The most basic things you should know in physics. What's wrong with physics in modern school

We are starting a series of articles about problems and outdated concepts in the school curriculum and invite you to speculate about why schoolchildren need physics, and why today it is not taught as we would like.

Why does a modern schoolchild study physics? Either so that he does not get bored by his parents and teachers, or so that he can successfully pass the Unified State Exam of his choice, score the required number of points and enter a good university. There is another option that a schoolchild loves physics, but this love usually exists somehow separately from the school curriculum.

In any of these cases, teaching is carried out according to the same scheme. It adapts to the system of its own control - knowledge must be presented in such a form that it can be easily verified. This is why the GIA and Unified State Examination systems exist, and preparation for these exams as a result becomes the main goal of training.

How does the Unified State Exam in Physics work in its current version? The exam tasks are compiled using a special codifier, which includes formulas that, in theory, every student should know. This is about a hundred formulas for all sections of the school curriculum - from kinematics to atomic nuclear physics.

Most of the tasks - about 80% - are aimed specifically at applying these formulas. Moreover, other solution methods cannot be used: if you substituted a formula that is not in the list, you will not receive a certain number of points, even if the answer is correct. And only the remaining 20% are comprehension tasks.

As a result, the main goal of teaching is to ensure that students know this set of formulas and can apply them. And all physics comes down to simple combinatorics: read the conditions of the problem, understand what formula you need, substitute the necessary indicators and just get the result.

In elite and specialized physics and mathematics schools, education, of course, is structured differently. There, as in preparing for all kinds of Olympiads, there is some element of creativity, and the combinatorics of formulas becomes much more complex. But what we are interested in here is the basic physics program and its shortcomings.

Standard tasks and abstract theoretical constructs that an ordinary student should know very quickly disappear from the mind. As a result, after graduating from school, no one knows physics anymore - except for that minority who for some reason are interested in it or need it as a specialty.

It turns out that science, the main goal of which was to understand nature and the real physical world, in school becomes completely abstract and removed from everyday human experience. Physics, like other subjects, is taught by rote learning, and when in high school the amount of knowledge that needs to be learned increases sharply, it becomes simply impossible to memorize everything.

Visually about the “formula” approach to learning.

But this would not be necessary if the goal of learning was not the application of formulas, but understanding the subject. Understanding is, ultimately, much easier than cramming.

Form a picture of the world

Let’s see, for example, how Yakov Perelman’s books “Entertaining Physics” and “Entertaining Mathematics” work, which were read by many generations of schoolchildren and post-schoolers. Almost every paragraph of Perelman’s “Physics” teaches you to pose questions that every child can ask himself, starting from elementary logic and everyday experience.

The problems that we are asked to solve here are not quantitative, but qualitative: we need not to calculate some abstract indicator like efficiency, but to think about why a perpetual motion machine is impossible in reality, whether it is possible to shoot from a cannon to the moon; you need to conduct an experiment and evaluate what the effect of any physical interaction will be.

An example from “Entertaining Physics” of 1932: the problem of Krylov’s swan, crayfish and pike, solved according to the rules of mechanics. The resultant (OD) should drag the cart into the water.

In a word, it is not necessary to memorize formulas here - the main thing is to understand what physical laws the objects of the surrounding reality obey. The only problem is that knowledge of this kind is much more difficult to objectively verify than the presence in a schoolchild’s head of a precisely defined set of formulas and equations.

Therefore, for an ordinary student, physics turns into dull cramming, and, at best, into some kind of abstract mind game. Forming a holistic picture of the world in a person is not at all the task that is de facto performed by the modern education system. In this respect, by the way, it is not too different from the Soviet one, which many tend to overestimate (because before, they say, we developed atomic bombs and flew into space, but now we only know how to sell oil).

In terms of knowledge of physics, students after graduating from school now, as then, are divided into approximately two categories: those who know it very well, and those who do not know it at all. With the second category, the situation especially worsened when the teaching time for physics in grades 7-11 was reduced from 5 to 2 hours per week.

