Confederate hat sizes. Men's leather confederate cap

Owners of patent RU 2371064:

The invention relates to technology for manufacturing hats. In the method of manufacturing an academic confederate with an elastic band, the latter is made from a single-layer elastic braid. The ends of the band are connected by a stitching seam with one closed cut and a previously overcast open cut and ground with an offset of the stitching cut relative to the closed cut. The overcast section of the band is stitched onto the main part. The invention provides the ability to adjust the size of the headgear for a tight fit to the head and its correct position, and also reduces the consumption of base material and the manufacturing time of the product. 3 salary f-ly, 2 ill.

The invention relates to the technology of sewing production, more specifically to the technology of manufacturing academic clothing.

The ergonomic properties of the anthropometric and psychophysiological compliance of the headdress with the shape and size of the head depend on the properties of the materials from which the headdress is made, the design of its parts, which already at the initial design stage mainly determines the quality of the finished product and the compliance of this product with the requirements.

The confederate hat is used as an academic headdress. Confederates were used in the 16th century by the Roman Catholic clergy. The confederate consists of a band made of base material, a rigid quadrangular head, a cord ending in a tassel, attached by thread to the center of the head. The tassel is an important element of academic attire. The side on which the tassel hangs determines the person's academic degree. The color of the tassel should correspond to the field of science in which the holder of the confederate specializes (A History of Academical Dress in Europe until the end of the Eighteenth Century W.N.Hargreaves-Mawdsley [Text] Clarendon Press. - Oxford, 1963. - P.117).

The disadvantages of the listed types of academic confederates include the fact that there is no possibility of adjusting the size of the headdress to fit it snugly to the head and fullness within one size is not taken into account. Failure to comply with the necessary consideration of the dimensional characteristics of the structural head belts leads to a violation of the position of the headdress on the head and does not take into account the utilitarian properties of the finished product.

The closest to the claimed technical solution is an academic confederate (Fig. 1), containing a band made of base material and a soft gasket, a quadrangular head made of base material and a hard gasket, a colored cord ending with a tassel, attached to the center of the head using a thread method (Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia (Square academic cap) http://en.wikipedia.org/). A band made of the base material is connected to a soft gasket using adhesive or machine methods until the ends of the band are connected. With the glue method, a part of the band made of the base material is connected to the gasket using a press or iron. The gasket is applied with the adhesive side to the wrong side of the main material of the band. The sections of the adhesive gasket must fit into the joint seams of the band. The gasket without adhesive coating is connected to the band on a stitching machine at a distance of 0.3-0.4 cm from the cut of the part. The ends of the band made of the main material are folded with the front side inward, the cuts are aligned and connected on stitching machine 5. The length of the band (Do) of the academic confederate is within the range P ≤ Do ≤ 1.05P, where P is the internal size of the headdress. The seams are ironed. Then the band is folded along the part in the middle with the wrong side inward, the upper cuts are aligned and a fixing stitch is laid along the upper edge of the band. The band of the main fabric is connected to the lower edge of the head using a stitching machine. The parts are folded right side inward. The stitch is laid from the side of the band, the cuts are aligned, and the notches are aligned. The seam connecting the edges of the band is placed according to the technical description of the model (L.B. Rytvinskaya. Modeling, design and technology for processing headdresses: [Text] Textbook for personnel of mass professions / L.B. Rytvinskaya, L.I. Pluzhnikova, L.A. Merkulova, I.G.Orlova-Smorodina. - M.: Legprombytizdat, 1985. - P.90-95.). Figure 1 shows a method for manufacturing an academic confederate with a band made of the base material.

However, this solution also has disadvantages, since the use of such an academic headgear does not allow meeting the high ergonomic requirements of anthropometric and psychophysiological compliance, and also requires a large consumption of basic material and the use of cushioning material to give the headband of the academic confederate the required shape.

