Modern zoologists. What does zoology study?
Methodological guide for developing biology lessons 7th grade
Lesson type - combined
Methods: partially search, problem presentation, reproductive, explanatory and illustrative.
Target: mastering the ability to apply biological knowledge in practical activities, use information about modern achievements in the field of biology; work with biological devices, tools, reference books; conduct observations of biological objects;
Tasks:
Educational: the formation of cognitive culture, mastered in the process of educational activities, and aesthetic culture as the ability to have an emotional and value-based attitude towards objects of living nature.
Educational: development of cognitive motives aimed at obtaining new knowledge about living nature; cognitive qualities of a person associated with mastering the fundamentals of scientific knowledge, mastering methods of studying nature, and developing intellectual skills;
Educational: orientation in the system of moral norms and values: recognition of the high value of life in all its manifestations, the health of one’s own and other people; environmental consciousness; nurturing love for nature;
Personal: understanding of responsibility for the quality of acquired knowledge; understanding the value of adequately assessing one’s own achievements and capabilities;
Cognitive: ability to analyze and evaluate the impact of environmental factors, risk factors on health, the consequences of human activities in ecosystems, the impact of one’s own actions on living organisms and ecosystems; focus on continuous development and self-development; the ability to work with various sources of information, transform it from one form to another, compare and analyze information, draw conclusions, prepare messages and presentations.
Regulatory: the ability to organize independent completion of tasks, evaluate the correctness of work, and reflect on one’s activities.
Communicative: the formation of communicative competence in communication and cooperation with peers, understanding the characteristics of gender socialization in adolescence, socially useful, educational and research, creative and other types of activities.
Technologies: Health conservation, problem-based, developmental education, group activities
Types of activities (content elements, control)
Formation in students of skills in constructing and implementing new knowledge (concepts, methods of action, etc.): collective work - studying text and illustrative material (pp. 3-7 of the textbook), familiarization with the structure of the textbook, reference material proposed by the teacher algorithm; individual work - compiling a table “History of the development of zoology as a science” with subsequent mutual verification; work in pairs or small groups - classification of animals with the advisory assistance of the teacher, followed by mutual verification, completing tasks proposed by the teacher, followed by verification.
Planned results
Subject
Learn to explain the meaning of concepts: zoology, systematic categories; describe the ideas of ancient people about animals, using archaeological data; evaluate the contribution of scientists of the Ancient World and the Middle Ages to the development of ideas about animals; realize the need to systematize information for ease of study; characterize the systematic category, highlighting its components; classify animals using modern systematic categories.
Metasubject UUD
Cognitive : convert information from one form to another; classify objects according to specified criteria.
Regulatory: highlight the generalized meaning and formal structure of the educational task; carry out tasks according to the proposed algorithm and draw conclusions about the quality of the work done.
Communicative: working in a group, build effective interaction with peers
Personal UUD
Formation and development of cognitive interest in the study of biology and the history of the development of knowledge about nature
Techniques: analysis, synthesis, inference, translation of information from one type to another, generalization.
Basic Concepts
Zoology is the science of animals, the subject of its study; stages of development of zoology: pre-scientific and scientific; methods of studying animals; the diversity of animals, their wide distribution throughout the Earth; systematic categories of the animal kingdom; textbook “Animals”: its content, methodological apparatus, rules for working with the textbook.
Resources
Biology. Animals. 7th grade textbook for general education. institutions / V.V. Latyushin, V.A. Shapkin. —
Presentation hosting
Topic "Modern Zoology"
Goals:
Educational: promote the assimilation of concepts such as ichthyology, helminthology, ornithology, ethology, entomology, signs of similarities and differences between plant and animal cells.
Educational: create conditions for the formation of general educational and intellectual skills, for the development of attention and independent thinking.
Educational: create conditions for understanding the importance of studying zoology as a science and the use of zoological knowledge in the modern world.
Preliminary work: Several students are given the task of preparing reports on the history of the emergence of various sciences, as well as what these sciences study.