Most schoolchildren really don’t need physical formulas and theories (which they understand very well), and most importantly, they are not interesting in the abstract and dry form in which they are presented now. As a result, mass education does not perform any function - it only takes time and effort. For schoolchildren - no less than for teachers.

Attention: The wrong approach to teaching science can have devastating consequences.

If the task of the school curriculum was to form a picture of the world, the situation would be completely different.

Of course, there should also be specialized classes where they teach how to solve complex problems and deeply introduce theory, which no longer intersects with everyday experience. But it would be more interesting and useful for an ordinary, “mainstream” student to know by what laws the physical world in which he lives works.

The point, of course, does not come down to schoolchildren reading Perelman instead of textbooks. The approach to teaching needs to change. Many sections (for example, quantum mechanics) could be removed from the school curriculum, others could be shortened or revised, if not for the ubiquitous organizational difficulties and the fundamental conservatism of the subject and the educational system as a whole.

But let us dream a little. After these changes, perhaps, overall social adequacy would have increased: people would have less faith in all sorts of torsion swindlers speculating on “protecting the biofield” and “normalizing the aura” with the help of simple devices and pieces of unknown minerals.

We already observed all these consequences of a vicious education system in the 90s, when the most successful scammers even took advantage of considerable sums from the state budget, and we see them now, although on a smaller scale.

The famous Grigory Grabovoi not only assured that he could resurrect people, but also diverted asteroids from the Earth with the power of thought and “extrasensory diagnosed” government aircraft. He was patronized not by anyone, but by General Georgy Rogozin, deputy head of the Security Service under the President of the Russian Federation.

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5.3.

Physics can be called the basic science of studying nature. All the laws of its existence are studied by this branch of knowledge. Despite all its complexity, finding a way to easily learn physics is not difficult.

The main thing is to approach the learning process competently.

Why study physics?

Once you start studying physics, you don’t always understand why it might be useful. The point is not only that the acquired knowledge may be needed from a professional point of view.

Physics as a science gives a lot:

. formation of absolute observation;

. the ability to see connections and their preservation in phenomena. (If you load a cannon and light the fuse, it will fire);

. correctly directed thinking, sometimes non-standard;

. studying physics helps to fully understand the world around us and find out what lies behind the most ordinary things;

. good knowledge will become the basis for a good career abroad.

When studying a discipline, it can be perceived as very difficult and confusing. If you study science as a system, constantly practice and find a good teacher, it will become simple, even interesting.

What are the branches of physics?

“Physics” translated from ancient Greek means “nature”. This science tries to cover in its theoretical calculations and practical conclusions all forms and modes of existence of matter and field. The fundamentals of physics are studied in two different sections: micro- and macrophysics.

Microphysics main subject of study is those objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye (molecules, atoms, electrons, other elementary particles).

Macrophysics studies both objects of familiar sizes (for example, the movement of a ball) and larger masses (planets).

Macroscopic physics includes mechanics - it studies the movement of bodies and the interaction between them, speed, movement, distance (it can be classical, relativistic, quantum).

Microscopic includes sections of quantum, nuclear, physics of elements, their properties.

The school physics course is formed in the same order. This is explained by the fact that students perceive much more easily what they are familiar with from childhood. Therefore, studying abstract physical categories of microphysics is more difficult than classical mechanics.

Why is physics difficult to study?

The first acquaintance with physical laws occurs at school, starting in the 6th or 7th grade. Initially, there is a smooth transition from natural history to more specific examples from life. Speed, path, body weight are studied.

Learning physics from scratch may not always be effective. There may be several reasons for this:

. lack of necessary equipment for visual demonstration of physical laws. Even the simplest of them are difficult to explain using only the abstract concepts of “circuit”, “kinetic energy”, “potential energy”, “atom”, “current”, “conservation of energy”, “gas constant”, “wave”. Only an abstract presentation of a topic in a textbook will not replace a physical experiment;

. teachers do not always interest children in learning what physics is studying. The educational process comes down to memorizing definitions, memorizing laws and dry theory;

. complex topics are presented strictly within the framework of the curriculum, only the number of hours that it has allocated. Interesting examples and paradoxes remain aside.

