Summary: Who is the true "King of reporting"? Vladimir Gilyarovsky - the king of reportage Reporting from the neighborhood in Gilyarovsky.
Vladimir Gilyarovsky was born in a small farm in the Vologda province on December 8 (November 26), 1853. However, in 2005 it became known that it was 1855 is listed in the metric book of the church in the village of Syama, where Vladimir was baptized, who was born on November 26 according to the old style and was baptized on November 29. According to archivists, the error of reference books and encyclopedias could be caused by an article that Gilyarovsky published in 1928 on his, as he believed, 75th birthday.
Soon the family moved to Vologda, where his father received the position of bailiff. Vladimir preferred to rush through the streets of the city or disappear fishing than to pore over textbooks, so he was left for the second year already in the first grade of the gymnasium. Over time, with his studies, things seemed to get better, a passion for the circus appeared (he mastered acrobatics and horse riding) and literature, and his poems, especially if they concerned school pranks and teachers, were met with a bang by classmates.
In 1871, having failed his exams, Gilyarovsky ran away from home. For him, a period of many years of wandering began, which allowed the future writer to deeply understand life with all its joys, difficulties and outright abominations. He mumbled on the Volga, worked as a loader in the port, studied for a short time at the cadet school, drove herds, served as a fireman and even fulfilled his childhood dream - he acted as a rider in a circus.
Since 1875, he served as an actor in provincial theaters: he performed on stages Tambov, Voronezh, Penza, Ryazan, Saratov, Morshansk, Kirsanova and others, until in 1877, during the Russian-Turkish war, he volunteered to fight in the Caucasus. He fought valiantly, as evidenced by George Cross. Gilyarovsky was always proud of this award, although he rarely wore it in civilian life, usually he wore only a St. George ribbon on his chest.
After demobilization, Gilyarovsky settled in Moscow in 1881, where he got a job in the theater, but soon decided to devote himself only to literature and journalism. It is worth noting that he wrote constantly, and small sketches made during numerous wanderings eventually turned into full-fledged literary works. In Moscow, he began to publish in Russkaya Gazeta, then worked as a reporter in Moskovsky Leaf, and also wrote for Russian thought", humorous publications " shards”, “Alarm clock”, “Entertainment”. Soon, his sharp topical notes and sketches began to appear in many Moscow publications.
His correspondence from Orekhov-Zuev about the fires at the Morozov factory in 1882 became the goal of getting to the bottom of the true causes of the tragedy. Gilyarovsky entered the factory under the guise of a worker, jostled in the lines for hire, listened to everything and looked closely. Publications in the newspaper made a lot of noise. The Governor-General ordered the arrest and deportation of the author. In the village of Guslitsy near Moscow and in some villages of the Ryazan region, he had to deal with handicraft artels that made matches. This production was organized extremely primitively - the gums of the workers bled, their teeth fell out. Gilyarovsky, who used to work at a bleaching plant and experienced harmful labor himself, was outraged. Moskovsky Leaf refused to publish his report, but he took it to another newspaper and achieved everything - handicraft match production was stopped.
Thanks to Gilyarovsky, the details of the Kukuev disaster became known - the train crash over Orel on the Moscow-Kursk railway in 1882. The causes and consequences of this tragedy tried to be hushed up. Unnoticed, the reporter entered a special train intended for the railway authorities, who left to investigate the disaster. Gilyarovsky spent two weeks in a terrible grave, where the train collapsed along with people as a result of the fact that the embankment was washed out by a heavy downpour.
Gilyarovsky's efficiency is well illustrated by the following case. It was in 1885. “In search of a sensation for the Voice of Moscow, V. M. Doroshevich learned that a watchman and a watchman had been killed in a shed at a railway booth near Petrovsky-Razumovsky. Full of hope to give a novelty, he rushed to the scene on foot. Having driven back about ten versts in the July heat, he found more corpses in place. Having made a description of the situation, having collected information, he asked permission to enter the booth where the forensic investigator was interrogating.
I turned to the officer, - he said, - ... who was guarding the entrance, with a request to report to the investigator about me, when the door of the booth suddenly opened, someone quickly came out of it - I couldn’t see his face - in a white blouse and high boots, jumped straight from the porch into the cab, shouted to the cabman - the reckless driver rushed off, dusting along the road.
I, - continued the story of V. M. Doroshevich, - was received by the forensic investigator Barentsevich, to whom I introduced myself as a reporter: “Late, my friend! Gilyarovsky from Russkiye Vedomosti has already been there and knows everything. Just now he came out ... There he goes along the road! I was offended in my best feelings ... ".
He was on the Khodynka field on the day of the coronation and found himself in the very thick of the Khodynka disaster. It was not easy even for such a strong man as Gilyarovsky to break out of the compressed, distraught crowd of many thousands. But the next morning he was here. The only article about Khodynka that appeared on May 26, 1896 was his article in Russkiye Vedomosti.
In 1899 Gilyarovsky took part in international revelations. Once in Belgrade, during the assassination attempt on the Serbian king Milan, he decides to expose this German protege in front of the world community. The text of the telegram he compiled read: “Milan came up with an artificial assassination attempt in order to kill the radical. The best people in Serbia have been arrested. Executions are expected." Gilyarovsky rewrites this text in French and sends it to the editors of Rossiya, where at that time he was in charge of the department. Naturally, the telegram was detained at the Belgrade post office. But with the help of friends, the journalist crossed the Danube and sent a telegram from the first Hungarian pier. The next day, she appeared in a newspaper signed by Gilyarovsky and went around the entire world press. The goal was achieved - Milan disappeared from Serbia.
Gilyarovsky's reports invariably caused a public outcry, but all fell short of full-fledged investigations due to the very specifics of the reportage genre and what Chekhov, speaking of Gilyarovsky, called "crackling descriptions." But despite this, it took Gilyarovsky just a few years to turn from an ordinary reporter into an expert on Moscow customs, who, first behind his back, and then openly, began to be respectfully called Uncle Gilyai.
V. A. Gilyarovsky, while working in newspapers, edited his own publication, the Sports Journal.
In Moscow Newspaper, Gilyarovsky wrote: “... in the autumn he went to the southern Russian steppes to the Don or the Caucasus. Most of all in these places I rushed from winter hut to winter hut * [Zimovnik - stud farm] of the Zadonsk steppes, sometimes even spending the night in dirty Kalmyk tents.
Here I lived through the distant past, rode as a simple herdsman, Neuks, wild horses, hunted a wolf with one whip right next to the herd "...
Gilyarovsky tells in detail about the life of the Kalmyks in the essay "In the Zadonsk Steppes", as well as in the story "Gopher".
These trips provided a lot of interesting and useful material for the Sports Journal. During 1903, on its pages one could read Gilyarovsky’s correspondence under the general heading “Passage”, where there is a story about his meetings with horse breeders, cavalrymen, athletes, the construction of hippodromes and the organization of competitions in other cities, etc. At the same time, it should be noted the efficiency with which reports reached the readers. Gilyarovsky's materials from Serbia, from the Far East, from Kharkov, Kyiv are published.
Unfortunately, in equestrian sport at that time there were cases of forgery, outright fraud. For example, before the races, horses were given wine to drink, which, like doping, excited and led to high results. Gilyarovsky in "Little Feuilleton" in 1903 convinces readers that the Russian trotter can ride well without doping, the use of which is unacceptable in sports.
In 1902, in the competitions of trotting horses in St. Petersburg and Moscow, the horse Rassvet won several times. However, the unprecedented agility and similarity in the constitution of the horse with American trotters gave reason to suspect that the horse that ran under the name Dawn was actually American. And with such an origin, according to the normal charter of the society of horse racing hunters, she could not participate in competitions for all the prizes that she won, since in racing societies they were assigned exclusively to trotting horses born in Russia. Gilyarovsky exposes this forgery in the article "Memo of the past year."
However, the life of the publication was soon cut short. At the end of the seventies of the 19th century, the secretary of the Moscow racing society, M.I. Lazarev, met abroad with a sweepstakes and introduced it at the races. A heated discussion of the innovation began on the pages of newspapers and magazines. "Journal of Sports" opened its pages for a comprehensive discussion of the betting issue. In 1901, the material "Horse breeding, sports and the tote" was published, in 1902 in a number of issues - the article "History of the tote", and in 1903 - the article "Memo of the past year". Gilyarovsky himself was against sweepstakes. He criticized the Moscow nobility for being indecisive about the destruction of the sweepstakes. The government encouraged the catalyst in every possible way, since it was beneficial for the treasury. The magazine openly fought against this. Punishments rained down on the editors. Censorship put various obstacles in the publication of sharp materials. In 1905 the magazine was closed.
In the editorial offices of mass city newspapers, humorous magazines, Gilyarovsky had to deal with the dishonesty of journalists, the distortion of the truth for the sake of a red word, for the sake of sensation. He condemned such cases, considering them unacceptable in the work of a journalist, especially a news reporter.
His performances at the beginning of the XX century. about low morals, dishonesty of journalists of mass newspapers are not so numerous, but nevertheless very instructive. He touched upon the professional work of reporters not only in books of memoirs, but also in reporting articles: "By my own negligence", "Three thousand shaved old women", "And you say ...". In them, the author ridicules clichés in reporter practice, mocks Khlestakovism, the lies characteristic of some journalists of that time, and reveals serious shortcomings in the work of reporters in criminal cases.
So, in the article "By his own negligence", which tells about the death of a railway employee on the Kazan Railway, Gilyarovsky warns his colleagues against stamped conclusions that prevent them from correctly presenting a fact or a tragic incident. In journalistic practice, Gilyarovsky notes, everywhere with all factory mutilations, railway, factory and others, they write in the protocols "through their own negligence." And this formula is then repeated on newspaper pages without verification. But such a formula often left the victim or his family without help, without a pension, and the culprit of the injury, death of a person - without punishment. Gilyarovsky, investigating a specific case of a conductor's injury on the Moscow-Kazan railway, found and specifically interviewed a number of witnesses to the incident, and all of them in a conversation refuted the assumption that the person died "through his own negligence." He was pushed under the wheels by a stowaway who managed to escape from the scene. At the end of the note, he quotes the words of the conductor's wife, whom he met in the hospital: "without legs now ... pushed under the train ... children at home ... one breadwinner", and finishes on his own: "Gentlemen reporters, be careful" on your own negligence"".
Even brighter is his article-report "Three thousand shaved old women." It was a real newspaper "duck". By chance, at breakfast in a restaurant, Gilyarovsky heard that the new newspaper "Rus" by A.A. Suvorin-son published a sensational report that in the St. Petersburg almshouse near Smolny, a total shaving of old women was carried out for the purpose of disinfection. Colleagues-journalists laughed, and Gilyarovsky took a cab and drove to Smolny, found an almshouse and began to ask people he met how old men and women live in an almshouse and whether old women shave there. “We have, father, not hard labor, but an almshouse,” answered one respectable lady. The caretaker rejected this fact, and, finally, the caretaker of the almshouse led him through the rooms and found nothing like what was printed in the newspaper. Lies! “Ivan Aleksandrovich Khlestakov should have learned such lies from a reporter for the Rus newspaper!” - finishes the article-report Gilyarovsky.
In the article "And you say ..." Gilyarovsky condemns frivolous journalist-reporters who do not bother to study, study the facts that are written about in the section on criminal incidents. Specifically, we are talking about reports from newspaper reporters about a dramatic incident at the races. On the outskirts, not far from the hippodrome, a corpse of a man was found with his jacket pockets turned inside out, without a penny of money, but with a poster of equestrian competitions. Reporters immediately built a banal scheme of the incident: "won, killed, robbed." There are allegedly all the signs of a mercenary murder, especially since such cases have been described more than once in the French press, we are not far behind the West. Murder on a tote is not uncommon, but this is a superficial judgment. And Gilyarovsky tells the true story of a dead man - a small businessman, a "owner" who was passionately carried away by a sweepstakes, but in the end, in pursuit of a big win, he went bankrupt and committed suicide from the hopelessness of the situation. This is not an ordinary murder, but a difficult drama of life. The desire to get rich without difficulty led to the ruin of the whole family and despair, which a person could not survive. “And you, gentlemen reporters, “won” and “murder”! This is not true!
These remarks by Gilyarovsky about the ethics of reporter's work, the essence of the profession, have not lost their significance even today.
