved].
b) The subject can be expressed by pronouns, both personal and other categories: I suddenly heard a painfully familiar voice, and it brought me back to life.
Scheme: [I heard], and [it returned]. Don't lose a pronoun as a subject if it duplicates the subject from the first part! These are two sentences, each with its own basis, for example: The artist was well acquainted with all the guests, and he was a little surprised to see a face unfamiliar to him.
Scheme: [The artist was familiar], and [he was surprised]. Let's compare with a similar construction in a simple sentence: The artist was well acquainted with all the guests and was a little surprised to see a face unfamiliar to him.[O Skaz and O Skaz].
c) Since a complex sentence consists of two simple ones, it is quite likely that each of them can have homogeneous members in its composition. Commas are placed both according to the rule of homogeneous members and according to the rule of complex sentences. For example: Leaves crimson, gold They fell quietly to the ground, and the wind circled them in the air and threw them up. Sentence pattern: [Leaves fell], and [wind O Skaz and O Skaz].
15.2.2 Special conditions for placing signs in a complex sentence
In a school course of the Russian language, the only condition under which a comma is not placed between parts of a complex sentence is the presence common minor member.
The most difficult thing for students is to understand whether there is common minor clause, which will give the right not to put a comma between parts, or there is none. General means that it relates simultaneously to both the first part and the second. If there is a common member, a comma is not placed between the parts of the BSC. If it exists, then in the second part there cannot be a similar minor member, there is only one, it is at the very beginning of the sentence. Let's consider simple cases.
Algorithm for completing task A 9. What words are the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence in the text? 1) everything is written (sentence 2) 2) it appeared (sentence 4) 3) gave way (sentence 5) 4) has meaning (sentence 6) We highlight the grammatical bases in sentences 2, 4, 5, 6.
(2) All scientific works were then written mainly in this language, although it was not understandable to most peoples. (4) This was especially evident in the languages of the Romance group, which formed after the collapse of the Roman Empire. (5) With the development of national languages in European countries, Latin gave way to them in science. (6) ... Latin terminology is still extremely important today.
In the first answer option (all written), the grammatical basis is highlighted incorrectly 2) In the third and fourth (it has given way and has meaning), the grammatical basis is not fully indicated. 3) The correct answer is 2 1)
Q 4 Among sentences 26 -35, find a complex one, part of which is (which includes) a one-part impersonal sentence. Write the number of this offer. Among sentences 10 -17, find one-part definitely-personal sentences. Write the numbers of these sentences.
Remember! Carefully read the instructions for filling out the answers to part B. When listing words and numbers, you must separate them with a comma B 4 1 0, 1 3, 1 7
In order to successfully complete tasks A 9 and B 4, you must first of all correctly isolate the grammatical basis of the sentence! A sentence is the basic unit of syntax, which has a grammatical basis and is a means of communication. A sentence has semantic completeness and is the minimum unit of utterance.
The subject is the main member of the sentence, which denotes the subject referred to in the sentence and answers the question who? What? I love the Fatherland, but with a strange love. Her walks last a long time.
Ways of expressing the subject By morning, tired tourists returned to the hotel. Noun in them. n. The vacationers received Communion, an adjective, keys and went to their rooms. pronoun used in the meaning of a noun Someone wanted to drink coffee. Pronoun in im. n. Relaxing on this island is hard work. Infinitive And your humble servant prefers a less extreme vacation. Phraseologism Mediterranean Sea constantly Its own name attracts our compatriots. Several tourists sipped coffee at the bar. Syntactically indivisible phrase
The predicate is the main member of a sentence, which denotes the attribute of the subject (action, state, property, attribute of an object) and answers the questions: what does the object do? what's happening to him? what is he like? who is he? what is he?
A simple verbal predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of some mood; The lexical and grammatical meaning in a simple verbal predicate is expressed in one word. I sing. I sang once. I will always sing! You bring a map with you. In the sports section you would train more regularly.
Compound verb predicate auxiliary verb + infinitive The wind began to intensify. She doesn't want to leave. I have to write every day. Auxiliary verb - grammatical features (mood, tense, person, number; in the form of the past tense - gender) Infinitive - the action itself
In the role of an auxiliary verb, the verbs can, want, desire, decide, order, ask, fear, love, hope, start, continue, finish, stop 2) special short forms of adjectives glad, ready, obliged, must 3) combination of a short adjective with a connective to be (would be glad) and phraseological combinations (to have a desire, to have an intention) 1)
Compound nominal predicate Linking verb + nominal part (noun, adjective, participle, numeral, adverb, pronoun, indivisible phrase) I was upset, she was cheerful. The house seemed like a fairy tale mansion.
In the role of a linking verb 1) the verb to be. The night was cold. The night is cold. 2) verbs do, become, become, appear, seem, be called The night seemed cold.
1. Underline the subject, indicate how it is expressed. Place punctuation marks. None of us slept that night. Children without education are more unhappy than orphans. Huge sad eyes looked at me carefully. 4) Everyone knows how difficult it is sometimes to forgive an offense. 5) The air is permeated with spring freshness. 6) People and animals, finding no place for themselves, rushed about in anguish. 7) To love means to fight and win. 8) Everyone continued to look down. 9) One hundred and sixty people went into the unknown. 10) Several people carefully examined the picture. 11) The dancers danced cheerfully and fervently. 12) “The History of Peter” is the first historical work of A. S. Pushkin. 1) 2) 3)
2. Find predicates of different types, underline them, indicate how they are expressed. Place punctuation marks. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) I was looking forward to summer, watching its approach based on signs well known to me. The earliest harbinger of summer was the striped bag. They pulled him out of a huge chest saturated with the smell of camphor and dumped a pile of canvas jackets and panties on him to try on. I had to stand in one place for a long time, take it off, put it on again, take it off and put it on again, and they tucked me in, pinned me, let me through and let me go - “half an inch.” I was sweating and spinning, and behind the frames that were not yet exposed, poplar branches with buds golden from glue were swaying and the sky was joyfully blue
3. Find different types of predicates and underline them. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) He started running at full speed. I don't intend to wait for you any longer. He was glad to rest. Are you ready to explain your rash action? There was a snow-white plain. The road is flooded with moonlight. The conversation became noisier hour by hour. The cherry orchard is now mine. He was twelve inches tall.
4. Write down the grammatical basis of the sentence 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) Let them leave Godunov. The monkey decided to work. I'm definitely made of wood now. The sun would darken if it saw the gold mines of our souls! Landscape in literature usually plays a service role. Let everything be your way around. Here in my homeland the grass is shoulder-deep. Managing people means foreseeing. Simplicity is a necessary condition for beauty.
5. Emphasize basic grammar and punctuation. The door to the room, covered with black oilcloth, swung open and a bearded man with a backpack over his shoulders came out. 2) She was a classy lady at the Institute for Noble Maidens for sixteen years and enjoyed exceptional respect from all her superiors. 3) There were no more instructions and Misha pushed the door to the room. 4) The lanterns were spaced far from each other and Misha’s shadow grew to an unimaginable size. 5) The golden-light west cleared and opened its arms to tired travelers. 6) The outermost houses were already asleep and blindly stared at the traveler with their dark windows. 7) He sat in his usual place to the left of the piano and played some strange, long, melancholy songs. 8) The woman worked as a librarian at a technical school and could not be suspected of excessive superstitions. 9) The fat man had no listeners left except Misha and he turned to him with a question. 10) The water froze in them and the moon glittered in each puddle. 1)
Two-part sentences are sentences in which there are two main members necessary to understand the meaning of the sentence - both the subject and the predicate. At the beginning of the 20th century, the government canceled the election of M. Gorky as an academician.
One-part sentences are sentences in which there is only one main member of the sentence necessary to understand the meaning of the sentence - the subject or predicate. The second main member of the sentence is not needed to understand the meaning of the sentence. As you get older, you begin to understand your parents' criticisms.
Types of one-part sentences Nominal sentences (with the main member - the subject) Verbal (with the main member - the predicate) Nominal sentences Autumn. Morning. Good morning. 1) definitely personal Will you call me? 2) vaguely personal Knock on the door. 3) impersonal proposals It’s getting dark. 4) generalized-personal If you like to ride, you also like to carry sleds.
Nominal sentences These are one-part sentences in which the main member (subject) is expressed by a noun in the nominative case. These sentences affirm the existence (presence, existence) of objects or phenomena. Autumn. A fairytale palace, open for everyone to see. A clearing of forest roads, looking into the lakes. (B. Pasternak)
Definite-personal sentence This is a one-part sentence with a predicate-verb in the form of 1st and 2nd person. Since the endings of the verbs in these forms definitely indicate the person and number of the pronouns (I, you, we, you), the subject in such sentences is not necessary. The subject here is easily restored by substituting pronouns, and the sentences themselves can be converted into two-part sentences. Learn, my son! Science reduces our experiences of fast-flowing life.
Indefinite-personal sentences are one-part sentences with a predicate in the form of 3 l. plural (present and future time) or in the form of plural. part last vr. In such sentences, the action itself is important, and the persons are thought of indefinitely. The windows on the veranda of the neighboring house were replaced.