The objective of the proposed technical solution is to increase the aesthetic and ergonomic characteristics of the finished product, as well as to reduce the specific consumption of the main and cushioning materials and the production time of the academic cap, increasing the dimensional limits of the academic headgear, i.e. using one academic confederate for people with adjacent head sizes.

The problem is solved due to the fact that the method of manufacturing the band of an academic confederate involves the use of a single-layer elastic braid and eliminates the use of cushioning material, facilitates the process of manufacturing the band, and when making a band from a single-layer elastic band, the ends of the band are connected by a stitching seam with a closed cut, and to connect the band with the lower edge of the head, a stitch seam is used. The line is laid from the side of the band. The sections are leveled and the notches are aligned. The seam connecting the edges of the band is positioned according to the technical description.

The use of a single-layer elastic band allows you to obtain a given shape with less consumption of the base material and the exclusion of cushioning material, with a given level of compliance with anthropometric and psychophysiological requirements.

The use of a single-layer elastic band ensures that the length of the band corresponds to the dimensional characteristics of the heads of people with adjacent sizes due to the elastic properties of the material. In this case, a good fit of the headdress to the head is achieved, taking into account the utilitarian properties of the finished product.

The essence of the invention is illustrated in Fig. 2, which shows a method for making an academic confederate shirt using a single-layer elastic band. The academic confederate contains a square-shaped head 1, a band 2, a cord 3 located in the center of the head, and a tassel 4 fixed at the bottom of the cord. The ends of the band are connected using a stitching seam with one closed cut, and the open section of the band is pre-stitched on a special-purpose machine 5. Then the ends of the band are ground down, displacing the stitching cut relative to the closed cut 6, and the overcast section of the band is sewn onto the main part 7. Length of the band (Up to) academic confederate is within 0.95Р ≤ To ≤ Р, where Р is the internal size of the headdress. The height of the band of the headdress is in the range 80≤h≤110, where h is the height of the band, mm.

The elastic properties of the band material make it possible to obtain the required shape with less consumption of the base material and the exclusion of cushioning material at a given level of compliance with anthropometric and psychophysiological requirements. As a result of the use of elastic braid, the length of the band of the academic confederate cap corresponds to the dimensional characteristics of the heads of people with adjacent sizes, which ensures a good fit of the headdress to the head, taking into account the utilitarian and aesthetic properties of the finished product.

1. A method for manufacturing an academic confederate shirt with an elastic band, characterized in that the band is made of a single-layer elastic braid, while the ends of the band are connected by a stitching seam with one closed cut and a pre-overlocked open cut and ground with an offset of the stitching cut relative to the closed cut, and the overcast cut The band is adjusted to the main part.

2. The method according to claim 1, in which the length of the band is in the range of 0.95 P≤ To ≤P and corresponds to the dimensional characteristics of the heads of people with adjacent sizes,
where Do is the length of the band;
P is the internal size of the headdress.

3. The method according to claim 1, in which the height of the band is in the range 80≤h≤110, where h is the height of the band, mm.

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For many years I have been collecting information about the origins and typical characteristics of the Confederate uniform, and finally decided to summarize this information in a short article. Many seasonal fans of the Confederation will consider the article to be simplified, but given the large number of questions regarding these lines, I believe that the article will be useful for both beginners and advanced uniformologists.

The origins of the Confederate uniform have varied origins. The basic color for the uniform, gray, was derived from the standard state militia uniform color, cadet gray ( cadet gray), which in turn earlier arose from the everyday gray uniform. In 1812, the gray uniform color was chosen to distinguish the "independent states" units from the dark blue uniformed "national government" units. This connection between cadet gray and state independence was the reason the South chose this color for the uniform of its army. It was a light bluish gray color, no darker than the sky blue commonly used in the American army. But the American Cadet Gray did not become a “Confederate” Gray. It was too difficult in the South to produce uniforms of a given color on a large scale due to lack of manufacturing capacity and limited resources such as fast dyes and fixatives. Instead, the standard color for the British Army, dark blue-gray ( dark blue gray) , became Confederate gray due to its availability, even despite the blockade. The dark gray-blue color of the tarpaulin was still considered as cadet gray (or simply gray). Contemporaries called it "Confederate grey" tarpaulin, "English army cloth", "gray cloth" or any combination of these terms to distinguish it from locally produced fabrics and to distinguish it from other shades of grey. Thus, the Confederate uniform quickly acquired British roots to add to its American past.

