The development of education in India is currently short. Studying in India according to the state program

Trigonometry, algebra and, most importantly, the decimal number system came to us. The ancient game of chess also originates from India. Indian doctors knew caesarean sections, achieved high skill in setting bones, and plastic surgery was more developed among them than anywhere else in ancient times.

What was the Indian education system like in the past?

According to the prescriptions of the sacred writings, the education of a boy (brahmacharin) began in the fourth or fifth year of life and had to take place in the house of a brahmana mentor (guru). The student was obliged to show his mentor every respect, serving him and obeying him unquestioningly. Less attention was paid to the education of girls.

The training began with mastering the rules for performing sandhya, i.e. morning, noon and evening rituals, which consisted of reciting the Gayatri, holding the breath, swallowing and sprinkling water, and pouring a libation of water in honor of the Sun, which was more a symbol of the personal god of the believer, such as Vishnu or Shiva, rather than the deity itself to yourself. The rituals were considered obligatory for everyone and are performed in various forms to this day.

The main subject of study was the Vedas (hymns). The mentor recited the Vedas by heart to several disciples sitting in front of him on the ground, and from morning to evening they repeated verse by verse until they were completely memorized. Sometimes, in order to achieve complete accuracy of reproduction, hymns were memorized in several ways: first in the form of coherent passages, then for each word separately (padapatha), after which the words were combined into groups according to the principle ab, bv, vg, etc. (kramapatha) or in an even more intricate way. Thanks to such a developed system of training patience and mnemonic control, many generations of mentors and students developed those exceptional memory properties that made it possible to preserve the Vedas for posterity in the exact form in which they existed approximately a thousand years BC.

The disciples who lived in the guru's house were not limited to studying only the Vedas. There were other areas of knowledge, the so-called “Parts of the Veda”, i.e. auxiliary sciences necessary for the correct understanding of sacred texts. These six Vedantas included: kalpa - the rules for performing the ritual, siksha - the rules of pronunciation, i.e. phonetics, chandas - metrics and prosody, nirukta - etymology, i.e. explanation of incomprehensible words in Vedic texts, vyakarane - grammar, jyotisha - the science of the calendar. In addition, mentors taught special secular subjects - astronomy, mathematics, literature.

Some cities became famous thanks to the famous teachers who lived in them and acquired a reputation as centers of education. Varanasi and Takshashila (Taxila) were considered the oldest and largest centers. Among the famous scholars is Panini, a grammarian of the 4th century. BC e., the brahman Kautilya, the founder of the science of public administration, as well as Charaka, one of the luminaries of Indian medicine.

Although according to Smriti ideals there should be only a few students under the supervision of one mentor, nevertheless, larger centers of learning existed in the “university cities”. So in Varanas an educational institution was organized for 500 students with a relatively small number of teachers. All of them were supported by charity.

With the spread of Buddhism and Jainism, education could be obtained not only in the teacher's home, but also in monasteries. In the Middle Ages, some of them became real universities. The most famous Buddhist monastery was Nalanda in Bihar. The educational program in Nalanda was not limited to the training of neophytes in the field of Buddhist religious teachings, but also included the study of the Vedas, Hindu philosophy, logic, grammar and medicine. At least 10 thousand students studied free of charge in Nalanda, served by a large staff of servants.

The Gurukul system has not disappeared in India to this day. Modern gurus are considered the embodiment of knowledge, ethics and caring, and in the image of the shishya the strong-willed component has increased, but this is still a respectful student who considers his teacher to be a beacon illuminating the right path. Thanks to the integrated approach, students become more interested in learning, easier to show curiosity and more free to create.

The word “Teacher” sounds very respectable in India, because everyone understands the importance of the role of such a person both for education and for the society of the entire country.

Teacher's Day is celebrated on September 5th, the birthday of Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and is a tribute to the memory of the great teacher.

The modern education system was formed in India after the state gained independence in 1947.

