The most basic of physics that you need to know. What is wrong with physics in modern school

We are starting a series of articles about problems and outdated concepts in the school curriculum and suggest discussing why schoolchildren need physics, and why today it is not taught the way we would like.

Why does a modern student study physics? Either so that parents and teachers do not bother him, or then, in order to successfully pass the exam of his choice, score the required number of points and enter a good university. There is another option that a student loves physics, but this love usually exists somehow separately from the school curriculum.

In any of these cases, teaching is conducted according to the same scheme. It adapts to the system of its own control - knowledge must be presented in such a form that it can be easily verified. For this, there is a system of GIA and the Unified State Examination, and as a result, preparation for these exams becomes the main goal of training.

How is the Unified State Examination in Physics arranged in its current version? Exam tasks are compiled according to a special codifier, which includes formulas that, in theory, every student should know. This is about a hundred formulas for all sections of the school curriculum - from kinematics to nuclear physics.

Most of the tasks - somewhere around 80% - are aimed precisely at the application of these formulas. Moreover, other methods of solving cannot be used: I substituted a formula that is not in the list - I did not receive a certain number of points, even if the answer converged. And only the remaining 20% are comprehension tasks.

As a result, the main goal of teaching is to ensure that students know this set of formulas and can apply it. And all physics comes down to simple combinatorics: read the conditions of the problem, understand what formula you need, substitute the necessary indicators and just get the result.

In elite and specialized schools of physics and mathematics, education, of course, is arranged differently. There, as in preparation for all kinds of olympiads, there is some element of creativity, and the combinatorics of formulas becomes much more complicated. But here we are interested in the basic program in physics and its shortcomings.

Standard tasks and abstract theoretical constructions that an ordinary schoolchild should know are very quickly eroded from his head. As a result, no one knows physics after graduation from school - except for the minority who for some reason are interested in it or need it in their specialty.

It turns out that science, the main goal of which was the knowledge of nature and the real physical world, at school becomes utterly abstract and remote from everyday human experience. Physics, like other subjects, is taught by cramming, and when in high school the amount of knowledge that needs to be learned increases dramatically, it becomes simply impossible to memorize everything.

Clearly about the "formula" approach to learning.

But this would not be necessary if the goal of learning was not the application of formulas, but the understanding of the subject. Understanding is ultimately much easier than cramming.

Form a picture of the world

Let's see, for example, how Yakov Perelman's books "Entertaining Physics", "Entertaining Mathematics", which many generations of schoolchildren and post-school children read. Almost every paragraph of Perlman's "Physics" teaches to ask questions that every child can ask himself, starting from elementary logic and everyday experience.

The tasks that we are offered to solve here are not quantitative, but qualitative: we need not to calculate some abstract indicator like efficiency, but to reflect on why a perpetual motion machine is impossible in reality, is it possible to shoot from a cannon to the moon; you need to conduct an experiment and evaluate what the effect of any physical interaction will be.

An example from "Entertaining Physics" 1932: the problem of Krylov's swan, crayfish and pike, solved according to the rules of mechanics. The resultant (OD) should carry the cart into the water.

In a word, it is not necessary to memorize the formulas here - the main thing is to understand what physical laws objects of the surrounding reality obey. The only problem is that knowledge of this kind is much more difficult to objectively verify than the presence in the head of a student of a precisely defined set of formulas and equations.

Therefore, physics for an ordinary student turns into a dull cramming, and at best - some kind of abstract game of the mind. Forming a complete picture of the world in a person is not at all the task that the modern education system performs de facto. In this regard, by the way, it is not too different from the Soviet one, which many tend to overestimate (because earlier we supposedly developed atomic bombs and flew into space, but now we only know how to sell oil).

According to the knowledge of physics, students after graduation now, as then, are divided into approximately two categories: those who know it very well, and those who do not know it at all. With the second category, the situation worsened especially when the time for teaching physics in grades 7-11 was reduced from 5 to 2 hours a week.