Fig1. The 22nd U.S. Regular Infantry Regiment at the Battle of Chippewa, whose soldiers wear gray militia uniforms instead of the blue tailcoats usually used by the regular army. For this reason, the British mistook them for militia and underestimated their firepower.

Fig. 2 Colonel Elmer Ellsworth's uniform is a prime example of the pre-war uniform used by state militia units, and also an example of what a light shade of cadet gray was. Property of the New York State Military Museum.

Fig. 3 Jacket of George Wilson, 1st Maryland Artillery, CSA. He wore this jacket at the end of the war. The dark shade contrasts strongly with the color of the pre-war uniforms. George Wilson's jacket is made from imported blue-gray tarpaulin and is typical of the Confederate Army. Property of the Smithsonian Institution.

The Confederate uniform also has French roots. They manifested themselves in the statutory headdress, which can be formally described as a cap, having the cut of a huntsman's headdress, but with a low recessed crown. Contemporaries rarely used the term "kepi", instead calling the statutory headdress simply cap(in common parlance it is a hat, but for the official names of the headdress we will use the word cap, because the word cap was unacceptable for the mid-19th century, approx. translator). However, the word "kepi" took root after the war, and the headdress became a symbolic piece of the Confederate uniform. Official double breasted uniform ( frock coat) had features of the uniform of the French army and the tunic of the Austrian army of those times. The reason for this may have been a tribute to France for its invaluable military assistance to the South during the war, as well as the fact that the uniform was designed by the Prussian designer Nicola Marshall, who introduced features of the Austrian tunic into the Confederate uniform. In fact, Marshall copied both the design and color of the Austrian snipers' tunic, which was gray with green trim. British Lieutenant Colonel James Freemantle noted this during his time in the Confederacy: "Most of the officers were dressed in smart and serviceable uniforms - a bluish-gray uniform in color similar to the uniform of the Austrian chasseurs." The Confederate tunic was supposed to be the same length as the French and Austrian tunics, but prevailing fashion dictated the length of the uniform to the knee. Therefore, despite the statutory provisions, the Confederate uniform was almost always longer. Due to the shortage of shoulder straps for officers, soutache was developed, which was sewn onto sleeves and caps in the French style. The officer insignia, which was located on the collar, closely replicated the Austrian insignia, while the chevrons for non-commissioned officers remained the same as in the US Army.

Fig.4 Fragment of the painting by Charles Armand-Dumaresque The Battle of Bapaume. This painting of French soldiers during the Franco-Prussian War reflects well the similarities between French and Confederate uniforms. The kepi, double-breasted uniform, and soutache on sleeves and headdresses all served as a model for the Confederate uniform.

Fig. 5 Artillery crew during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 dressed in uniforms and caps, which served as a model for the uniform of the Confederate army.

Fig.6 Confederate Major General Camille de Polignac is wearing a French-style cap.

Figure 7 The official Confederate uniform regulations of 1861 describe the headdress as being “similar in shape to what is called the French kepi.” The word "kepi" is strongly associated with the Confederacy today. During the war, this word was rarely used, preferring to call the headdress a cap. Image from the Kirk Lyons collection.

Fig. 8 Virginia militiamen at the execution of John Brown in December 1859. From about this time, the French-style cap became the authorized headdress for American militia units. The front part of the band of this variant is essentially similar to the Shako M1851. Photo property of the Virginia Historical Society, Richmond, Virginia.