During the classes
Org. moment
1.Teacher's opening speech
Hello, guys, in the last lesson we got acquainted with the history of the development of zoology. Let's remember a little from the material from the last lesson.
II.Now I will read the statements, and you need to write whether you agree with this statement or not. Ready?
Independent work
1.Only in the 15th century did people begin to depict what we now call rock paintings on the walls of caves (No).
2.The “Ladder of Creatures” was first created by Carl Linnaeus (No).
3.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek himself made lenses that magnify 150-300 times and discovered the world of microorganisms (Yes).
4.Carl Linnaeus created binary nomenclature (Yes).
5. In the name White Bear, Bear is a generic name, and White is a specific name (Yes).
6.Archaeopteryx is a transitional form of animals from amphibians to birds (No).
7. The largest systematic unit in zoology, as in botany, is the Kingdom (Yes).
The teacher takes work from several students and arranges for the work to be checked on site. The rest of the students exchange notebooks and evaluate others.
II .Learning new material
And now, guys, we are starting to study a new topic, “Modern Zoology.” In the notebooks we write “Modern Zoology” and the number in the margins. We will study it in a way that is unusual for you. But first, let's remember
what is zoology?
? Zoology is the science of animals.
? What does zoology study? (Zoology studies the animal world, the structure of animals, origin, development, behavior).
You and I know that animals and plants belong to living organisms. And why?What processes are characteristic of both plants and animals that indicate the course of life? .(Breathing, reproduction, nutrition, growth, development).
All living organisms are made up of cells.How are animal cells different from plant cells? ? (In animal cells there are no plastids, vacuoles, and there is no cellulose in the membrane).
The structure of living organisms, the processes occurring inside the body and the behavioral reactions of organisms are studied by science. But at the present stage of life, knowledge is becoming more and more, therefore, within such a huge science as zoology, other sciences are being formed that study individual groups of animals or their behavior. This is what we will talk about now.
In the notebooks the subtitle:Zoology as a science.
Now, let's meet our experts:
1.Leading Ornithologist of our country
2. Ichthyologist of the Moscow Research Institute
3. Entomologist of the Meshchera National Park, Vladimir Region
4. Helminthologist of the Scientific Research Center “Health”
And the Chairman of the Expert Committee is me, a biologist who studies various groups of organisms.
So, let's begin.
Within zoology, the following sciences are currently distinguished:like Ornithology, Ichthyology, Helminthology, Entomology and others. Let's find out a little about them.
Ichthyology
(video show)
Ornithology
(video show)
Entomology
Chairman : Thus,zoology is a science that includes such fields of science or sections as ornithology, ichthyology, helminthology, entomology, etc.
(fill out the diagram on the board)
Zoology Ichthyology
Ornithology
Helminthology
Entomology
Ethology
But there are also other sciences: arachnology, protistology and many others.
Information for teachers: Protistology - a field of science that studies simple organisms.
Arachnology - a field of science that studies arachnids.
Chairman: Thank you to our experts for their work. I will ask them to take their seats in the classroom.
We have now examined, or at least tried to consider, what such a huge science of zoology studies, we have examined individual sciences within zoology, and also how the structure of an animal cell differs from a plant cell, and we have touched a little on modern research in zoology. Therefore, now I will ask all of you in your notebooks to write the answer to the question:
? Why do we need knowledge of zoology? Give as many arguments as possible when answering this question.
4 minutes to complete the task. Please start working.
(reading arguments)
The meaning of zoology
1) Knowing a lot about zoology
- you can artificially breed fish, fur-bearing animals, and domestic animals
- methods for controlling agricultural pests can be developed
- breed new breeds of animals
- promote the conservation of existing species of wildlife
- explore processes occurring in nature
- domesticate wild animals
III .Reinforcement
Continue with offers
1. Zoology is….the science of animals.
2. In an animal cell, unlike a plant cell, there are no... plastids, vacuoles, cellulose in the cell membrane.
3.Ornithology is the science…of birds
4. Helminthology is the science ... about helminths
5. Ethology is the science ... of animal behavior.
6.Entomology is the science….about insects.
7.Ichthyology is the science... about fish.