Most schoolchildren really do not need physical formulas and theories (which they understand very well), and most importantly, they are not interested in the abstract and dry form in which they are presented now. As a result, mass education does not perform any function - it only takes time and effort. Schoolchildren have no less than teachers.

Attention: the wrong approach to teaching science can be devastating

If the task of the school curriculum was to form a picture of the world, the situation would be completely different.

Of course, there should also be specialized classes where they teach how to solve complex problems and deeply acquaint themselves with the theory, which no longer intersects with everyday experience. But it would be more interesting and useful for an ordinary, “mass” schoolchild to know what laws the physical world in which he lives in works.

The matter, of course, does not boil down to the fact that schoolchildren read Perelman instead of textbooks. We need to change our approach to teaching. Many sections (for example, quantum mechanics) could be removed from the school curriculum, others could be reduced or revised, if not for the ubiquitous organizational difficulties, the fundamental conservatism of the subject and the educational system as a whole.

But let us dream a little. After these changes, perhaps, the general social adequacy would also increase: people would be less likely to trust all sorts of torsion swindlers who speculate on the "protection of the biofield" and "normalization of the aura" with the help of simple devices and pieces of unknown minerals.

We already observed all these consequences of a vicious education system in the 90s, when the most successful swindlers even used considerable sums from the state budget, and we are observing now, although on a smaller scale.

The famous Grigory Grabovoi not only assured that he could resurrect people, but also removed asteroids from the Earth with the power of thought and “psychically diagnosed” government aircraft. He was patronized not by anyone, but by General Georgy Rogozin, deputy head of the Security Service under the President of the Russian Federation.

5.2.

5.3.

Physics can be called the main science of the study of nature. All the patterns of its existence are studied by this branch of knowledge. For all its complexity, finding a way to easily learn physics is not difficult.

The main thing is to correctly approach the educational process.

Why study physics?

Once you start studying physics, you don’t always understand why it can come in handy. The point is not only that the acquired knowledge may be needed from a professional point of view.

Physics as a science gives a lot:

. formation of absolute observation;

. the ability to see the connection, its preservation in phenomena. (If you charge the cannon and light the fuse, it will shoot);

. correctly directed thinking, sometimes non-standard;

. the study of physics helps to fully understand the world around us and find out what lies behind the most ordinary things;

. good knowledge will be the basis for a good career abroad.

When studying a discipline, it can be perceived as very difficult and confusing. If you study science as a system, constantly practice and find a good teacher, it will become simple, even interesting.

What are the branches of physics?

"Physics" in ancient Greek means "nature". This science tries to cover in its theoretical calculations and practical conclusions all forms and modes of existence of matter and field. The fundamentals of physics are studied in two different sections: micro- and macrophysics.

Microphysics is the main subject of study of those objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye (molecules, atoms, electrons, other elementary particles).

Macrophysics studies both objects of usual sizes for us (for example, the movement of a ball), and a larger mass (planet).

The composition of macroscopic physics includes mechanics - it studies the movement of bodies and the interaction between them, speed, movement, distance (it can be classical, relativistic, quantum).

Microscopic includes sections of quantum, nuclear, physics of elements, their properties.

The school physics course is formed in the same order. This is due to the fact that it is much easier for students to perceive what they are familiar with from childhood. Therefore, the study of abstract physical categories of microphysics is more difficult than classical mechanics.

Why is physics difficult to study?

The first acquaintance with physical laws occurs at school, starting from the 6th or 7th grade. At first, there is a smooth transition from natural history to more specific examples from life. Speed, path, body weight are studied.

Learning physics from scratch may not always be effective. There may be several reasons for this:

. lack of necessary equipment for a visual demonstration of physical laws. Even the simplest of them is difficult to explain using only the abstract concepts of "contour", "kinetic energy", "potential energy", "atom", "current", "conservation of energy", "gas constant", "wave". Only an abstract presentation of the topic in a textbook will not replace a physical experiment;

. teachers do not always interest children in learning what physics studies. The educational process is reduced to memorizing definitions, memorizing laws and dry theory;

. complex topics are served purely within the framework of the curriculum, only the number of hours that it was allotted. Interesting examples and paradoxes are left aside.