Vladimir Alekseevich Gilyarovsky. Reportage King
The very personality of this man was exceptional, life gave him the richest material in his hands. In 1871, without graduating from high school, he ran away from home. His wanderings lasted ten years - he was a barge hauler on the Volga, a hooker, a fireman, a herdsman, a circus performer, a provincial actor and many others. This lively, sociable man, possessing outstanding physical strength, jokingly broke silver rubles and unbent horseshoes. “I did not know fatigue,” he wrote about himself on the day of his 75th birthday, “and the words“ fear ”and“ danger ”were absent from my vocabulary.”
In 1882, Gilyarovsky began to publish in the Moscow Leaflet, a year later he came to Russkiye Vedomosti. Overtaking cab drivers, he rushed around Moscow - from murder to robbery, from fire to wreck. He was well known to the inhabitants of the Cunning Market and the doss-houses. The personality of this outstanding person invariably aroused sympathy. His correspondence from Orekhovo-Zuev about the fires at the Morozov factory in 1882 aimed to get to the bottom of the true causes of the tragedy. Gilyarovsky entered the factory under the guise of a worker, jostled in the lines for hire, listened to everything and looked closely. Publications in the newspaper made a lot of noise. The Governor-General ordered the arrest and deportation of the author. In the village of Guslitsy near Moscow and in some villages of the Ryazan region, he had to deal with handicraft artels that made matches. This production was organized in an extremely primitive way - the workers' gums bled, their teeth fell out. Gilyarovsky, who himself used to work at a bleaching plant and experienced harmful labor himself, was outraged. Moskovsky Leaf refused to publish his report at that time, but he took it to another newspaper and achieved his goal - handicraft match production was stopped.
Thanks to Gilyarovsky, the details of the Kukuev disaster became known - the train crash near Orel on the Moscow-Kursk railway in 1882. The causes and consequences of this tragedy tried to be hushed up. Unnoticed, the reporter got into a special train intended for the railway authorities, who left to investigate the disaster. Gilyarovsky spent two weeks in a terrible grave, where the train collapsed along with the people as a result of the fact that the embankment was washed out by a heavy downpour.
He was on the Khodynka field on the day of the coronation and found himself in the very thick of the Khodynka disaster. It was not easy even for such a strong man as Gilyarovsky to break out of the compressed, distraught crowd of many thousands. But the next morning he was here again. The only article about Khodynka that appeared on May 26, 1896 was his article in Russkiye Vedomosti.
In 1899 Gilyarovsky took part in international revelations. Once in Belgrade, during the assassination attempt on the Serbian king Milan, he decides to expose this German protege in front of the world community. The text of the telegram compiled by him read: “Milan came up with an artificial assassination attempt in order to destroy the radicals. The best people in Serbia have been arrested. Executions are expected." Gilyarovsky rewrites this text in French and sends it to the editors of Rossiya, where at that time he was in charge of the department. Naturally, the telegram was detained at the Belgrade post office. But with the help of friends, the journalist crossed the Danube and sent a telegram from the first Hungarian pier. The next day, she appeared in a newspaper signed by Gilyarovsky and went around the entire world press. The goal was achieved - Milan disappeared from Serbia. Gilyarovsky's reports invariably caused a public outcry, but still fell short of full-fledged investigations due to the very specifics of the reportage genre and what Chekhov, speaking of Gilyarovsky, called "crackling descriptions."
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forest boy
Vladimir Alekseevich Gilyarovsky was born on November 26 (December 8), 1853 in the Vologda province, “in a forest farm behind Lake Kubenskoye, and spent part of his childhood in the dense Domshinsky forests, where bears walk on foot and wolves drag in packs” , - so he later described his youth.
Volodya's father served as an assistant to the manager of the forest estate of Count Olsufiev, went with a horn to a bear, had remarkable physical strength and endurance ...
The boy's mother belonged to the family of Zaporizhzhya Cossacks, and Volodya inherited from her a love for Cossack songs and freemen. And even outwardly, the adult Gilyarovsky looked like a Zaporozhye Cossack. It is no coincidence that it was he who posed for Repin when creating the painting “The Cossacks write a letter to the Turkish Sultan” and for the sculptor Andreev for the image of Taras Bulba ...
But while solidity was still far away. Little Volodya disappeared for days on end in the forest and learned from his father the wisdom of the forest.
However, this free life soon ended. When the boy was eight years old, his mother died, and his father married another, a strict and demanding woman. She tried to rid her stepson of the "wildness of primitive habits." The boy, having outwardly mastered good manners, in his soul forever remained a “forest” and free man ...
For the same reason, he did not like it at the gymnasium either - already in the first grade he stayed for the second year. Later, Gilyarovsky wrote, “From what I taught and who taught, little good remained in my memory.” Cramming, stick discipline, boring subjects and narrow-minded teachers. All this was so far from Gilyarovsky, who was used to disappearing for days in the forest ...
But while studying at the gymnasium, he found himself a new joy - the theater and the circus. Having met circus performers, Volodya learned their profession, and he himself became a good rider and acrobat.
Walking among the people
In Vologda, where Gilyarovsky, a high school student, lived, many political exiles lived. The inquisitive boy got to know them, attended their parties, listened to heated debates.
One of the exiles gave Volodya Chernyshevsky's forbidden novel What Is To Be Done? to read. The “new people” impressed Gilyarovsky so much that he decided to become “like Rakhmetov” and go to the people. And at the age of 17, Volodya ran away from home - without money and a passport. He went to Yaroslavl, where he immediately met barge haulers, who accepted him into their artel.
A lot has been written about the life and hard work of barge haulers. Gilyarovsky himself described it as follows: “To warm up with a glass of fusel oil - everyone had a common goal and hope. They drank... They went away... They salted slices of bread and had breakfast"...
But Gilyarovsky himself liked it all: “I was tired, but I couldn’t sleep. I was exhausted - and my soul rejoiced - and not a shred of remorse that I left the house, the gymnasium, my family, my sleepy life and went to barge haulers. I even thanked Chernyshevsky, who put me on the Volga with his novel What Is To Be Done?
Summer is over, and barge haulers have dispersed to their homes. And Gilyarovsky went further. Whoever he was on his wandering path - a loader, a stoker, a worker, a fisherman, a herdsman, a horse rider ... Thanks to the horses, Gilyarovsky ended up in a circus, where he acted as a rider. And from the circus he went to the theater, and for several years he was a provincial actor ...
But being an actor, Gilyarovsky continued to look for new experiences. He traveled all over the country, climbed Elbrus, walked along the Don ...
During the Russian-Turkish war of 1877, he went to the front. There, Gilyarovsky soon became a scout-scout: “We lived merrily. Every night in secret and on reconnaissance under the very enemy chains, we lie in the bushes behind the ferns, then we will get over the chain, then we will silently remove the sentry with a special plastun technique and quickly deliver it to the detachment for interrogation "... He returned from the war already a gallant cavalier of St. George ...
famous journalist
Gilyarovsky, after returning from the front, continued to serve in various provincial theaters, and then decided to move to Moscow. Here he acted for some time, but his long-experienced craving for literary work finally overcame all other passions.
At first, he wrote short notes in various publications, and then got a job as a reporter at Moskovskaya Gazeta. Here Gilyarovsky at first was very difficult: “This year was difficult, the year of my first student work. It was my duty to keep a chronicle of incidents - I must know everything that happened in the city and its environs, and not miss a single murder, not a single big fire or train wreck.
And Gilyarovsky really soon found out about all the events literally at the same minute as they happened. His broad nature, ability to get along with all people, helped to make acquaintance with a wide variety of people. Soon Gilyarovsky becomes the "king of reporting".
For one report, he almost got arrested - he made such a fuss. It was about a fire at the Morozov factory. Gilyarovsky disguised himself as a worker and, sitting in pubs and taverns, tried to find out the true causes of the fire - the owners themselves were guilty. The essay caused a stir, the Morozovs demanded the arrest and deportation of the author. With great difficulty, Gilyarovsky managed to avoid trouble ...
Some time later, the reporter learned from his informant about the terrible railway accident near Orel - the whole train went into the swamp, which became the grave for thousands of people.
The disaster was kept secret, and correspondents were not allowed to the scene of the accident. But Gilyarovsky managed to get into this terrible place, and Moskovskaya Gazeta turned out to be the only publication that told about the terrible catastrophe.
Letter to Australia
As time went on, Gilyarovsky acquired a name for himself and was already published in many publications. But he never sat still. He fully justified his title of "king of reporters." There was not a single corner in Moscow that Gilyarovsky would not have visited. Slums, dens, secular living rooms - everywhere he was his. But he was looking for creative material not only in Moscow. The cholera epidemic on the Don, terror in Albania, Gogol's places - Gilyarovsky had time to visit everywhere and write about everything.
Knowledge of life, acquaintance with the inhabitants of the city bottom, awareness of everything that is happening around, made him a Moscow landmark, the famous Uncle Gilyai, as his friends called him - the most famous artists, writers, actors.
Chekhov, Uspensky, Wanderer, Yesenin, Stanislavsky, Nemirovich-Danchenko, Kachalov visited his house ... And at the same time he was friends with “firefighters, cross-country riders, jockeys and clowns from the circus, European celebrities and drunkards of the Khitrov market. He didn't just have acquaintances, he only had friends. Always and with everyone he was on you "...
People have always been drawn to this man, who retained a cheerful disposition until old age. Uncle Gilyai constantly came up with various amusements.
Here is how Konstantin Paustovsky wrote about them: “Gilyarovsky was inexhaustible for boyish inventions. One day he came up with the idea of sending a letter to Australia to some fictitious addressee, so that, having received this letter back, to judge by the multitude of postmarks, what an amazing and tempting way this letter went. There were legends about his physical strength, which he also loved to brag about as a boy - until old age he could bend nickels, tie a poker in a knot ...
And in the books written by Uncle Gilyai, the physical and moral strength of the author, his extraordinary life, are striking. “Moscow and Muscovites”, “My Wanderings”, “Notes of a Muscovite”, “People of the Theater”, “Friends and Meetings” - each of them tells so much about Gilyarovsky himself and about his friends, about hundreds of people he met in life , about an era long gone from us ...
After the revolution, he, one of the few fragments of the past, remained in his homeland - because uncle Gilyai, part of Moscow, could not be imagined living somewhere on the banks of the Seine. And Gilyarovsky was able to remain interesting to Soviet readers as well. Until his death, he wrote articles, books ...
Vladimir Gilyarovsky died on October 1, 1935. And although almost 80 years have passed since his death, and the events described in his books took place more than a hundred years ago, Gilyarovsky’s works still do not lie on the bookshelves ...
Reportage- one of the favorite genres of modern journalists. And this is not just a tribute to fashion. This has always been the case, ever since the emergence of this genre in newspaper periodicals. Let us recall at least the reports of V. Gilyarovsky, L. Reisner, M. Koltsov, D. Reid, E. Kish, E. Hemingway, Y. Fuchik, E. Bogat and many other remarkable reporters who created literary masterpieces in this genre.
The concept was formed from the Latin word "reportare" and literally meant "to transmit", "to report". At the beginning of the 19th century, when the rapid development of daily periodicals was planned in Europe and Russia, reports meant any operational reports from courtrooms, parliamentary sessions, city gatherings, etc. In Russia, the form was primarily “cast” in the best works of Russian journalists. It is in the reports of such publicists and journalists of the 19th-20th centuries as V. Gilyarovsky, M. Koltsov, L. Reisner and others that this genre acquires its individual characteristics and features.
In the West, the genre develops thanks to the reports of John Reed, Egon Ervis Kisz, Ernest Hemingway, Julis Fucik and others.
A special contribution to the development of reporting was made by the outstanding Russian reporter V. A. Gilyarovsky, which is well known to readers from the books “My Wanderings”, “Moscow and Muscovites”, “Moscow Newspaper”, etc. Gilyarovsky works from 1882 to 1905 mainly in such publications as “Moskovsky Leaf”, “Russian Vedomosti” and “ Russian word". First of all, he developed reporter's methods of collecting information, in search of material he walked behind Danilovka, Maryina Roscha and other outskirts at that time, studied the city slums. Sitting in the editorial office, it was impossible to get such lively “pictures”. This allowed him to be the first to know about all the significant events of the townspeople. Due to a wide network of informants, Gilyarovsky was the first to learn about all more or less significant events in the capital. As you can see, efficiency, truthfulness and high awareness already in those years became important qualities of reporter's materials, favorably distinguishing their from other newspaper articles. In the practice of reporting, Gilyarovsky may have been one of the first to use elements of direct reporting. Thanks to the reporter activity of Gilyarovsky, the concept of “special reportage". Such a term did not exist in those years, but the confessions of the reporter himself indicate precisely this: “I led city incidents, and in the event of a catastrophe, epidemic or forest fires, I was sent by a special correspondent.” Such reports differed from the dry report in vivid pictures and the presence of direct impressions of the reporter himself. Very often, having stated a message in the genre of a report or note, a journalist ends it with several remarks from the participants in the event, thereby giving the material a reportage character.