It is the “isolation” of the educational process and the superficiality of studying the discipline from real examples that leads to difficulty in studying physics at school and preserving knowledge.

Popular mistakes when preparing for the External Test in Physics

When preparing for cancer, many people make mistakes that can be called typical:

. practical assignments and problems are solved at random, while all the physics formulas necessary to solve the task have not been learned;

. new formulas and laws are learned by heart, without repeating the most necessary, basic ones;

. the instant decision always seems to be correct because of its simplicity;

. When preparing for an external examination in physics, you can forget that the main language of physics is mathematics. It is necessary to repeat absolute and relative quantities, basic theorems (the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the legs);

. more difficult topics (quantum physics, relativity, thermodynamics) remain aside;

. before solving a problem in physics, it is not even allowed to think that it can be combined: to find the answer, it is necessary to combine several branches of science, remember the units of measurement of quantities;

. Preparation classes are held irregularly and are often scheduled only a few months before the cancer test.

To avoid such mistakes, it is additionally necessary to solve tasks of a higher level; they will help to form the properties of a quick and correct solution.

So how to teach physics effectively?

You may need to study physics in many cases: entering a specialized university, passing an exam, writing a test, or just for yourself. Where to start studying physics is the main question, and the answer to it: draw up a study plan for yourself. This is effective in all of the above cases.

This plan includes not only the schedule of classes, but the principle of their assimilation:

. when considering a new topic, it is necessary to write down all the definitions, quantities, formulas, units of measurement;

. analyzing a physical law and its mathematical expression, find out what quantities are interconnected in it;

. While practicing solving new tasks, solve several of the previous topics for repetition. Try to come up with problems on your own;

. Don’t work for speed - do everything gradually. The volume of material must be dosed;

. solve problems without resorting to intermediate numbers. The final formula should contain only the quantities given in the condition.

How to understand physics and its formulas?

Initially, physics was inseparable from nature. The first observations were made thanks to those objects and phenomena that surrounded a person every day. The basic laws of physics were formed on the basis of experience, which gradually accumulated, moving from the contour to the center. Only over time was experience formalized, first into scattered laws, and then into theory.

Understandable physics formed the basis for more complex hypotheticals that led to our modern understanding of the world.

To understand physics as a science and the formulas that describe the relationships between phenomena, you just need to go outside or look out the window. All the theoretical calculations heard at the lecture are at every instant step.

The fall of a stone is the transformation of potential energy into kinetic energy, covering the distance to the ground. The tension of a window curtain is the result of the movement of air masses under the influence of different pressures at different points. Gas exhaust from a car is the effect of pressure. But if you insert your fingers into a socket, it creates an electric current.

This subject is not just a printed paragraph in a textbook, or an abstract problem. Nevertheless, the acquired knowledge must be projected onto the world around us, and learned in proportion to what is available.

How to solve physics problems?

Solving problems in physics involves a certain algorithm:

. carefully read the terms of the task, find out which sections of physics are involved in it;

. correctly draw up a condition, bring all units of measurement into the SI system: kilometers - into meters, grams - into kilograms;

. Have a list of known formulas on hand. Choose from them those that may be useful;

. use tables of constants (speed of light, density of substances, gas constant, wavelength, volume of 1 mole of an ideal gas);

. remember the laws describing the interactions of the proposed quantities (they can be either from the initial sections or from quantum physics);

. using formulas, combine them to find the final number of the answer;

. make calculations and display the unit of measurement of the required value.

If difficulties arise, an effective way is to imagine the condition in real life. The usual logic of life will tell you which answer will be absolute and correct, and which options should be discarded.

How to remember physics formulas?

The list of required formulas is not allowed to be used during exams and tests. Therefore, it will be useful to use mnemonics to remember relationships and laws - this is how to learn physics quickly.

Formulas are memorized if they are linked into a sound association or scale:

Archimedes' law for liquids: F = pgV: Rozha - Wow!

Ampere's law F = Bilsina : Ampere beat sine alpha with force.

Potential energy: E = mgh: We are - Shhh!

Movement of a charged particle in a uniform electric field: p = qBR , particle momentum ( p ) - cobra impulse ( q, B, R).

Ideal gas equation: pV = (m/M)RT . Turn from Madrid to Moscow: pV - turn, RT - mouth, m / M - from Madrid to Moscow ( R - constant, universal coefficient).

Newton's first law: If you don’t kick, it won’t fly;

Newton's second law (for acceleration): as you kick, it will fly;

Newton's third law: what you kick is what you get.

Physical laws are much easier to remember in the form of rhymes:

Ohm's law for a section of a circuit:

Who doesn't know Ohm's law?

Of course, everyone is familiar with him.

Repeat the pattern quickly.

U equals RI.

Definition of "lever":

If any rigid body rotates around a fixed support,

Just know that it’s called a lever.

Preparation for the External Test in Physics must be approached with all seriousness:

1. Develop a training plan and strictly follow it.

2. Exercise regularly, about three times a week for one and a half to two hours, without tension.

3. Find a list of topics recommended for preparing for the External Test.

4. Write all formulas and laws, units of measurement (for example, 1 kilometer = 1000 meters) in a separate notebook.

5. Solve problems on each topic and at various levels of complexity, as well as tasks on a combination of various branches of science (for example, energy and motion, heat and electric field, thermodynamics, theory of relativity).

6. A few months before the ZNO, go through examples from previous years, solving them in one sitting.

7. If you have any questions, seek help or advice from a professional teacher.

Good theoretical and practical textbooks on physics are:

. Yavorsky B. M., Detlaf A. A. Physics for high school students and those entering universities. M. Bustard. 2003.

. Savchenko N. E. Problems in physics with analysis of their solutions. M.: Education, 2000.

Korshak E.V., O.I. Lyashenko O. I. Physics. K.: Perun, 2011.

It is natural and correct to be interested in the world around us and the patterns of its functioning and development. That is why it is reasonable to pay attention to natural sciences, for example, physics, which explains the very essence of the formation and development of the Universe. The basic physical laws are not difficult to understand. School introduces these principles to children at a very young age.

For many, this science begins with the textbook “Physics (7th grade)”. The basic concepts of thermodynamics are revealed to schoolchildren; they become familiar with the core of the main physical laws. But should knowledge be limited to school? What physical laws should every person know? This will be discussed later in the article.

Science physics

Many of the nuances of the science described are familiar to everyone from early childhood. This is due to the fact that, in essence, physics is one of the areas of natural science. It tells about the laws of nature, the action of which influences the life of everyone, and in many ways even ensures it, about the characteristics of matter, its structure and patterns of movement.

The term "physics" was first recorded by Aristotle in the fourth century BC. Initially, it was synonymous with the concept of “philosophy”. After all, both sciences had a single goal - to correctly explain all the mechanisms of the functioning of the Universe. But already in the sixteenth century, as a result of the scientific revolution, physics became independent.

General law

Some basic laws of physics are applied in various branches of science. In addition to them, there are those that are considered to be common to all of nature. This is about

It implies that the energy of each closed system during the occurrence of any phenomena in it is certainly conserved. Nevertheless, it is capable of transforming into another form and effectively changing its quantitative content in different parts of the named system. At the same time, in an open system, energy decreases provided that the energy of any bodies and fields that interact with it increases.

In addition to the above general principle, physics contains basic concepts, formulas, laws that are necessary for the interpretation of processes occurring in the surrounding world. Exploring them can be incredibly exciting. Therefore, this article will briefly discuss the basic laws of physics, but in order to understand them more deeply, it is important to pay full attention to them.

Mechanics

Many basic laws of physics are revealed to young scientists in grades 7-9 at school, where such a branch of science as mechanics is more fully studied. Its basic principles are described below.

Galileo's law of relativity (also called the mechanical law of relativity, or the basis of classical mechanics). The essence of the principle is that under similar conditions, mechanical processes in any inertial reference frames are completely identical.
Hooke's law. Its essence is that the greater the impact on an elastic body (spring, rod, console, beam) from the side, the greater its deformation.

Newton's laws (represent the basis of classical mechanics):

The principle of inertia states that any body is capable of being at rest or moving uniformly and in a straight line only if no other bodies act on it in any way, or if they somehow compensate for the action of each other. To change the speed of movement, the body must be acted upon with some force, and, of course, the result of the influence of the same force on bodies of different sizes will also differ.
The main principle of dynamics states that the greater the resultant of the forces that are currently acting on a given body, the greater the acceleration it receives. And, accordingly, the greater the body weight, the lower this indicator.
Newton's third law states that any two bodies always interact with each other according to an identical pattern: their forces are of the same nature, are equivalent in magnitude and necessarily have the opposite direction along the straight line that connects these bodies.
The principle of relativity states that all phenomena occurring under the same conditions in inertial reference systems occur in an absolutely identical way.

Thermodynamics

The school textbook, which reveals to students the basic laws (“Physics. Grade 7”), also introduces them to the basics of thermodynamics. We will briefly consider its principles below.

The laws of thermodynamics, which are basic in this branch of science, are of a general nature and are not related to the details of the structure of a particular substance at the atomic level. By the way, these principles are important not only for physics, but also for chemistry, biology, aerospace engineering, etc.

For example, in the named industry there is a rule that defies logical definition: in a closed system, the external conditions for which are unchanged, an equilibrium state is established over time. And the processes that continue in it invariably compensate each other.

Another rule of thermodynamics confirms the desire of a system, which consists of a colossal number of particles characterized by chaotic motion, to independently transition from states less probable for the system to more probable ones.

And the Gay-Lussac law (also called it) states that for a gas of a certain mass under conditions of stable pressure, the result of dividing its volume by the absolute temperature certainly becomes a constant value.

Another important rule of this industry is the first law of thermodynamics, which is also called the principle of conservation and transformation of energy for a thermodynamic system. According to him, any amount of heat that was imparted to the system will be spent exclusively on the metamorphosis of its internal energy and its performance of work in relation to any acting external forces. It was this pattern that became the basis for the formation of the operation scheme of heat engines.

Another gas law is Charles' law. It states that the greater the pressure of a certain mass of an ideal gas while maintaining a constant volume, the greater its temperature.

Electricity

The 10th grade of school reveals interesting basic laws of physics to young scientists. At this time, the main principles of the nature and patterns of action of electric current, as well as other nuances, are studied.

Ampere's law, for example, states that conductors connected in parallel, through which current flows in the same direction, inevitably attract, and in the case of the opposite direction of current, they repel, respectively. Sometimes the same name is used for a physical law that determines the force acting in an existing magnetic field on a small section of a conductor that is currently conducting current. That's what they call it - the Ampere force. This discovery was made by a scientist in the first half of the nineteenth century (namely in 1820).

The law of conservation of charge is one of the basic principles of nature. It states that the algebraic sum of all electric charges arising in any electrically isolated system is always conserved (becomes constant). Despite this, this principle does not exclude the emergence of new charged particles in such systems as a result of certain processes. Nevertheless, the total electric charge of all newly formed particles must certainly be equal to zero.

Coulomb's law is one of the main ones in electrostatics. It expresses the principle of the force of interaction between stationary point charges and explains the quantitative calculation of the distance between them. Coulomb's law makes it possible to substantiate the basic principles of electrodynamics experimentally. It states that stationary point charges certainly interact with each other with a force, which is higher, the greater the product of their magnitudes and, accordingly, the smaller, the smaller the square of the distance between the charges in question and the medium in which the described interaction occurs.

Ohm's law is one of the basic principles of electricity. It states that the greater the strength of the direct electric current acting on a certain section of the circuit, the greater the voltage at its ends.

They call it a principle that allows you to determine the direction in a conductor of a current moving in a certain way under the influence of a magnetic field. To do this, you need to position your right hand so that the lines of magnetic induction figuratively touch the open palm, and extend your thumb in the direction of movement of the conductor. In this case, the remaining four straightened fingers will determine the direction of movement of the induction current.

This principle also helps to find out the exact location of the magnetic induction lines of a straight conductor conducting current at a given moment. It happens like this: place the thumb of your right hand so that it points and figuratively grasp the conductor with the other four fingers. The location of these fingers will demonstrate the exact direction of the magnetic induction lines.

The principle of electromagnetic induction is a pattern that explains the process of operation of transformers, generators, and electric motors. This law is as follows: in a closed loop, the greater the induction generated, the greater the rate of change of the magnetic flux.

Optics

The Optics branch also reflects part of the school curriculum (basic laws of physics: grades 7-9). Therefore, these principles are not as difficult to understand as they might seem at first glance. Their study brings with it not just additional knowledge, but a better understanding of the surrounding reality. The basic laws of physics that can be attributed to the study of optics are the following:

Guynes principle. It is a method that can effectively determine the exact position of the wave front at any given fraction of a second. Its essence is as follows: all points that are in the path of the wave front in a certain fraction of a second, in essence, themselves become sources of spherical waves (secondary), while the location of the wave front in the same fraction of a second is identical to the surface , which goes around all spherical waves (secondary). This principle is used to explain existing laws related to the refraction of light and its reflection.
The Huygens-Fresnel principle reflects an effective method for resolving issues related to wave propagation. It helps explain elementary problems associated with the diffraction of light.
waves It is equally used for reflection in a mirror. Its essence is that both the incident beam and the one that was reflected, as well as the perpendicular constructed from the point of incidence of the beam, are located in a single plane. It is also important to remember that the angle at which the beam falls is always absolutely equal to the angle of refraction.
The principle of light refraction. This is a change in the trajectory of an electromagnetic wave (light) at the moment of movement from one homogeneous medium to another, which differs significantly from the first in a number of refractive indices. The speed of light propagation in them is different.
Law of rectilinear propagation of light. At its core, it is a law related to the field of geometric optics, and is as follows: in any homogeneous medium (regardless of its nature), light propagates strictly rectilinearly, over the shortest distance. This law explains the formation of shadows in a simple and accessible way.

Atomic and nuclear physics

The basic laws of quantum physics, as well as the fundamentals of atomic and nuclear physics, are studied in high school and higher education institutions.

Thus, Bohr's postulates represent a series of basic hypotheses that became the basis of the theory. Its essence is that any atomic system can remain stable only in stationary states. Any emission or absorption of energy by an atom necessarily occurs using the principle, the essence of which is as follows: radiation associated with transportation becomes monochromatic.

These postulates relate to the standard school curriculum studying the basic laws of physics (grade 11). Their knowledge is mandatory for a graduate.

Basic laws of physics that a person should know

Some physical principles, although they belong to one of the branches of this science, are nevertheless of a general nature and should be known to everyone. Let us list the basic laws of physics that a person should know:

Archimedes' law (applies to the areas of hydro- and aerostatics). It implies that any body that has been immersed in a gaseous substance or liquid is subject to a kind of buoyant force, which is necessarily directed vertically upward. This force is always numerically equal to the weight of the liquid or gas displaced by the body.
Another formulation of this law is as follows: a body immersed in a gas or liquid certainly loses as much weight as the mass of the liquid or gas in which it was immersed. This law became the basic postulate of the theory of floating bodies.
The law of universal gravitation (discovered by Newton). Its essence is that absolutely all bodies inevitably attract each other with a force, which is greater, the greater the product of the masses of these bodies and, accordingly, the less, the smaller the square of the distance between them.