It is the “isolation” of the educational process and the superficiality of studying the discipline from real examples that makes it difficult to study physics at school and preserve knowledge.

Popular mistakes in preparing for ZNO in physics

Preparing for the ZNO, many people make those mistakes that can be called typical:

. practical tasks and problems are solved at random, while all the formulas in physics necessary for solving the task have not been learned;

. new formulas and laws are studied by heart, while the most necessary, basic ones are not repeated;

. an instant decision always seems to be the right one because of its simplicity;

. When preparing for the ZNO in physics, you can forget that the main language of physics is mathematics. It is necessary to repeat the absolute and relative values, the main theorems (the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the legs);

. more difficult topics (quantum physics, relativity theory, thermodynamics) are left aside;

. before solving a problem in physics, even the thought that it can be combined is not allowed: in order to find the answer, it is necessary to combine several sections of science, remember the units of measurement of quantities;

. preparation sessions are held irregularly, and are often scheduled only a few months before the test.

To avoid such errors, it is additionally necessary to solve tasks of a higher level, they will help to form the properties of a quick and correct solution.

So how to teach physics effectively?

You may need to study physics in many cases: admission to a specialized university, passing an exam, writing a test, or just for yourself. Where to start studying physics is the main question, and the answer to it is to draw up a study plan for yourself. This is effective in all of the above cases.

This plan includes not only the schedule of classes, but the principle of their assimilation:

. when considering a new topic, it is necessary to write out all the definitions, quantities, formulas, units of measurement;

. analyzing the physical law and its mathematical expression, find out what quantities are interconnected in it;

. while practicing in solving new tasks, for repetition, solve several of the past topics. Try to come up with tasks on your own;

. Do not work at speed - do everything gradually. The volume of material must be dosed;

. solve problems without resorting to intermediate numbers. The final formula should contain only the values that are given in the condition.

How to understand physics and its formulas?

Initially, physics was inseparable from nature. The first observations were made thanks to those objects and phenomena that daily surrounded a person. The basic laws of physics were formed on the basis of experience, which gradually accumulated, moving from the contour to the center. It was only with time that experience took shape first into disparate laws, and then into theory.

Understandable physics formed the basis for more complex hypothetical constructions that led to the modern understanding of the world.

To understand physics as a science and the formulas that describe the relationships of phenomena, you just need to go outside or look out the window. All the theoretical calculations heard at the lecture are at every moment's step.

The fall of a stone is the transformation of potential energy into kinetic energy, overcoming the distance to the ground. The tension of the window curtain is the result of the movement of air masses under the influence of different pressures at different points. The gas exhaust of a car is the action of pressure. But if you insert your fingers into the socket - this is an electric current.

This subject is not just a printed paragraph in a textbook, or an abstract problem. Nevertheless, the knowledge gained must be projected onto the surrounding world, and recognized in proportion to the available.

How to solve problems in physics?

Solving problems in physics involves a certain algorithm:

. carefully read the condition of the assignment, find out which sections of physics are involved in it;

. correctly draw up a condition, bring all units of measurement of quantities into the SI system: kilometers - into meters, grams - into kilograms;

. have a list of known formulas handy. Choose from them those that may be useful;

. use tables of constants (speed of light, density of substances, gas constant, wavelength, volume of 1 mole of ideal gas);

. recall the laws describing the interactions of the proposed quantities (they can be both from the initial sections and from quantum physics);

. using formulas, combine them to find the final number of the answer;

. make calculations and display the unit of measurement of the required value.

If difficulties arise, an effective way is to imagine the condition in real life. The usual life logic will tell you which answer will be absolute and correct, and which options should be discarded.

How to memorize physics formulas?

It is not allowed to use the list of required formulas at exams and tests. Therefore, it will be useful to use mnemonic rules to remember relationships and laws - this is how to quickly learn physics.