Thank you guys for your work in class (evaluating student answers).
D.z Paragraph 2
Ichthyology - a separate branch of zoology that studies fish.
Researchers study the history of the origin and development of fish, the structure of their body, living conditions and feeding and reproduction characteristics. One of the tasks of ichthyology is the systematization and description of various species of fish.
Ichthyological data help to conduct fisheries wisely. The study of the principles of fish orientation under water, as well as their movement, contributes to the development of technology, in particular hydroacoustics and hydrodynamics.
Fish began to be studied in ancient times. The first descriptions of fish appeared in ancient India in the 6th century BC. In China, in the 1st millennium BC, handwritten books appeared that described various fish, their lifestyle and feeding habits.
In the 4th century BC, in the work “History of Animals,” fish were described systematically. This was done by the great explorer and philosopher Aristotle. Aristotle's data was the basic knowledge of mankind about fish until the 15th century and was not expanded at all. During the 15-19 centuries, scientists from different countries accumulated new information about fish. Finally, only in the 19th century ichthyology became an independent scientific discipline. In the 19th century, fishing developed. Science was at the service of fisheries.
Ichthyology flourished in the 20th century, when sonars and underwater vehicles began to be used for scientific research, when scuba gear and a deep-sea bathyscaphe were invented.
Ornithology - branch of zoology that studies birds. Ornithologists study the origin, development, structural features, nutrition and reproduction of different species of birds. A separate task of ornithology is the systematization and description of various species of birds.
The author of the term “ornithology” belongs to the Italian animal researcher Aldrovandi, who lived in the 16th century. The foundations of modern ornithology were laid by the 18th century scientist Carl Linnaeus, who proposed a systematization of birds in his work “System of Nature.” Until the 19th century, scientists only described different types of birds, their structure and way of life. Since the 19th century, the geography of distribution of various bird species and migration routes began to be studied.
Ornithology is one of the most developed areas of zoology. Ornithological data played a particular role in preventing the spread of bird flu, a viral disease dangerous to humans. Ornithological research is carried out in a coordinated manner by ornithological scientists from different countries, who unite in ornithological societies and other scientific organizations and exchange information and research experience.
Entomology is a branch of zoology that studies insects.
Entomologists are interested in the origin and body structure of insects, living conditions and feeding habits of these creatures. A separate problem in entomology is the taxonomy of insects.
Interestingly, data on insects was preserved on cuneiform tablets and papyri of Ancient Egypt. These written sources date back to the 3rd millennium BC. Signs tell of the devastation of fields by huge numbers of locusts. Written sources of Ancient China talk about the maintenance of the silkworm.
Aristotle wrote about insects in his works in the 4th century BC. But the development of entomology began only in the 17th century. The founder of this science is considered to be the Dutch researcher J. Swammerdam, who first wrote a scientific work about bees in 1669. A researcher from England, J. Ray, first tried to systematize insects in the 17th century. The foundations of insect taxonomy were laid by the Swedish researcher C. Linnaeus.
Zoology is the science of animals. Representatives of the animal world belong to one kingdom, which has more than 1.5 million species. Microscopic organisms up to 0.5 mm in size and huge inhabitants of the seas - whales up to 33 m - are known. Distributed everywhere on land, in water, in the air.
What does zoology study and its main tasks?
Zoology studies the structure, vital activity of animals, patterns of their distribution and relationship with the environment. Describes evolutionary processes, stages of development of the animal world.
Zoology - the science of animals
The main tasks of zoology:
- Study of features in the structure of internal organs, skeleton, and external integument of animals.
- Characteristics of the developmental processes of individual individuals from fertilization to death.
- Studying the role of animals in biocenoses and the natural environment as a whole.
History of the development of zoology
The development of zoology began even before our era, even then people explored the animal world, studied their structure and behavior. The founder of zoology as a science is the famous ancient Greek scientist and thinker Aristotle.. He wrote a treatise of 10 books, “The History of Animals,” which presented the basics of animal physiology and anatomy.
Table of the main stages in the development of zoology
| Stages | Main events |
|---|---|
| IV Art. BC era | Aristotle's detailed description of the 452 species of animals inhabiting the earth at that time. |
| 77 AD era | The Roman scientist of the early first century AD Pliny the Elder published the book “Natural History”, which describes the animals of those times. |
| V – XV centuries | In the Middle Ages, animal research was prohibited. |
| XV - XVI centuries | During the Renaissance, a new stage in the development of science began. The discovery of continents by Columbus and Magellan became significant events for zoology. New species, patterns and features of their distribution throughout the globe were studied. |
| XVII century | A microscope was invented, and the Dutch biologist A. Leeuwenhoek was the first to study ciliates and describe the cellular structure of animal muscles. |
| XVIII century | Carl Linnaeus publishes the System of Nature, which became the basis for the creation of the current classification of animals. |
| XIX century | The origin of the idea of the evolution of species from more primitive unicellular forms to multicellular, highly developed organisms (the theory of Charles Darwin). |
| XX century – beginning of the XXI century. | An increase in the number of studies using electron microscopy and biophysical methods. Development of genetics as a field of zoology. Modeling objects at the molecular level using computer technology. |
History of Russian zoology dates back to the 17th century, when knowledge about the animal world began to be generalized, systematized, and the first books about animals began to be published.
XVIII century was marked by the opening of the Academy of Sciences, this was facilitated by Peter I, who was interested in zoology and collected animals.
Many expeditions were organized to study the fauna of their own territories and nearby ones.
In the XX century. the development of zoology is associated with the names of A.N. Severtsov, K.I. Skryabin, V.A. Dogel. In the second half of the twentieth century. Many scientific communities have been founded and scientific research has been organized. Cooperation with foreign scientists has begun, knowledge is increasingly deepening and new directions are being formed in the study of the animal world.
Sections of zoology depending on the tasks performed
The taxonomy of animals gives a complete description of species diversity, divides them according to similar and distinctive characteristics, and studies the characteristic changes in structure during the historical development of animals.
Anatomy(zootomy) is the science of the structure of representatives of the animal kingdom, of the topography of organs and systems.
Morphology deals with the study and compilation of comparative characteristics of animals from different groups, exploring their evolutionary development.
Cytology- explores the functions and structure of animal cells; physiology gives an idea of the activity of cells, organs and systems in the whole organism.
Animal ecology- their interaction with each other and with other individuals and elements of inanimate nature.
Ethology- studies the instinctive behavior of animals in their natural environment.
Zoogeography- studies the causes and factors that influence the distribution of animals, their distribution across different continents and climatic zones.
Paleozoology is engaged in the study of fossil animals that inhabited the earth during different periods of its formation.
Sections of zoology depending on the object of study
- Arachnology– science of arachnids;
- entomology– about insects;
- malacology– about shellfish;
- ichthyology– about fish;
- theriology– about mammals.
Modern zoology
Modern zoology is a set of scientific branches that reflect the lifestyle of representatives of the animal world, their development, and the structure of organs and systems.
Many scientists work in each of these areas, which has led to great achievements in the development of zoology.
The importance of animals in human life has changed significantly over the centuries. The role of wild species as a food source has decreased significantly. People actively began to breed new species, more valuable and fertile. Breeding pets and fish is very popular today. Certain branches of zoology help fight harmful insects, rodents, and fungi that cause damage to agriculture.
In the process of research, zoologists found that animals are the cause of a number of serious human diseases. For example, scabies is caused by scabies, malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum, and many life-threatening worms. And other animals carry the pathogens of these diseases. Lice carry Rickettsia (typhus), Anopheles mosquitoes carry malaria, and rodents carry plague.
Due to the development of human industrial activities, many animals have been damaged. Massive deforestation, reclamation of swamps, and hunting of valuable species have led to the extinction of many wild species. Therefore, the task of zoology in the modern world is also to protect animals, prevent their extermination, and preserve habitats.
Slide 2
“zoology” (translated from Greek) the study of animals zoon-logos- What is zoology?
Slide 3
Studies the diversity of the animal world, the structure and vital activity of animals, their distribution, connection with their environment, patterns of individual and historical development. ZOOLOGY - the science of animals.
Slide 4
Zoology is a system of animal sciences Ethology Zoogeography Entomology Ichthyology Ornithology Paleozoology Zoology is also associated with other biological sciences, medicine, veterinary medicine, agriculture, human production activities and animal protection.
Slide 6
Zoogeography - the science of animal distribution
Slide 7
Entomology is the science that studies insects
Slide 8
Ichthyology is the science that studies fish
Slide 9
Ornithology is the science that studies birds
Slide 10
Paleozoology
The science that studies the fossil forms of animals and their changes in the process of historical development
Slide 11
Images of ostriches, bulls, giraffes and shepherds with bows A string of bulls Horse Deer Buffalo The beginning of man's accumulation of information about the animal world dates back to the Stone Age
Slide 12
The founder of the science of zoology, made the first attempt to classify animals, described in detail the structure, lifestyle and distribution of more than 400 species of animals in his works “History of Animals”, “The Origin of Animals”, “On the Parts of Animals”. Aristotle (384-322 BC) As a science, zoology originated in Dr. Greece and is associated with the name of Aristotle
Slide 13
Zoology in the Middle Ages The general decline of science in the Middle Ages also affected zoology. Even the writings of the ancients remain forgotten for a long time and are kept only here and there in monasteries. The few works of this time concerning zoology have no scientific significance. After the XIII century. a period of calm ensues, but outstanding works are translated into various languages; Numerous universities were founded in the 14th century, printing facilitated the dissemination of works on natural science, and scientific circles were formed that preceded scientific societies.
Slide 14
Zoology in the Age of Great Geographical Discoveries A.V. Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) M. Malpighi (1628-1694) W. Harvey (1578-1657)
Slide 15
Zoology was formed into a coherent system of knowledge by the end of the 18th century by Zh.B. Lamarck (1744-1829) C. Darwin (1809-1882) C. Linnaeus (1707-1778) J. Cuvier (1769-1832)
Slide 16
I. Mechnikov (1845-1915) A. O. Kovalevsky (1840-1901) A. N. Severtsev (1866-1936) K. Baer (1792 -1876) I. I. Shmalgauzen (1884-1963) Great contribution to development of domestic zoology contributed:
Slide 17
Nowadays, about 2 million species of animals are known
Slide 18
Animals inhabit all living environments Land-air environment Aquatic environment Soil environment Organismic environment
Slide 19
Animals are diverse in external and internal structure, size, and lifestyle.
Slide 20
Animals, like plants and all other living organisms, have common characteristics:
Cellular structure Growth Development Nutrition Respiration Reproduction
Slide 21
How are animals different from plants?
Slide 22
Comparison table of plants and animals
Slide 23
1. Animal cells do not have a hard cellulose shell
Structure of an animal cell Structure of a plant cell
Slide 24
2. Animals eat ready-made organic substances
Slide 25
3. Animals can move actively
Slide 26
4. Able to perceive irritations and respond to them
ZOOLOGY - the science of animals. Studies the diversity of the animal world, the structure and vital activity of animals, their distribution, connection with their environment, patterns of individual and historical development.
Zoology is a system of animal sciences. Ethology Zoogeography Entomologists Ichthyology Ornithologists Zoology is also associated with other biological sciences, medicine, agriculture, veterinary medicine, industrial activities, human paleozoologists and animal conservation. and I
The beginning of man's accumulation of information about the animal world dates back to the Stone Age Buffalo Deer Images of ostriches, bulls, giraffes and shepherds with bows Horse A string of bulls
How the science of zoology originated in Dr. Greece and is associated with the name of Aristotle. Founder of the science of zoology, made the first attempt to classify animals, described in detail the structure, lifestyle and distribution of more than 400 species of animals in his works “History of Animals”, “The Origin of Aristotle Animals”, “On Parts (384 -322 BC) . BC) animals".
Zoology in the century The general decline of the middle sciences in the centuries was reflected in zoology. Even the writings of the ancients remain forgotten for a long time and are kept only here and there in monasteries. The few works of this time concerning zoology have no scientific significance. After the XIII century. a period of calm ensues, but outstanding works are translated into various languages; Numerous universities were founded in the 14th century. , book printing facilitates the dissemination of works on natural science, scientific circles are formed that precede
Zoology in the Age of Great Geographical Discoveries W. Harvey (15781657) M. Malpighi (1628 -1694) A. V. Leven Hooke (16321723)
Zoology was formed into a coherent system of knowledge by the end of the 18th century C. Linnaeus (1707-1778) J. B. Lamarck (1744 - J. Cuvier (1769-1832) C. Darwin (1809 -1882)
A great contribution to the development of domestic zoology was made by: A. O. Kovalevsky (1840-1901) A. N. Severtsev (1866 -1936) I. I. Shmalgauzen (1884-1963) I. Mechnikov (1845 -1915) K. Baer ( 1792 - 1876)
- Bottom animals in general are called benthos (from the Greek benthos - depth). - Plankton is the name given to animals that “float” in water. These include protozoa (for example, radiolarians), coelenterates (jellyfish and ctenophores), and many crustaceans (including small crustaceans that baleen whales feed on), and gastropods that have lost their shells and even some fish. - In addition to plankton, the water column is inhabited by large, beautifully swimming animals that can easily cope with the strongest currents and are capable of developing high speeds. This group of aquatic inhabitants is called nekton (from the Greek nektos - floating). The most typical nektonic animals are fish, whales, dolphins, and squid.
Adaptation of organisms to their environment. Snow, for example, significantly reduces temperature fluctuations at a depth of 25 cm. Deep snow protects plant buds. For black grouse, hazel grouse and tundra partridges, snowdrifts are a place to spend the night, since at 20–30 degrees below zero at a depth of about 40 cm, the temperature remains close to 0 °C. For ungulates and predators, the depth of loose snow is a limiting factor in settlement, while the appearance of a crust in black ice condemns many herbivores to starvation. Therefore, red and spotted deer, fallow deer and roe deer do not penetrate north further than those places where the snow depth is more than 40 cm.
Many species of animals that live in areas with snowy winters molt in the fall, changing the color of their fur or feathers to white. Perhaps this seasonal molting of birds and animals is also an adaptation - camouflage coloring, which is typical for the weasel hare, arctic fox, tundra partridge and others.
Soil Habitat Soil is the habitat of many organisms. Creatures that live in the soil are called pedobionts. The smallest of these are bacteria, algae, fungi and single-celled organisms that live in soil waters. Up to 10¹⁴ organisms can live in one m³. Invertebrate animals such as mites, spiders, beetles, springtails and earthworms live in the soil air. They feed on plant remains, mycelium and other organisms. Vertebrate animals also live in the soil, one of them is the mole. It is very well adapted to living in completely dark soil, so it is deaf and almost blind.
Soil organisms are characterized by specific organs and types of movement (burrowing limbs in mammals; the ability to change body thickness; the presence of specialized head capsules in some species); body shape (round, volcanic, worm-shaped); durable and flexible covers; reduction of eyes and disappearance of pigments. Among soil inhabitants, saprophagy is widely developed - eating the corpses of other animals, rotting remains, etc.
The front paws of moles are real shovels. They turn their palms outward so that it is more convenient to dig the ground in front of them and throw it back. The toes of the mole's paws are covered with a common skin and end with powerful flattened claws. The mole's fur is short, soft, and lays equally easily both forward and backward. Moving through tight tunnels leads to its rapid wiping, so the mole sheds not 1-2 times, like most animals, but 3 or 4 times a year.
Animals, like plants and all other living organisms, have common characteristics: 1. Cellular structure 2. Growth 3. Development 4. Nutrition 5. Respiration 6. Reproduction
Comparative table of plants and animals Comparison points Cell structure Nutrition Movement Irritability Growth Typical animal Typical plant
1. Animal cells do not have a hard cellulose shell. Structure of an animal cell. Structure of a plant cell.
