Draw up the genetic series of lithium using the diagram. Genetic relationship between classes of inorganic substances Genetic series of lithium with equations

This lesson is devoted to the generalization and systematization of knowledge on the topic “Classes of inorganic substances.” The teacher will tell you how you can get a substance of another class from substances of one class. The acquired knowledge and skills will be useful for drawing up reaction equations along chains of transformations.

During chemical reactions, a chemical element does not disappear; atoms are transferred from one substance to another. The atoms of a chemical element are, as it were, transferred from a simple substance to a more complex one, and vice versa. Thus, so-called genetic series arise, starting with a simple substance - a metal or non-metal - and ending with a salt.

Let me remind you that salts contain metals and acidic residues. So, the genetic series of a metal may look like this:

From a metal, as a result of the reaction of a compound with oxygen, a basic oxide can be obtained, a basic oxide, when interacting with water, gives a base (only if this base is an alkali), and a salt can be obtained from a base as a result of an exchange reaction with an acid, salt or acidic oxide.

Please note that this genetic series is only suitable for metals whose hydroxides are alkalis.

Let us write down the reaction equations corresponding to the transformations of lithium in its genetic series:

Li → Li 2 O → LiOH → Li 2 SO 4

As you know, metals, when interacting with oxygen, usually form oxides. When oxidized by atmospheric oxygen, lithium forms lithium oxide:

4Li + O 2 = 2Li 2 O

Lithium oxide, interacting with water, forms lithium hydroxide - a water-soluble base (alkali):

Li 2 O + H 2 O = 2LiOH

Lithium sulfate can be obtained from lithium in several ways, for example, as a result of a neutralization reaction with sulfuric acid:

2. Chemical information network ().

Homework

1. p. 130-131 No. 2.4 from the Workbook in Chemistry: 8th grade: to the textbook by P.A. Orzhekovsky and others. “Chemistry. 8th grade” / O.V. Ushakova, P.I. Bespalov, P.A. Orzhekovsky; ed. prof. P.A. Orzhekovsky - M.: AST: Astrel: Profizdat, 2006.

2. p.204 No. 2, 4 from the textbook P.A. Orzhekovsky, L.M. Meshcheryakova, M.M. Shalashova “Chemistry: 8th grade,” 2013

Repetition. Genetic relationship of classes of inorganic compounds
Introduction

The topic of this lesson is “Repetition. Genetic relationship of classes of inorganic compounds". You will repeat how all inorganic substances are divided, and conclude how another class of inorganic compounds can be obtained from one class. Based on the information received, you will learn what the genetic connection of such classes is, the two main ways of such connections.

Topic: Introduction

Lesson: Repetition. Genetic relationship of classes of inorganic compounds

Chemistry is the science of substances, their properties and transformations into each other.

Rice. 1. Genetic relationship of classes of inorganic compounds

All inorganic substances can be divided into:

Simple substances

Complex substances.

Simple substances are divided into:

Metals

Nonmetals

Complex substances can be divided into:

Reasons

Acids

Salt. See Fig.1.

These are binary compounds consisting of two elements, one of which is oxygen in the -2 oxidation state. Fig.2.

For example, calcium oxide: Ca +2 O -2, phosphorus oxide (V) P 2 O 5., nitrogen oxide (IV) -« Fox's tail"

Rice. 2. Oxides

Are divided into:

Basic

Acidic

Basic oxides correspond grounds.

Acidic oxides correspond acids.

Salts consist of metal cations And acid residue anions.

Rice. 3. Pathways of genetic connections between substances

Thus: from one class of inorganic compounds another class can be obtained.

Therefore, everything classes of inorganic substances are interrelated.

Class Relationship inorganic compounds are often called genetic. Fig.3.

Genesis in Greek means "origin". Those. a genetic connection shows the relationship between the transformation of substances and their origin from a single substance.

There are two main ways of genetic connections between substances. One of them begins with a metal, the other with a non-metal.