Fig. 9 Lloyd Walter Surnor, Company A, 16th Texas Infantry. Despite the end of the war, he is wearing a statutory cap of the 1861 model. Despite the fact that the 1862 regulation mandated a dark blue band and crown in the service colors of the military branches, Confederate depots continued to issue the simpler M1861 cap throughout the war. The M1861 cap had a instrument-colored band and a gray crown. Photo property of the Museum of the Confederacy, Richmond, Virginia.

Fig. 10 The official uniform of the Confederate army is copied from the uniform of snipers (jaegers) of the Austrian army. The German influence is not surprising, as the Confederate uniform was designed by Prussian artist and immigrant, Nicola Marshall. Image from the Kirk Lyons collection.

Fig. 11 The Archduke of Austria, Rainer von Oesterreich, is dressed in a standard Austrian double-breasted tunic of gray-blue color with stars on the collar. Lithograph of Eduard Kaiser 1860 Confederate officers universally ignored uniform regulations that regulated a short tunic and wore uniforms that stopped just above the knee. The officer rank insignia of the Confederate Army is also copied from the Austrian Army rank insignia located on the collar.

Fig. 12 Nikola Marshal took the tunic of the Austrian rangers as the basis for the Confederation uniform. The image is dated 1852. Figure A. Strassgschwandtner.

Fig. 13 Marshall also used the color scheme of the huntsman tunic, gray with green piping (collar, cuffs and trim). He replaced the green color of the rangers with the colors of the branches of the American army. The Marshal's uniform was too elaborate and expensive to produce, and the Quartermaster Department simplified the uniform to a gray jacket and pants.

Two features of the Confederate uniform that showed American influence were the service colors and blue pants. Confederate statutes regulated the color blue for uniform pants, perhaps suggesting the same shade, sky blue ( sky blue), which had uniform pants in the US Army. But difficulties encountered due to a lack of materials led to the fact that the trousers were most often made of the same color as the tunic. Quartermaster depots, however, produced small quantities of blue trousers whenever imported blue cloth became available. Imported blue cloth differed from American sky blue cloth, much as imported cadet gray differed from pre-war cloth. The Confederacy imported cloth whose color was called " light French blue“(light Parisian blue). This color was darker and more contrasting than the sky blue that the Yankees had. In any case, some Confederate commanders noted the fact that the Confederate blue-gray jacket combined with blue pants was too reminiscent of the Yankee uniform, and thus confusing on the battlefield, and asked quartermasters to no longer supply blue cloth.

Fig. 14 The marshal followed American traditions when choosing the instrument colors of the military branches: red - artillery; yellow – cavalry; blue - infantry. He also transferred chevrons for non-commissioned officers from the “Old Army”. Image from the Kirk Lyons collection.

Fig.15 The next two images show the contrast between the confederate color « light Parisian blue » and federal sky blue. The Confederates did not try to replicate Yankee sky blue; instead, they ordered light Parisian blue from Europe (such as the one in this picture). This color had a darker and more saturated shade. The fabric sample belongs to Charles Childs,County Cloth.

Fig. 16 The Federal sky blue in this picture is lighter than the Confederate blue and has a more muted tone. The fabric sample belongs to Charles Childs,County Cloth.

Fig. 17 These light Parisian blue pants, manufactured by the Richmond Depot, belonged to Henry Redwood of the 3rd Virginia Home Defense Forces. The outer surface of the pants became heavily discolored in the early twentieth century from coal soot and other types of contamination, but the inside remained clean enough to show the difference of the imported Confederate blue. Property of the Museum of the Confederacy, Richmond, Virginia.

Fig. 18 Another view of Henry Redwood's pants showing the pure color at the opened seam. The bright shade of this blue is identical to what the author’s generation called “electric blue.” ( electric blue ) in the 70s - 80s. Property of the Museum of the Confederacy, Richmond, Virginia.