Formulas are remembered if they are linked into a sound association or scale:

Archimedes' law for liquid: F = pgV: Erysipelas - In!

Ampère's law F = Bilsina : Amp with force beat sine alpha.

Potential energy: E = mgh : WeWho - Shhh!

The motion of a charged particle in a uniform electric field: p = qBR , particle momentum ( p ) is the momentum of the cobra ( q , B , R ).

Ideal gas equation: pV = (m/M) RT . Turn from Madrid to Moscow: pV - turn, RT - mouth, m / M - from Madrid to Moscow ( R - constant, universal coefficient).

Newton's first law: if you don't kick, it won't fly;

Newton's second law (for acceleration): as you kick - so it will fly;

Newton's third law: how you kick is how you get it.

Physical laws are much easier to remember in rhyme form:

Ohm's law for a circuit section:

Who doesn't know Ohm's law?

Everyone knows him, of course.

Repeat quickly.

U equals RI.

Definition of "lever":

If any rigid body rotates around a fixed support,

You know - it's called a lever.

Preparation for ZNO in physics must be approached with all seriousness:

1. Develop a training plan and strictly follow it.

2. Exercise regularly, about three times a week for one and a half to two hours, without stress.

3. Find a list of topics recommended for preparing for the ZNO.

4. All formulas and laws, units of measurement (for example, 1 kilometer = 1000 meters) should be written in a separate notebook.

5. Solve problems on each of the topics and different levels of complexity, as well as tasks on a combination of various sections of science (for example, energy and motion, heat and electric field, thermodynamics, relativity theory).

6. A few months before the ZNO, go through the examples of previous years, solving them in one sitting.

7. If you have any questions, ask for help or advice from a professional teacher.

Good theoretical and practical textbooks in physics are:

. Yavorsky B. M., Detlaf A. A. Physics for high school students and university students. M. Bustard. 2003.

. Savchenko N. E. Problems in physics with the analysis of their solution. M.: Education, 2000.

Korshak E. V., O.I. Lyashenko O. I. Physics. K.: Perun, 2011.

It is natural and correct to be interested in the surrounding world and the laws of its functioning and development. That is why it is reasonable to pay attention to the natural sciences, for example, physics, which explains the very essence of the formation and development of the Universe. The basic physical laws are easy to understand. At a very young age, the school introduces children to these principles.

For many, this science begins with the textbook "Physics (Grade 7)". The basic concepts of and and thermodynamics are revealed to schoolchildren, they get acquainted with the core of the main physical laws. But should knowledge be limited to the school bench? What physical laws should every person know? This will be discussed later in the article.

science physics

Many of the nuances of the described science are familiar to everyone from early childhood. And this is due to the fact that, in essence, physics is one of the areas of natural science. It tells about the laws of nature, the action of which affects the life of everyone, and in many ways even provides it, about the features of matter, its structure and patterns of motion.

The term "physics" was first recorded by Aristotle in the fourth century BC. Initially, it was synonymous with the concept of "philosophy". After all, both sciences had a common goal - to correctly explain all the mechanisms of the functioning of the Universe. But already in the sixteenth century, as a result of the scientific revolution, physics became independent.

general law

Some basic laws of physics are applied in various branches of science. In addition to them, there are those that are considered to be common to all nature. This is about

It implies that the energy of each closed system, when any phenomena occur in it, is necessarily conserved. Nevertheless, it is able to transform into another form and effectively change its quantitative content in various parts of the named system. At the same time, in an open system, the energy decreases, provided that the energy of any bodies and fields that interact with it increases.

In addition to the above general principle, physics contains the basic concepts, formulas, laws that are necessary for interpreting the processes taking place in the surrounding world. Exploring them can be incredibly exciting. Therefore, in this article the basic laws of physics will be briefly considered, and in order to understand them deeper, it is important to pay full attention to them.

Mechanics

Many basic laws of physics are revealed to young scientists in grades 7-9 of the school, where such a branch of science as mechanics is more fully studied. Its basic principles are described below.