Summarizing the experience of a well-known reporter, we can conclude that thanks to Gilyarovsky's creative discoveries, the genre differentiation of reporting into various subspecies occurs: direct reporting, reporting-report, reporting-article, reporting-recollection.
V. A. Gilyarovsky
Reporting
Content: Orekhovo-Zuevo. June 1 Orekhovo-Zuyevo. June 4 Terrible disaster on the Kursk railroad From the site of the disaster on the Kursk railroad Catastrophe at Khludov's factory Underground work in Moscow Catching dogs in Moscow Solar eclipse near Moscow Catastrophe on the Khodynka field It's time for people of the fourth dimension Hurricane. Hurricane "Three thousand shaved old women" in Moscow Workers' holiday Source: V. A. Gilyarovsky. Collected works in 4 volumes. M.: 1999. Volume 2. Original here: http://www.booksite.ru/.Reporting
Orekhovo-Zuevo
(From our correspondent)
On May 28, at half-past twelve in the morning, in the dormitory building No. 8, where there were day workers with their families, as well as the families of those who were absent, a fire broke out and in an instant engulfed the entire building. People in terrible fright rushed to the exit, but few managed to escape this way. The rest began to beat and break window frames and throw themselves from the height of the second floor to the ground. A terrible picture was presented by a burning building: in the windows, from which, breaking through the broken glass, smoke poured and flames rose in tongues, igniting the outer part of the wall, workers rushed about, trying in vain to knock out strong, tightly sealed frames ... Here in one of the windows, on to the sight of everyone, a tall man desperately hits the frame with a samovar, but in vain! The unfortunate man suffocates in the smoke and falls down dead... The fire completely engulfed the window... A woman appeared in another window with a baby in her arms... her hair and dress were on fire... to the hospital with her child ... This is the wife of a peasant in the Sychevsky district of the Smolensk province Sorokin. Her husband at that time lay unconscious in the arms of his son, who had just returned from his shift. Sorokin is also utterly disfigured... On his face and hands, skin and meat dangled in tatters. His daughter, Martha, is eleven years old, and still could not be found. From one window, the father threw his young daughter, who was caught by someone in his arms and remained unharmed, and after her, all on fire, the unfortunate man himself jumped ... There were few stairs, and even those did not matter, because that the windows were boarded up, did not open, and it was extremely difficult to knock them out, since the building was new. Fortunately, the quickly arrived factory fire brigade with steam pipes defended the neighboring barracks and barracks, or rather, the dark closets where the workers were placed, and only one upper floor of building No 8 became a victim of the flames. Here is how the wife of the worker Kulkov tells about the start of the fire : - We slept in a closet, behind the barracks, and waking up, went to the shift, at twelve o'clock. I just came out - I see, in the window of the third closet, at the top, fire and smoke are coming down. Maksim! - I’m calling my husband, - look, is there a fire in any way? He came out of the closet, and we ran to the building - our things were there. We just went through the kitchen into the corridor, and there was already a fire in it. They shouted: "Save yourself, we are burning!" Well, people began to run out, and the corridor was burning from all sides at once. How I ran out into the yard - I don’t know - my husband jumped out of the window, knocked him out with a bench and screams, asking for help. .. People are climbing out of the window, falling, screaming. The barracks was immediately all on fire ... Indeed, the building caught fire immediately, and by morning the entire second floor was ruins, under which the bodies of the burnt ones were buried. On Saturday, corpses were found, charred, having lost their human appearance; some of them lay on top of the rubble, and some below it. A particularly touching picture was presented by the corpse of a woman with two burnt children in her arms. This is the watchman's wife, who was resolved at the time of the fire ... Then two more children were found, the son and daughter of a retired soldier from Dinaburg Ivanov. Ivanov himself, who received terrible burns and bruises, is in the hospital. So far, eleven corpses have been found in a pile of ashes and debris, which were buried on the same day. Children were placed in one coffin by several people. The funeral presented a sad picture: eleven coffins were placed in simple carts and taken to the cemetery! It is assumed that there will be burnt ones, since, according to the workers, several people are missing. No one can explain the causes of the fire, but in view of the fact that the huge barracks, which has seventeen windows along the facade on each floor, broke out instantly, catching fire at different ends, they suggest arson, especially since, according to factory workers, all the stairs in the building were doused with kerosene . Those who received burns and bruises while jumping from the second floor number up to thirty people, most of whom are in the hospital ... The fire caused a terrible panic among the workers. So, for example, on Monday, May 31, in the barracks No. 5, with a cry of "burning! fire!" there was an indescribable commotion, but the alarm was in vain - there was no fire. Now workers, for safety, tie ropes at the windows to avoid the terrible misfortune of being roasted alive.Orekhovo-Zuevo
The fallen roof and charred logs on the burned-out building of the Morozov factory were removed, but they still do not tear the ground that has fallen off the reels and covered the surviving floor of the second floor of the building. Stubborn rumors are circulating among the workers that under this earth there are still corpses of the burnt. In the hospital, six of the burned people placed there died and were buried in the so-called Myzinsky cemetery. There are two cemeteries here: one near the church, near the village, called Orekhovskoye, and the other Myzinskoye. On the first one, only residents of famous villages and villages or those dead are buried for whom a place will be bought, and on the other, everyone without exception. Myzinskoye cemetery is located half a verst from the church in a small pine forest, on a sandy mound. Eleven people who were burned down were also buried there. The other day, several people were brought from the hospital to the cemetery, but to the questions: "what is it, from among the victims?" the answer was negative. And only then it was explained that it was "forbidden" to say that victims of the fire were dying. In general, they want to cover up the catastrophe and all its consequences here for some reason with an impenetrable veil... from the Morozov factory, but they received a complete refusal to provide us with the necessary information. Having achieved nothing from the peace officer, we turned to the factory doctor. But this follower of Aesculapius was so imbued with the same factory spirit of mystery that he resolutely refused to answer our questions. “Tell me, at least, doctor, how many burnt people do you have in the hospital?” we asked. "Nothing, nothing, nothing, nothing, I can't say!" Apply either to the office, or, at best, to the investigator, was the answer. “Can you tell if their health is satisfactory, if they are getting better after being burned?” "Nothing, nothing, nothing, nothing, I can't say!" Contact the office, or ... - But tell me, please, did any of them die? After all, it's not a secret! "Nothing, nothing, nothing, nothing, I can't say!" Ask better ... - and, without finishing his speech, the doctor retreated. Meanwhile, despite the silence of the doctor, it is known that 29 seriously ill people were admitted to the hospital after the fire. But how many of them recovered and how many died is unknown. The factory is currently undergoing renovations. Hinges began to be attached to non-dissolving frames, several wooden ladders were set up along the walls of the barracks. .. but only! Almost all buildings, and even the most enormous one, the spinning one, are equipped only with old wooden ladders, outside, and even then one or two ... In general, it cannot be said that Mr. Morozov, who counts up to 15,000 workers in his factory should have taken more care of them. It would not be out of place, for example, to reduce the fines that have increased in recent years, to think about preventive measures in case of fire and to order that watchmen be on duty in the corridors of the buildings at night, and not 15 and 17 people would sleep in the "closets", as is done now - but smaller, in accordance with the size of these "cubinets". Heavy rain, which continued in Moscow all day on Tuesday, June 29, also poured in the Tula and Oryol provinces remote from it, and at the same time was accompanied there by a terrible storm. Therefore, by evening, in many places, the canvas of the Moscow-Kursk road was washed out, and the rails either parted or completely fell off. It turned out that this was near the stations of Sergiev and Skuratovo, but in the third place, namely, not reaching 1/2 verst to the station Chern, no damage was noticed at night. Meanwhile, this place, surrounded by a swampy bog (285-86 versts from Moscow), is one of the most dangerous on the whole road. At night, at three o'clock, mail trains meet at this place; coming from Moscow, No. 3, and from Kursk, No. 4. On this night from June 29 to 30, a mail train coming from Kursk safely passed over this quagmire at 2 hours 32 minutes in the morning; only a quarter of an hour later, a mail train coming from Moscow approached him. The driver and train servants were not warned of any danger at the previous station, Kresttsakh, so the train was moving at a very fast pace. Meanwhile, during this quarter of an hour, the mound sank from dampness, the rails parted one from the other, and it was here that the mail train suffered a terrible wreck. Ten wagons with passengers were smashed to pieces, four wagons, including the postal one, were torn off and survived. These fragments of the train and the masses of the dead and seriously wounded presented a terrible sight! Almost all of the train servants were killed. At first reckoning, more than 50 passengers were killed and up to 80 people maimed so badly that many hardly survive. By morning doctors arrived from Cherni and Tula, and at 3 1/2 o'clock in the afternoon doctors from Moscow were sent by mail train. This misfortune, unprecedented in our railway chronicle, happened at 2 o'clock in the morning, and the dispatch was received by the railway administration only at 10 o'clock in the morning: it was delayed by a thunderstorm. Trains going to Moscow were delayed.(From the messenger)
By the morning of July 14, excavations in the vent of the grave were completed, the corpses and parts of the wagons were taken out; dug down to the ground. It remained to raise three pipe bends that fell into a deep hole beaten out by water. It cost enormous efforts, since each knee (link) weighs up to 160 pounds. Finally, with the help of several hundred workers, to the song of the traditional "Dubinushki", this knee was pulled out. The prosecutor of the chamber, S. S. Goncharov, having personally examined this place, went further, down the bottom of the ravine and along the course of a neighboring stream, to make a final inspection of the area. The inspection was attended by: road inspector Shubersky, Tula provincial engineer Ivanov, engineer B. Dombrovsky and Klemchitsky, assistant prosecutor Fedotov-Chekhovsky, judicial investigator in the city of Visnevsky and local police officer in the city of Kozlovsky. At a distance of 120 sazhens away from the crash site, the entire alluvial earth was completely dug up, every place where the presence of corpses could be assumed was examined. By 10 o'clock in the morning everything was over, and S. S. Goncharov, having honestly completed his task, went to Moscow. On the same day, in the evening, by order of the Chernsky police officer, the morgue and all combustible things left after the infernal catastrophe were burned; the earth is thoroughly saturated with disinfectants and covered with a thick layer of lime. Now everything is silent, there is no one on this terrible grave ... There are no engineers rushing about along the embankment and yelling at the workers, in dirty shirts, with shovels and wheelbarrows in their hands, there is no public of various sizes, there are no landowners - ladies and young ladies, dressed in rich, colorful costumes that do not fit with the overall sad picture. There are no relatives weeping bitterly for the dead... there is no one... Empty and deserted in this henceforth immortalized hellish place... Farther down, to the right and left, other work continues: the construction of an embankment of a detour... Work is proceeding rapidly . At the bottom of the accursed ravine, they are already starting to lay pipes that survived the disaster ... Passing along the bridge, arranged for the passage of passengers, I saw several railway workers from small employees who were talking to each other as follows: - Yes, here again, back to work now, and relax will not give, anathema! - said one of them ... - Where else is it? asked another, dressed in a blue blouse. - Yes, to drag the coffins ... - What kind of coffins? Crazy? Yesterday the last body was sent... - Yes, not bodies, but coffins, here they bought expensive lead coffins on the occasion, there were few bodies, but the coffins remained ... - Where are they now, uncle? What did you buy? said a young worker, almost a boy, to an old man who was standing nearby. -- Where?! Do you think they were bought in vain... The authorities, brother, know what they are doing - they put up old pipes, and new coffins... Did you realize?! Further, I could not hear the conversation, because at that time the peasants, rolling pipes under the embankment, tightened the "Dubinushka" ... Oh, shy, turn harder, You can see the bones outside! .. Oh, bludgeon, let's go...DISASTER AT THE KHLUDOV FACTORY