Fig. 19 These federal pants, captured by Thomas Brooke, 3rd Company Howitzer Richmond, show the muted shade of blue used in the North. Property of the Museum of the Confederacy, Richmond, Virginia.

Fig. 20 Shown here for comparison is the difference in colors of blue cloth imported by the Confederacy. Francis Goulding's waistcoat on the left (made from Tate's jacket) has blue trim in a relatively dark shade, this pure blue is calledroyal blue . The trim of Lieutenant John Shatter's uniform on the right is a light Parisian blue. The author of the article found a use for cloth colorsroyal blue only on uniforms produced by Peter Tate. He also notes that Confederate trousers and piping on uniforms were most often made from cloth in the color of light Parisian blue. Items from Richard Ferry's Military Antiques.

Fig. 21 Private Joseph Mayfield, 4th Texas Cavalry, wearing a color jacketcadet gray (cadet gray) and blue pants. Both uniforms were manufactured by the Houston Depot around January 1, 1864, and the cloth for them was imported to Texas in 1863. Property of Southern Methodist University, Lawrence T. Jones CollectionIII.

The designed statutory uniform, consisting of a double-breasted cadet gray tunic, light blue trousers and a colored cap, was problematic to manufacture from the very beginning. The South did not have large quantities of colored cloth to produce such complex uniforms, and there were no quartermasters inclined to waste resources on the production of double-breasted tunics. The Confederate Quartermaster Service Department published a revised set of uniform regulations virtually a month before the official Confederate uniform regulations appeared. In the edited version, the uniform was greatly simplified. The double-breasted tunic for privates and sergeants (which required 14 large buttons and 4 small ones on the cuffs) was replaced by a single-breasted jacket, which required only 7 large buttons and less than two-thirds of cloth. Cadet grey, light blue and various trim colors (red, yellow, light blue and dark blue) were replaced by one base uniform color - grey. The department had a fairly loose definition of the cut and color of the jacket, which gave room for improvisation, depending on what cloth the local quartermasters had available at the time. Thus, American practicality influenced the uniform, taking precedence over the statutory provisions: a short jacket and trousers of the same color, gray or any other available color, of economical material. A floppy, felt, wide-brimmed hat was the practical finishing touch on top of this uniform—another American influence that is also emblematic of the Confederate uniform, both in statistics and in practice.

Fig. 22 The next three pictures show Richmond Depot jackets in typical colors. This jacket has a standard cadet gray color (from imported blue-gray tarpaulin), without colored trim, and fully complies with uniform regulations. Gettysburg National Military Park property.

Fig. 23 This jacket, similar to the product of the Richmond depot, is sewn by a private tailor from steel gray satin (steel gray ). Steel gray was another primary color that local dyers attempted to produce for materials used by the Confederacy to produce uniforms. Property of the Atlanta History Center, George Ray Collection, Atlanta, Georgia.

Fig. 24 Abraham Adler, Company E, 21st Mississippi Infantry, wore this Richmond jacket at the Battle of Chickamauga. Although the jacket had faded to sand, its walnut hue could well have satisfied the Confederate quartermasters as a statutory uniform color. Property of the Louisiana State Museum, New Orleans, Louisiana.

The Confederate jacket is often called “ shell jacket” (short jacket, jacket), this term is of maritime origin. Such short jackets were the universal clothing of sailors, and the name comes from the British term “ shell back” , which was the nickname of British sailors (Now this term denotes an experienced sailor or "sea dog". Officially, a sailor receives this informal title after he first crosses the equator line and participates in the ceremony associated with this fact, translator's note). Another term used for the Confederate jacket is “ roundabout” , comes from the name of an early 19th century casual jacket. This jacket was produced shortened around the waistline, in contrast to the standard tailcoat uniform with tails. One thing the Confederate jackets maintained consistency in was the stand-up collar and wide sleeves. Many of the surviving jackets have a special color now known as “ butternut” (walnut), which became symbolic of the Confederacy.