Genetic series of metal shows:

Metal → Basic oxide → Salt → Base → New salt.

Genetic series of a nonmetal reflects the following transformations:

Non-metal → Acidic oxide → Acid → Salt.

For any genetic series, reaction equations can be written that show transformation of one substance into another.

First, you need to determine which class of inorganic compounds each substance of the genetic series belongs to.

Think about it how to get the substance after the arrow from the substance before the arrow.

Example No. 1. Genetic series of metal.

The series begins with the simple metal substance copper. To make the first transition, you need to burn copper in an oxygen atmosphere.

2Cu +O 2 →2CuO

Second transition: you need to get the salt CuCl 2. It is formed by hydrochloric acid HCl, because salts of hydrochloric acid are called chlorides.

CuO +2 HCl → CuCl 2 + H 2 O

Third step: to obtain an insoluble base, you need to add alkali to the soluble salt.

CuCl 2 + 2NaOH → Cu(OH) 2 ↓ + 2NaCl

To convert copper(II) hydroxide into copper(II) sulfate, add sulfuric acid H2SO4 to it.

Cu(OH) 2 ↓ + H 2 SO 4 → CuSO 4 + 2H 2 O

Example No. 2. Genetic series of a nonmetal.

The series begins with a simple substance, the nonmetal carbon. To accomplish the first transition, carbon must be burned in an oxygen atmosphere.

C + O 2 → CO 2

If you add water to an acidic oxide, you get an acid called carbonic acid.

CO 2 + H 2 O → H 2 CO 3

To obtain the salt of carbonic acid - calcium carbonate, you need to add a calcium compound to the acid, for example calcium hydroxide Ca(OH) 2.

H 2 CO 3 + Ca (OH) 2 → CaCO 3 + 2H 2 O

The composition of any genetic series includes substances of various classes of inorganic compounds.

But these substances necessarily contain the same element. Knowing the chemical properties of classes of compounds, it is possible to select reaction equations with which these transformations can be carried out. These transformations are also used in production to select the most rational methods for obtaining certain substances.

You repeated how all inorganic substances are divided, and concluded how another class of inorganic compounds can be obtained from one class. Based on the information received, we learned what the genetic connection of such classes is, the two main ways of such connections .

1. Rudzitis G.E. Inorganic and organic chemistry. 8th grade: textbook for general education institutions: basic level / G. E. Rudzitis, F.G. Feldman.M.: Enlightenment. 2011, 176 pp.: ill.

2. Popel P.P. Chemistry: 8th grade: textbook for general education institutions / P.P. Popel, L.S. Krivlya. -K.: IC “Academy”, 2008.-240 p.: ill.

3. Gabrielyan O.S. Chemistry. 9th grade. Textbook. Publisher: Bustard: 2001. 224s.

1. No. 10-a, 10z (p. 112) Rudzitis G.E. Inorganic and organic chemistry. 8th grade: textbook for general education institutions: basic level / G. E. Rudzitis, F.G. Feldman.M.: Enlightenment. 2011, 176 pp.: ill.

2. How to obtain calcium sulfate from calcium oxide in two ways?

3. Make a genetic series for producing barium sulfate from sulfur. Write the reaction equations.

oxide -> acid → salt.

2) . Compose molecular and, where this is the case, ionic reaction equations according to the scheme: Na2O->NaOH->NaCl

Na2O->NaOH->Na2SO4

Indicate the type of each reaction.

3) Complete the sentence: “Aqueous solutions dissociate into...