Generalized-personal sentences are one-part sentences whose actions relate to a generalized person. The main member of the sentence is usually a 2nd person singular verb. h (less often – 3rd person plural) This type includes proverbs, sayings, and aphorisms. You can't fill a bottomless barrel with water.
Impersonal sentences These are one-part sentences with a predicate-verb, in which there is not and cannot be a subject (the form of the predicate does not indicate the actor). Such sentences report the state of nature and man. Refreshed. I have nothing to worry about.
DEFINITE PERSONAL UNDETERMINED -PERSONAL GENERAL PERSONAL verb in the form of the 1st or 2nd person indicative; verb in the imperative mood verb in the 3rd person plural form. hours present or bud. vr. past verb vr. pl. h. verb in the form of 2 l. units h. (RASTER) verb in the form of 3 l. pl. h.
Forms of expression of the predicate in an impersonal sentence 1) Impersonal verb (it’s getting evening, not feeling well, getting dark, etc.) It’s already dawn. 2) Personal verb in the meaning of impersonal It smells like hay over the meadows. 3) Infinitive You will never see such battles. 4) Short passive participle of the neuter gender. So much has been thought, so little has been accomplished. 5) An adverb with the meaning of state. It’s solemn and wonderful in heaven! 6) Negative word NO There are no clouds in the sky.
Incomplete sentences These are sentences in which any member is missing that is easily restored from the context. Usually a dash is placed in place of the gap. I took a step towards the road, he followed me. It is necessary to distinguish two-part incomplete ones from one-part ones!
6. Copy the text. Emphasize grammatical basics. Find one-part sentences, write down their numbers, determine the type. Place punctuation marks. (1) A year has passed. (2) Bad weather and wet autumn has arrived. (3) It began to rain continuously. (4) Gray gloomy days and dark long nights dragged on. (5) We were expecting snow from day to day. (6) As I remember now, it was November 22, when I was traveling to St. Petersburg and was waiting for the train at one of the large cross stations. (7) We had to wait for a long time, about 8 hours. (8) In the long wooden station, bored people scurried about, some slept on sofas, others drank tea and had a snack for almost the tenth time... (9) Twilight reigned in the hall. (10) A gray wet day poured scanty light through the large weeping windows. (11) Having grown tired of walking back and forth around the hall, I went out onto the platform. (12) The yard was even more unattractive, it smelled damp and dreary. (13) A fine cold rain was drizzling, pouring over the open plank platform and drumming monotonously on the iron roof of the station. (14) It was quiet in the wet air... (A. Ertel)
7. Make definite personal sentences, putting the verbs in the correct form. Underline the predicates and indicate how they are expressed. Sample: Forget. - Let's forget about the troubles! Познакомиться. Stand up. Get ready. Rest. Sing. Quit. Leave. Be in love. Choose. Be.
8. Make up indefinite personal sentences, putting the verbs in the correct form. Underline the predicates and indicate how they are expressed. Sample: Make noise. - There is noise in the audience! Recall. Erect. Send. Manufacture. Conduct. Fall asleep. Speak. Write. Allow. Build.
9. Remember the proverbs and make generalized personal sentences, putting the verbs in the correct form. Underline the predicates and indicate how they are expressed. Sample: Read. – A smart head is revered from a young age. 1) Take out (labor) 2) Ride (sleigh) 3) Feed (nightingale) 4) Do not cut down (axe) 5) Do not catch (sparrow) 6) Protect (honor) 7) Wave (fists) 8) Sow (storm) 9) Meet (clothes) 10) Hurry (business)
10. Replace two-part sentences with synonymous one-part impersonal ones. Underline the predicates and indicate how they are expressed. Sample: He can't sleep. - He can't sleep. 1) We won’t be able to leave today. 2) I was assigned to write an article for a magazine. 3)Are you bored? 4)Can I come in? 5) The room is clean and comfortable. 6) The exhibition will be interesting. 7) There are green spaces around the house. 8) The smoke stings my eyes. 9) Something rustles in the grass. 10) At the meeting we talked about work prospects. 11) Evening is coming. 12) It was frosty in the morning. 13) I didn’t take any money with me. 14) Father doesn’t feel well. 15) Dawn will come soon.
Read the sentences. Note cases of incorrect characterization of sentences. 1. My eyes grew dark. One-part indefinite 2. If you write it, you won’t erase it, if you release it, you won’t catch it. Difficult sentence; consists of 2 parts; each part is one-part generalized-personal 3. At school they are waiting for the exams to start. Two-part sentence 4. Heat... One-part, impersonal 5. The room is stuffy. One-part definite personal 6. Not a soul around! One-part impersonal 7. Be silent! Two-part incomplete 8. If you want to know the truth, start with the alphabet. Difficult sentence; from 2 parts; 1 – definitely personal, 2 – generalized personal 9. Will you drink tea? Two-part incomplete 10. Everything is light all around. One-part impersonal
Test task in Unified State Exam format. Q 4. Among sentences 1 – 4, find a complex one that includes a one-part impersonal sentence. Write the number of this offer. (1) On the scales of time, life weighs mercy and cruelty, pain and shamelessness. (2) And only the one who is kind not only to his own people, but to everyone, whose love is selfless and whose actions are not imaginary, is rightfully called a man. (3) If we test ourselves with such truth, then we will perhaps be able to save our childhood. (4) We must be ashamed, wake up, atone for sins and commit an act. (A. Likhanov)
1. Task 15 No. 2455.
1) The light in the tower glowed with an even reddish light.
2) My life in the Belogorsk fortress became not only bearable for me, but even pleasant.
3) The sea is forever and incessantly making noise and splashing.
4) The snowstorm turns, throws snow and whistles and bursts into a terrible howl.
5) In earlier times, servants carried dishes at dinner parties according to rank, and therefore the guests sitting at the “lower” end of the table often contemplated only empty plates.
2. Task 15 No. 2494.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) Let him serve in the army, pull the strap, smell gunpowder, and be a soldier.
2) Now the trees no longer obscured the space and allowed us to see the sky and the distance.
3) Both the elders and we ourselves were terribly frightened and became confused.
4) And at that very moment the royal adjutant drove up to the scaffold and stopped the execution.
5) Forest fires were burning and there was a smell of burning in the air.
3. Task 15 No. 2534.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) Mom prepared soup and salad and fried potatoes.
2) The door to the room, covered with black oilcloth, opened and a bearded man with a backpack over his shoulders came out.
3) The critics of that time and the public of that time equally did not understand both the shortcomings and the advantages of “Poltava”.
4) Amundsen took into account in his expeditions the natural features of Antarctica and the experience of other scientists and the technical capabilities of his time.
5) My brother promised to call from Sevastopol or send a telegram.
4. Task 15 No. 2573.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) Vera took two small roses from the vase and put them in the buttonhole of her father’s coat.
2) Osadchy was famous not only in the regiment but throughout the entire division for his unusually beautiful voice.
3) At that moment, a strong hand grabbed his red and bristly hair and lifted him half an arshin from the ground.
4) Sasha did not dare to stand up for his comrade and subsequently he had to regret it more than once.
5) Anyutka was the only one left at home to cook cabbage soup and clean the room.
5. Task 15 No. 2612.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) Soon we got tired of walking on sand and wet pebbles and decided to take a break.
2) Will you call a taxi or go home by bus?
3) In the Ehrenburg house, chandeliers and mirrors and even the kitchen table were works of art.
4) In this store you can purchase both mechanical and electronic watches.
5) The sun slowly disappeared behind the roofs of houses and in its reddish light the clouds took on bizarre shapes.
6. Task 15 No. 2651.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) Father wanted to go out to meet him, but for some reason he changed his mind.
2) Everything was drowning in darkness and the imagination involuntarily pictured dreary autumn twilight.
3) A thin and small woman entered the assembly hall and immediately began giving orders to those present.
4) Here he usually stamped his foot or gnashed his teeth.
5) I need to go to the pool today, do my homework, and hang out with friends.
7. Task 15 No. 2753.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) The apricot water produced a rich yellow foam and the air smelled like a hairdresser's.
2) The owner decided to inspect the bales and boxes delivered to the pier himself and arrived at the port on the same day.
3) During the calm it became very warm and the southern side of the hut and the rubble near it thawed and darkened
4) You can change the terms of the deal or refuse it.
5) The house has running water, gas heating and electricity.
8. Task 15 No. 2792.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) There were many beautiful and rare flowers and several fruit trees in the garden.
2) Vasily was considered not only an experienced but also a very promising employee.
3) On Sunday we will again go for a walk in the park or go to a museum or watch a new film in the cinema.
4) In the yard, the children saw only a dog on a chain and a dozen chickens.
5) The textbook offered to you will be useful to both beginning musicians and professionals.
9. Task 15 No. 2831.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) Cranes flew low in the gloomy sky and cooed loudly and protractedly.
2) Stepushka either sits, gnaws on a radish, or drags a bucket of water somewhere and grunts, or taps a piece of wood in his closet.
3) Somewhere nearby the “shading” of finches and the short trill of a bunting could be heard.
4) His old and grumpy wife did not leave the stove all day, grumbling and scolding incessantly.
5) The underground passage was closed and this immediately confronted Dmitry Olegovich with an insoluble problem.
10. Task 15 No. 2930.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) Vladimir Ivanovich Dal was not only an outstanding lexicographer and expert on Russian speech, but also a brilliant military doctor.
2) The river turned out to be shallow and it was easy to ford.
3) After lunch, grandfather usually read newspapers or dozed in a rocking chair.
4) Mikhail Borisovich laid out canned food and smoked meats on a blanket and put a pot on the fire.
5) In his travels, Gulliver visits Lilliput and the Land of Giants and even the fantastic Laputa.
11. Task 15 No. 2969.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) After the ruin of Grigory Fedorovich, chandeliers and mirrors and even chairs on his estate were sold for debts.
2) Olga kissed her daughter and mother and went with her suitcase to the bus.
3) Within seven days you will receive either permission to renovate your home or a reasoned written refusal.
4) By evening it got colder and it started snowing.
5) The village chief was either late for the meeting again or simply forgot about it.
12. Task 15 No. 3008.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) Among those who met the ship there were both friendly and aggressive natives.
2) Only autumn nights and autumn showers are bad in mountain villages
3) The head of the enterprise did not understand or simply did not want to understand all the difficulties of the current situation.
4) Paul could not help but respond to the insult and resist the offender.
5) The books of monarchs were often decorated with images of coats of arms and proud mottos woven into them were written in Latin.
13. Task 15 No. 3047.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) In the evenings, grandfather read us a book or told us one of the stories that happened to him in his youth.
2) To obtain the document you will need a foreign passport, driver’s license and insurance.
3) Without new scientific ideas, a breakthrough in this area will not happen either today or tomorrow.
4) Alexey laid out his notebooks and textbooks on the table and started studying.
5) The orchestra played sweet waltzes, perky medleys, and the sounds of these made people around feel light and joyful
14. Task 15 No. 3122.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) Russian forest is good in winter and summer, autumn and spring.
2) The performance turned out to be funny and instructive and relevant.
3) Gray gloomy days and long nights dragged on.
4) Both old and young still laugh at the adventures of the hero Alexander Demyanenko.
5) The bell cries loudly and laughs and squeals.
15. Task 15 No. 3161.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) Before dinner, mothers and grandmothers leaned out of the windows and called their children home.
2) The next day, grandmother woke up at the crack of dawn.
3) On the table you could always see written sheets of paper or an open notebook or folder with a manuscript.
4) The driver either did not hear my words or did not pay attention to them.
5) In moments of melancholy, the formidable general became more helpless than a child, and many rushed to take out their grievances on him.
16. Task 15 No. 3230.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) The fire in the forest either flared up and grew, then decreased and almost went out.
2) There was a constant shortage of specialist drivers both in the rear and at the front.
3) In our area it is rainy in August, September and October.
4) And the soldier eats his stew and praises him.
5) On autumn evenings we walked in the park or sat by the fireplace and told each other stories.
17. Task 15 No. 3269.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) Due to leaks in the roof, all three bedrooms on the top floor were damp and smelled of mold.
2) Flowers grew right next to the snow, and even through the snow delicate green sprouts made their way.
3) My neighbor was clearly not in the mood for communication and preferred to concentrate on reading the newspaper.
4) Stanislav did not hear the question or did not want to answer it.
5) Tanyusha felt cold and woke up.
18. Task 15 No. 5462.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) Varvara looked at us in surprise and laughed and clasped her hands.
3) We felt, if not joy, then pleasant excitement.
4) From the window only gray roofs and a piece of autumn sky were visible.
5) The lanterns were spaced far from one another and Misha’s shadow grew to an unimaginable size.
19. Task 15 No. 5540.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) Kerzhenets struck us with its quiet, thoughtful and gloomy beauty.
2) The girl was mortally ill and her sly gray eyes went out.
3) The old castle cordially received and covered the rolling water and lonely old women and rootless tramps.
4) The German manager did not know about the thefts at the factory or did not want to know.
5) Only a small Spanish patrol boat and peaceful fishing boats scurried around the sea.
20. Task 15 No. 5579.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) He took his pouch and pipe out of his pocket and then took a hot coal from the fire.
2) The entire visible world for us was limited to this fire and a small patch of island with the protruding outlines of bushes.
3) The boat swayed rhythmically and quietly squealed under the blows of the reflected and broken but still strong wave.
4) There were no stars, no moon, no dawn visible in the sky.
5) The last colors of the evening dawn have faded and the amazing clouds that recently glowed over the forest have disappeared.
21. Task 15 No. 6020.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) The musical motif sounds again and again and for some reason seems sad.
2) In my life I have experienced hunger and cold and illness.
3) Every day Zinaida Nikolaevna came to me and read French and Russian books.
4) The subject can be expressed either as a noun in the nominative case or as an infinitive.
5) Everything froze in thick silence and even time seemed to stand still.
22. Task 15 No. 6059.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) It was especially quiet and not crowded, and only occasionally could I hear a child’s laughter or the barking of a dog.
2) It’s hard for me to remember my past and St. Petersburg and my love.
3) Ivan Stepanovich’s eyes suddenly sparkled brightly and his face became covered with an unhealthy blush.
4) And now the dew-spattered branches of slender trees are trembling and burning.
5) Here and there the reflections of stars and coastal stones tremble and sway.
23. Task 15 No. 6240.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) Only the owner, Sergei Nikolaevich and Vladimir Petrovich remained in the room.
2) Sviyazhsky was not only smart but also a very educated person.
4) Everything in the room fell silent and only the faint crackling of wax candles could be heard.
5) Somewhere in the front room a bucket rattles and the quiet splash of water is heard.
24. Task 15 No. 6279.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) Volodya gave his sister a basket of flowers and a box of chocolates and wished her happiness with all his heart.
2) Songs and screams were heard through the streets more and more noisily.
3) I got scared and began to ask Ivan Ignatich not to tell the commandant anything.
4) Microwaves shake water molecules in food and the energy of their vibrations is converted into heat.
5) It was always possible to meet some new people around Stasov, and he constantly, with a certain mystery in his voice, recommended them as great in the future.
25. Task 15 No. 6318.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) Anna held knitting in her hands but did not knit, but looked at the guest with a strange and unfriendly look.
2) Arkady Pavlych poured himself a glass of red wine, brought it to his lips and suddenly frowned.
3) On the table and on the windowsill lay two open books, several notebook sheets covered with writing and drawings of various sizes.
4) He cut off any attempt to speak to him either with bilious courtesy or insolence.
5) In the park, crows fly from one tree to another and collect crumbs of black bread from the ground.
26. Task 15 No. 6357.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) Ilya looked around, lay down, put his hands under his head and began to look at the ceiling.
2) The desired moment came and our ship departed from the shore to the sounds of fireworks.
3) The sun appeared from behind the horizon and its rays burst into the grove.
4) The battery was installed and connected to the hoses and the wires enclosed in them.
5) Any significant or intelligent or simply sincere word would seem at that moment as something inappropriate.
27. Task 15 No. 6701.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) He walked and moved without any noise, he was always fussing and fiddling around quietly.
2) The forests and meadows and the sky seemed to be sleeping with their eyes open.
3) Some philosophers and a dropout student started an endless argument.
4) The sofas and chairs were made of light wood and smelled of cypress.
5) Even the coachmen submitted to his influence and every day they not only wipe their collars and clean their coats, but also wash their own faces.
28. Task 15 No. 6740.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) Morning came and the golden reflections of the young sun danced on the barely noticeable waves of the calm sea.
2) An old friend invited me to stay with him and for the first time I had the opportunity to visit the upper reaches of the Volga.
3) He carefully took his shoes out of his bosom and was again amazed at the expensive work and the wonderful incident of the previous night.
4) In a few hours he will leave the house and farm and go somewhere south.
5) Islets of coltsfoot and wormwood and thin bushes of yellow sweet clover enlivened the slope of the ravine.
29. Task 15 No. 6847.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) A good specialist relies on fundamental knowledge and ability to work.
2) In the thickets, seagulls or some other birds screamed pitifully all night.
3) The smokehouse went out not only from the slightest vibration of air, but even from a close look.
4) The dictionary of synonyms is intended for a wide range of philologists, translators and journalists.
5) For festive illumination, both electric garlands and lanterns were used.
30. Task 15 No. 6886.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) Study and work lead to glory.
2) The moon looks mysteriously and affectionately and beckons with its dim light.
3) Dal and Sreznevsky Shcherba and Vinogradov were distinguished by their knightly loyalty and devotion to their word.
4) The noise and chatter of a crowd of people - all this was unusual for Yegor.
5) Look around and see so many new and interesting things.
31. Task 15 No. 6925.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) The violin caused toothache and its sounds made it feel like a tooth was knocked out.
2) You will run out the gate and see dazzling and pristine whiteness.
3) In the evenings the sun bathes in crimson mists or burns dryly with a fire on the edge of the steppe.
4) Through the noise of the waves, either sighs or muffled screams reached them.
5) During the flight, you can take a nap or just dream.
32. Task 15 No. 6964.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
2) In the frosty morning dawn or in the golden summer twilight, the city looked like a fairy tale come to life.
3) Lithuania, Tver and Moscow claimed the role of collector of Russian lands in the 14th century.
4) Any shopkeeper was fat and rich and this was the main argument of their attachment to the Three Fat Men -
Kam.
5) The house was decorated with birch branches and daisies for the holiday.
33. Task 15 No. 7006.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) By evening, my arms, legs and shoulders were aching and longing for rest.
2) There were daffodils and tulips, pansies and forget-me-nots, dahlias and asters.
3) We were promised an exciting journey along the protected Red Coast, flowering steppes and foothills of Crimea.
4) Goncharov strives to depict the national essence of the Russian person and his natural properties.
5) Both the animal and plant worlds are unique on Lake Baikal.
34. Task 15 No. 7046.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) There were no clouds in the sky and the sun did not appear.
2) You could see her every day, either with a can, or with a bag, or with a bag and a can together.
3) Yellow leaves and morning mists reminded of the bygone summer.
4) It has been snowing or sleeting all day.
5) Nadezhda looked reproachfully straight at Kurochkin and he fell silent.
35. Task 15 No. 7085.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) Vladimir Mayakovsky remains in people’s memory not only as an outstanding poet of his time, but also as the creator of an original poetic verse.
2) The moon rose and illuminated the road, field and houses of the sleeping village.
3) There are many gas and electric stoves and ovens on display at the exhibition.
4) Egorushka had never seen steamships, locomotives, or wide rivers before.
5) In this forest on the pine trees you may notice a squirrel or woodpecker.
36. Task 15 No. 7124.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) I will order ice cream or hot chocolate or strawberry shortcake.
2) After Turgenev, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Saltykov-Shchedrin and Gleb Uspensky, Chekhov’s stories seemed to many critics to be an expression of public indifference.
3) This conference brought together representatives of both federal and regional levels of government.
4) I receive and deliver letters and parcels to the addressee.
5) In such weather, the wolf does not prowl and the bear does not crawl out of the den.
37. Task 15 No. 7442.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) Someone was cleaning the mansion and waiting for the owners.
2) In the syntactic structure of the two poetic texts we can find both similarities and differences.
3) M.V. Lomonosov outlined the distinction between significant and function words, and later this distinction was supported by the largest representatives of Russian science.
4) Many literary scholars and historians argue again and again about Goethe’s correspondence with the great Russian poet A.S. Pushkin.
5) A. S. Green could describe in detail both the bend of the river and the location of houses, both ancient forests and cozy seaside towns.
38. Task 15 No. 9993.Place punctuation marks. List two sentences that require ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
1) In 1856, in the German city of Karlsruhe, the first edition of the poem “The Demon” by the former lieutenant of the Tenginsky regiment M. Yu. Lermontov was published and in the same year in Omsk in the family of the staff captain of the same Tenginsky infantry regiment A. M. Vrubel was born son - future artist Mikhail Vrubel.
2) Many of I.K. Aivazovsky’s paintings are perceived as musical or poetic improvisations.
3) For the first time in so many war years, the ringing laughter of children came from the park and the creaking of a swing, rusted from the rain, cut into the air.
4) Composer A. A. Alyabyev was associated with the Decembrist poets both by common views and by many circumstances of life and difficult personal fate.
5) In the Meshchera region, the sources of rivers and springs and groves and oak forests became protected areas.
Part 2
1. Task 15 No. 3594.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) In the frosty morning dawn or in the golden summer twilight, the city looked like a fairy tale come to life.
2) From the houses there were rows of trees or bushes or flowers in all directions.
3) To the poet, all of nature seems animated and sharing his experiences.
4) For festive illumination, both electric garlands and lanterns were used.
5) The sounds of the violin were heard indistinctly in the darkness of the night and gradually they reached the very depths of the human heart.
2. Task 15 No. 3789.
1) Crimson golden leaves slowly and smoothly swirl in the air and quietly fall to the wet ground.
2) Pretty soon he settled down in the area and made friends with the neighbors.
3) The work went quickly and cheerfully and was completed on time.
4) Participles are capable of both figuratively describing an object or phenomenon and presenting its characteristic in dynamics.
5) Textbook M.V. Lomonosov's book on rhetoric was very popular and was published three times during the author's lifetime.
3. Task 15 No. 3828.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma
1) I have instructions from both the judge and all our friends to reconcile you with your friend.
2) You will see Peter the Great and Princess Sophia and the daring conquerors of Siberia in Surikov’s paintings.
3) In Ancient Greece there was no stopwatch, no tape measure, no precise scales.
4) Friendship and brotherhood are more valuable than any wealth.
5) At the borders of the Russian land, the short horses of the steppe warriors began to flash, and now messengers scattered throughout the Slavic cities with calls to send squads for a general rebuff to the enemy.
4. Task 15 No. 3867.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma
1) At the end of the 16th century, in the royal and boyar chambers and in monasteries, stoves began to be lined with tiles.
3) Professor Prakhov of Kyiv University was in charge of painting the famous Vladimir Cathedral
and he invited artists from Abramtsevo to work on the paintings..
4) It is quite difficult to confirm or refute these assumptions.
5) The little bear lay on the straw near the mast or climbed up it to the gazebo and sat here or also lay there.
5. Task 15 No. 3906.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma
1) The first poplar leaves smelled strongly and tartly and their aroma overwhelmed all other odors.
2) Pushkin often mentions certain periods of his life.
3) With his plays and stories, Chekhov created an original and completely autonomous world.
4) The outermost houses were already asleep and blindly stared at the traveler with their dark windows.
5) Literature has compassion for people offended by fate, and through this compassion the reader finds in the book his connection with other people.
6. Task 15 No. 3945.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma
1) In the hallway, the doctors are talking in Latin and this makes their conversation even more mysterious.
2) The golden-light west cleared and opened its arms to tired travelers.
3) Life itself dictates the plot, composition and colors to the artist.
4) She was a classy lady at the Institute for Noble Maidens for sixteen years and enjoyed exceptional respect from all her superiors.
5) There were no more instructions and Misha pushed the door to the room.
7. Task 15 No. 4062.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma
1) Peasants raised chickens and ducks and geese.
3) Russian craftswomen embroidered uniforms and camisoles, church vestments and women's dresses.
4) Flights of ships into space and the presence of people in outer space have become familiar and even everyday for us.
5) The strait seemed like a road of dull gold and sailboats were slowly drifting along it.
8. Task 15 No. 4101.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma
1) The old man who was talking to us either squinted his eyes affectionately or suddenly became stern.
2) People of the Equatorial race have curly or wavy hair.
3) When air masses invade from the Arctic in summer and winter, cooling most often occurs.
4) Somewhere, alarmed lapwings and rooks were crying and complaining about their fate.
5) The question of the origin of life on Earth has at all times had both cognitive and ideological significance.
9. Task 15 No. 4140.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma
1) The first-graders enthusiastically read poetry and sang and danced.
2) It was damp, cold and gloomy.
3) Sculptors create three-dimensional figures from solid or plastic materials.
4) Russian lyrical songs were created and performed by peasants yearning for freedom and a better life.
5) Both swallows and swifts were flying in the sky.
10. Task 15 No. 4179.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma
1) The pianist masterfully performed his own and other people’s compositions and easily sight-read unfamiliar works.
2) The tea with fragrant honey was especially tasty and we sat for a long time at the cleanly planed white table in the garden. 3) Paintings and vases and other interior details reflected the sophistication of its owner’s taste.
4) Sometimes Ilyusha’s gaze filled with an expression of fatigue or boredom.
5) The artist was captivated not only by the beauty of the view that opened before him, but also by the variety of natural forms.
11. Task 15 No. 4218.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma
1) Herbal trefoil can be found both in swampy meadows and along the shores of lakes.
2) Paul I could, for a completely insignificant reason or an openly slanderous denunciation, brutally deal with any courtier.
3) The geologist begins searching in the side tributaries of the river or carefully examines the slopes of valleys or studies the foot of the mountain.
4) The flexible ends of the ferns sway gracefully and everything is quiet again.
5) Italian art in the 17th century was no longer the only and unconditional authority and ideal.
12. Task 15 No. 4257.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) V.I. Dahl knew how to make glass jewelry and carve chess pieces and build bridges.
2) Flocks of birds rise into the transparent blue sky and their farewell cries are heard far around.
3) Either you were busy doing something that wasn’t yours or you didn’t learn how to work.
4) In the age of rockets and lasers, new means of communication and information could not push the book aside.
5) Study and work will grind everything down.
13. Task 15 No. 4296.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma
1) The text can consist of two or three sentences or several paragraphs.
2) Snowdrops and coltsfoot flowers appeared on the hillocks and thawed areas.
3) Only a few mosses are an exception to the rule and are found in dry and even arid places.
4) The wind died down and fresh coolness began to spread in the vineyards.
5) Language reflects in its words both universal concepts and nationally specific phenomena of the culture of the people.
14. Task 15 No. 4335.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma
1) Russian craftswomen embroidered uniforms and camisoles, church vestments and women's dresses.
2) Eskimos use pieces of leather or fish scales to decorate clothes.
3) Flights of ships into space and the presence of people in outer space have become familiar and even everyday for us.
4) The peasants raised chickens and ducks and geese.
5) In the fall, the Aksakov family returned to Moscow and then life in the manor house came to a standstill.
15. Task 15 No. 4374.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma
1) The shaking in the light cart and the heady steppe air lulled the boy to sleep.
2) The richest and most diverse flora and fauna of tropical rainforests.
3) The floors in a medieval castle were covered with aromatic herbs or reed mats.
4) Previously, he either did not notice the surrounding nature or looked at it from a practical point of view.
5) Coastal mountains protect the valleys from cold sea winds and the trees here are tall and straight.
16. Task 15 No. 4413.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma
1) We saw several trees in the distance and the shadows of wind-driven clouds running across the wet grass.
2) Gray gloomy days and long nights dragged on.
3) The cloud in the north grew and covered the western and eastern parts of the sky.
4) There was a noise in my head, either from the howling and whistling of the storm or from joyful excitement.
5) To check the spelling of the unstressed vowel of the root, you need to change the word or choose a related one.
17. Task 15 No. 4452.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma
1) On the same lilac bush I saw yellow leaves and buds that began to swell.
3) The gander talked to himself in a hoarse bass voice and picked up spilled seeds and grains.
4) The facts of changes in animals and plants under the influence of selection are obvious.
5) The majestic forest ended and the dewy brightness of the meadows struck my eyes.
18. Task 15 No. 4491.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma
1) The last waves of warmed fog either roll down, spread out like tablecloths, or disappear.
2) The leaves and green shells of the fruit contain ascorbic acid and tannins.
3) V.A. Serov was looking for a new way to convey the infinitely varied play of light on canvas, and work on the portrait “Girl Illuminated by the Sun” was postponed more than once.
4) Military honor and personal devotion did not allow Svyatoslav to leave his brother in trouble.
5) Graphic skill was not valued and N. Kuzmin’s graceful drawing irritated ideological critics.
19. Task 15 No. 4530.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma
1) The fellow traveler did not hear what was said or ignored my hint.
2) And the years passed quickly and silently and took these memories with them.
3)Themes of war and peace, forgiveness and hatred are relevant at all times.
4) Our train stopped at both large and small stations.
5) On the same lilac bush I saw yellow leaves and buds that began to swell.
20. Task 15 No. 4569.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma
1) Before my eyes, a beautiful pot or a tall jug or a capacious jug was born.
2) Heavy clusters of rowan trees stood out brightly and lushly against the background of birch and spruce trees.
3) Some words formed from verbs can be used both as adjectives and participles.
4) Taiga on earth and stars in the sky have existed for many thousands of years.
5) Coastal mountains protect the valleys from the cold sea winds and the trees here are tall and straight.
21. Task 15 No. 4608.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma
1) During the calm it became very warm and the southern side of the hut and the rubble near it thawed and darkened.
2) Our train stopped at both large and small stations.
5) Tinsmiths must know the structure of various machines and devices for processing sheet metal and be able to work on them.
22. Task 15 No. 4647.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma
1) Instantly, elusive lightning flashed and illuminated the forest.
2) The last waves of warmed fog either roll down, spread out like tablecloths, or disappear.
3) The leaves and green shells of the fruit contain ascorbic acid and tannins.
5) I did not have any philological education and I had no connections in the literary world.
23. Task 15 No. 4686.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma
1) Through the autumn-bright forest of the eastern hill one could see a medieval castle and an arched bridge that once connected two high-rise towers.
2) Spring thunder either growled menacingly or grumbled good-naturedly.
3) Neither the bad English weather nor the icy cold of the bedroom nor the cold tea could change the guest’s mood.
4) There was soaring in the air and the day promised to be unbearably hot.
5) Any technical invention or work of art of a particular historical era is the result of a person’s desire for truth.
24. Task 15 No. 4725.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma
1) Neither the bad English weather, nor the icy cold of the bedroom, nor the cold tea could change the guest’s mood.
2) In the syntactic structure of two poetic texts we can find both similarities and differences.
3) I. Repin was very interested in life in all its manifestations and he was disgusted by the indifference of Western artists to social problems.
4) Our class especially liked role-playing reading or dramatization of fragments from the works being studied.
5) Many literary scholars and historians argue again and again about the secrets of Shakespeare’s work
25. Task 15 No. 4764.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma
1) And he doesn’t see or hear or notice anything and talks to himself!
2) There was a noise in my head, either from the howling and whistling of the storm or from joyful excitement.
3) The fellow traveler did not hear what was said or ignored my hint.
4) To check the spelling of the unstressed vowel of the root, you need to change the word or choose a related one.
5) The flexible ends of the ferns swayed gracefully and everything became quiet again.
26. Task 15 No. 4842.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) The work went quickly and cheerfully and was completed on time.
2) He reads fables all night and these are the fruits of these books.
3) I’m sorry to part with you and I would like to remember you well
4) And the years passed quickly and silently and took these memories with them.
5) The illogic of combining words creates a special psychological effect and attracts the reader’s attention
27. Task 15 No. 4881.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) Russian songs sound both timidity and rebellious free spirits.
2) In the evenings the sun bathes in crimson mists or burns dryly on the edge of the steppe with a fire.
3) You will run out the gate and see dazzling and pristine whiteness.
4) Not a single light is visible on the sea and not a single splash is heard.
5) The snow has moved away and the old mosses near the ravine have swelled.
28. Task 15 No. 4920.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) The gate to the boyar's courtyard is wide, but from the courtyard it is narrow.
2) The water parted and a living wave went off at an angle on both sides of the bow of the boat.
3) People often think about the past and the history of their country and their people.
4) First, hold the nail with the thumb and index finger of the left hand and apply gentle blows to the nail head with a hammer.
5) Coating with paint or varnish or oil impregnation protects the surface of products from exposure to moisture and sun.
29. Task 15 No. 4959.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) The lapwings either screamed or silently ran over the hummocks.
2) In the forest the snow still lies untouched and the trees stand in captivity.
3) The artist was captivated not only by the beauty of the view that opened before him, but also by the variety of natural forms.
4) Gogol’s study of the character of the “scoundrel” follows a moral and psychological line and is supplemented by references to Chichikov’s personal qualities and the circumstances of his upbringing and environment.
5) Cash prizes and certificates were awarded to particularly distinguished carpenters and turners.
30. Task 15 No. 4998.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) Physics of the first half of the 17th century could not explain all the accumulated experimentally proven facts and was in a state of crisis.
2) The competition did not take place due to rain and it was decided to postpone it to next Sunday.
3) The idea of the existence of a national character has long been entrenched in everyday consciousness, both in fiction and in the scientific world.
4) In ancient times, neither a harpoon nor a fishing rod could provide a truly rich catch.
5) Geographic latitude is the magnitude of the arc in degrees from the equator north or south to a given point.
31. Task 15 No. 5115.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) It had long since gotten dark and the stars were shining brightly on the velvet dark blue blanket of the sky.
2) There was no word from him.
3) In the frosty morning dawn or in the golden summer twilight, the city looked like a fairy tale come to life.
4) Outside the outskirts they started singing and the melody of an old Russian song echoed with unexpected pain in Vladimir’s soul.
5) From the very early morning he ran away either to the pond or to the grove or to the hayfield.
32. Task 15 No. 5154.Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) It is quite difficult to confirm or refute these assumptions.
2) In the last years of his life, Rubens achieved amazing perfection both in the art of portraiture and landscape.
3) At the end of the 16th century, in the royal and boyar chambers and in monasteries, stoves began to be lined with tiles.
4) The little bear lay on the straw near the mast or climbed up it to the gazebo and sat here or also lay there.
5) The garden is fragrant with the freshness of autumn leaves and fruits.
Neighing, snorting, shouting rushed over the steppe, ran into the deep skies... I took the gun and wandered after the herd. Petrukha drove up to us and drove next to me. (561)
- What, it’s true - he’s crazy? - he asked me in a whisper and nodded towards Yegor. I said nothing. He again began to sing his song in a low voice, occasionally interrupting it with a loud shout... Egor rode ahead of the herd.
- Eh! - Some kind of melancholy groan escaped him. I shuddered... Petrukha stopped purring his “talkie” and cursed his gelding for something...
Eh... isn’t there just one, not just one path in the field,
One ran...
Egor began to drawl.
- What a voice! - Petrukha whispered to me.
She is a spruce forest, a small birch forest
She was overgrown...
True, the voice was good: ringing, viscous...
Is it frequent, frequent, bitter aspen
She was covered...
...Only this voice was painfully melancholy and pitiful... It was as if he was not singing a song, but some kind of tearful complaint... You listen, you listen to that song, it’s about a path that ran across a wide, clear field , and it seems that we are not talking about the path, but about a life untimely ruined, about a mediocre lot, about disgraced love...
...Oh, forgive me, goodbye, dear dear friend,
Goodbye, be healthy...
If you find me better, you will forget me...
If you find me worse, you will remember me...
You'll remember!
echoed from the grove...
The herd passed along the dam. Somewhere through it, quietly murmuring, water seeped... The pond reflected the deep sky with its stars... The buildings of the farmstead turned black in front of us. Someone's old cough was heard, and a sleepy voice said:
- What are you guys doing?
- We, grandfather Tikhon! - Petrukha responded.
Grandfather Tikhon yawned and creaked the gate. I looked beyond the pond, onto the steppe: a pale light embraced the sky in the east, Stozhary began to fade, a light fog rose from the ground; the corncrake quacked sharply somewhere behind the grove...
Something gray, cold, damp hung over the steppe...
- Let's go to bed, master! - Petrukha called me.
I followed him into the hayloft.
A year has passed.
Bad weather, wet autumn has arrived. It began to rain continuously. Gray, gloomy days and dark, long nights dragged on. Snow was expected any day now.
As I remember now: it was November 22, when, on my way to St. Petersburg, I was waiting for the train at one of the large cross stations. We had to wait a long time - eight hours. The long wooden station was bustling with bored people; some slept on the sofas, others drank tea, had a snack for almost the tenth time... Twilight reigned in the hall. A grey, wet day poured scanty light through the large weeping windows.
Tired of walking up and down the hall, I went out onto the platform. It was even more unattractive, even more dreary outside; it smelled damp. A fine, cold rain was drizzling, dousing the open plank platform and drumming monotonously on the iron roof of the station. Gray, heavy clouds lay low over the earth; in the distance, behind the village, behind the muddy, wavy river, wide yellow-dirty fields stretched... Near the roadbed, between the sleepers, there were puddles; raindrops splashed monotonously in them, wrinkled and bubbling dirty, muddy water. In the small garden adjacent to the station, bare, black trees stuck out forlornly... Yellow foliage lay along the paths. The damp air was quiet and the sharp autumn wind did not blow. Water flowed loudly from the drainpipes and from the roof... It was dripping from everything, everything was damp... It was as if nature was crying.
In the distance, behind the station, a locomotive was maneuvering; thick steam swirled and hissed, spreading like a gray fog over the very ground and enveloping nearby buildings. The whistle cut dully and sadly, as if reluctantly, through the thick, humid air. (563)
Melancholy prevailed among this gloomy, sour nature... Gloomy thoughts crept into my head...
After walking twice along the long slippery platform, I again headed to the station and asked for coffee. The audience kept scurrying around the hall, boring, gloomy... It became sickening, looking at the elongated, sad faces... Almost no conversation could be heard... Only the monotonous shuffling of feet on the stone slabs of the floor, the rattling clatter of plates at the buffet and fragmentary angry demands tea, coffee, vodka could be heard in the hall...
I had just started drinking coffee when a voice came over my ear:
- Are you Mr. N?
I quickly looked around. An officer stood in front of me; the face seemed unfamiliar.
- What do you want? - I asked, very perplexed, - I really am N.
- Drushetsky... Remember, we met in Moscow?
- Ah... Nikolai Danilych! - I joyfully extended my hands to him.
A year ago we met him in a carriage on the way to Moscow. He brought a party of soldiers to Tambov and from there returned through Moscow to Warsaw. It was his first time in Moscow, and so was I, hence the same interests. We decided to stop together and explore the “heart” of Russia. Drushetsky turned out to be a kind fellow, an intelligent observer, and a cheerful interlocutor. Time passed unnoticed for us, especially since there were only two days...
I was glad to see him. We remembered the past. We laughed at one comic episode that happened to us while examining Ivan the Great. They compared Gurin's cooking with the station cooking. We introduced each other to the news: he told me about the Warsaw ones, I told him about N...
- How come I haven’t seen you before? - I asked him.
- Yes, I met an officer I know here - he leads a party of prisoners, well, we went with him to the hotel, played billiards ...
- Where is he?
- I went to visit my people. They are there, in the third class hall... Yes, here he is!.. - Drushetsky nodded. (564)
I looked back. A young blond officer approached us. We met. It turned out to be some Nosovich, a Little Russian, naive, shy... We began to walk around the station, and went to the third class. In the depths of the hall of this class the bayonets of the guards glittered; behind them were the prisoners' clumsy robes; the clanging of chains came from there... I came closer to the prisoners. My officers again headed to the second class.
Quiet talking could be heard among the group of prisoners. Someone told how he fled “from the settlement”, from the Tobolsk province. They listened to the story eagerly. I noticed a pair of gray shiny eyes closely watching the narrator. Those were the eyes of a gray-haired, emaciated old man. The guards yawned mercilessly and exchanged fragmentary phrases. I was about to turn to go, when suddenly a familiar face flashed among the exiles... In an instant, a memory of a summer night, of the Taneiev farm, flashed through my head, and even Stozhary was remembered, extinguished in the pale dawn...
- Egor!.. why did you come here? - I almost screamed.
Yes, it was Yegor. The large features of his dark face stood out sharply among the faces of his comrades. He lost a lot of weight and changed completely. Only his brown, stern eyes seemed to burn even brighter, even more searingly... He reluctantly raised his eyes to me, and as if joy sparkled in them; he apparently recognized me, stood up and approached me. The chains rattled loudly on his legs. I extended my hand to him. The soldier pulled me aside: “It’s not ordered,” he said. Yegor again sank down onto the bench where he was sitting, waving his hand hopelessly at me. He said something at the same time, but I didn’t hear... I hastened to find Nosovich, who, of course, immediately gave me permission to talk with Yegor. Moreover, he even kindly allowed me to walk along the platform with Yegor, it was said that the young man was naive... However, he was first convinced that Yegor was from the “easy”, he was only going to a “settlement”, and therefore was not “dangerous”. ..
And so, to the accompaniment of chains, we began a conversation with Yegor. A light rain drenched us, our feet slipped through the puddles that had formed on the platform...
- Well, master, you probably didn’t expect me to meet someone chained up? - he asked me, smiling sadly. (565)
- How did this happen to you? - I asked.
- Yes, the villain is all mine - Mishka... Just wait, I’ll tell you everything in order... I’ll at least take my soul away... Do you remember I told you then that Agafya wanted to see me?.. In those days for a while I didn’t go, well, and then I couldn’t stand it - I saw him... Well, woe is one thing! It’s pouring like a river, poor thing... She’s all worn out... How can he, the damned one, never stop loving her!.. Gasha says to me: most of all I feel sorry for you and it shamefully hurts... Well, I’ve heard enough I looked at her, dear, - here Yegor’s voice trembled, - and decided... It didn’t have to be... I just managed to set fire to the barns, and then they caught me... I made a mistake - I didn’t appease the dogs... Well, I spent six months in prison, and now they’re sending me to a settlement... They’ve deprived me of some other “rights,” Yegor grinned, “Well, this must be just a joke: what rights does our brother have!”
- Why didn’t Agafya leave Parmenov?
“Go away,” he smiled bitterly, “the first thing is a disgrace, she was a mistress, they won’t let you pass in the village - it’s another matter - everything adds up to the debt, and there, in the village, the mother herself is a heel... There’s one end here.” - either into the water, or... So here she is toiling... I wanted to get married to her, leave here wherever my eyes look... Mishka says to her: let your betrothed pay off the debt... But the debt is , it’s funny to say, a hundred and thirty rubles have grown!.. The mother is crying, burning, - I’ll be lost, she says, without you... Well, it’s known - a woman! - he added after a little thought. - Apparently, so it will be... It was written in the family... Apparently, our path is indeed “covered with bitter aspen trees”... - He smiled lazily.
A kind of cold dispassion came through in his speeches - it was as if he had frozen. True, the voice trembled a couple of times and an evil smile sometimes curled his thin lips, but I saw Yegor, a little over a year ago, sobbing, embittered... Now that Yegor was no longer there. He somehow shrank, concentrated... Only his eyes glittered feverishly, inflamed... Two or three more wrinkles cut into his forehead, his black, short-cropped hair was streaked with gray here and there...
It was getting dark outside. Lanterns were lit at the entrance to the station, and lights also appeared in the halls. The rain intensified and rustled briskly (566) on the iron roof. The signal bell rang deafeningly - the train was one station away. Nosovich and Drushetsky appeared at the door,
- What, have you talked enough? - Nosovich shouted to me.
- Would you like to tell your family something? - I turned to Yegor, - maybe I’ll be in your place.
He perked up, but only for a moment. His usual impassivity took possession of him again. Apparently, my presence even began to bother him. The joy he showed when meeting me was not noticeable...
- Why punish? - he drawled reluctantly, looking to the side, - it seems there’s nothing... Only, maybe you’ll see Agafya at Parmenov’s - say, he bows, they say...
We said goodbye.
Five minutes later, with luggage in hand, everyone poured out onto the platform. The rain was getting heavier; It was already rattling, not rustling on the roof. Water was dripping from our umbrellas. The approaching train rumbled heavily in the wet darkness, ominously sparkling with red round lanterns... As if a fairy-tale monster was approaching.
The second bell rang. Passengers hurried to take their seats. Vanity arose among them... A lean conductor ran along the train and monotonously shouted in a liquid treble:
- Gr-i station, the train takes fifteen minutes!..
Sleepy passengers climbed out of the carriages. (567)
COMMENTS
“Notes of Stepnyak” were initially published in separate essays in the magazines “Bulletin of Europe”, “Delo”, “Russian Wealth” from 1879 to 1883 in the following order:
Two landowners - "Business", 1879, No. 11.
Night trip (in a separate publication in 1883 called “Under the Sound of a Blizzard”) - “Bulletin of Europe”, 1880, book. 2.
From one root - "Bulletin of Europe", 1880, book. 2.
The exposer - "Bulletin of Europe", 1880, book. 3.
Crazy - "Bulletin of Europe", 1880, book. 3.
Steppe side - "Bulletin of Europe", 1880, book. 6.
Little man Signey and my neighbor Chukhvostikov - "Bulletin of Europe", 1880, book. 6.
Vizgunov's economy - "Bulletin of Europe", 1880, book. 9.
Master Listarka - "Bulletin of Europe", 1880, book. eleven.
My household - "Bulletin of Europe", 1880, book. eleven.
Seraphim Ezhikov - "Bulletin of Europe", 1881, book. 2.
Krivoy Rog - "Bulletin of Europe", 1881, book. 5,
Zholtikov - "Bulletin of Europe", 1881, book. 7.
Popleska - "Bulletin of Europe", 1881, book. 7.
Lipyagi - "Bulletin of Europe", 1881, book. 9.
Zemets - “Russian wealth”, 1881, No. 9.
Idyll - "Bulletin of Europe", 1881, book. 12.
The foreigner Lipatka and the landowner Gudelkin - "Business", 1882, No. 2.
Officer - "Bulletin of Europe", 1882, book. 5.
Excerpts (in a separate edition of 1883 called "Addio") - "Bulletin of Europe", 1882, book. 9.
Recent times - "Business", 1882, No. 9.
Crocodile - "Business", 1883, No. 1. (571)
In 1883, “Notes of Stepnyak” was published as a separate publication (Notes of Stepnyak. Essays and stories by A. Ertel in two volumes, St. Petersburg, ed. O. I. Bakst, 1883). In this edition, an introductory essay “My acquaintance with Baturin” appeared, uniting the entire cycle with the image of the narrator - Stepnyak Baturin.
The 1883 edition did not include “The Crazy Man” and “The Indictor,” which had previously been published in the magazine as stories from the series “Notes of Stepnyak.” Records discovered in the writer's archive indicate that Ertel initially intended to include these stories in a separate edition of Stepnyak's Notes. The stories “The Crazy One” and “The Whistleblower” are interesting for their acute social orientation, because their heroes, who come from the people, in their own way try to protest against the injustices of life, in which nobles and representatives of the growing Russian bourgeoisie rule, so we consider it necessary to introduce these stories from readers and publish them after the main composition of “Notes of Stepnyak”.
The 1883 edition of "Stepnyak's Notes", the last lifetime edition, has some differences from the magazine edition. The author, preparing a separate edition of his essays and stories for publication, made a number of changes to them, mainly in the area of shortening the narrative text. The same text from the 1883 edition is the basis for the “Notes of Stepnyak”, published in the collected works of A. I. Ertel in seven volumes, published in 1909, after the death of the writer.
“Notes of Stepnyak” in this edition are printed according to the text of the last lifetime edition of “Notes of Stepnyak” in 1883 with corrections from the collected works (A.I. Ertel. Collected Works, volumes 1 and 2, M., Moscow. Knigoizdvo, 1909 ). For corrections, sometimes the first journal edition is taken into account, as well as handwritten autographs stored in the Ertel archive in Moscow, in the library named after. V.I. Lenin (fund 349) and in TsGALI, and in Leningrad in the IRLI of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
MY ACQUAINTANCE WITH BATURIN
A handwritten draft autograph entitled “Baturin Form” (bib. named after V.I. Lenin) makes it possible to establish that “My acquaintance with Baturin” was written by Ertel in 1882, when he lived on a farm in Gryaznusha. (572)
Judging by the letter to Ertel from the editor of the "Bulletin of Europe" M. M. Stasyulevich dated December 30, 1882, in which he expresses his opinion about the biography of Baturin, A. I. Ertel obviously intended to place it in the "Bulletin of Europe", but M M. Stasyulevich refused Ertel, believing that Baturin’s biography should have been more detailed, and in this form in the magazine “it would occupy a completely lonely position” (f. 349, folder XVIII). hr. 93).
I. STEPPE SIDE
Written in February - March 1880 in St. Petersburg. Initially, when A.I. Ertel did not yet think of uniting the “Notes of the Stepnyak” with the image of Stepnyak Baturin, he intended to open the book “The Steppe Side”. “The “steppe side” should serve as a preface to Stepnyak’s Notes and should be placed first,” he notes in his notebook (f. 349, folder XIV, item 1).
II. UNDER THE NOISE OF A BLIZZA
The story was written in February 1878 in Olkhovka. It was published during the life of A. I. Ertel three times - in the "Bulletin of Europe" (1880, book 2), in a separate edition of "Notes of Stepnyak" in 1883 and, in addition, together with the story "Officer" in the publication of "Russian Thought" in 1901 ("New Library" series). Its title has changed several times. The original title of the story, judging by the surviving autograph, is “Steppe Meetings.” It was sent to Stasyulevich under the title “Passion-Bearers,” Stasyulevich called it “Night Trip,” and finally, in a separate edition of “Notes of Stepnyak,” Ertel entitled it “Under the Sound of a Blizzard.” (Another story with the same title, “Under the Sound of a Blizzard,” is preserved in Ertel’s papers. Its content has nothing in common with “Night Ride.” The story is bright, very bold, depicting the protest of the peasantry against oppression. Obviously, it could not have been published because for its “obscenity”, and, realizing this, Ertel gave its title to another of his stories, similar in ideological sound.)
The version of the story “Steppe Encounters” preserved in manuscript is much more complete than the printed text and is of great interest: it clearly conveys the theme of the great moral strength of the Russian people, which no government repression could bend. Despite the fact that this (573) autograph cannot be called white, since it alternates completely rewritten pages with crossed out ones, it still makes it possible to make corrections and additions to the printed text. So, for example, in all available editions of the story “Under the Sound of a Blizzard,” the conversation between the walker and the watchman is printed with the preservation of an error that, through no fault of Ertel, crept into the text of the lifetime editions. Walker talks about how the forest was once “reserved by Queen Catherine” for the peasants, but then it was “recaptured.” The attempts of the peasants to return the forest did not lead to anything, and the walker motivates this with such a strange argument: “They were completely ruined... We know the matter... If someone else had captured, you see, and ours would have taken...” The question arises: who captured peasants' forest? Nowhere is there a word about this. The handwritten autograph gives the answer to this question: the “treasury” seized the forest from the peasants. Obviously, accusing the treasury of ruining the peasants was considered “obscene” and Stasyulevich himself or the censor crossed out the word “treasury” everywhere, which led to the nonsense that we encounter in all printed publications. The word “treasury” in this edition is restored everywhere in accordance with Ertel’s manuscript (f. 349, folder I, item 4 A2).
The ability to restore the censorship pass on the basis of this manuscript gives reason to believe that this handwritten autograph corresponds to the edition of the story that was sent to Ertel Stasyulevich and published in the magazine in a mutilated, truncated form.
Based on this handwritten autograph, a very politically important picture of the execution to which the peasants who rebelled in 1861, after the declaration of “freedom”, was subjected to was reconstructed. These lines of the story, absent from the printed text, give it a different color and depict the active protest of the peasantry against the so-called “liberation” carried out in the interests of the landowners. The restored page of the manuscript was rewritten completely by Ertel.
Who deleted the most powerful, incriminating pages from the story? Maybe the censor did it, but maybe Stasyulevich himself did it. His unpublished correspondence with Ertel regarding the “Notes of Stepnyak” once again depicts him as an extremely cautious person.
In a letter dated January 14, 1880, M. M. Stasyulevich writes to Ertel about the “obscenity” of his story and that he changed its title: “To the Passion-Bearers” I changed the title for reasons “independent of the editors,” in fact speaking, at the present moment this story in itself is not very convenient here - and even more aggravating is the title, it will be published under the title “Night Ride”. This is much easier, and without any index finger to what should not be pointed at" (f. 349, folder XVIII, item 13). As can be seen from this letter, Stasyulevich does not even ask Ertel’s permission, but simply changes title of the story. There is no doubt that he did not limit himself to just changing the title in this story, which was “not very convenient” for censorship reasons.
Stasyulevich edited Ertel's works even when he was no longer a novice author. For example, on December 2, 1882, he writes to Ertel regarding “The Volkhon Young Lady”: “You give me the right to soften “hard” objects, and due to censorship circumstances, completely eliminate them, and where necessary, cover them with gas... I cannot be your enemy without becoming an enemy of the journal" (f. 349, folder XVIII, item 13).
Ertel’s unpublished correspondence with Zasodimsky, Stasyulevich and other writers, as well as with his loved ones - his father, wife, shows that many of Ertel’s works were considered “obscene” by his addressees and, without reaching the censor, were sent back to the writer due to their “inconvenience” for print. In a letter dated January 21, 1882, Ertel tells, for example, his future wife, Maria Vasilievna Ogarkova, about how M. M. Stasyulevich once came to him: “He urgently asked me to write more carefully. My last story, just submitted for March book, called him “harsh” and said that it was unlikely that he would go...” And indeed, no story by A. I. Ertel was published in the March book of Vestnik Evropy. “You can’t imagine how bad life is. The oppression of the press, the oppression of society, resonates in everyone with a dull pain...” Ertel admits with deep sorrow to M.V. Ogarkova.
III. FROM ONE ROOT
The story was written in St. Petersburg in October 1879. No handwritten autograph was found.
IV. TWO LANDLORDS
The essay was written in St. Petersburg in November 1879. Unpublished letters to A.I. Ertel from Ivan Vasilyevich Fedotov, the father of his first wife, as well as some notes from Ertel himself (575) indicate that many of the heroes of his essays and stories from the series “Notes of Stepnyak” had real prototypes, which in the majority Ertel's stories were based on the study of actual events and characters, and were not “composed.” I.V. Fedotov wrote to Ertel: “Those numbers of the magazines where your essays are published are torn out by the Usmanians from each other with impatience...”, since the Usmanians are waiting for new revelations from Ertel (f. 349, folder XIX, item. 3/40).
Fedotov speaks of very specific prototypes of the “two landowners” drawn by Ertel in his essay. “Karpetkin is probably the dearest I.V. Mersky,” writes Fedotov (f. 349, folder XIX, item 3/34). Fedotov informs Ertel that the essay “excited the entire cesspool to the bottom, - embittered Merch., and Snoring., and the entire vile clique of brainless donkeys, and pricked up their donkey ears in anticipation of new blows of the literary scourge...” Fedotov writes to Ertel about this , what one of their mutual acquaintances had already said in connection with “Two Landowners”: “you are inviting a horde of villains in the form of landowners: the Kolotushkins of the Usman district” (f. 349, folder XIX, item 3/41) . At the same time, it would be wrong to look for complete portrait similarities between the characters in Ertel’s stories and essays and the residents of the Usman district, who to one degree or another were the prototypes of his heroes. Based on facts known to him, observing well-known people, Ertel strove to create typical images.
V. THE LITTLE MAN SIGNEY AND MY NEIGHBOR CHUKHVOSTIKOV
The story was written in St. Petersburg in March 1880. Judging by the draft autograph, the original title of the story was “Little Man Signey.” Ertel later moved the beginning of the first version of the story to the “Steppe Side”.
VI. VIZGUNOVSKAYA ECONOMY
The place where the essay was written is a farm on Gryaznusha. It was completed in July 1880. “Vizgunovskaya Economy” was published in the magazine with a dedication to Gleb Ivanovich Uspensky, in a separate publication this dedication was removed. Judging by the manuscript, the original title was “The Clerks' Son.” (576)
In the list of “Proposed essays from the “Notes of Stepnyak”, preserved in Ertel’s memorial book, he outlined the plan and plot of the essay: “His love for a peasant girl. Then he married a stupid bourgeois woman,” noted the need to give “pictures of nature: deep autumn, near the river...” In this sketch of the then planned work, Ertel among other things wrote down: “You can copy it from Yves. Vsevolodov." Obviously, he had in mind a specific prototype of the hero - the son of the clerk Parmen.
Sending M. M. Stasyulevich “Vizgunov’s Economy” for the September book of “Bulletin of Europe”, Ertel wrote: “I myself am both pleased with it and not. This essay looks at me either like a wolf or like a fox...” (TSGALI, f. 1167 , storage unit 75, inventory 1, No. 4316). Ertel approached his works with great demands and was, as he himself said, merciless towards himself. He considered it necessary for a writer to emulate the great masters - Leo Tolstoy, Turgenev, Gogol, Saltykov-Shchedrin.
VII. BARIN LISTARKA
Place and date of writing: Usman, 1880, September 14. Regarding this essay, Ertel noted in his notebook: “When interpreting the character of Master Listarka, one should not forget the influence on this character that post-reform difficult relations caused.” The autograph has not survived.
VIII. MY HOUSEHOLD
Ertel indicates the date of writing this essay - September 24, 1880 in Usman.
Only small sketches of “My Household” have been preserved in Ertel’s archive.
IX. SERAPHIM EZHIKOV
The story was written in Usman on December 13, 1880. The manuscript department of the IRLI of the USSR Academy of Sciences contains a white autograph of the story, which basically corresponds to the lifetime editions. All corrections in the printed text were made (577) according to this manuscript (IRLI, Manuscript Department, f. 250, item 594).
Ertel hesitated in choosing the name of the main character and the title of the story. In the plan “Proposed Sketches from the Notes of Stepnyak” Ertel first called the story he had planned - “Eccentric”, then “Seraphim Chudakov”, until he finally settled on the name of the hero - Seraphim Ezhikov, which became the title of the story. Apparently, Ertel attached great importance to this story. Here is what he wrote on November 5, 1880 to M. M. Stasyulevich: “I am now half ready with an essay from Stepnyak’s Notes. The essay is called “Seraphim Ezhikov” and is about a people’s teacher, forced to give up the work that he considers higher in importance than anything else in the world, and leave the village. To tear a plant from the soil means to destroy it, and Seraphim Ezhikov also dies. They tore him out of the soil - the village - because he had a somewhat broad understanding of the calling of a people's teacher: he did not refuse to write a request to the peasants against the kulak, did not refuse to explain to them this or that illegality of the clerk, the foreman, the priest, and so on. Despite the fact that his activities were legal in the strictest sense of the word, he was kicked out as ill-intentioned. He ends sadly and truly as ill-intentioned. Since the latter will be indicated by me only in one phrase at the end of the story and otherwise I try to be very careful, I hope that I will avoid Scylla and Charybdis. I think I’ll finish the essay on the 20th of this month...” (TsGALI, f. 1167, item 75, inventory 1, l. 8).
Very interesting is Ertel’s indication of the end of Ezhikov’s activities on the paths of “bad intentions” and the need, due to censorship obstacles - “Scylla and Charybdis” - to outline this topic in just one phrase. But this one phrase did not remain in the story. We learn about the further fate of Ezhikov from “Idyll” and “Addio”.
Responding to Ertel about “Seraphim Ezhikov”, which he sent for publication in Vestnik Evropy, A. N. Pypin spoke positively about the story, noted the importance of the type of Seraphim Ezhikov, saying that he was “very characteristic and new.” In addition, Pypin noted that those “several broader observations” about modern Russian reality that the story gives rise to are “very good and very necessary” (f. 349, folder XVII, no. 8, letter dated January 6, 1881) . (578)
Indeed, Ertel’s story about the tragic fate of the people’s teacher, whose noble activity was already doomed to failure in advance, gave rise to deep and sad judgments about the lack of rights of Russian intellectuals like Ezhikov, whom the tsarist government considered possible to persecute if only for the fact that they are reading Mill!
Having shown all the limitations of Seraphim Ezhikov’s populist illusions, Ertel at the same time painted with deep sympathy the image of this extremely honest man, selflessly devoted to the interests of the people.
X. ZEMETS
We do not find the exact date of writing “Zemets” in Ertel’s letters and notebooks, but it was apparently conceived in 1878, because in Ertel’s “Memorial Book” for 1878, in the list “Probable essays from the Stepnyak Notes” we we find under number XXII "Zemets" with an indication of the prototype of his hero - "Demshinsky Alexander Ivanov" (f. 349, no. 2).
In a letter to his father dated November 5, 1881, Ertel asks: “How did you like my “Zemets”... In it I took some features from the Demshinsky vowel Alexander Ivanovich” (f. 349, folder X, item 24).
In this story, Ertel managed to show the reactionary nature of the institution of zemstvo vowels in pre-revolutionary Russia, which was determined by the composition of the vowels. The working population was excluded from elections - members were elected by landowners and people who owned real estate.
Contemporaries appreciated not only the typical image of the vowel Onesimus, created by Ertel, but also other advantages of the story "Zemets", in particular the poetic depiction of Russian nature. Ertel's skill as a landscape painter was noted by everyone who wrote about him, Chekhov and Korolenko spoke about it. We find an enthusiastic assessment of Ertel’s ability to see and convey “wild nature” in the review of the editor of the magazine “Russian Wealth” N.F. Bazhin, in his letter in which he thanks Ertel for sending the story “Zemets” to the magazine: “Zemets” is pretty little thing. I like descriptions of nature so little that I usually skip them wherever I come across them, but in your “Zemets” they are a completely different article: they are so excellent that they even bear little resemblance to a description. .. It seems as if you yourself are traveling to the steppe and see and hear everything that happens in it, and you breathe not the filthy room air at all, but that steppe air... They say that some of our other writers have good descriptions of nature - I don’t know; There are some beautiful ones, that’s for sure, but I saw living nature transferred to the pages of a book only in yours...” (f. 349, folder XI, No. 9/1-4).