Fig. 25 Typical name for a confederate jacket “shell jacket”derived from the nickname of British sailors”shell back” (literally can be translated as “cape on the back” or “tightening”), which in addition describes the classic sailor jacket. Image taken from www.wheathamstead.net

Fig.26 This drawing shows the back of an English sailor. Image taken fromwww.St.-George-Squadron.com

Fig. 27 This photo captures for posterity the classic British maritime “bluejacket” (blue jacket) before it fell into disuse. Photo taken fromwww.godfreydykes.info Uniforms of the Royal Marines 1815-1919.

Fig. 28 Another common name for the Confederate jacket was “roundabout" This term comes from the name of the casual jacket of the early 19th century, which began to be produced due to the shortage of tailcoats; it was without tails and shortened at the waist. Ironically, these early roundabouts were gray, just like the Confederate jackets during the Civil War. Drawing by Don Troiani.

Fig.29 Walnut (butternut) jacket by William A. Branch, RothG, 57th North Carolina Infantry. Typical of the Confederacy in cut and color “shell jacket" or "roundabout" Property of the North Carolina Museum of History, Raleigh, North Carolina.

To Be Continued…

In the next part we will find out who “butternut” is, what color it really is, and much, much more.

The longer you defend your rights, the more unpleasant the aftertaste.

In Poland, the “confederate” is usually called “rogatywka”. The name comes from the characteristic “horns” formed by the corners of the crown.

(The “wild Mongol-Asians” gave Poland the main headdress. I wonder if this could be a blow to the pride of the “giants”?)

In Poland, similar hats were originally worn by the Tatars, from whom the first Uhlan regiments were formed. In the 2nd half of the 18th century, the confederate hat became an indispensable attribute of the noble costume, as well as the main military headdress in the army of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

(Hat of a “comrade” from the People’s Cavalry)

It was a bright red cloth cap without a visor, trimmed with black or gray lamb's wool. A cockade, rosette, cavalier's cross or plume was attached to the left. The "Confederate" was adopted as the official headdress of the National Cavalry. In 1780-1790, the lancers developed a new uniform: a high, hard hat with a cloth band and visor.

(National Cavalry soldier in Confederate uniform)

Under the influence of the unfinished Polish revolution (the adoption of the “Constitution of May 3” in 1791) and the uprising of T. Kosciuszko, the “confederate” came into fashion in revolutionary France. During the Directory period, similar headdresses were worn by deputies of the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Elders.

(Sketch of the costume of the “people’s representative” (Jacques-Louis David))

During this period, the confederate hat became associated with the traditional Polish headdress and was used as such by various formations of the period during the T. Kosciuszko Uprising: infantry, police, cosiners. A tall "confederate" with a visor was the standard headdress of the Polish Legions in Italy.
At the end of the reign of Catherine II, the “confederate” became an extremely popular non-statutory headdress in the Russian army, worn by officers instead of the “Potemkin” helmet.
As Alexander Ivanovich Turgenev writes in his memoirs, remembering the day of the empress’s death on November 7, 1796: “I put on a warm frock coat, on my head a Confederate jacket a la Kosciuszko... I wore a Confederate jacket because everyone then wore Confederate jackets (the army generals, headquarters and chief officers wore Confederate jackets while in office, in the service, in full uniform)”.

(Two Kamchadals and a Russian soldier. German engraving 1803-1805. Disabled soldier
depicted in an old “Potemkin” uniform and a non-statutory Confederate cap)

(Lancer's cap of the 1st regiment of (Polish) Shevolezher-Uhlans of the Imperial Guard)

(Ulans of the Duchy of Warsaw in "Confederate")

After 1815, they were preserved only by the lancers of the Kingdom of Poland. Used by rebels during the November Uprising of 1830-1831, including the National Guard, as well as during other Polish uprisings - Krakow 1846 and the Spring of Nations 1848, including the Polish Legion in Hungary in 1848-1849 and the Polish Legion in Italy in 1848, often being the only national element of the uniform. Confederates were provided for infantry and cavalry during the January Uprising of 1863.