The country's educational system includes several stages:

Preschool education;

School (secondary and full);

Secondary vocational education;

Higher and postgraduate education with obtaining academic degrees (bachelor, master, doctor).

The state educational system operates according to two programs. The first provides training for schoolchildren, the second - for adults. The age range is from nine to forty years. There is also an open education system in which several open universities and schools operate in the country.

Preschool education begins at the age of three, learning takes place in a playful way. The process of preparing for school lasts two years.

School education in India follows a unified scheme. A child begins to study at school at the age of four. Education for the first ten years (secondary education) is free, compulsory and follows a standard general education curriculum. Main disciplines: history, geography, mathematics, computer science and a subject freely translated by the word “science”. From the 7th grade, “science” is divided into biology, chemistry, and physics, which are familiar in Russia. "Politics", the equivalent of our natural sciences, is also taught.

Upon reaching the age of fourteen and moving to high school (complete secondary education), students make a choice between fundamental and vocational education. Accordingly, there is an in-depth study of the subjects of the chosen course.

India is rich in a large number and variety of trade schools. There, over the course of several years, in addition to secondary education, the student receives a profession that is in demand in the country.

In Indian schools, in addition to the native (regional) language, it is compulsory to study the “additional official” language - English. This is explained by the unusually large number of languages ​​of the multinational and numerous Indian people. English is the generally accepted language of the educational process; most textbooks are written in it. Studying a third language (German, French, Hindi or Sanskrit) is also mandatory.

Schooling is conducted six days a week. The number of lessons varies from six to eight per day. Most schools offer free meals for children. There is no grading system in Indian schools. But there are compulsory school-wide exams twice a year, and national exams in high school. All exams are written and taken in the form of tests. The vast majority of teachers in Indian schools are men.

School holidays in India fall in December and June. During the summer holidays, which last a whole month, children's camps are opened in schools. In addition to relaxation and entertainment with children, traditional creative educational activities are held there.

The Indian secondary education system includes both public and private schools.

Higher education in India is prestigious, diverse and popular among young people. There are more than two hundred universities in the country, most of which are focused on European education standards. The higher education system is presented in a three-stage form familiar to Europeans. Students, depending on the length of study and the chosen profession, receive bachelor's, master's or doctoral degrees.

Among the most popular and prestigious universities are Calcutta, Mumbai, Delhi, Rajasthan, each of these universities has 130-150 thousand students. In recent decades, due to the steady development of the Indian economy, the number of universities with an engineering and technical orientation has increased. The Indian Institute of Technology and the Institute of Management are among the most attractive and worthy here. Moreover, in the latter, 50% of students are foreign students. The share of humanities graduates in India is about 40%. Postgraduate education in India can also be free, just like primary university education. For these purposes, institutes regularly provide grants, for which at a minimum you need a diploma and knowledge of the English language.

Obtaining higher education in Russia is becoming increasingly popular among Indian youth. This is explained by several factors:

High and ever-increasing level of higher education in Russia;

Compared to European prices, studying at Russian universities is much cheaper;

General low cost of living.

It is noteworthy that to enter Russian universities on a commercial basis with instruction in English, there is no need to pass entrance exams. In many universities in Russia, including Voronezh State Medical University named after N.N. Burdenko, conduct Russian language classes (RFL) for Anglophones.

All documents of foreign students must be legalized: translated into Russian, certified by a notary.

The education system in India has undergone significant changes towards development and improvement over the past decades. The reason for this is the rapid growth of the country's economy and the increasing need for qualified scientific and working specialists. Much attention is paid to all levels of education - from preschool to higher education; obtaining a good education and a decent specialty among the country's population is one of the urgent life tasks.

Bibliography

1. Basham A.L. The miracle that was India. Per. from English, M., Main editorial office of oriental literature of the Nauka publishing house, 1977. 616 p. With ill. (Culture of the Peoples of the East).

2. India: Customs and etiquette / Venika Kingsland; lane from English E. Bushkovskaya. – M.: AST: Astrel, 2009. – 128s. (“A short guide”).