Option #1
Part A. Test tasks with a choice of one correct answer
1. (2 points). A series that presents the formulas of substances for each of the four classes of inorganic compounds:
A. CuO, CO2, H2SO4, FeS B. HNO3, H2S, Al2O3, CuCl2 C. P2O5, NaOH, HCl, Na2CO3
2. (2 points). In the genetic series CuSO4→X→CuO
Substance X is a substance with the formula: A. CuOH B. Cu(OH)2 C. CuCl2
3. (2 points). Formula of hydroxide corresponding to sulfur(VI) oxide:
A. H2S B. H2SO3 C. H2SO4
4. (2 points). A genetic series is a series whose diagram is:
A. Cu(OH)2→CuO→ Cu B. FeSO4→Fe(OH)2→ H2O C. SO3→H2SO4→H2
5. (2 points). Copper(II) hydroxide can be obtained by the interaction of substances whose formulas are: A. Cu and H2O B. CuO and H2O C. CuCl2 and NaOH
6. (2 points). A couple of formulas for substances that interact with each other:
A. Ca(OH)2 and CuO B. HCl and Hg C. H2SO4 and MgO
7. (2 points). Potassium hydroxide reacts:
A. with copper(II) hydroxide B. with carbon monoxide (IV) C. with calcium oxide
8. (2 points). In the transformation scheme CaO→X Ca(OH)2 →Y CaCl2
substances X and Y have the formulas:
A. X – H2O, Y – HCl B. X – H2, Y – HNO3 C. X – O2, Y - HCl
9. (2 points). In the genetic series E→E2O→EON→E2SO4 Element E is:
A. Lithium B. Calcium C. Sulfur
10. (2 points). A series of formulas of compounds in which each of them reacts with water under normal conditions:
A. CO2, SO2, SiO2 B. BaO, P2O5, Li2O C. K2O, CaO, CuO

Part B. Free-response questions

11. (8 points). Make up the genetic series of barium using the necessary formulas of substances: Ba(OH)2, H2SO4, CO2, Ba, MgO, BaSO4, BaO
12. (8 points). Write molecular and, where this is the case, ionic reaction equations according to the scheme: P→P2O5→H3PO4→Na3PO4
13. (6 points) Complete the reaction equations:
? + 2HCl→? + ? +CO2
14. (4 points). Write down the formulas of substances A and B that were missed in the genetic series: CuSO4→A→B→Cu

1/ (2 points) A series in which the formulas of substances of each of the four classes of inorganic compounds are presented:
P2O5, H2SO4, H2SO3, NaOH
SO2, H2SiO3, MgSO4, CuO
CO2, H2S, K2SO3, KOH
2/ (2 points) In the genetic series

Li Li2O X LiCl
substance X is a substance with the formula
A) Li B) LiOH C) HCl
3) (2 points) Formula of hydroxide corresponding to phosphorus (V) oxide:
A) HPO2 B) H3PO3 C) H3PO4
4) (2 points) A genetic series is a series whose diagram
A) SO3 H2SO4 CaSO4
B) ZnCl2 Zn(OH)2 H2O
C) Al AlCl3 AgCl
5) (2 points) Copper (II) chloride can be obtained by the interaction of substances whose formulas are:
A) Cu + HCl B) CuO + HCl C) CuOH + HCl

6) (2 points) A pair of formulas for substances that interact with each other:
A) Ag + HCl B) SO2 + NaOH C) CuO + NaOH
7) Hydrochloric acid reacts:
A) with magnesium B) with sulfur oxide (IV) C) with silver
8) (2 points) In the transformation scheme:
P P2O5 H3PO4
substances X and Y have the formulas:
A) X – H2O, Y – HCl B) X – O2, Y – H2 C) X – O2, Y – H2O
(2 points) In the genetic series
E E2O5 H3EO4 Na3EO4
element E is:
A) potassium B) sulfur C) phosphorus
10) (2 points) A series of formulas of compounds in which each of them reacts with water under normal conditions:
A) CO2, Li2O, SO3 B) CuO, P2O5, CaO C) BaO, FeO, ZnO
Part B. free-response task
(8 points) Make up the genetic series of barium using the necessary formulas of substances: H2O, SO2, Fe2O3, S, CaCO3, H2SO3, K2SO3
(8 points) Write molecular and, where this is the case, ionic reaction equations according to the scheme:

Ba BaO Ba(OH)2 BaSO4
Indicate the types of reactions by the number and composition of starting materials and reaction products.
(6 points) Complete the reaction equations:
Fe(OH)3 + NaOH = ? +
(4 points) Write down the formulas of substances A and B that were missed in the genetic series:
Li A B Li3PO4
(4 points) Complete the reaction equation
N2 + ?= N2O3

This lesson is devoted to the generalization and systematization of knowledge on the topic “Classes of inorganic substances.” The teacher will tell you how you can get a substance of another class from substances of one class. The acquired knowledge and skills will be useful for drawing up reaction equations along chains of transformations.

Topic: Summarizing the material covered

Lesson: Genetic relationships between classes of inorganic substances

1. Genetic series of metal

From substances of one class it is possible to obtain substances of another class. Such a relationship, reflecting the origin of substances, is called genetic (from the Greek “genesis” - origin). Let us consider the essence of genetic connections between classes of inorganic substances.

During chemical reactions, a chemical element does not disappear; atoms are transferred from one substance to another. The atoms of a chemical element are, as it were, transferred from a simple substance to a more complex one, and vice versa. Thus, so-called genetic series arise, starting with a simple substance - a metal or non-metal - and ending with a salt.

Let me remind you that salts contain metals and acidic residues. So, the genetic series of a metal may look like this:

From a metal, as a result of the reaction of a compound with oxygen, a basic oxide can be obtained, a basic oxide, when interacting with water, gives a base (only if this base is an alkali), and a salt can be obtained from a base as a result of an exchange reaction with an acid, salt or acidic oxide.

Please note that this genetic series is only suitable for metals whose hydroxides are alkalis.

Let us write down the reaction equations corresponding to the transformations of lithium in its genetic series:

Li → Li2O → LiOH→ Li2SO4

As you know, metals, when interacting with oxygen, usually form oxides. When oxidized by atmospheric oxygen, lithium forms lithium oxide:

4Li + O2 = 2Li2O

Lithium oxide, interacting with water, forms lithium hydroxide - a water-soluble base (alkali):

Li2O + H2O = 2LiOH

Lithium sulfate can be obtained from lithium in several ways, for example, as a result of a neutralization reaction with sulfuric acid:

2LiOH + H2SO4 = Li2SO4 + 2H2O

2. Genetic series of non-metal

Let us now compose the genetic series of a nonmetal:

The nonmetal forms an acidic oxide. An acid oxide reacts with water to form an acid. An acid can be converted into a salt by reacting with a metal, base, salt, or basic oxide.

As an example, consider the successive transformations of sulfur:

S → SO2 → H2SO3 → K2SO3

To obtain sulfur(IV) oxide, you need to carry out the combustion reaction of sulfur in oxygen:

When sulfur(IV) oxide is dissolved in water, sulfurous acid is formed:

SO2 + H2O = H2SO3

Potassium sulfite from sulfurous acid can be obtained, for example, by reaction with the main oxide - potassium oxide:

K2O + H2SO3 = K2SO3 + H2O

Another way to obtain potassium sulfite from sulfurous acid is a neutralization reaction with potassium hydroxide:

2KOH + H2SO3 = K2SO3 + 2H2O

3. Reactions between representatives of two genetic series

The genetic relationship between classes of inorganic substances is shown in Fig. 1.

Rice. 1. Genetic relationship between classes of inorganic substances

In the above diagram, pairs of arrows directed towards each other show which reagents need to be taken to obtain salt.

For example, a salt is formed by the interaction of a metal and a non-metal, a basic oxide and an acid, a metal and an acid, etc.

Let us remember that reactions between representatives of different genetic series are characteristic. Substances from the same genetic series, as a rule, do not interact.