Galileo's law of relativity (also called the mechanical law of relativity, or the basis of classical mechanics). The essence of the principle lies in the fact that under similar conditions, mechanical processes in any inertial reference frames are completely identical.
Hooke's law. Its essence is that the greater the impact on an elastic body (spring, rod, cantilever, beam) from the side, the greater its deformation.

Newton's laws (represent the basis of classical mechanics):

The principle of inertia says that any body is capable of being at rest or moving uniformly and rectilinearly only if no other bodies affect it in any way, or if they somehow compensate for each other's action. To change the speed of movement, it is necessary to act on the body with some force, and, of course, the result of the action of the same force on bodies of different sizes will also differ.
The main pattern of dynamics states that the greater the resultant of the forces that are currently acting on a given body, the greater the acceleration received by it. And, accordingly, the greater the body weight, the lower this indicator.
Newton's third law says that any two bodies always interact with each other in an identical pattern: their forces are of the same nature, are equivalent in magnitude, and necessarily have the opposite direction along the straight line that connects these bodies.
The principle of relativity states that all phenomena occurring under the same conditions in inertial frames of reference proceed in an absolutely identical way.

Thermodynamics

The school textbook, which reveals to students the basic laws ("Physics. Grade 7"), introduces them to the basics of thermodynamics. We will briefly review its principles below.

The laws of thermodynamics, which are basic in this branch of science, are of a general nature and are not related to the details of the structure of a particular substance at the atomic level. By the way, these principles are important not only for physics, but also for chemistry, biology, aerospace engineering, etc.

For example, in the named industry there is a rule that cannot be logically determined that in a closed system, the external conditions for which are unchanged, an equilibrium state is established over time. And the processes that continue in it invariably compensate each other.

Another rule of thermodynamics confirms the desire of a system, which consists of a colossal number of particles characterized by chaotic motion, to an independent transition from less probable states for the system to more probable ones.

And the Gay-Lussac law (also called it states that for a gas of a certain mass under conditions of stable pressure, the result of dividing its volume by absolute temperature will certainly become a constant value.

Another important rule of this industry is the first law of thermodynamics, which is also called the principle of conservation and transformation of energy for a thermodynamic system. According to him, any amount of heat that was communicated to the system will be spent exclusively on the metamorphosis of its internal energy and the performance of work by it in relation to any acting external forces. It is this regularity that became the basis for the formation of a scheme for the operation of heat engines.

Another gas regularity is Charles' law. It states that the greater the pressure of a certain mass of an ideal gas, while maintaining a constant volume, the greater its temperature.

Electricity

Opens for young scientists interesting basic laws of physics 10th grade school. At this time, the main principles of nature and the laws of action of electric current, as well as other nuances, are studied.

Ampère's law, for example, states that conductors connected in parallel, through which current flows in the same direction, inevitably attract, and in the case of the opposite direction of current, respectively, repel. Sometimes the same name is used for a physical law that determines the force acting in an existing magnetic field on a small section of a conductor that is currently conducting current. It is called so - the power of Ampere. This discovery was made by a scientist in the first half of the nineteenth century (namely, in 1820).

The law of conservation of charge is one of the basic principles of nature. It states that the algebraic sum of all electric charges arising in any electrically isolated system is always conserved (becomes constant). Despite this, the named principle does not exclude the appearance of new charged particles in such systems as a result of certain processes. Nevertheless, the total electric charge of all newly formed particles must necessarily be equal to zero.

Coulomb's law is one of the fundamental in electrostatics. It expresses the principle of the force of interaction between fixed point charges and explains the quantitative calculation of the distance between them. Coulomb's law makes it possible to substantiate the basic principles of electrodynamics in an experimental way. It says that fixed point charges will certainly interact with each other with a force that is the higher, the greater the product of their magnitudes and, accordingly, the smaller, the smaller the square of the distance between the charges under consideration and the medium in which the described interaction takes place.