Of course, we will not consider those very colorful and stereotypical educational institutions located in particularly remote corners of the country, which are difficult to look at without tears. The educational path that is open to every foreign child and to those whose parents are willing to spend a certain amount on the development of their child will be taken as a basis, because even in public schools and universities you will have to pay.

This cannot be denied, because this is not just an ingrained stereotype, but in India there really are quite a lot of difficulties with education. This happens not only due to poverty and difficult economic conditions, but also, although only partly, the mentality of some residents.

While it cannot be denied that widespread education reform has made primary education accessible to the vast majority of children, the quality of these schools leaves much to be desired. In addition, about 50% of children do not master the subsequent stages of education due to their high cost and lack of time for the children, who are sometimes busy at work.

However, all these obvious shortcomings are not absolute, since in India you can find an educational institution that will give your child an education no worse than in the most successful European countries.

What should a preschooler do?

To begin with, it is worth noting that there are no kindergartens in our and European understanding in India. This is the tradition of this country that has developed over thousands of years, where mothers are supposed to sit with their children until a certain age, teaching them through the efforts of the entire large family.

However, due to the fact that in recent decades there has often been a situation where both parents work, and there is no opportunity at all to place the child with relatives, special groups have emerged that work at a preparatory school (pre-school). Here children are divided by age and time they are expected to be away from their parents. As a rule, several hours with a teacher are spent in educational games, during which children learn not only the basics of the world, but also English and Indian languages.

It often happens that after parents choose a particular group for their child, they no longer think about choosing a school. This is because after completing the next age level in such “kindergartens”, you can simply continue your child’s education in primary school. However, there are often cases when parents carefully think about choosing a school educational institution in a separate manner.

What are the features of the Indian school?

Despite the fact that primary education in India has recently become publicly available, when choosing a school for a child, many advise focusing on private schools or especially prestigious public schools (the cost of education in which averages about $100 per month), which will have to be searched for additionally. The thing is that not all Indian educational institutions will provide you with a quality education in good conditions.
Private schools are distinguished by the fact that they very often place emphasis on equally good mastery of not only the Indian language (Hindi) and the language of the state, but also English, which years later children consider almost their second mother tongue. Subsequently, children, depending on how diligently they studied, will be able to speak fluently in three languages ​​at once. Also, they use different approaches to raising children and presenting knowledge and material, which may be of interest to people who prefer innovative methods.

You will be pleasantly surprised, but in absolutely every school in India, regardless of its status and prestige, children are fed at school. The food set is standard for everyone, it is rice with a bottle of water and masala. Products may vary at some locations.

After you choose a school that suits your child, you will need to reserve a place in advance by paying an advance reservation fee and begin preparing all the necessary documents.

Let's go to higher education or Indian institutes

In total, there are about 220 higher education institutions in the country, 16 of which are central. Especially notable among them is Nalanda University, established in the 5th century AD. e., which has its own specific flavor and long history.

It is worth noting that in India you will not find simple specialized universities, but those whose otherness and specificity are especially pronounced. For example, at the Indira Kala Sangeet, which is located in Hairagarh, they are introduced only to Indian music, and at the Calcutta Rabindra Bharati, students do not study anything except the Bengali language and Tagore studies.

The largest and most prestigious universities in India are Gandhi University, Rajasthan University, Bombay University, Mumbai University and Calcutta University. They continue to be quite popular for many years not only among the local population, but also among some foreigners.

In recent years, technical professions have become especially popular, as the growth of students and graduates of engineering and technical specialties is especially noticeable. What is important is that in a country with such progress, the demand for specialists in this profile is growing, since they are simply necessary for the developing economy of the country.
The Indian education system itself, due to its long joint history, is completely identical to the British one. There are also three stages that students master during the learning process. At each of them (Bachelor, Master or Doctor of Science), you can complete your education by receiving the corresponding diploma.