1. Collection of problems and exercises in chemistry: 8th grade: for textbooks. P. A. Orzhekovsky and others “Chemistry. 8th grade” / P. A. Orzhekovsky, N. A. Titov, F. F. Hegele. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2006. (p.123-126)

2. Ushakova O. V. Workbook on chemistry: 8th grade: to the textbook by P. A. Orzhekovsky and others “Chemistry. 8th grade” / O. V. Ushakova, P. I. Bespalov, P. A. Orzhekovsky; under. ed. prof. P. A. Orzhekovsky - M.: AST: Astrel: Profizdat, 2006. (p.130-133)

3. Chemistry. 8th grade. Textbook for general education institutions / P. A. Orzhekovsky, L. M. Meshcheryakova, M. M. Shalashova. - M.: Astrel, 2013. (§37)

4. Chemistry: 8th grade: textbook. for general education institutions / P. A. Orzhekovsky, L. M. Meshcheryakova, L. S. Pontak. M.: AST: Astrel, 2005. (§47)

5. Chemistry: inorg. chemistry: textbook. for 8th grade. general education institutions / G. E. Rudzitis, F. G. Feldman. - M.: Education, OJSC “Moscow Textbooks”, 2009. (§33)

6. Encyclopedia for children. Volume 17. Chemistry / Chapter. ed. V. A. Volodin, leading scientific ed. I. Leenson. - M.: Avanta+, 2003.

Additional web resources

1. School-collection. edu. ru.

2. Chemical information network.

3. Chemistry and life.

Homework

1. p. 130-131 No. 2.4 from the Workbook on Chemistry: 8th grade: to the textbook by P. A. Orzhekovsky and others “Chemistry. 8th grade” / O. V. Ushakova, P. I. Bespalov, P. A. Orzhekovsky; under. ed. prof. P. A. Orzhekovsky - M.: AST: Astrel: Profizdat, 2006.

2. p.204 No. 2, 4 from the textbook by P. A. Orzhekovsky, L. M. Meshcheryakova, M. M. Shalashova “Chemistry: 8th grade,” 2013.

Finished works

DEGREE WORKS

Much has already passed and now you are a graduate, if, of course, you write your thesis on time. But life is such a thing that only now it becomes clear to you that, having ceased to be a student, you will lose all the student joys, many of which you have never tried, putting everything off and putting it off until later. And now, instead of catching up, you're working on your thesis? There is an excellent solution: download the thesis you need from our website - and you will instantly have a lot of free time!
Theses have been successfully defended at leading universities of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Cost of work from 20,000 tenge

COURSE WORKS

The course project is the first serious practical work. It is with the writing of coursework that preparation for the development of diploma projects begins. If a student learns to correctly present the content of a topic in a course project and format it competently, then in the future he will not have any problems with writing reports, or composing theses, or performing other practical tasks. In order to assist students in writing this type of student work and to clarify questions that arise during its preparation, in fact, this information section was created.
Cost of work from 2,500 tenge

MASTER'S DISSERTATIONS

Currently, in higher educational institutions of Kazakhstan and the CIS countries, the level of higher professional education that follows after bachelor's degree is very common - master's degree. In the master's program, students study with the aim of obtaining a master's degree, which is recognized in most countries of the world more than a bachelor's degree, and is also recognized by foreign employers. The result of master's studies is the defense of a master's thesis.
We will provide you with up-to-date analytical and textual material; the price includes 2 scientific articles and an abstract.
Cost of work from 35,000 tenge

PRACTICE REPORTS

After completing any type of student internship (educational, industrial, pre-graduation), a report is required. This document will be confirmation of the student’s practical work and the basis for forming an assessment for practice. Usually, in order to draw up a report on an internship, you need to collect and analyze information about the enterprise, consider the structure and work routine of the organization in which the internship is taking place, draw up a calendar plan and describe your practical activities.
We will help you write a report on your internship, taking into account the specifics of the activities of a particular enterprise.