Ohm's law is one of the basic principles of electricity. It says that the greater the strength of the direct electric current acting on a certain section of the circuit, the greater the voltage at its ends.

They call the principle that allows you to determine the direction in the conductor of a current moving under the influence of a magnetic field in a certain way. To do this, it is necessary to position the right hand so that the lines of magnetic induction figuratively touch the open palm, and extend the thumb in the direction of the conductor. In this case, the remaining four straightened fingers will determine the direction of movement of the induction current.

Also, this principle helps to find out the exact location of the lines of magnetic induction of a straight conductor that conducts current at the moment. It works like this: place the thumb of the right hand in such a way that it points and figuratively grasp the conductor with the other four fingers. The location of these fingers will demonstrate the exact direction of the lines of magnetic induction.

The principle of electromagnetic induction is a pattern that explains the process of operation of transformers, generators, electric motors. This law is as follows: in a closed circuit, the generated induction is the greater, the greater the rate of change of the magnetic flux.

Optics

The branch "Optics" also reflects a part of the school curriculum (basic laws of physics: grades 7-9). Therefore, these principles are not as difficult to understand as it might seem at first glance. Their study brings with it not just additional knowledge, but a better understanding of the surrounding reality. The main laws of physics that can be attributed to the field of study of optics are as follows:

Huynes principle. It is a method that allows you to efficiently determine at any given fraction of a second the exact position of the wave front. Its essence is as follows: all points that are in the path of the wave front in a certain fraction of a second, in fact, become sources of spherical waves (secondary) in themselves, while the placement of the wave front in the same fraction of a second is identical to the surface , which goes around all spherical waves (secondary). This principle is used to explain the existing laws related to the refraction of light and its reflection.
The Huygens-Fresnel principle reflects an effective method for resolving issues related to wave propagation. It helps to explain the elementary problems associated with the diffraction of light.
waves. It is equally used for reflection in the mirror. Its essence lies in the fact that both the falling beam and the one that was reflected, as well as the perpendicular constructed from the point of incidence of the beam, are located in a single plane. It is also important to remember that in this case the angle at which the beam falls is always absolutely equal to the angle of refraction.
The principle of refraction of light. This is a change in the trajectory of an electromagnetic wave (light) at the moment of movement from one homogeneous medium to another, which differs significantly from the first in a number of refractive indices. The speed of propagation of light in them is different.
The law of rectilinear propagation of light. At its core, it is a law related to the field of geometric optics, and is as follows: in any homogeneous medium (regardless of its nature), light propagates strictly rectilinearly, along the shortest distance. This law simply and clearly explains the formation of a shadow.

Atomic and nuclear physics

The basic laws of quantum physics, as well as the fundamentals of atomic and nuclear physics, are studied in high school and higher education institutions.

Thus, Bohr's postulates are a series of basic hypotheses that have become the basis of the theory. Its essence is that any atomic system can remain stable only in stationary states. Any emission or absorption of energy by an atom necessarily occurs using the principle, the essence of which is as follows: the radiation associated with transport becomes monochromatic.

These postulates refer to the standard school curriculum that studies the basic laws of physics (Grade 11). Their knowledge is mandatory for the graduate.

Basic laws of physics that a person should know

Some physical principles, although they belong to one of the branches of this science, are nevertheless of a general nature and should be known to everyone. We list the basic laws of physics that a person should know:

Archimedes' law (applies to the areas of hydro-, as well as aerostatics). It implies that any body that has been immersed in a gaseous substance or in a liquid is subject to a kind of buoyant force, which is necessarily directed vertically upwards. This force is always numerically equal to the weight of the liquid or gas displaced by the body.
Another formulation of this law is as follows: a body immersed in a gas or liquid will certainly lose as much weight as the mass of the liquid or gas in which it was immersed. This law became the basic postulate of the theory of floating bodies.
The law of universal gravitation (discovered by Newton). Its essence lies in the fact that absolutely all bodies are inevitably attracted to each other with a force that is the greater, the greater the product of the masses of these bodies and, accordingly, the less, the smaller the square of the distance between them.