These are the 3 basic laws of physics that everyone who wants to understand the functioning mechanism of the surrounding world and the peculiarities of the processes occurring in it should know. It is quite simple to understand the principle of their operation.

The value of such knowledge

The basic laws of physics must be in a person’s knowledge base, regardless of his age and type of activity. They reflect the mechanism of existence of all of today's reality, and, in essence, are the only constant in a continuously changing world.

Basic laws and concepts of physics open up new opportunities for studying the world around us. Their knowledge helps to understand the mechanism of existence of the Universe and the movement of all cosmic bodies. It turns us not into mere observers of daily events and processes, but allows us to be aware of them. When a person clearly understands the basic laws of physics, that is, all the processes occurring around him, he gets the opportunity to control them in the most effective way, making discoveries and thereby making his life more comfortable.

Results

Some are forced to study in depth the basic laws of physics for the Unified State Exam, others due to their occupation, and some out of scientific curiosity. Regardless of the goals of studying this science, the benefits of the knowledge gained can hardly be overestimated. There is nothing more satisfying than understanding the basic mechanisms and patterns of existence of the world around us.

Don't remain indifferent - develop!

Physics is an exact and fundamental science that studies the general laws of various natural phenomena, as well as the laws of the structure and movement of matter. All laws and concepts of physics form the foundations of the subject of natural science.

In secondary school, a separate subject appears - physics, the main goal of which is to develop in students knowledge of the subject, style of thinking and scientific worldview. From the seventh to the ninth grade, schoolchildren study a basic course in physics, thanks to which an idea of the physical picture of the world is formed, basic physical concepts, terms and laws are studied, as well as basic algorithms for solving problems, and research and experimental skills are developed. At the end of ninth grade, students take GIA in Physics. By searching the search engine “physics for free” on the Internet you can find various video tutorials, reference books, books and articles , that will help you prepare yourself .

Experimental and theoretical physics

It is very difficult to determine the line where the theoretical part of a physics course ends and the experimental part begins, since they are very closely interrelated and complement each other. The goal of experimental physics is to conduct various experiments to test hypotheses, laws, and establish new facts. Theoretical physics is focused on explaining various natural phenomena based on physical laws.

Physics subject structure

It is quite difficult to divide the subject of physics structurally, since it is closely related to other disciplines. However, all its sections are based on fundamental theories, laws and principles that describe the essence of physical processes and phenomena.

Main sections of physics:

mechanics - the science of movement and the forces causing movement;
molecular physics - a section that studies the physical properties of bodies from the point of view of their molecular structure;
oscillations and waves - a branch of physics that deals with periodic changes in the movement of particles;
Thermophysics - a group of disciplines on the theoretical foundations of energy;
electrodynamics - a section that studies the properties of the electromagnetic field, electrical and magnetic phenomena, electric current;
electrostatics - a branch of physics that deals with the electrostatic field, as well as electric charges;
magnetism - the science of magnetic fields;
optics studies the properties and nature of light;
atomic physics - a branch of physics about the properties of atoms and molecules;
quantum physics is a branch of physics that studies quantum mechanical and quantum field systems and the laws of their motion.

How to prepare for the State Examination in Physics?

It is necessary to repeat and study the material in accordance with the requirements for the State Academic Examination in Physics. Various reference books, manuals and collections of test tasks will help with this. Will be useful free physics classes with analysis of GIA demo options, which are presented on the website.

You should be interested in additional materials and take part in trial testing. While completing test tasks, you become familiar with the features of the questions. It was noticed that students who took test classes ended up gaining higher scores. It is necessary to draw up a plan for independent study, indicating the topics that you plan to learn for GIA in Physics. You can start with the most difficult and incomprehensible ones. Also, you don’t need to try to learn the entire textbook at once or watch all the video lessons. It is important to structure the material being studied, draw up plans and tables that will help better memorization and repetition. It doesn’t hurt to alternate between classes and rest, as well as to be confident in your abilities and not think about failures.