Despite the fact that India has a rather unsightly reputation in European countries, which, unfortunately, is based not only on stereotypes, it is a developing country. Here the economy and productivity are growing rapidly, and every year people are increasingly striving for knowledge by any means. Yes, getting back on your feet here at the moment may not be easy, but it is possible, especially for those children whose families have the finances to do so.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

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Structure of secondary education

Children start going to school at the age of four. Teaching is often conducted in English.

The first stage of education lasts ten years, the second - two years. This is where compulsory secondary education ends. For the next three years, you can study both at school (preparation for entering a university) and at a vocational college (here students receive secondary specialized education). There are also specialized vocational schools, where after eight to ten years of study, the student, along with secondary education, receives any in-demand profession: seamstress, mechanic, mechanic.

In secondary school, students receive general general education training, then they move to high school, where they are divided into two profiles: classical education and vocational. Different Indian states provide different levels of education. The Secondary Certificate is issued by the Indian School Certificate Board.

Passing the subject is assessed by indicators, among which level 1 is the highest grade, and level 9 is the lowest. A certificate can only be issued upon passing exams ranging from levels 1 to 7.

The standard grade for the internal exam in the subject “Socially useful, industrial work and civics” (abbreviation SPPR and GV) is determined by an indicator in letters, among which A is the highest grade, and E is the lowest. A certificate can only be issued upon passing an exam within levels A to D.

Students who are issued a certificate must pass internal examinations in their school "satisfactorily" in the following subjects: second language (Hindi) - oral examination, third language (Sanskrit) - passing material from 5th to 8th grade, art, physical education, moral and spiritual values. The examination certificate is issued to students who have passed the examination standard in at least 5 subjects, which must include an English language examination. The examination certificate will not be issued until students have achieved the percentage grade levels in the Social, Industrial and Civics subject they are required to pass within their school.

High school includes training in classical and technical subjects, although in most Indian states technical education is also available at colleges. One- and two-year technical training programs have been developed after eighth and tenth grade, after which students can receive industrial training. In addition, in India there are trade schools and courses in health and nursing, home economics courses, entrepreneurship courses for starting a business, training young people to work in certain professional fields and graduating service workers. This ensures the training of manpower in the Indian states. Most vocational education and training programs are public. In private educational institutions, funds for them are also sponsored by the state. Students pay only part of the tuition fees by paying a nominal tuition fee (approximately 50 rupees per year). Funding for training is provided by the Vocational Education Division of the School Education Committee and the Technical Education Committee of the Ministry of Human Resource Development, which monitors the completion of vocational and technical education programs. After two years of study, students take examinations compiled by the various State Boards of Secondary/Secondary Education. The written assignments they complete during their studies do not contribute to their final grade: it is based on the scores they receive in the final examination administered by the Board.

In modern India, the hallmark of educational development is the emphasis that the education instilled in our children will determine the character of the nation in the future.

“Teacher-student” system

Ancient Hindu treatises depict an exploratory learning process where teachers and students work together to seek the truth through reasoning and questioning. However, these texts merely captured an even earlier oral tradition in which the relationship between gurus (teachers) and shishyas (disciples) became almost the main religious component of Hinduism. In traditional Indian texts, some teach, others learn, and those who teach are not always initially higher in position.

In the gurukul system, anyone who wanted to learn went to the guru's house and asked to be taught. If the guru accepted him as a shishya, the newly made disciple would help him around the house, learning how to manage things at the same time. Meanwhile, the guru talked about everything the child wanted to know: from Sanskrit to sacred texts and from mathematics to metaphysics. The student stayed with him as long as he wanted, until the guru felt that he had already taught him everything he himself knew. Learning was natural, life-like and did not boil down to memorizing individual information.

In general, the Indian way of teaching is understood as a sacred duty, mission, ethical act, social obligation, on the proper implementation of which the well-being of society depends. The teacher leads the student from the darkness of ignorance to the light of knowledge, removes the cover from the lamp of learning and releases the light. The Sanskrit andhakara (“darkness”) means not just intellectual ignorance, but spiritual blindness, which the teacher must be able to eliminate. Ancient educational philosophy even considered knowledge to be the third eye of man.

Today, the very word “Teacher” sounds very respectable in India, because everyone understands the importance of the role of such a person both for education and for the society of the entire country. Teacher's Day is celebrated on September 5th, the birthday of Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and is a tribute to the memory of the great teacher.

In India, teachers are friendly, open-minded, inspiring to students and very helpful in building their careers. Behind the fame of many Indians lies the enormous contribution of their teachers, and among the teachers themselves there are many famous people. Indian professors are famous for not limiting themselves to lecturing, but also helping their audience build connections with the subject area they are studying (including after classes and in additional courses). Thanks to this integrated approach, students become more interested in learning, easier to show curiosity and more free to create.

By the way, the gurukul system has not disappeared in India to this day. Modern gurus are considered the embodiment of knowledge, ethics and caring, and in the image of the shishya the strong-willed component has increased, but this is still a respectful student who considers his teacher to be a beacon illuminating the right path.

india education guru higher

Higher education

Higher education can be obtained at 221 universities in the country. Among them, 16 are central universities and the rest are functioning under state acts. The total number of colleges in the country is 10,555.

In addition to traditional ones, in India there are universities with distinct specifics: Visva Bharati; Indira Kala Sangeeth in Hairagarh, which exclusively introduces Indian music; Rabindra Bharati in Kolkata, which focuses on teaching Bengali language and Tagore studies; Women's University in Bombay.

Among the universities there are small (from 1-3 thousand students) and giants (more than 100 thousand students). There are universities with one specialty and one faculty, and there are universities with many faculties.

The largest universities in India are: Calcutta (150 thousand students), Bombay (Mumbai, 150 thousand), Rajasthan (150 thousand), Delhi (130 thousand), M.K. Gandhi (150 thousand).

Technical education plays an extremely important role in the national economy and human resource development of India. Over the past half century, this area of ​​education has undergone significant development. Currently, 185 institutes offer postgraduate degrees in engineering and technology disciplines, with 16,800 students enrolling each year. Apart from government institutes and state institutes of technology, there are also those run jointly by the central and state governments, as well as private institutes. All of them are recognized by the regulatory body for higher technical education, the All India Council of Technical Education, founded by the Government of India.

The major institutes that train technologists and managers include engineering institutes in Mumbai, Delhi, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Chennai and Guwahati, and six management institutes in Ahmedabad, Kolkata, Bangalore, Lucknow, Indore and Calicut. The first university degree takes three years to complete.

Within the higher education system in India, there are three levels of qualification principles:

*Bachelor / Undergraduate level,

*Master / Postgraduate level,

*Doctoral / Pre-doctoral level.

Bachelor's / Undergraduate level

The Bachelor's Degree in Arts, Commerce and Sciences requires 3 years (after a 12-year school cycle)

Bachelor in Agriculture, Dentistry, Pharmacopoeia, Veterinary Medicine - 4 years

Bachelor in Architecture and Medicine - 5-5 and a half years

The time frame for obtaining a Bachelor's degree in journalism, library science and law is completely different - from 3-5 years, depending on the type of degree.

Master's program - Master's / Post-graduate level

Obtaining a master's degree usually takes two years. The training program may involve either attending classes and/or directly writing a research paper.

Doctoral studies - Doctoral / Pre-doctoral level

At the Pre-doctoral level (Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.)), enrollment occurs after completion of the master's degree. This program may involve either taking classes and writing a research paper, or a full concentration on writing a research paper.

The Doctor's Degree (PhD) is awarded after an additional two years of completion of the M.Phil. or three years after receiving a Master's degree.

The doctoral program includes writing original research

Level of education (statistical indicators)

Currently, the number of literate people is 562.01 million, of which 75% are men and 25% are women.

According to estimates of statistical services in India, only 5-6% of the total number of young people aged 17-23 years study in higher educational institutions, which seems not much, but nevertheless it is more than 6.5 million students. In recent years, the number of students studying engineering and technical specialties has prevailed, while about 40% of students study the humanities.

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Trigonometry, algebra and the basic concept of calculation came to us. The ancient game / chess / also comes from India. The modern education system was formed in India after the state gained independence in 1947.

What is the Indian education system like at this stage?
If we talk about preschool education, it is somewhat different than in Russia. Due to the increased number of working parents, special “day care” groups have appeared in India, where the child can be left during the day. All of them, as a rule, work at "preschool" ("preparatory school")
In the “pre school” itself, which you must attend before entering school, there are the following groups: playgroup, nurses ery, LKG and UKG. If we compare it with our system, we divide them like this: Playgroup or “game group” is something like a nursery; Nursery is translated as “nursery group”, but it’s more like an average shu; LKG (Lower KinderGarten) senior group; UKG (Upper KinderGarten) preparatory group. In the first two groups, children are brought in for 2, maximum 3 hours a day, in subsequent groups they study for 3 hours.

Just like in Russia, preparing children for school very important. Interested in knowing the criteria for assessing a child when preparing children for school?! And they are like this:
Social development of the child: with other children, the ability to listen and do something together, solve assigned tasks, the ability to share (toys, food), express one’s feelings and desires, the ability to resolve conflicts, etc.
Speech proficiency and readiness to read: ability to tell about what happened, a story, repetition of sounds, simple sentences of 5-10 words, interest in reading, books, ability to hold them correctly, reading simple 3-4 complex words, in capital and capital letters, independent writing your name.
Mathematics: completing tasks for recognizing shapes, being able to draw them, sorting objects of a certain shape, understanding the words “more, less, the same,” counting to 100, writing numbers from 1 to 100, understanding serial numbers “first, second, etc. ". Knowledge of the following concepts: location: right, left, under, above, on, between. Length: short, long, shorter, longest,... Comparisons: big and small, more and less, thin and fat, a lot and a little, light and heavy, tall and short
Knowing your age.
Physical skills: moving in a straight line, jumping, bouncing, jumping rope, flexibility, stretching, balancing, playing with a ball,...
Fine motor skills: using crayons and pencils, brushes, finger painting, cutting, playing with blocks, making puzzles. Ability to tie shoelaces, quickly fasten zippers and buttons.
Basic knowledge: your name, parts, seasons, domestic, wild and marine, animals living on the farm,..
Understanding the basics of health.
Knowledge of basic professions, religious festivals and celebrations, various.
Auditory skills: ability to listen without interrupting, retelling stories, recognizing familiar stories and melodies, sense of rhythm, knowledge and understanding of simple rhymes,...
Writing skills: writing words from left to right, 2-3 compound words, leaving spaces between words, spelling the most commonly used words.
Ability to draw: star, oval, heart, square, circle, rectangle and diamond.
Here is a detailed report on the child.

Children are assessed on all these points as follows: “star” everything is within the normal range, NE needs additional classes, NA skills are absent.

In modern India, a distinctive feature of the development of education is the emphasis on the fact that the upbringing embedded in children will determine the character of the nation in the future. In education, the main goal is to reveal the child’s abilities and cultivate positive qualities.
And then "Welcome to School"!

Indian parents need to choose which standard of education they will prefer CBSE (Central Board of Secondary Education) or ICSE (Indian Certificate of Secondary Education).

Firstly, CBSE The schools are under the patronage of the Government of India and, in addition, only graduates of CBSE schools are hired for civil service. The schools teach in English and Hindi (which happens less frequently), they are generally more oriented towards those who will remain to live and work in the country, and students who previously studied in ICSE schools can enroll in them, but they cannot enroll in ICSE after CBSE.

Two other big advantages of these schools are more frequent and regular updates of the school curriculum, as well as an easier form of exams. For example, when passing the “chemistry, physics, biology” package, you need to score 100% overall, but at ICSE school you must get at least 33% in each subject.

For admission to higher education institution in India no need to take entrance exams. Admission is based on graduation results.

Today, India has one of the largest higher education networks in the world.
Universities in India are established by the central or state governments through legislation, while colleges are established either by state governments or private organizations.
All colleges are branches of a university.
Different Types of Universities Central University or State University While the former is funded by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, the latter is established and funded by the State Governments.

Non-state universities have the same academic status and university privileges. For example, Deccan Postgraduate College and Pune Research Institute; Tata University of Social Sciences; Indian Institute of Sciences Bangalore, etc.

College classification
Colleges in India come under four different categories. Categorization is done based on the courses they offer (professional courses), their ownership status (private/public) or their connection with the university (affiliated/owned by the university).
University colleges. These colleges are run by the universities themselves and are in most cases located on a university campus.
Government Colleges. There are not many government colleges around 15 20% of the total. They are run by state governments. As with university colleges, the university to which the colleges belong administers examinations, determines courses of study, and awards degrees.
Vocational colleges. In most cases, vocational colleges provide education in the fields of engineering and management. Some provide education in other areas. They are funded and managed either by government or private initiative.
Private colleges. About 70% of colleges are established by private organizations or institutions. However, these educational institutions are also governed by the rules and regulations of the university of which they are affiliated. Although they are a private initiative, the state government also provides sponsorship to these colleges.

In addition to traditional universities, there are universities with a distinct specification: Visva Bharati; Indira Kala Sangeet in Hairagarh (study Indian music); Women's University in Mumbai, Rabindra Bharati in Kolkata (Bengali language and Tagore studies are studied).

There are universities with one faculty and specialty, but there are also universities with a large number of faculties. The number of students in higher education institutions varies from 1 3 thousand to 100 thousand students.

The higher education system in India has 3 levels.

A bachelor's degree involves training from three years in scientific disciplines, and up to 4 years, designed for those wishing to receive an education in the fields of agriculture, dentistry, pharmacology, and veterinary medicine. If you want to study medicine and architecture, it will take five and a half years. Journalists, lawyers and librarians have bachelor's degrees of 3-5 years.

The next level of higher education is a master's degree. In any discipline, to obtain a master's degree, you must complete a two-year study and write a research paper.

Doctoral studies are the third stage of training. After receiving a master's degree, you can be enrolled at the Pre-doctoral level to obtain the Master of Philosophy (M. Phil.) degree, you must study for a year.

To obtain a doctorate degree (Ph.D.), you must attend classes for another two to three years and write a research paper.

Today, India has not only become one of the nuclear powers, it has become one of the world leaders in the development and production of smart technologies. The modern education system of India is inimitable and unique; it has rightfully entered the world economic system.

Voronezh 2016

Most Russians associate India more with relaxation, exoticism and downshifting than with a country where they can get a high-quality British-style education. Indian education is valued all over the world, including in Europe and North America. Proof of this is the many Indian students, graduate students and scientists who subsequently study or work in Western universities. India is called a “supplier of talent”, because scientists from this country make discoveries in various fields. Thus, over the past 20 years, 6 Indians have been awarded the Nobel Prize. It is very difficult to get into a good university in India (a large population means a lot of competition for admission), and those who succeed devote themselves to their studies with all zeal and diligence.

Education system in India

History of Indian Education and Basic Principles

The history of the development of the education system in India is a long-term stage, the beginning of which, according to various estimates, falls in the 5th century.

to BC. Even then, educational institutions with the properties of a higher school were created in the ancient city of Taxila. The ancient city of Taxila was considered the center of higher education in India. It was there that secular institutions first began to be established, along with Hindu temples and Buddhist monasteries. These institutions attracted foreigners with training in Indian medicine. However, in addition to the study of living matter, Indian education opened the way to knowledge of logic, grammar, and Buddhist literature.

School education in India

The country adheres to the main principle of educating its citizens - “10 + 2 + 3”. This model provides for 10 years of schooling, 2 years of college, plus another 3 years of study for the first stage of higher education.

Ten years of school include 5 years of junior high, 3 years of high school, and 2 years of vocational training. The education system is clearly illustrated by a sign.

Fig.1. Education system in India.

School education in India follows a unified scheme. A child begins to study at school at the age of four. Education in the first ten years (secondary education) is free, compulsory and carried out according to the standard general education program. Main disciplines: history, geography, mathematics, computer science and a subject freely translated by the word “science”. From the 7th grade, “science” is divided into biology, chemistry, and physics, which are familiar in Russia. "Politics", the equivalent of our natural sciences, is also taught.

If in the first stage of school education in India the program is the same for everyone, then upon reaching the age of fourteen and moving to high school (complete secondary education), students make a choice between fundamental and vocational education. Accordingly, there is an in-depth study of the subjects of the chosen course.

Preparation for entering universities takes place in schools. Students who choose vocational training move on to colleges and receive specialized secondary education. India is also blessed with a large number and variety of trade schools. There, over the course of several years, in addition to secondary education, the student also receives a profession that is in demand in the country. In Indian schools, in addition to the native (regional) language, it is compulsory to study the “additional official” language - English. This is explained by the unusually large number of languages ​​of the multinational and numerous Indian people. It is no coincidence that English is the generally accepted language of the educational process; most textbooks are written in it. Studying a third language (German, French, Hindi or Sanskrit) is also mandatory.

Schooling is conducted six days a week. The number of lessons varies from six to eight per day. Most schools offer free meals for children. There are no grades in Indian schools. But there are compulsory school-wide exams twice a year, and national exams in high school. All exams are written and taken in the form of tests. The vast majority of teachers in Indian schools are men.

School holidays in India are relatively short. Rest time falls in December and June. During the summer holidays, which last a whole month, children's camps are opened in schools. There, in addition to relaxation and entertainment, traditional creative educational activities are held with children.

The Indian school system includes both government and private schools. Secondary school education in public schools is usually free. For children from low-income Indian families, of which there are quite a few in this country, there are benefits in the form of textbooks, notebooks, and scholarships. Education in private institutions is paid, but the prices for education there are quite affordable for families even with low incomes. Reviews of the quality of education often favor private schools. There are also elite, expensive gymnasiums that operate on individual programs.
1.3. Higher education system

India is among the world leaders in the number of universities in the country - it ranks third after the United States and China. There are now over 700 universities in India. All of them are divided according to the source of funding into 3 main types: central, local (in a particular state) and private. There are also “institutions considered as universities” (deemed universities) - they can be called institutes, colleges and so on, but, in fact, they are universities and are financed either from the state budget or from private funds. A list of all universities can be found on the website of the University Grant Commission - the commission for the distribution of grants among universities, the main government body involved in the financing of universities. A list of fraudulent universities is also displayed here. The fact is that after India gained independence in 1947, the number of universities began to grow exponentially. This growth continues to this day, and legislation has not kept pace with it. Due to loopholes in the laws, some universities issue degrees in fields not approved by the Indian government, so it is recommended to enroll in a large and reliable university and always check for a license.

India has joined the Bologna Process, so the education system includes a 3-tier structure:

Bachelor's degree,

Master's degree,

Doctoral studies.

Obtaining a bachelor's degree in liberal arts takes 3 years, a professional bachelor's degree takes 4 years or more (4.5 years for medicine and 5-6 years for law). The master's degree takes another 2 years. The time required to complete a PhD varies depending on the student's abilities and the student's chosen field of study.

There are also many programs, upon completion of which the student does not receive any of the above-mentioned degrees, but only a diploma or certificate. The duration of such a program can be from 1 to 3 years. There is no academic prestige here, but you can attend unique courses: Ayurveda, Sanskrit, yoga, Hindi.

No matter how many subjects a student studies in a semester, he will be certified in only four, and the rest are given for self-control. However, it is customary to attend all lectures that are on the schedule. Teachers strictly monitor attendance and persistent truants may not be allowed to take exams. A preliminary assessment is required in the middle of the semester. In this, the Indian higher education system is similar to the Russian one.