These are the 3 basic laws of physics that everyone who wants to understand the mechanism of the functioning of the surrounding world and the features of the processes occurring in it should know. It is quite easy to understand how they work.

The value of such knowledge

The basic laws of physics must be in the baggage of knowledge of a person, regardless of his age and type of activity. They reflect the mechanism of existence of all today's reality, and, in essence, are the only constant in a continuously changing world.

The basic laws, concepts of physics open up new opportunities for studying the world around us. Their knowledge helps to understand the mechanism of the existence of the Universe and the movement of all cosmic bodies. It turns us not just onlookers of daily events and processes, but allows us to be aware of them. When a person clearly understands the basic laws of physics, that is, all the processes taking place around him, he gets the opportunity to control them in the most effective way, making discoveries and thereby making his life more comfortable.

Results

Some are forced to study in depth the basic laws of physics for the exam, others - by occupation, and some - out of scientific curiosity. Regardless of the goals of studying this science, the benefits of the knowledge gained can hardly be overestimated. There is nothing more satisfying than understanding the basic mechanisms and laws of the existence of the surrounding world.

Don't be indifferent - develop!

Physics is an exact and fundamental science that studies the general patterns of various natural phenomena, as well as the laws of the structure and motion of matter. All laws and concepts of physics form the basis of the subject of natural science.

In secondary school, a separate subject appears - physics, the main purpose of which is to form students' knowledge of the subject, the style of thinking and the scientific worldview. From the seventh to the ninth grade, schoolchildren study the basic course of physics, thanks to which an idea of the physical picture of the world is formed, basic physical concepts, terms and laws are studied, as well as basic algorithms for solving problems, and research and experimental skills are developed. At the end of ninth grade, students take GIA in physics. On request in the search engine "physics for free" on the Internet, you can find various video tutorials, reference books, books and articles , to help you prepare yourself .

Experimental and theoretical physics

It is very difficult to determine the line where the theoretical part of the course in physics ends and the experimental part begins, since they are very closely interconnected and complement each other. The purpose of experimental physics is to conduct various experiments to test hypotheses, laws, and to establish new facts. Theoretical physics is focused on explaining various natural phenomena based on physical laws.

The structure of the subject of physics

Structurally, the subject of physics is quite difficult to divide, since it is closely related to other disciplines. However, all its sections are based on fundamental theories, laws and principles that describe the essence of physical processes and phenomena.

Main sections of physics:

mechanics - the science of motion and the forces that cause motion;
molecular physics - a section that studies the physical properties of bodies from the point of view of their molecular structure;
oscillations and waves - a branch of physics that deals with periodic changes in the motion of particles;
thermal physics - a group of disciplines on the theoretical foundations of energy;
electrodynamics - a section that studies the properties of an electromagnetic field, electrical and magnetic phenomena, electric current;
electrostatics - a branch of physics that deals with the electrostatic field, as well as electric charges;
magnetism - the science of magnetic fields;
optics studies the properties and nature of light;
atomic physics - a branch of physics about the properties of atoms and molecules;
quantum physics is a branch of physics that studies quantum-mechanical and quantum-field systems, the laws of their motion.

How to prepare for the GIA in physics?

It is necessary to repeat and study the material in accordance with the requirements for the GIA in physics. Various reference books, manuals and collections of test tasks will help with this. Will be useful physics free classes with an analysis of the GIA demo options, which are presented on the site site.

You should be interested in additional materials and take part in trial testing. During the execution of test tasks, acquaintance with the features of the questions takes place. It was noticed that the students who took the test classes ended up gaining higher scores. It is necessary to draw up a plan for self-study, indicating the topics that are planned to be learned for GIA in physics. You can start with the most difficult and incomprehensible. Also, you do not need to try to learn the entire textbook at once or review all the video lessons. It is important to structure the material being studied, make plans and tables that will help better memorization and repetition. It does not hurt to alternate classes and rest, as well as be confident in your abilities and not think about failures.