("Revolutionary" lancers in slingshot helmets of the 1863 model.)

In the 1820-1840s. Confederates spread among liberal-minded romantic youth. Russian nihilists of the 60s. XIX century also worn by Confederate women. Here is the description of A.M. Skabichevsky, depicting to us the appearance of young people of that time: “The desire not to resemble in any way the despicable philistines extended to the very appearance of the new people, and thus those notorious nihilistic costumes appeared in which young people flaunted during the 60s and 70s. Plaids and knotty clubs, bobbed hair (of women) and shoulder-length braids, blue glasses, Fradiavol hats and Confederate hats, God, in what a poetic halo all this was depicted in those days and how it made young hearts beat.”.

(Burschi students from the University of Würzburg (Germany). 1820)

(Krakus peasants. 1840)

(Officer's "confederate" model 1919)

The confederate officers' shirts were embroidered with silver braid, and the cornet's jackets were embroidered with scarlet cotton ribbon. The color of the band corresponded to the type of troops. In mountain formations they wore confederate women with an eagle feather, and in the 11th Carpathian Infantry Division - with a bunch of grouse feathers.

In 1937, in addition to the garrison cap, a soft field confederate cap was introduced for all types of troops except aviation, navy, armored and motorized units. According to the regulations, tailoring for ordinary personnel was made from uniform cloth, and for officers - from worsted fabric. The hat folded out to cover the ears and the back of the neck. The cockade was embroidered with gray thread on an oval cloth lining. This type was used by Polish partisans during World War II.

(Jolners in "confederate" cloth with a soft stitched visor and a buckle in front. The cockade was Polish,
the so-called Piast eagle, with its beak turned to the left, an eagle without a crown, made of white metal or painted in a protective color.)

In the Polish People's Army created in 1943 on the territory of the USSR, a soft field confederate cap was introduced on the model of the pre-war one, and after the liberation of Poland, the pre-war hard garrison confederate caps were returned, which were replaced by round caps around 1950.
In 1952, “rain” camouflage was introduced for ordinary personnel, and “Moro” camouflage was introduced in 1969.

(Soldier in Moro camouflage and with SVD, mid-70s)

Confederate uniforms were worn by the Civil Police and Fire Department departments. In the 1990s, the beret was replaced in the army.
Hard garrison caps based on the 1935 model were returned to the Representative Company of the Polish Army, and in 1990 - to the entire Polish Army.

(Soldiers of Kompanii Reprezentacyjnej WP)

Officers and generals wear Confederate shirts with a crossing silver braid on top. (Cornets and junior officers have one silver braid above the band, senior officers have two braids, generals have embroidery in the form of a “general’s snake” on the band. On the visor of junior officers there is one, and senior officers and generals have two silver braids.

(Major's "confederate")

Carnival costume with a confederate figure for kindergarten

If the event for kids is not a formal event, but an entertaining one, the easiest way is to make an academic cap out of paper.

The cap consists of two parts - the upper part, to which the tassel is attached, and the lower part, the band, which is put on the head. The tassel of “real” graduates is loosely attached to a button, because during the graduation ceremony it is thrown to the other side of the head, symbolizing the transition to a new educational level.

For a children's confederate cap, you can simply glue the tassel into the corner of its upper part, but if you really want to, you can sew an academic cap according to all the rules, even if it is a little more complicated.

We make the length of the band commensurate with the circumference of the head, leaving the opportunity to freely put on the headdress so that it does not tear. To make the top part, cut out a regular rhombus from cardboard.

The parts of the cap are glued together using a strip of paper. It will be most beautiful if you make such a confederate from velvet colored paper.

DIY student confederate

Satin and velvet gabardine are most often used to make confederate shirts.