In all strata of Egorievsk society, there is only talk about the catastrophe on January 9th. Crowds of townspeople rush to the factory, but are not allowed in, and rarely anyone manages to break through the chain of Cerberus watchmen into this walled fortress, where in ordinary times even the local police are reluctant to enter. We were able to examine the area, the destroyed building and the consequences of the catastrophe, and learn all the details of it the next day, partly from the affected persons, partly from numerous eyewitnesses, who spoke under the fresh impression of what they had seen and experienced, not in the least embarrassed and not hiding the slightest circumstances. In society, the stories of all were identical. From what we have seen and heard, we report the following: at the factory, by the way, there is a high, old four-story building, part of which is occupied by a sorting department, where cotton is sorted, lying on all floors on the day of the disaster in the amount of about 6 thousand pounds. A mass of cotton in bales from 15 to 20 pounds each was stored on the fourth floor. At seven o'clock in the morning, while dismantling cotton and descending it from above through special wooden pipes, shouts of "fire" were heard, and thick acrid smoke from burning cotton filled the entire building and poured out of the windows. The ignited cotton that fell down the chimney lit a dress on one of the women, scorched her and two more of her companions. All three had burns so severe that they were sent to the factory hospital. The force of the fire was soon stopped by a fine steam factory fire chimney. Although, due to the proximity of water, a huge amount of it was poured into the burning building, nevertheless, the fire still broke through from time to time and again had to be extinguished. This would have really ended everything, but the administration of the factory ordered otherwise. The thing is this: five hours after the end of the fire, the factory administration sent 50-60 workers under the supervision of a respectable man, the common favorite of the whole factory, the clerk of the sorting department Mikhail Titov, an elderly man who served 33 years at this factory, to be dropped from the fourth floor down heavy bale with cotton. Titov went to the upper floor through the carding department, and the workers, who for a long time were afraid to step on the swaying floor of the fourth floor and were prompted by the administrators with the threat of "refusing their place," etc. floor seven. At that very moment, there was a terrible roar from the falling masses, from which, according to eyewitnesses, "the earth trembled", and all four ceilings of four floors with a mass of cotton that got wet during the extinguishing of the fire, and working people collapsed down. Then everything fell silent for a moment, and then the groans of the wounded and mutilated people were heard. The windows of the lower floor, blocked with bricks, began to be broken, then a ladder was attached to the second floor (there are no iron ladders in this building), and the workers fit on the windows. And below, under them, from where groans were heard, among the mass of debris and piles of cotton, still smoking in places, they stuck out - there is a head, there is a leg, there is a man, covered up to his waist and crying for help. Some were squeezed by broken logs and could not move. A young lad from the village of Kholmov, a spinner named Semyon Petrov, clinging his apron to some piece of iron by a cast-iron column, hung in a terrible position between floors at a height of several fathoms and begged for help. And it was dangerous to give help: the ceiling and hanging piles of debris could destroy, crush the daredevil with their mass. Nevertheless, there were some among the workers: some young guy tied himself with a rope to his belt, crossed himself and jumped down. Behind him was another, a third... Somehow, with incredible efforts, they set about freeing the unfortunate ones, some of whom had lost their senses, some were moaning unbearably. The liberated were either placed in baskets and dragged outside, or directly tied under the armpits with ropes and taken out. For a long time, the workers tried to take out the unfortunate and sent them to the hospital at the factory. They searched for Titov, but he was not among the living or among the wounded. They found the corpse of some worker... Finally, something flashed from under the mud and sand. It turned out to be a gold ring worn on his hand, with which Titov did not part, and soon his corpse was taken out, not mutilated on the outside, but crushed between masses of bales of cotton. Two more corpses were found that day: and on the other two more. All six corpses were placed in the paramedic's apartment on the floor, in the hospital building, next to the patients' ward. On the 11th, that is, two days later, we saw these corpses in the same place, dirty, unwashed, mutilated and already emitting a slight cadaverous smell. Five corpses lay in this room, and Titov's corpse in another. It seems strange on whose "reasonable" order the corpses lie in the hospital for several days, next to the wards overflowing with the sick and mutilated, and not in the chapel at the hospital. In total, there were 19 people in the hospital on January 11, including 3 women injured in the fire and 16 injured and maimed during the disaster. Those found healthier were not admitted to the hospital. So, for example, on the streets of the city we had to meet Semyon Petrov, limping and bent from unbearable pain in his back and neck, the same one who, as mentioned above, was hanging on a column. At the scene of the incident on January 11, in the morning, in the presence of a local police officer, they began to take away bales of cotton and debris inside the building and search for corpses, but by 12 noon this work was stopped due to a misfortune that could happen. The collapsed interior of the building is something terrible, but at the same time spectacular: these are huge, high four walls, illuminated by light falling from smoky broken windows strewn with icicles of ice, burning with different lights in the daylight. At the top of this building hung a ceiling upholstered with sheet iron, miraculously supported by cast-iron columns, every minute threatening to collapse. Half of the building to the very top is cluttered with standing, lying and hanging broken beams, wooden gratings, pieces of iron, entirely, like a thick layer of broken glass, covered with a shiny ice crust, turning at the edges of each object into a border of ice icicles, between which icy silver fibers sparkle white cotton ... And below, under these icy stalactites, formed from abundant watering, piles of cotton, dirt, sand mixed with water, and, by all accounts, there are still corpses, since some of the workers are missing. There are corpses in the hospital: Mikhail Titov, 45, who left behind his wife, mother and eight children. According to those who know the family, "they don't have the money for a pound of wax candles for the memorial service." Then the corpses of the peasants of the village of Golubeva: Mikhail Petrov, 20 years old, Yegor Petrov, 20 years old, who left his wife and two children, Vasily Alekseev, 23 years old, Vasily Yakovlev, a tradesman of the city of Yegoryevsk, 35 years old, and Vasily Stepanov from the village of Shiryaeva, who left him in extreme poverty three children. On the occasion of the catastrophe, a friend of the prosecutor came to Yegorievsk from Zaraisk and on January 11 an official from Ryazan from the governor came, but left on the same day ...UNDERGROUND WORKS IN MOSCOW
As our readers already know, underground work is being carried out in Moscow to rebuild the Neglinny Canal. Heavy rains, which more than once flooded the pavement of the Neglinny passage from Trubnaya Square to the Kuznetsk bridge, especially the terrible downpours in 1861, 1870 and 1883, when the pavement was flooded up to 2 1/2 arshins, convinced of the failure of the Neglinny Canal as a drainage system, as well as and in the need to either reorganize this canal, or invent any other means to prevent flooding of the pavement of Neglinny Proyezd and adjacent areas. For this purpose, the city carried out leveling and measurements of the basin more than once, as well as studies of the canal itself, and the result of these works found out that the area of the entire basin of the Neglinny Canal is equal in round figures to 1324 acres, of which 1,125,000 square sazhens that make up the out-of-town part of the basin and passages along the Kamer-Kollezhsky Val, completely unpaved and with small slopes; 810,000 square. sazhen, from the passage along the Kamer-Kollezhsky Val to the upper self-flowing pipe, they are little built up, little paved and also With slight slopes, and the rest of the basin, from the upper Samotec pipe to the Moskva River, in 1242,000 square sazhens, is completely paved and built up and has slopes reaching up to 0.03 in places. The Neglinny Canal itself got its name from the Neglinnaya River, the channel of which is the canal itself. The Neglinnaya River begins behind the Kamer-Kollezhsky Shaft, not far from the Butyrskaya Zastava, and has several ponds along its course to Samoteka. About three versts it flows in its own banks through the gardens, then about a verst to the Samotetsky pond through paved areas, along wooden trays and in stone pipes, and here, in the Ekaterininsky park, the Naprudny stream flows into it, originating behind Maryina Grove and also having over its several ponds. From Samoteka to the Moskva River, the Neglinka is already flowing through an underground canal, the beginning of construction of which dates back to the end of the last century. In 1878, during the cleaning of the Neglinny Canal, a series of inspections carried out by special commissions showed that the walls of the canal were mostly in satisfactory condition, with the exception of a few transverse cracks. The vault of the chimney is quite well preserved, but in some places there are longitudinal cracks, especially large under Teatralny passage and near the Sandunovsky fountain, for 60 fathoms. In some places the vault sank and narrowed the canal. The channel is also narrowed by a network of gas and water pipes crossing it. The channel has meanders and sharp turns along its course, especially frequent on the way from the Maly Theater to the theater pool. Here the canal passes under the building of the Maly Theater and the village of Chelysheva. The channel walls are 4 bricks thick, A vault - 2 bricks. The floor consists of a double row of boards laid along the canal. The walls of the channel lie with their foundation on three rows of piles, and the floor is reinforced on transverse logs, cut into these piles at the end. The floor was rotten in places; its boards are torn off by the current and clutter up the channel. The height of the channel has not been the same until now. In some places, a tall man could walk freely along the bottom of the canal, but in some places, thanks to drifts, it was almost impossible to crawl lying down. From all these data, the reasons for the flooding of Trubnaya Square are reduced to the following: 1) the irregularity of the slope of the canal bottom with the existence of even reverse slopes; 2) insufficiency of the cross section; 3) plank flooring capable of making dams; 4) the rate of decay of this flooring, depending on the fact that in some places, when there is no rain, this flooring is not covered with water; 5) unfavorable shape of the bottom and cross section and the absence of settling wells. To eliminate these causes, two means could be chosen: either the construction of a new canal, or the adaptation of the existing one to the entire Neglinnaya basin. According to the estimates, the construction of a new canal would cost 375 rubles per sazhen, and the adaptation of the old one would cost 138 rubles per sazhen. Consequently, the difference in cost is 237 rubles per sazhen. Considering 1,524 sazhens for the entire length, the total savings are 361,000 rubles. The adaptation of the old channel consists in increasing the section of the channel, deepening its bottom, with the supply of walls from below, exposing the reverse vault along the entire length of the channel from Tarusa stone and plastering the walls of the vault. The best time for these works can be considered winter, when there is very little water in the canal even on bathing days. The work, which began last autumn, was entrusted to engineer N. M. Levachev. The latter divided the entire distance of the canal into three sections, of which he assigned his assistants, engineers, to each for the execution of work. The first section, from Samoteka to the Kuznetsk bridge, was entrusted to F. V. Danilov, the second to N. G. Shilov, and the third to Mr. Sergalev. For the convenience of work, 12 vents were made in each of the three sections, for which the arch of the canal and the pavement were dismantled two fathoms in length. For the safety of traffic along the street for carriages and passers-by, as well as for the preservation of tools and the protection of workers in bad weather, wooden barracks were arranged above each dismantled place of the arch. There are 36 of them in all. Since the canal, especially at the beginning of autumn work, was overflowing with fetid water, coming into it from all grates along its length and side pipes, through which bath water and sewage from many houses descend, the water was diverted and the bottom of the canal was drained. . To drain water, wooden trays lined with iron, with an impenetrable bottom, were arranged along the entire length of the canal. These trays are suspended on wires arshins l 1/2 above the bottom of the canal, and by means of pumps installed in each of the 36 barracks, water was pumped from the bottom of the canal and flowed along the trays to the Moscow River itself. Perhaps the most difficult for the workers was the arrangement of trays. For more than a month they had to work now knee-deep, and sometimes even waist-deep in fetid water, while the trays were arranged. Each sazhen of the flume was placed under the supervision of Mr. Levachev or his assistants, who hardly left the canal at that time. There are about 1,000 workers per day, counting strawberries, carpenters, masons and carters, all the time. However, their number varies, depending on the degree of need, as well as the hours of work. It should be noted, however, that most of the time during the reorganization of the canal, work was carried out day and night, and the workers were divided into two shifts - day and night. During the cleaning of the pumps, a mass of broken dishes, rusty knives, rotted bones, fragments of a dress, and the corpses of dogs come across in the canal. There were also more interesting finds: for example, a very old work of a grenade and a bomb were found near Tsvetnoy Boulevard, there were also old coins and bones similar to human ones.CATCHING DOG IN MOSCOW
According to the mandatory resolutions of the City Duma, published in No. 147 of the Vedomosti of the Moscow City Police for 1886, it is allowed to drive dogs along the streets and other places that are in public use, provided that the dogs are in collars and on a leash. Dogs that appear on the streets, boulevards and other places that are in public use are considered stray and are subject to destruction by order of the police. The City Duma released 1,000 rubles to the Moscow chief police chief on this subject, and the latter suggested that Gribanov, the owner of the knacker in the village of Kotlakh, beyond Danilovskaya Sloboda, take on the obligation to catch and destroy stray dogs, and Gribanov was prescribed the following conditions: from July 21, 1886 Gribanov will catch stray dogs along the streets, boulevards and other places of public use, using people hired by him for this and with his own nets and other projectiles, without allowing any cruelty with dogs. Catching will be carried out daily from one in the morning to 6 in the morning; , then he must pay 25 k.s. for each day of feeding the dog, after the expiration of three days the dogs will not be returned, but will become the property of Gribanov. On the eve of the fishing day, Gribanov notifies the bailiff of the 2nd district [astka] of the Serpukhov part of the area where he intends to fish the next day, and the district bailiff, in turn, informs the bailiff of the area where fishing will be carried out by telegram. This is done in order to "upon receipt of the aforementioned telegrams, to oblige the police officials to provide the catchers with all assistance, to protect them from interference and collisions that may arise from someone else; to observe that the catchers do not treat dogs cruelly and that they do not touch dogs at all, located in yards and in general in places not subject to public use. Catching, keeping and ransoming dogs are carried out as follows: at about 11 o'clock in the morning, two dirtiest wagons drawn by nags, with stinking cages in them, leave the village of Kotly for Moscow, accompanied by ragamuffins of the most sinister kind. These are Gribanov's assistants in catching dogs. Although, by order of the Moscow chief police chief, it is supposed to catch dogs without using cruelty in the only area that Gribanov announced the day before, this is not carried out, and the hunters continue to catch dogs on the way “on the move”: for this they, having noticed dogs are placed, blocking the street in two places, nets and dogs are driven into them, trying so that the latter do not go into any yard. When the dog gets into the net, they press the dog to the ground with a special kind of iron grip in the most ruthless manner and put it in a cage. At the same time, hunters always try to catch a good, thoroughbred dog, and not a really stray one, which they are obliged to catch and which no one will redeem. To catch a thoroughbred dog, hunters do not disdain any means; they lure dogs out of the yards in various ways, either by feeding them, or directly driving them out, for which the hunters have to run into the yard. At the same time, sometimes there are some troubles: if the janitors notice, then the uninvited guests are beaten, as was the case, for example, last year on the Arbat, in Lvova's house, but the stalkers "do not chase after a poke." The hunters invented an even more clever way of luring dogs - "barking". To this end, in the village of Kotlakh they practice barking daily, and some of them really bark no worse than the onomatopoeia Yegorov, barking, as they say, "better than dogs." The hunters use, however, more unceremonious ways to get valuable and thoroughbred dogs: such was the case, as the newspapers already reported last year, on Nikitsky Boulevard, where the hunters, seeing an expensive pointer running after a lady walking to the butcher's shop to the Arbat Gate , despite the lady's protests, they forcibly took away her dog and took it away in a wagon, to Kotly, to their establishment, aptly named "dog stain". The famous Cauldrons are located behind Danilovskaya Sloboda, about two versts from it. Here, not far from the most fetid slaughterhouses, stands Gribanov's knacker's yard: a vast, dirty yard, where, under a shed on poles, the bloody, stinking skins of animals killed in the knacker's or fallen animals are dried on poles. Here is Gribanov's apartment, which the owner of the missing dog, who has made a ten-verst journey, and even further, from Moscow to Kotly, has to contact. But there is no dog here, and the seeker is led up a mountain, to the ruins of some factory, where in a wide, weedy yard there is a long, narrow plank shed, at a mere approach to which, with a fresh person, one can become ill from the stench. Near the barn door, the grass and the wall are covered with brown, greasy stains of blood, and right there stands a thick, bloody club: this is the place where dogs are beaten, and the weapon with which they are beaten. Non-pedigree, useless dogs are taken out of the trucks, put a noose around their neck and strangled, and if the dog is very strong and tenacious, then they beat it with a stick on the bridge of the nose and half-dead still immediately rip off the skin, which is dried and sold from 6 to 12 kopecks . a piece. As you can see, the income from stray dogs is not great, but there is a lot of trouble with them: to catch, kill, skin and sell. But thoroughbred dogs help out. They are kept in this stinking barn, in stinking, dirty, constantly wet cages. There are only two exits in the barn, narrow doors and not a single window. Right there, on the bare ground, mats and a sheepskin coat are lying around - this is a bed, a blanket and a pillow of a watchman who is always with the dogs, a young guy who feeds, kills and sells dogs and lives quietly in a stinking barn. However, good, thoroughbred dogs are not always kept here. Previously, at the beginning of Gribanov's activity, this shed was full of Great Danes, Pointers, Setters, etc., and now most of the dogs kept in the shed belong to the non-aristocratic breed of "mutts". When I visited Gribanov's establishment, I declared that my dog was missing, and they brought me to this barn, where I could choose any of the dogs, even someone else's, and, having paid for it, as Gribanov's trusted one would require, get it. With this method of obtaining, the actual owners of the dogs are not guaranteed anything. There are no books about where and when and what kind of dog was caught. In three days, the term for the redemption of the dog, appointed by the police, the owner of the missing dog, if he is a busy man, will hardly have time to make a trip to the "Kotly"; meanwhile, after three days, according to the agreement with the police, the dog becomes the property of Gribanov. In addition, in a nearby tavern "with a stain" anyone looking for a dog can, if he talks quietly, find out that good dogs, which are unprofitable to give away for 75 kopecks. owner, i.e. for the maintenance of three days of 25 kopecks. per day, and do not end up in the "stain" at all, but somehow end up with dog dealers who are engaged in the purchase of "random" dogs. Right there in the tavern you can find out that you can’t always get a good dog from Gribanov and you have to go to the horse dealer, and at the same time they point to a separate hut standing under the mountain, not far from the tavern. This hut is surrounded by a fence, behind which a lot of other, thoroughbred dogs of all possible breeds, from the lapdog to the great dog, inclusive, walk on a leash, barking and screeching. The horse dealer offers to buy a dog and sells them in different ways: both cheaply and expensively, whoever knows how to buy. It is not known with certainty where this mass of dogs from the Gribnovsky neighbor came from, although there are rumors that hunters sell the best dogs to such horse dealers for next to nothing and that the latter, not daring to bring them to the market, keep them in remote places, like Kotlov, and are especially willing sell to visitors from other cities to buyers.SOLARECLIPSE NEAR MOSCOW
(From our correspondents)
TO On the evening of August 6, hundreds of Muscovites filled the Nikolayevsky railway station. The expensive courier train, usually empty at this time of the year, was filled with passengers who took tickets to Klin, one of the best points for observing a solar eclipse. But not everyone fit into the wagons. And after the departure of the train, all the tables in the huge buffet hall were occupied, there was nowhere to find places to sit down. The next, passenger, train was also packed full of passengers: even the ladies stood on the platforms, to the extreme surprise of the train servants. I had to collect another emergency train to Zavidov, and there were only places for everyone who wanted to watch the eclipse. The train left about half past eleven and in three hours was in Klin. I hardly found a seat in one of the carriages packed with people. There was no place to fall asleep, even to lie down, and I had to stay up all night. Finally, the train stopped in Klin. Most of the passengers got off, the rest went to the next station, Zavidovo. I entered the station. There was an unimaginable hubbub all around: the clatter of steps, the movement of furniture, the rattling of dishes, conversations - all this merged into one general rumble. Near the tables, places were taken with a fight: if someone got up from his place and walked away, leaving his thing on the chair, this thing was thrown off, and the place was unceremoniously occupied. The exhausted, knocked down lackeys did not have time to fulfill the requirements of even half of the passengers. The latter themselves, with plates in their hands, went to the kitchen, ordered food for themselves and brought it to the hall with their own hands. In the midst of this supper-breakfast, someone loudly shouted that "the ball is ready", and the crowd began to sell little by little. Following the others, I went to the ball. It was about three and a half hours, still quite dark. In the east, however, the sky was clear and rose-gold reflections of dawn could be seen on narrow ridges of light clouds. Having crossed the railroad track, there is a wasteland to the right of the line, between the road line, the station and the Yamskaya settlement of the mountains. wedge. This wasteland, in the middle of which there is a pond, is called the Yamsky field. Near the pond, in the form of a huge round mass, slightly moving, a balloon swayed slightly noticeably in the darkness, resembling from a distance the head in Ruslan and Lyudmila. The closer we got to the ball, the higher and higher it grew in front of us. There was a fence around it, and on the right side, from the south, it was protected from the wind by a curtain made of tarpaulins. On the opposite side were apparatuses for preparing hydrogen to fill the balloon. It's a whole barricade. Three vats for a mixture of sulfuric acid and water were installed on a platform made of old sleepers. A refrigerator is placed on the vats to cool the gas, and next to it are two chemical dryers filled with potassium chloride. At the bottom of the platform are 5 copper generators filled with iron shavings. A ditch was dug from them, along which iron vitriol flows into the pit. About ten soldiers in shirts and uniforms burned with acid are standing on the platform. The soldiers are partly working near the boilers, partly pumping water from the pond. The gas going from the generators to the refrigerators then enters the dryer, and from there, completely dry and cold, through a rubber hose, it enters the ball. The ball was brought here from the station the day before, early in the morning, and from 11 am on August 6 it is filled with gas under the direction of the mechanic Mr. Garut with the help of several soldiers of the galvanic training company. All day yesterday and the beginning of the night for today, the balloon is filled unsuccessfully. The wind that hit the ball on the ground and knocked out the gas from it, and the fine rain that soaked the matter interfered. Only from 12 o'clock in the morning the balloon began to fill properly, and, When I came, was already almost full. Only the lower part of it lay on the ground, blown by the wind, and was held up by net ropes attached to ballast bags. It became lighter, and the ball was clearly visible. It resembled in color and shape a huge, yellow bull bladder, braided with a rope net. The bottom is still not filled with gas. On one side of the ball in large letters is written "Russian", on the other in small letters: Paris Lachambre. As we have already reported, the ball is made of paper, impregnated not with linseed oil, as was done before, but with gutta-percha lacquer. It has 640 cubic meters of capacity and can lift, counting its own weight, ballast and seated, up to 50 pounds, if dry and well filled. Near the ball was a basket woven from reeds for aeronauts, with a hoop on top, to which the ropes of the network are attached. An iron anchor is attached to the basket - "five-legged cat ", made according to the system of Mr. Kovanko. The gathered public crowded around the ball with curiosity. From about four o'clock, the public continued to arrive from the station from the city and neighboring settlements and villages. The Yamskoye field, always deserted, turned into some kind of encampment. Around the ball - a dense ring of people, further, in groups, the spectators settled down on the hillocks and in the clearing, seated on benches and chairs, which every now and then brought carts from the city and settlements. a piece. Still further, in a ring, around the public, stood a multitude of carriages, on which were sitting dressed-up ladies and cavaliers. These are suburban landowners and merchants. Near them stood three or four tables with samovars, with milk and water. Photographers had set up cameras on high ground on all sides of the globe, and there were telescopes and spyglasses facing east. 6 members of the Moscow Society of Amateur Cyclists arrived, having covered the entire distance between Moscow and Klin, 84 versts, on bicycles the day before. The audience was apparently not cheerful, silent. Here and there fragmentary words were heard. A particularly dejected state of mind was noticed between the peasants and the Klin philistines. Many of them were said to have confessed their sins the day before, put on clean underwear, and prepared for death, awaiting the end of the world or an earthquake. Everything was silent. The scene was enlivened only by a salesman with eclipse pipes running around with jokes, appearing everywhere and shouting: "Buy, gentlemen, hurry up, the eclipse will be in a minute!" His appearance caused a smile, and he traded beautifully. Moreover, the soldiers of the local team amused, or rather surprised the audience for a moment: during the silence, at the end of the fifth hour, a soldier's song was suddenly heard. This was a local team and snapped off a dashing song ... Finally, half past six. The sun has risen a long time ago, but it is still not visible behind the fog, which is getting thicker and thicker. A breeze blew from the east, the fog began to disappear slightly, the huts of the Yamskaya settlement seemed clearer, and the audience seemed to have cheered up. But there were no signs, there was no sun ... They even began to doubt whether Mendeleev and Kovanko would fly in a balloon. Feeling that the weather would not clear up, everyone's hopes turned to the balloon. At last Mr. Kovanko appeared. This is a young, tall, handsome lieutenant, in the form of the Life Guards of a sapper battalion. He approached the ball and ordered the basket to be fixed. It was 6 o'clock in the morning. - Give it up! - there was a resounding command, and about ten soldiers took hold of the ballast bags that kept the ball on the ground. -- Step forward! The soldiers took a step forward, the ball swung in the air and rushed up. - Two steps forward! - and the ball rushed even higher. The ballast and the soldiers were already under the ball, which had risen two fathoms. Ten more soldiers grabbed the side ropes of the outer net, the "slings". Started attaching the basket. Instruments were placed in it: a barograph, two barometers, binoculars, a spectroscope, an electric torch, a signal tube, and other things necessary for observations. It was supposed to draw the corona of the sun on the ball, observe the movements of the shadow and make a spectral analysis. By 6 hours 20 minutes, the ball is completely ready, although it is clear that it is wet, heavy, despite the double amount (1200 cubic meters) against the required gas spent. It's getting darker. A light, barely noticeable rain began to fall; the wind began, shaking the balloon beautifully. They were waiting for Professor Mendeleev. At 6:25 there was applause, and from the crowd to the ball came a tall, slightly stooped man with hair lying on his shoulders, with gray hair and a long beard, a man with a handsome, inviting face. This was the professor. He is dressed in a wide-brimmed hat, a long, belted brown drapery coat, and hunting boots. He greeted Kovanko and Garut and began preparing the instruments. - Has the dispatch been received? he asked one of those present, a member of the Technical Society. “Yes, tonight; here it is. - And the questioner read the following dispatch from the main Petersburg physical observatory: "There is little hope for clarification. There is a stationary minimum in the Pskov province. The wind is expected to be south. Sreznevsky ". The ball was torn in the wind. Gg. Mendeleev and Kovanko sat in the basket, tried it - the ball does not rise, it is too wet. Then Professor Mendeleev offered to climb alone, seeing that the ball would not lift two. The audience was amazed at the proposal G. Kovanko was forced to agree to the professor's suggestion, got out of the basket and handed Mr. Mendeleev a thin twine from the balloon valve. ", and began to say goodbye. Professor Kraevich was the first to approach him. They kissed. Then the professor's children came up. Then acquaintances began to approach, everyone shook hands. The professor smiled and was apparently calm. He asked to read the telegram again and shouted; "Give me a knife to me!" Kovanko gave him a folding knife. "Goodbye, friends!" the professor said goodbye, loudly commanded "away", and the ball, released by the soldiers, smoothly rose up and flew north, with a loud "cheers" and applause from those present . At this time it became more and more dark. The ball rose in a gray mass, as if in a thick fog. It was then seen how the aeronaut began to quickly pour out the bags of ballast one by one, and the balloon, freed from the load, rushed up and disappeared into the darkness, into the shadow of the eclipse. It was at 7:46 am. Not more than a minute the ball was visible; total eclipse came suddenly. And the unexpected flight of Mr. Mendeleev alone, without a controller of the ball, and the touching scene of farewell to him, and the disappearance of the ball in the darkness, and the darkness that instantly enveloped the earth, had a depressing effect on everyone. It got kind of scary. A few ladies have gone ill. A crowd of peasants, who a minute before had said to my face with a grin that "the gentlemen are already painfully cunning, they knew about the eclipse earlier, and that there would be no eclipse," for some reason rushed to run from the place where the ball was, to the village. Everything went silent. The horses stood still and continued to chew the grass as before. The darkness had no effect on the dogs either. They were calm. I looked back towards the station. The lights of the platform and locomotives burned brightly there, as on a dark night. Then the lights began to turn red, disappear, daylight turned white, and as quickly day changed into night, as night changed into day. Everyone was silent. It took at least 10 minutes, as they began to disperse. The day continued gray and foggy.DISASTER ON THE KHODYNA FIELD
The cause of the disaster will be investigated by the investigation, which has already begun and is underway. For now, I will confine myself to a description of everything I saw and the reliable information that I managed to get from eyewitnesses. I begin by describing the area where the disaster occurred. The unfortunate arrangement of cupboards for distributing mugs and treats certainly increased the number of victims. They are built like this: a hundred paces from the highway, in the direction of the Vagankovsky cemetery, their chain stretches, from time to time torn apart by more or less long intervals. Dozens of buffets are connected by one roof, having between them a yard and a half narrowing passage in the middle, since it was supposed to let people go to the festivities from Moscow through these passages, handing each of the walkers a bundle with refreshments. Parallel to the sideboards, from the side of Moscow, that is, from where the people were expected, first stretches from the highway a deep ditch, with steep edges and a yard-long shaft, passing against the first sideboards into a wide, sazhen up to 30, ditch - a former quarry where they took sand and clay. The ditch, in places about two sazhens deep, has steep, precipitous banks and is pitted with a mass of sometimes very deep pits. It stretches for more than half a verst, just along the sideboards, and in front of the sideboards has a platform for its entire length, from 20 to 30 paces wide. On it, it was supposed, apparently, to install the people for handing them bundles and for passing inside the field. However, it didn't work out that way: a mass of people gathered, and a thousandth of them did not fit on the site. The distribution was supposed to be carried out from 10 am on May 18, and the people began to gather the day before, on the 17th, almost from noon, but at night it was pulled from everywhere, from Moscow, from factories and from villages, positively damming the streets adjacent to the outposts of Tverskaya, Presnenskaya and Butyrskaya. By midnight, the huge square, pitted in many places, starting from buffets, along their entire length, to the water pump building and the surviving exhibition pavilion, was not a bivouac, not a fair. In smoother places, away from the festivities, there were carts from villagers and carts of vendors with snacks and kvass. In some places fires were lit. With the dawn, the bivouac began to come to life, to move. Crowds of people all arrived in droves. Everyone tried to take seats closer to the buffets. A few managed to occupy a narrow, smooth strip near the buffet tents themselves, and the rest overflowed a huge 30-sazhen ditch, which seemed to be a living, swaying sea, as well as the bank of the ditch closest to Moscow and a high rampart. By three o'clock everyone was standing in the places they had occupied, more and more constrained by the incoming masses of the people. By five o'clock the gathering of the people had reached an extreme stage - I believe that not less than several hundred thousand people. The mass was shackled. You couldn't move your hand, you couldn't move. Pressed in the ditch to both high banks, they did not have the opportunity to move. The ditch was packed, and the heads of the people, merged into a solid mass, did not represent a flat surface, but deepened and rose, according to the bottom of the ditch, dotted with pits. The pressure was terrible. Many were treated badly, some lost consciousness, unable to get out or even fall: senseless, with their eyes closed, squeezed as if in a vise, they swayed along with the mass. This went on for about an hour. Cries for help were heard, groans of the strangled. Children - adolescents, the crowd somehow landed up and allowed them to crawl over their heads in one direction or another, and some managed to get out into the open, although not always unharmed. Two such teenagers were carried by guard soldiers to the large theater No. 1 [ 1 One of the buildings specially built by the entrepreneur Forcatti for entertainment spectacles. (Note, comp.)], where Mr. Forkatti and Drs. Anrikov and Ramm were located. So, at 12 o'clock in the morning, a girl of 16 years old was brought in an insensible state, and at about three o'clock they brought a boy who, thanks to the care of doctors, came to his senses only by noon on the second day and said that he had been crushed in the crowd and then thrown out. He didn't remember anything after that. Rare managed to escape from the crowd on the field. After five o'clock already very many in the crowd lost their senses, squeezed from all sides. And above the crowd of millions, steam began to rise, like a swamp fog. It was evaporation from this mass, and soon the crowd was enveloped in a white haze, especially below in the ditch, so strongly that from above, from the rampart, only this haze was visible in places, hiding people. At about 6 o'clock in the crowd moans and cries for salvation began to be heard more and more often. Finally, a commotion began to be seen near several medium-sized tents. It was the crowd that demanded refreshments from those in charge of the canteens. In two or three medium booths, the artels really began to distribute bundles, while in the rest no distribution was made. At the first tents they shouted "distributing", and a huge crowd rushed to the left, to those buffets where they were distributing. Terrible, soul-rending groans and cries filled the air... The crowd behind them threw thousands of people into the ditch, and those standing in the pits were trampled down. .. Several dozen Cossacks and sentries guarding the sideboards were crushed and pressed into the field, and those who had made their way earlier into the field from the opposite side climbed for knots, not letting those who entered from outside, and the pushing crowd pressed people to the sideboards and crushed. This lasted no more than ten most agonizing minutes... The groans were audible and aroused horror even on the racing circle, where work was still going on at that time. The crowd quickly retreated, and from six o'clock the majority was already walking towards the houses, and from Khodynskoye Pole, crowding the streets of Moscow, people moved all day long. At the walk itself, not even one-fifth of what was left in the morning was left. Many, however, returned to search for their dead relatives. The authorities have arrived. The piles of bodies began to be dismantled, separating the dead from the living. More than 500 wounded were taken to hospitals and emergency rooms; the corpses were taken out of the pits and laid out in a circle of tents in a vast space. Mutilated, blue, in a dress torn and soaked through, they were terrible. The groans and lamentations of relatives who had found their relatives defied description... According to Russian custom, people threw money on the chest of the dead for burial... Meanwhile, military and fire trucks drove up and took dozens of corpses to the city. The emergency rooms and hospitals overflowed with the wounded. Chapels at police houses and hospitals and sheds - corpses. Cleaning went on all day. By the way, 28 bodies were found in a well, which turned out to be in a moat, opposite the middle cupboards. This deep well, made by an overturned funnel, lined with wood inside, was covered with boards that could not withstand the pressure of the crowd. Among those who fell into the well, one was saved alive. In addition, corpses were also found on the field, quite far from the crash site. These were the wounded, who managed to leave in a rush, fell and died. All night on Sunday they carried bodies from everywhere to the Vagankovskoye cemetery. More than a thousand lay there, in the meadow in the sixth category of the cemetery. I was there around 6 o'clock in the morning. Towards, along the highway, they were carrying white coffins with the dead. These are bodies released to relatives for burial. There are a lot of people at the cemetery.IT'S TIME TO...
And the rider's cab drives, and both scold the Moscow lanes. A passer-by, and a cab driver, an old man, also recently in Moscow. - Yes, you said in Crooked Lane! - Yes, they are all crooked! - the driver justifies himself ... And indeed, how many crooked lanes in Moscow! There are crooked lanes in parts: Serpukhov, city and Khamovnicheskaya. Then Curves follow with the addition: Krivo-Yaroslavsky, Krivokolenny, Krivo-Nikolsky, Krivo-Arbatsky, Krivo-Vvedensky, Krivo-Rybnikov! Revising the index of Moscow, I am amazed! .. Here is Astra-Damsky Lane! Here is Arnautovsky! What literate person came up with such names! Here are seven Bath lanes, all in different parts of the city. Go seek! I live, they say, in Moscow, in Banny lane in my house! The address seems to be accurate: the Moscow homeowner is not difficult to find. And there are seven Bath lanes! Nameless - de-vyat-over-tsat! Blagoveshchensky - 4, Bolvanovsky - three! Only three. Not enough for our sins! By God, not enough! And there is only one Brekhov lane. Butyrsky, Voznesensky, Derbenevsky, Zolotorozhsky and Monetchikov - five each. But Dirty - two. Lie, more! All dirty and crooked! Cash - 2, Bad - I don’t want to believe - also 2. Wood - 3. Rear - 2. Field, Georgian, Ivanovo, Krasnoprudny, Krasnoselsky - 6 each. Forest and Garden - 7 each. Blacksmith and Spassky - 8. Ilinsky and Kosmodemiansky - 9 each. Znamensky - 12. Pokrovsky - 10. And Nikolsky - 13. Further, Korovye - 4, Cemetery - 5. And how many dead ends? What could be more stupid than a dead end? You go, you see the street, you go further and, in the end, you run into a fence! And this is not old Moscow, no! A lot of lanes have been created over the past two decades, and the names are one more stupid than the other. And in general, there is such confusion that it is impossible to sort it out. This repetition of the same names confuses both the mail and the public. Until now, there is no Pushkinskaya or Gogolevskaya street in Moscow! If only they named it in memory of the Pushkin and Gogol festivities! Yes, finally, you never know famous people gave Moscow, whose names could be repeated even in the names of the streets. This will honor the memory of the leaders. Secondly, naming streets after famous people is also of great educational value. Gentlemen, city leaders who care about the improvement of Moscow, pay attention to this, it would be time! Yes, try not to repeat the names in order to stop the confusion. Take up this work without being ashamed - it is a good work! For memory, leave one, only one old name. Leave one Curve, one Bolvanovsky, one Koroviy and one Brekhov ... Leave it for future historians. Let them think: why and why! ..PEOPLE OF THE FOURTH DIMENSION
(An evening of laughter and fun)
They don't get angry for the truth.
Russian proverb
SV Potresov's abstract was an undeniable success. All Moscow "Scorpios" appeared to the public on Tuesday and started talking. Without this essay, no one would have seen or heard them ... But it turned out interesting. The essay on the "symbolists" was read. Announced, after a break, the debate. The stage filled up. To the left sat Messrs. K. D. Balmont and V. Ya. Bryusov are respectable and serious. Opposite, in the depths, seven "new poets", seven "underpants" fit on seven chairs. G. Bryusov began to refute the referent, who pointed out the addiction of the "new poets" to self-adoration, love of sins and erotomania. He argued that the new poetry is freedom of creativity and an aversion to vulgarity. He said that the new poets do not like boredom, vulgarity and mediocrity and to protest against the new poetry - to protest against the freedom of creativity. Mr. Bryusov had no objection to the charge of self-adoration, erotomania, and love of daydreams. After the speech, he was applauded. The hairy "new" poet Mr. Voloshin came out, declaring that in recent years he had not read a single Russian book and that symbolic poetry was born in 1857 in Paris, in the Black Cat's tavern. The third "underskirt," Mr. Shubin, took a book out of his pocket and read Mr. Pshebyshevsky's rather insane preface, scolding us all for our "bourgeois brains, for our plebeian fear of being deceived." The fourth came out a "undershirt" of about 17 years old, the most typical, broken and ... sorry ... cheeky. Misrepresenting Russian words and mutilating them with a slight accent, propping up his sides with his hands, Mr. Shik, the “underskirt,” began to reproach the lecturer for not knowing foreign and “new poets,” unknown to the world, and he spoke this in such a tone that the public was both indignant and laughed uncontrollably. "Your laugh doesn't offend me at all!" said Mr. Shik angrily to the public. The audience laughed. We will endure to the end! shouted Mr. Shik, but he did not have to endure it; the audience shouted: "Get him out! get off the stage!" And Mr. Shik left with a chic and a whistle. His place was replaced by a "underskirt" of the sad image of Mr. Roslavtsev. Long, with wiry hair, reminiscent of a Serbian fire-worshipper or a Russified fakir... Sadly noting the fact of Mr. Shik's expulsion, this sad figure spoke sad words... Behind him, Mr. , who has the corresponding strings in his soul ... - And everyone cannot understand us, - he finished ... Dr. Savey-Mogilevich, who was sitting in the front row, twisted his mustache and reminded me of that same Frenchman in Russian Women , about which Nekrasov said: And he only twisted his long mustache, Inquisitively screwing up his eyes, A Frenchman familiar with storms, Capital kuafer. .. You won't surprise a psychiatrist with this! He is one of those who understand... And yet Mr. Hessin, emphasizing strongly, uninvitedly began to defend Messrs. Balmont and Bryusov and ended with the words: "we are broken people." Consciousness is half the fault, and he was "patted" for the truth. "Mr. Bugaev's turn!" says the chairman! Something thin, emaciated rises from the chairs and dejectedly, like a voice from a ravine, pleadingly broadcasts: - I refuse! From the first row, Mr. Kursinsky flies out onto the stage and declares: - Two words - no more! The audience sighed happily: the shorter, the better! And I was sorely mistaken! This "orator" for his indecent antics against the sixties is stopped even by the chairman ... - Chekhov, - he broadcasts, - a poet of vulgarity and pessimism, a destroyer of the ideals of the sixties! And this new "destroyer", scolding along the way, following the example of his predecessors, Max Nordau, left with chic ... After the orators of Messrs. Basnin and Bykhovsky, who caused a storm of applause, something miserable, exhausted climbed onto the stage and began to ask for the floor. It appeared on the stage. Ears apart, arched legs, And as if standing asleep! It spoke and spoke - and all that remained in the memory of the public was a new word: "sinister"! .. I saw these "underpants" in the hall, at dinner. A table of 13 "scorpions" stood in a darker corner. They ate and drank as all people eat, and, like everyone else, they scolded the footmen who had not served food for a long time. - Look you! - Luka Gorky would say, seeing how eagerly these singers of the petals of unseen plants eat cabbage ... I saw "underpants" after dinner, downstairs, in the card room ... Oh, if I had not seen them in the card room - I would not write a word about this evening! Not a word, respecting the opinion of every person, respecting all impulses of creativity, even any delusion of a person, if it is from the heart! .. In the card rooms the fourth dimension disappeared, and their bourgeois brains protruded brightly from their "underpants" with a plebeian fear of being deceived .. They showed their cards!.. - Look at you!.. - Luka would say... I would never say the word "underpants". And now I do not say a word either about K. D. Balmont or V. Ya. Bryusov. But I feel sorry for them in their followers, in these called people who puff up in order to appear noticeable, in order to stand out in some way.
HURRICANE IN MOSCOW
Yesterday, at the end of the 5 th o'clock in the afternoon, a terrible hurricane swept over Moscow with a thunderstorm and hail, in places pouring the size of a chicken egg. The calamity that broke out is so terrible that it is impossible to describe it in detail at once. The areas of Lefortovo, Sokolniki, in some places the Basmannaya part and the Yauzskaya were especially subjected to misfortune. In Lefortovo on the streets of Khapilovskaya, Hospitalnaya, Irininskaya, Cow Brod, Gavrikov per. and Olkhovskaya Street, a lot of buildings and houses were destroyed, people and cattle were injured and killed. Telegraph poles were torn out, several houses were dilapidated, churches and chapels were damaged, their domes were destroyed in places, crosses were broken and church heavy fences were knocked down. Of the official institutions, the cadet corps in Lefortovo were badly damaged, where absolutely all the roofs with part of the attic were torn off. The roof was torn off from the building of the military hospital over the entire building, the attic was destroyed in places, trees were blown away by a storm; the entire roof was torn off the building of the military paramedic school, part of the attic was destroyed, the summer barrack, blown apart by a hurricane, was completely destroyed and destroyed, in which a pupil of the Pankratov school was killed and 5 pupils were wounded; in addition, an attendant was wounded. The vast Annenhof grove was completely destroyed by a storm and scattered with wood chips around the surroundings. The Lefortovo garden suffered the same fate. The building of the former Lefortovo Palace also did not escape the common fate: the entire roof was torn off over it and the windows were smashed out. The same fate befell the Lefortovo part - the tower survived, and the roofs from all the buildings were torn off and the windows were knocked out throughout the building. 63 wounded and crippled were delivered to one Lefortovo emergency room, several people were also killed, but not all the corpses were picked up and found, and therefore it is impossible to determine the number. So far, there are 3 corpses in the Lefortovo chapel. 30 wounded were delivered to the Basmannaya hospital. The wounded were also brought to the Yauza hospital. Several horse-drawn wagons and cab drivers were damaged, and a lot of lambing was killed in the grove. In Sokolniki, Ivanovskaya Street was particularly affected, where several buildings were destroyed, 7 people were seriously injured, somewhat lightly. Throughout the evening, the wounded and crippled were continuously brought to the nearest hospital. The medical staff worked tirelessly, and many were operated on immediately. The affected areas were always crowded with a mass of people, looking for their friends and relatives in the wounded and killed. Losses from the storm are said to amount to more than 1,000,000 rubles.HURRICANE
(Impression)
Living in a palace in Lefortovo, Empress Anna Ioannovna once said: - A wonderful place. If only there was a grove in front of the windows! When the next morning the empress went to the window, opposite, where yesterday there was still a bare field, a grove towered. Duke Biron ordered in one night to dig up trees, bring them down and plant a grove. So in one night the Annenhof grove grew. The third day in one minute it was destroyed. At midnight, in the bright light of the moon, I stood alone in the middle of this grove, or rather what was a grove. For a long time he stood in horror among the broken, split century-old pines, interspersed with torn branches. Everyone has seen pine trees broken by lightning. Usually they are split and broken. Everyone has seen trees uprooted by the storm. Here, in the dead grove - a mixture of both, very little uprooted - almost all the trees are split and strewn with branches torn to pieces. I stood in the middle of the former grove. Among the fallen trees, shining with bright white fractures on the dark green of the branches. They were criss-crossed by black shadows from tall stumps surrounded by knocked-off tops and torn limbs. The dead brilliance of the moon in the dead silence chilled this dead realm. Neither the grass nor the twig moved. Even the noise of the city was not heard. Everything seemed to be dead. Here in front of me are the huge ruined buildings of the cadet corps and the military paramedic school with gaping windows, without frames and glass, and black holes between the bare rafters. To the right, against the background of the pale sky, a sad silhouette of a five-domed church and a cone-shaped bell tower without crosses was drawn ... Still to the right - a gloomy, dark military prison, through the lattice windows of which bleak lights blushed red. I walked towards the city, making my way through the chaotic mass of branches sticking out in all directions, stepping through the rubble. It was cold, creepy. And next to this cemetery of giants, side by side, around the gloomy bulk of the prison, a young garden survived. Thin, flexible trees, surrounded by bushes, touched the tops of the earth - but they lived. The formidable element in its irrepressible rage overcame and broke the mighty heroes and could not cope with impotence. And around the buildings of the corps and the school, among the uprooted trees, bushes survived. Stone pillars were smashed, iron bars were bent and thrown down, there were whole mountains of roofing iron folded and crumpled like paper and all kinds of debris, among which the corpse of a horse was lying around. I pass by the Church of Peter and Paul, from which the crosses, part of the domes and the roof have been torn off. There are piles of rubble near the military hospital. Buildings without glass and roofs, a booth torn down and broken - the apartment of the policemen, the garden of the medical assistant's school in complete destruction. I stop at the city. His surname is Alekseev. At the time of the tornado, he was in the same place. He and a worker from the city pool were lifted off the ground by a whirlwind and thrown over the fence into the garden. Having come to his senses, he pulled out from under the fallen fragments of the fence and logs a man who was praying for help. Further on is a century-old hospital park without trees: only fragments. The bridge over the Yauza has been torn down. Right and left, up to the German market. The picture of destruction here is striking. It is especially bright from the Cow Ford, if you look from buildings of the Lefortovo part. To the right is the ruined top of the Lefortovo Palace, in front is a whole area of houses without roofs with a whitening grid of underlattices, to the left is Kondrashov's mutilated huge factory with a collapsed chimney across the street: there is no passage. Opposite the part stands Nefedov's house without a roof. When the roof was torn off this house, passers-by were injured with sheets of iron and the horses were beaten. On Gavrikov Lane, a complete rout. At the crossing of the Moscow-Kazan railway. d. tore off the roof from the elevator, overturned several wagons, threw out and broke the booths and telephone poles, and the high iron semaphore pole turned and bent in half, sticking the upper end into the ground. A lot of people suffered here, especially cabbies and workers. And further, to Sokolniki and in Sokolniki, the same picture of destruction. I spoke with dozens of eyewitnesses in different places, and they all say, in general, the same thing. At 3 o'clock in the morning I again went to look at the picture of destruction in the light of the waking day, starting from Sokolniki. The cemetery of Annenhof Forest was terrible. It was already completely light, the breeze stirred the green branches heaped between the corpses of old pines. Surrounding the grove and getting out on the Vladimir highway, I stopped at the point of the capital, the first to take on the destructive gust of a tornado. And the most affected. This is a row of buildings of the Pokrovsky sewage association. Former buildings. Now from the house of office, barracks and service - heaps of debris. There are a hundred barrels ahead, some pierced by logs stuck in them by a storm, brought from afar. To the left, behind the ditch, among the ruins of the Annenhof grove, workers left homeless are warming themselves around the fire. A herd of surviving horses is grazing, and dead horses are lying around. Boots are visible from under clean matting near a handful of employees. I asked to raise the matting. In front of me is the crumpled corpse of a middle-aged man, in a jacket and work blouse. The jaws are broken, there is a huge wound in the skull under the left ear. Death was instant. This is the mechanic Nikolai Vavilov, who left behind a hungry family of four children and a pregnant wife. The oldest girl is 9 years old. In addition to him, four workers were badly injured, who were sent to the hospital. The people standing in front of me were the first to meet the tornado and were saved by accident. They all paint the same picture. Ahead, where the tornado came from, is a wide field, beyond which, about three versts, is the village of Karacharovo and the village of Khokhlovka. Despite the cloudy morning, the distance is clearly visible, and one can distinguish the destroyed houses of Karacharov and the bell tower without a cross: it was torn off with part of the dome. This is the picture of the disaster. Light rain first. Then hail on a chicken egg and a severe thunderstorm. Somehow it immediately got dark, something black hung over Moscow... Then this black was replaced by an ominous yellow... It smelled of warmth... Then a storm broke out, and it became cold. So it was in all of Moscow. Here eyewitnesses told so. After a thunderstorm, a black cloud descended over Karacharov. They took it for a fire: they thought that oil tanks were broken by lightning. One of the employees rushed to the barracks and woke the workers. Everyone jumped out and began to look at an unprecedented spectacle. A cloud grew from below, another one descended from above, and suddenly everything began to spin. It seemed to some that inside the spinning black mass that captured the sky, lightning was sparkling, to others it seemed to be a fiery rod penetrating the black mass from top to bottom, to others - flashing lights ... This terrible mass rushed at them, rushed - in which direction, not remembering themselves from horror. The late Vavilov, the manager Khoroshutin, with his five-year-old daughter and old mother hid in the covered staircase leading to the office. Nearer and nearer came the terrible noise. At this time, three dogs rushed into the corridor, saving their lives. Vavilov, remembering the folk legend that dogs are dangerous during a thunderstorm, rushed to chase the dogs and ran out of the corridor after them. At this moment, the tornado flew. The remains of the buildings remain. The corridor accidentally survived. Khoroshutin and his family escaped. And three steps below, on the ground, under the rubble in a half-sitting position, Vavilov's corpse was visible. And now, after 12 hours, there is a puddle of blood that has not yet dried up in this place ... Only after a long time did people begin to crawl out from under the rubble and free the wounded. Here is a terrible picture of destruction ... In the grove, as they say, there are also corpses. There were people there. This grove is a constant haunt of the dark people who hunted robbers in this restless area. At 7 o'clock, my companion and I went to the city and did not exchange a single word until the house. The impression is terrible."THREE THOUSAND SHAVED OLD WOMEN"
(newspaper duck)
We were sitting on the 7th of January in the Kyuba restaurant, at the table of journalists. “Yes, your young paper has flaunted news today!” - said the head of the chronicle of the old newspaper to the head of the chronicle of the new newspaper. "Yes, sir... news... things like this don't happen often... but we got it." And the newspaper "Rus" went from hand to hand. The following was printed in it: “3,000 shaved old women. This almost unbelievable event took place, however, recently within the walls of the “city almshouse” near Smolny ... On one foggy, rainy day, like thunder, the news swept through the almshouse: old women And indeed, soon within the walls of the almshouse, where up to 5,000 old men and women are treated, barbers with all the attributes of their profession appeared. they were amazed: what is it - they are preparing us for a review, or something? In response to this protest, the Bogadelen authorities categorically declared: for disinfection, grandmothers, and that’s the end of the matter! Thus, this unparalleled action in the annals of all-Russian "charity" took place. And disinfection firmly reigned within the walls of the almshouse: all the old women are shaved bald. Gogolevsky Artemy Filippovich Zemlyanika should definitely learn the methods of managing "charitable" institutions from the administration of the St. Petersburg city almshouse. Leaving the restaurant, I took a cab and drove to the Smolny. Here are the huge buildings of the almshouse, which occupies about 10 acres with its gardens and buildings. Leaving the cab, I walked along the sidewalk. Old men and old women occasionally came out of the gates of the almshouse. I stopped some and asked if old women shave, if there was such a custom. The old women looked at me with surprise, as if I were crazy, and answered differently: - We, father, do not have hard labor, but an almshouse ... We, thank God, are not hard labor, so that they shave our heads, - she said, among other things, one respectable, 90 years old, person. The caretaker at the gate of the almshouse replied that no one had ever been shaved by force, and advised me to contact the office. I walked around the yard, almshouses crawled towards me. Many of them showed gray hair from under their headscarves. In the office I was very kindly received by the caretaker of the almshouse, AI Sokolov. I named myself. We got talking. - Did you read "Rus" today? - Yes, of course... We laughed a lot. Such a rich fantasy... At first I did not understand anything... Then I wanted to answer... And then I found that there was nothing to answer... Last year, the newspapers also shouted that an old woman was boiled alive in the almshouse. .. Well, it had at least some kind of lining: indeed, one old woman scalded her knee with boiling water a little ... And here it remains to marvel at ingenuity ... Why, if you like, let's go through the almshouse ... We'll see everyone ... I thanked for the courtesy and did not refuse to go. Up to 3,500 people live in this huge building with endless corridors, on the sides of which the bedrooms of old women are placed, of which 500 are men, and the rest are women. There are also young convicts, relaxed, epileptics, but there are few of them. All old people. Women are longer aged than men. The latter rarely live to be 100 years old. Among the oldest I can name an old woman, 122 years old, Ksenia Nikitina, 101 years old, Sofya Barabanova, and two years ago, 123-year-old old woman Isakova died. Nikitina was transferred from this almshouse to the department for the weak near the Samsonievskiy Bridge. The almshouse has one more department on Malaya Okhta for the mentally ill. We went through the corridors, went to the choice of the bedrooms. Near their beds, the detainees stood and sat in clean cotton dresses and white handkerchiefs that covered their gray hair. We saw maybe about 1,000 old women - and not a single shaved one. It's just that "Rus" confused Gogol's heroes. And it was not Artemy Filippovich Zemlyanika who had to learn from the administration of the St. Petersburg city almshouse, but Ivan Alexandrovich Khlestakov from the reporter of "Rus"! .. Petersburg, January 7th.HOLIDAY OF WORKERS
The first of May has been talked about in Sokolniki for a long time. There were rumors of a "rebellion", of beatings, and destruction. Many proclamations in this spirit were scattered everywhere. Many summer residents, for fear of this day, did not go to Sokolniki, and the summer cottages are empty. But it was a painted devil, which, it turned out, was nothing to be afraid of. The May 1 festivities in Sokolniki went well. There were over 50,000 people. By this day, factory and factory workers rushed to Moscow; On April 30th and May 1st, the morning trains were overcrowded. From noon on the Old Walk and in the grove people began to gather: walking families, with children - in tea shops for a peaceful samovar, and workers in groups in the grove for conversations and discussing their affairs. Trimmed, combed, dressed according to their means and custom, the workers were all clean, festive, and the hooligans and “night falconer knights” scurrying between “them” were clearly different from them. And when this “brown rag” approached groups of workers, she was not quite met On the other hand, there were many of this "public" scurrying about in the crowd of strollers, near the booths, roundabouts and tram stops. They, like wolves, rushed when passengers boarded and positively robbed, taking advantage of the crush. Almost in every car there were complaints about a stolen purse, torn off hours. ".. And these thieves besieged hundreds of overcrowded tramcars and subsequently played an important role in Sokolniki. Disorder and popular panic owe only one of their beginnings to them. It was already about four o'clock in the afternoon. The festivities were in full swing. Crowds of workers themselves were walking peacefully, then from time to time they gathered in parties in the grove, behind the Old Walk and behind the theater of the sobriety society, where people mixed in. Speeches were made, sometimes, perhaps, harsh ones, and sometimes "fashionable sayings" of the last time were heard. But when hooligans and pickpockets began to join these crowds, who at all costs needed disorder for purely predatory purposes, the Cossacks appeared, and the crowd dispersed. Speeches sometimes began, but did not finish. There were cases when a speech was started, and the speaker was forced to be silent. Sometimes they listened with attention. If there were only workers in the crowd, everything went well: they would listen, talk and peacefully disperse. Sometimes, after the speeches, they shouted "Hurrah", but everything was quiet. Not that - when hooligans and pickpockets appeared! The last one made a mess. It was like this: a huge mixed crowd had gathered behind the Old Walk. Speakers appeared, speeches poured out, which some liked, others did not; hubbub, noise. And during the speeches among the crowd, someone fired a shot from a revolver. Safe shot in the air. He, with the hubbub of the crowd, would have passed unnoticed, but a gang of pickpockets and hooligans took advantage of the moment of exaltation of the crowd and the public that had not yet calmed down from the disturbing rumors of recent times. -- Beat! Shoot! Hooray! .. - hooligans shouted in a dozen places. The crowd picked it up - and the Sokolniki began to rumble! They rushed, in a crush, rushing in all directions. More than ten thousand, much more, headlong rinu elk looking for rescue. It was complete panic. Something terrible, spontaneous. One had to be oneself in the crowd at that moment, one had to be carried away by this stream, stumble upon those who were falling, receive shocks from everywhere, in order to understand the horror of panic. And then there are women and children! Screams, screams. And pickpockets - they alone were cold-blooded - robbed in a commotion, tore off watches, snatched ladies' purses, dragged them out of pockets. The audience rushed to Ivanovskaya Street and Sokolnichye Highway, to the tram. The police were unable to contain this wave. The police officials either spun like tops in place, without leaving their post, or were carried away by the wave of the people. But the pickpockets had had their fill, and the menacing cries subsided. Ten minutes later—terrible ten minutes—people began to come to their senses. Everything calmed down. The "clean public" fled to the city. The workers, who kept more to the far side of the festivities, withdrew into the forest and continued to walk, to gather in their companies. The shops of the merchants - tea caddies were empty for a while. Of course, many fled and did not pay them money for samovars. A particularly strong crush was on Ivanovskaya Street, which was positively crowded with a crowd howling with fright. The shopkeepers at the first approach locked the doors of their stores and were frightened. But not a single glass was broken, not a single attempt to break in. Had this happened late in the evening, it could have been worse. When the wave of the crowd passed, caps, hats, umbrellas lay on the pavement. In place of the gatherings in the grove, there are masses of proclamations. In addition to the tricks of pickpockets, everything ended well, apart from two or three isolated cases of collision with the police. So, one assistant bailiff, captain M-iy, was slightly wounded in the neck with a Finnish knife; the culprit was arrested. This is the biggest case. But the site was crowded ... with children! Unreasonable mothers, who took with them children who had barely learned to walk for a walk in Sokolniki, lost them during a panic! And the touching scenes of meetings between small children and their parents took place both in the precinct and in the square near the precinct, where kind-hearted strangers brought and brought the lost youngsters in their arms! The panic echoed far from where it had begun, the Old Walk. Those who fled in fright rushed all over the grove, to the very railroad, where they collapsed from fatigue. Some of them rushed into the square surrounding the Tsar's pavilion, from where the musicians fled in fright and were then put in place by the police, who forced them to play to calm the public. From the coffee shop next to the Tsar's pavilion, Yani, the public also fled without paying for the food. From here, from a distance, the picture really seemed formidable: terrible cries were heard from the direction of the Old Walk, then a cloud of dust rose up, raised by a running crowd, and finally, groups of people rushing in horror appeared ... The city holiday was over. Muscovites, having endured fear in ten minutes of panic, went home, some in a tram, some in a cab, some on foot. The workers remained in the grove, took tea tables, again began to gather in their parties. And, it should be noted, there were no drunks among the workers. If there were the last, then they were ordinary visitors to Sokolniki.About about seven o'clock another party formed, about three hundred people, which went along the fourth clearing to the line of the Moscow-Yaroslavl railway and at the 5th verst, on the canvas, settled down, and speeches began. home-made flags were set up on both sides from a piece of red cloth, fastened to a broken stick, for safety from the oncoming train. Speeches began. And at the very height of the speeches, a platoon of Cossacks flew in a whirlwind along the 4th clearing, and the crowd disappeared into the thicket of the forest. This was the last episode in the Falconer's Grove on May 1st. Hooligans fought only in the dark. A dozen of the caught pickpockets, several hooligans and brawlers were brought to the station, and several arrests were made for inciting the crowd. All the fears and horrors of that day, inspired by some newspapers and a mass of proclamations, turned out to be absurd. Let the workers celebrate! May May 1st be their day in Sokolniki. Like Tatyana's day for students. And if extraneous elements are not mixed into this holiday of theirs, if the hooligans on this day show off their absence in Falconer's Grove, then there will be no need for any enhanced protective measures. The workers, working people who respect other people's peace and property, will take a walk, talk among themselves at their "meetings" - and disperse peacefully. And let the 1st of May be a workers' holiday in Sokolniki. And only workers! V. A. Gilyarovsky. COLLECTED WORKS IN FOUR VOLUMES VolumeII POLYGRAPH RESOURCES Moscow 1999 SCHOOLCHILD LIBRARY Federal Book Publishing Program of Russia V. A. Gilyarovsky Slum People The second volume of the Works includes the book Slum People, as well as stories, essays, reports