Option 1

1. For the base we use thick cardboard. Let's cut a square out of it, the side is about thirty centimeters. We cut out a square from the selected fabric, which is enough to wrap the cardboard base with an envelope, plus add a couple of centimeters on each side for the seams.
2. We place the cardboard base on top of the spread fabric, fold the corners and glue them to the middle: first two opposite corners, glue a tassel between them, then fold and glue the remaining ones. Let's turn the cut lines inward on them.
3. We measure the circumference of the head and begin making the lower part of the confederate. We cut a strip of fabric with a width equal to the circumference of the head and a height of about 25 centimeters.
4. Fold the strip lengthwise (the edges are different - 10 and 15 centimeters) and iron it.
5. We unfold it, glue the doublerin along the fold line (along the ten-centimeter side) (six layers, seven centimeters wide), wrap the edge of the fabric over it. Iron it.
6. We turn it facing inward again, then you need to stitch the crown, turn it inside out and bend it along the ironed lines.
7. Gather the fabric and sew it to the top of the hat.

Option 2

We select the basis for our confederate hat: the simplest solution would be to take thick cardboard or cut a strip from a plastic bottle 15 cm wide. We connect the strip into a ring and secure the ends with a pin or paper clip. We measure its length, add one and a half centimeters to the seams.

Take a piece of fabric 150 by 150 cm and start sewing.

Ring: fold the cut “face” inward, cut it with allowances for a longitudinal cut of 15 cm, for transverse ones of 1.5 cm. Sew the transverse sections into a ring, insert a plastic (or cardboard) base, and fasten its ends with a stapler. Try it on and adjust the length. We tighten the fabric to make a cap and cut off the excess fabric.

Crown: cut out a rhombus from cardboard and two rhombuses from fabric (not forgetting to leave for the seams). Fold the right side inward and sew together, leaving one side. We turn it inside out, insert cardboard, sew in a tassel, sew the crown and band together.

Polish national hat with a quadrangular crown. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. CONFEDERATE Polish hat with a quadrangular top. A complete dictionary of foreign words that came into use in ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

1. CONFEDERATE see Confederate. 2. CONFEDERATE, and; pl. genus. current, date tkam; and. [Polish konfederatka] 1. In Poland: a men's headdress in the form of a tetrahedral cap without a visor, with a tassel at the top, worn by supporters of the confederation (3... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Cap, cap Dictionary of Russian synonyms. confederate noun, number of synonyms: 3 headdress (133) cap ... Synonym dictionary

1) Polish national men's headdress in the form of a tetrahedral cap without a visor with a tassel at the top, which was worn by the Confederates (since 1768). 2) In the Polish army, a cap with a quadrangular top ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Polish national cap (an allusion to the times of the Polish confederation, rebellion). Wed. Confédération confoederatio (lat.); (foedus union), confederation, union. Wed. Fides (πίστις, faith) trust... Michelson's Large Explanatory and Phraseological Dictionary (original spelling)

CONFEDERATE, confederate, female. (Polish: konfederatka). 1. Polish national cap, worn by Polish revolutionaries since the Confederation of Bar in 1768, with a square bottom and a tassel at the top. “Landowners in confederate clothes and... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

CONFEDERATE Ethnographic Dictionary

confederate- Confederate hat, a men's hat with a quadrangular top among the Poles... Encyclopedia "Peoples and Religions of the World"

Men's hat with a quadrangular top among the Poles... Ethnographic Dictionary

Three-color Polish hat; received its name during the rebellion of 1830-31. Three colors (red, blue and white) were assigned to the uniforms of the former Confederates, in imitation of the national clothes of the Krakow peasants, who still wear blue caftans with... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron

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• Nurse, Soldier and Spy, Sarah Edmonds, It is estimated that 400 women took part in the Civil War between the industrial North and the plantation South in the United States - and not all women, of course, but those who dressed in harsh men's clothes... Category: