The collapse of the USSR causes and geopolitical consequences presentation. Triumph and collapse of the USSR

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The collapse of the USSR is the processes of systemic disintegration that took place in the economy (national economy), social structure, public and political sphere of the Soviet Union, which led to the cessation of the existence of the USSR on December 26, 1991. The main reasons for the collapse were both internal - the unreformability and militarization of the economy, many years of economic stagnation, insurmountable interethnic problems, especially in the Baltic republics, the repressive nature of the Soviet state; and external - the Cold War and the arms race.

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The collapse of the USSR led to the independence of 15 republics of the USSR and their emergence on the world political stage as independent states

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History of the collapse of the USSR The USSR inherited the territory and multinational structure of the Russian Empire. Finland and Poland gained independence. In 1918-1921, some western territories were lost, but were re-annexed in 1939-1946. Annexation of the Baltic states to the USSR (1940) - the process of including the independent Baltic states - Estonia, Latvia and most of the territory of modern Lithuania - into the Soviet Union, carried out after the defeat of the Anglo-French forces in Europe by German troops in the summer of 1940.

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After the end of World War II, the USSR had a vast territory in Europe and Asia, with access to seas and oceans, enormous natural resources, and a developed socialist-type economy based on regional specialization and interregional economic ties. In addition, the leadership of the “socialist camp countries” was under partial control of the USSR authorities.

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In the 70-80s, interethnic conflicts (the 1972 riots in Kaunas, the December 1986 events in Kazakhstan) were insignificant, Soviet ideology emphasized that the USSR was a friendly family of fraternal peoples. The USSR was led by representatives of various nationalities (Georgian I.V. Stalin, Ukrainians N.S. Khrushchev and K.U. Chernenko, Russian L.I. Brezhnev).

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Russians, the most numerous people, lived not only on the territory of the RSFSR, but also in all other republics. Each of the republics of the Soviet Union had its own anthem and its own party leadership (except for the RSFSR) - the first secretary (not to be confused with the General Secretary, whose place of work was necessarily the Moscow Kremlin), etc.

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The leadership of the multinational state was centralized - the country was headed by the central bodies of the CPSU, which controlled the entire hierarchy of government bodies. The leaders of the union republics were approved by the central leadership. This actual state of affairs differed somewhat from the idealized design described in the Constitution of the USSR. Some union republics of the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR, according to the results of the agreements reached at the Yalta Conference, had their representatives in the UN from the moment of its founding.

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After Stalin's death, some decentralization of power took place. In particular, it became a strict rule to appoint a representative of the titular nation of the corresponding republic to the post of first secretary in the republics. The second secretary of the party in the republics was an appointee of the Central Committee. Which led to the fact that local leaders had a certain independence and unconditional power in their regions. After the collapse of the USSR, many of these leaders transformed into dictators. However, in Soviet times their fate depended on the central leadership.

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Among the possible reasons are the following: Centrifugal tendencies, which, according to some, are inherent in every multinational country. The generally repressive nature of Soviet society (persecution of the church, KGB actions against dissidents, forced collectivism). The dominance of one ideology, ideological narrow-mindedness, a ban on communication with foreign countries, censorship, lack of free discussion of alternatives (especially important for the intelligentsia). Growing dissatisfaction of the population due to shortages of food and the most necessary goods. Constant lag in living standards from the countries of the “decaying” West.

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A number of man-made disasters (plane crashes, Chernobyl accident, gas explosions, etc.) and the concealment of information about them. Unsuccessful attempts to reform the Soviet system, which led to stagnation and then the collapse of the economy, which led to the collapse of the political system. The decline in world oil prices, which shook the economy of the USSR.

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Monocentrism of decision-making is only in Moscow, which led to inefficiency and loss of time. The inability of the USSR to withstand the arms race, the victory of “Reaganomics” in this race. The Afghan war and incessant financial assistance to the countries of the socialist camp, which ruined the budget. The ineffective activities of the rulers - Brezhnev and his successors, whose reform activities ruined the economy and spoiled the mechanisms of centralized power. The interest of Western states in weakening the USSR, the subversive activities of Western intelligence services. The unscrupulousness of the central and republican authorities, who destroyed the USSR because of their political ambitions and the struggle for power.

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Interethnic contradictions, the desire of individual peoples to independently develop their culture and economy. The usefulness, according to some politicians, of the collapse of the USSR for the harmonious development of each of the republics that were part of the USSR. Former citizens of socialist countries who fled to the West. Some of them made the cultural and ideological subversion of the communist regime the meaning of their lives.

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General crisis The collapse of the USSR took place against the backdrop of the onset of a general economic, foreign policy and demographic crisis. In 1989, the beginning of the economic crisis in the USSR was officially announced for the first time (economic growth was replaced by decline). In the period 1989-1991, the main problem of the Soviet economy reached its maximum - a chronic commodity shortage; Almost all basic goods, except bread, disappear from free sale. Rationed supplies in the form of coupons are being introduced throughout the country.

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Since 1991, a demographic crisis (an excess of mortality over the birth rate) has been recorded for the first time. Refusal to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries entails the massive collapse of pro-Soviet communist regimes in Eastern Europe in 1989. In Poland, former leader of the Solidarity trade union Lech Walesa comes to power (December 9, 1990), in Czechoslovakia - former dissident Vaclav Havel (December 29, 1989).

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In Romania, unlike other countries of Eastern Europe, the communists were removed by force, and the dictator-president Ceausescu and his wife were shot by a tribunal. Thus, there is a virtual collapse of the Soviet sphere of influence.

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Interethnic conflicts A number of interethnic conflicts are flaring up on the territory of the USSR. The first manifestation of tension during the Perestroika period was the events in Kazakhstan. On December 16, 1986, a protest demonstration took place in Alma-Ata after Moscow tried to impose its protege V. G. Kolbin, who had previously worked as the first secretary of the Ulyanovsk Regional Committee of the CPSU and had nothing to do with Kazakhstan, to the post of first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the KazSSR. This demonstration was suppressed by internal troops. Some of its participants “disappeared” or were imprisoned. These events are known as "Zheltoksan".

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Karabakh conflict 1988-1994 The Karabakh conflict that began in 1988 was particularly acute. There are mass pogroms of both Armenians and Azerbaijanis. In 1989, the Supreme Council of the Armenian SSR announced the annexation of Nagorno-Karabakh, and the Azerbaijan SSR began a blockade. In April 1991, a war actually began between the two Soviet republics. In 1990, unrest occurred in the Fergana Valley, a feature of which was the mixing of several Central Asian nationalities - the Osh massacre (1990) - an interethnic conflict on the territory of the Kyrgyz SSR between the Kyrgyz and Uzbeks.

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Osh massacre (1990) - In May 1990, poor young Kyrgyz people demanded that they be given collective farm land. The city authorities, consisting mainly of Kyrgyz, agreed to satisfy this demand, but after a few days they reversed their decision. In June 1990, in the Kyrgyz city of Osh, located in the Fergana Valley, in close proximity to the border with the Uzbek SSR, clashes began between local Kyrgyz and Uzbeks.

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From history... The territory of Nagorno-Karabakh in ancient times was part of the province of Artsakh (in the Middle Ages, the Khachen Principality). Nagorno-Karabakh, populated predominantly by Armenians, at the beginning of the 20th century twice (in 1905-1907 and 1918-1920) became the scene of a bloody Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict. In 1921, by a resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), it was included in the Azerbaijan SSR with the creation autonomy (NKAO - Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region). This caused discontent among the Armenians, who for many decades demanded the annexation of NKAO to Armenia. Until the mid-1980s, however, such demands were rarely made public, and any action in this direction was immediately suppressed.

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The policy of democratization of Soviet public life, initiated by M. Gorbachev, provided completely different opportunities. Already at the beginning of October 1987, at rallies in Yerevan dedicated to environmental problems, demands were made for the transfer of NKAO to Armenia, which were subsequently repeated in numerous appeals sent to the Soviet leadership. In 1987 - early 1988, the dissatisfaction of the Armenian population with their socio-economic situation in the region intensified, and the collection of signatures began on an appeal in support of the demand for the transfer of Karabakh to Armenia.

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Stepanakert... On February 13, the first rally takes place in Stepanakert, at which demands are made for the annexation of NKAO to Armenia. The City Executive Committee gives permission to hold it, outlining the goal - “the demand for the reunification of NKAO with Armenia.” M. Asadov unsuccessfully tries to prevent the rally. Asadov is credited with two phrases that he allegedly uttered these days, trying to put pressure on the local leadership of the NKAO with threats: “We will turn Karabakh into an Armenian cemetery” and “One hundred thousand Azerbaijanis are ready at any time to break into Karabakh and carry out a massacre”[

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The leadership of the Azerbaijan SSR, as a measure of pressure on the NKAO and Armenia, is undertaking an economic blockade of them, cutting off the delivery of national economic goods (food, fuel and building materials) by rail and road transport through its territory. NKAO was practically isolated from the outside world. Many enterprises were stopped, transport was idle, and crops were not exported. The population was on the verge of starvation.

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Black January 1990 January 13 - 20, 1990 - Armenian pogroms in Baku, where by the beginning of the year only about 35 thousand Armenians remained. The central authorities of the USSR are showing criminal slowness in making decisions to stop the violence. Only a week after the start of the pogroms, troops were brought into Baku to prevent the seizure of power by the anti-communist Popular Front of Azerbaijan. This action led to numerous casualties among the civilian population of Baku, who tried to prevent the entry of troops (see Black January).

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Operation “Ring” April 30 - the beginning of the so-called Operation “Ring”, carried out by Soviet troops with the support of the forces of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Azerbaijan, - officially as an operation to disarm Armenian “illegal armed groups” and check the passport regime in Karabakh, which was accompanied by ethnic cleansing. The operation led to armed clashes and casualties among the population and was stopped only after the failure of the August (1991) putsch in Moscow. The result of Operation Ring was the complete deportation of 24 Armenian villages of Karabakh. May 1 - The US Senate unanimously adopted a resolution condemning the crimes committed by the authorities of the USSR and Azerbaijan against the Armenian population of Nagorno-Karabakh, Armenia and Azerbaijan

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Ceasefire... May 5, 1994 - through the mediation of a group of CIS states, Azerbaijan, Armenia and NKR signed the Bishkek Protocol. May 9, 1994 - Russian Presidential Plenipotentiary Representative in Nagorno-Karabakh Vladimir Kazimirov prepared the “Agreement on an Indefinite Ceasefire,” which was signed on behalf of Azerbaijan by Defense Minister Mammadrafi Mammadov on the same day in Baku. May 10, 1994 - The "Agreement" in Yerevan was signed by Defense Minister Serge Sargsyan on behalf of Armenia. May 11, 1994 - The "Agreement" in Stepanakert was signed by army commander Samvel Babayan on behalf of Nagorno-Karabakh. This "Agreement" came into force at midnight on June 12, 1994.

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Movements in the republics for secession from the USSR and the “parade of sovereignties” Among the Muslim republics, with the exception of the Azerbaijani Popular Front, the movement for independence existed only in one of the autonomous republics of the Volga region - the “Ittifaq” party of Fauzia Bayramova in Tatarstan, which since 1989 has advocated independence of Tatarstan.

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Crimea The decision to rehabilitate the peoples deported by Stalin leads to increasing tension in a number of regions, in particular, in Crimea - between returning Crimean Tatars and Russians, in the Prigorodny region of North Ossetia - between Ossetians and returning Ingush. Against the background of the general crisis, the popularity of radical democrats led by Boris Yeltsin is growing; it reaches its maximum in the two largest cities - Moscow and Leningrad.

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During 1990-1991 the so-called “parade of sovereignties”, during which all the union republics (one of the first was the RSFSR) and many of the autonomous republics adopted Declarations of Sovereignty, in which they challenged the priority of all-union laws over republican ones, which began the “war of laws”. They also took actions to control local economies, including refusals to pay taxes to the union and federal Russian budgets. These conflicts cut off many economic ties, which further worsened the economic situation in the USSR.

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The first territory of the USSR to declare independence in January 1990 in response to the Baku events was the Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Before the August putsch, two union republics (Lithuania and Georgia) declared independence, four more (Estonia, Latvia, Moldova, Armenia) refused to join the proposed new Union (USG, see below) and transition to independence. Immediately after the events of the State Emergency Committee, independence was declared by almost all the remaining union republics, as well as several autonomous ones outside Russia, some of which later became the so-called. unrecognized states.

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Lithuania On June 3, 1988, the Sąjūdis independence movement was founded in Lithuania. In January 1990, Gorbachev's visit to Vilnius caused a demonstration of independence supporters numbering up to 250 thousand people. On March 11, 1990, the Supreme Council of Lithuania, headed by Vytautas Landsbergis, declared independence. Thus, Lithuania became the first of the union republics to declare independence, and one of two that did so before the events of the State Emergency Committee. Lithuania's independence was not recognized by the central government of the USSR and almost all other countries. The Soviet government began an economic blockade of Lithuania, and later troops were used. On July 31, 1991, unknown persons (according to the Lithuanian authorities - officers of the Riga riot police) shot 7 Lithuanian customs officers at the Medininkai checkpoint.

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Estonia In April 1988, the People's Front of Estonia was formed in support of perestroika, which did not formally set as its goal the exit of Estonia from the USSR, but became the basis for achieving it. In June 1988, the so-called “Singing revolution” - at the traditional festival on the Singing Field, in which, according to the media, up to one hundred thousand people took part, propaganda materials and badges of the Popular Front were distributed. In September of the same year, during a rally on the same Song Field, a call for independence was publicly voiced.

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Estonia On May 8 of the same year, the Supreme Council of the ESSR decided to rename the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic into the Estonian Republic. On January 12, 1991, during the visit of the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR Boris Yeltsin to Tallinn, the “Agreement on the Fundamentals of Interstate Relations of the RSFSR with the Republic of Estonia” was signed between him and the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia Arnold Ruutel, in which both parties recognized each other as independent states. On August 20, 1991, the Supreme Council of Estonia adopted a resolution “On the state independence of Estonia,” and on September 6 of the same year, the USSR officially recognized the independence of Estonia.

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Secession of Georgia Since 1989, a movement has emerged in Georgia to secede from the USSR, which has intensified against the backdrop of the growing Georgian-Abkhaz conflict. On April 9, 1989, clashes with troops occur in Tbilisi with casualties among the local population. On November 28, 1990, during the elections, the Supreme Council of Georgia was formed, headed by the radical nationalist Zviad Gamsakhurdia, who was later (May 26, 1991) elected president by popular vote. On April 9, 1991, the Supreme Council declared independence based on the results of a referendum. Georgia became the second of the union republics to declare independence, and one of two (with the Lithuanian SSR) that did so before the August events. The autonomous republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, which were part of Georgia, announced non-recognition of the independence of Georgia and their desire to remain part of the Union, and later formed unrecognized states (in 2008, after the armed conflict in South Ossetia, their independence was recognized by Russia and Nicaragua).

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Secession of Azerbaijan In 1988, the Popular Front of Azerbaijan was formed. The beginning of the Karabakh conflict led to the orientation of Armenia towards Russia, at the same time it led to the strengthening of pro-Turkish elements in Azerbaijan. After demands for independence were heard at the beginning of the anti-Armenian demonstrations in Baku, they were suppressed on January 20-21, 1990 by the Soviet Army with numerous casualties.

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Secession of Moldova Since 1989, the movement for secession from the USSR and state unification with Romania has been intensifying in Moldova. October 1990 - clashes between Moldovans and Gagauz, a national minority in the south of the country. June 23, 1990 Moldova declares sovereignty. Moldova proclaims independence after the events of the State Emergency Committee - August 27, 1991. The population of eastern and southern Moldova, trying to avoid integration with Romania, declared non-recognition of the independence of Moldova and proclaimed the formation of the new republics of the Transnistrian Moldavian Republic and Gagauzia, which expressed a desire to remain in the Union.

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Secession of Ukraine In September 1989, the movement of Ukrainian national democrats, the People's Movement of Ukraine (People's Movement of Ukraine), was founded, which participated in the elections on March 30, 1990 to the Verkhovna Rada (Supreme Council) of Ukraine, and gained significant influence in it. After the failure of the August putsch on August 24, 1991, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted a declaration of independence, which was supported by the results of the referendum on December 1, 1991. Later in Crimea, thanks to the Russian-speaking majority of the population who did not want separation from Russia, the sovereignty of the Republic of Crimea was proclaimed for a short time

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...to create a democratic rule-of-law state In addition to declaring the sovereignty of the RSFSR and the intention to create a democratic rule-of-law state within the renewed USSR, the declaration also stated: the RSFSR over the legislative acts of the USSR; equal legal opportunities for all citizens, political parties and public organizations; the principle of separation of legislative, executive and judicial powers; the need to significantly expand the rights of the autonomous republics, regions, districts, and territories of the RSFSR. The declaration was signed by the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR B.N. Yeltsin. Since 1994, the day of adoption of the Declaration, June 12, is a state holiday of the Russian Federation.

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Signing of the Belovezhskaya Accords. Founding of the CIS. In December 1991, the heads of the three republics, the founders of the USSR - Belarus, Russia and Ukraine gathered in Belovezhskaya Pushcha (Belarus) to sign an agreement on the creation of the GCC. However, early agreements were rejected by Ukraine. On December 8, 1991, they stated that the USSR was ceasing to exist, announced the impossibility of forming the GCC and signed the Agreement on the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The signing of the agreements caused a negative reaction from Gorbachev, but after the August putsch he no longer had real power. As B.N. Yeltsin later emphasized, the Belovezhskaya Agreements did not dissolve the USSR, but only stated its actual collapse by that time.

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On December 21, 1991, at a meeting of presidents in Alma-Ata (Kazakhstan), 8 more republics joined the CIS: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and the so-called Alma-Ata Agreement was signed, which became the basis of the CIS.

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The CIS was founded not as a confederation, but as an international (interstate) organization, which is characterized by weak integration and a lack of real power among the coordinating supranational bodies. Membership in this organization was rejected by the Baltic republics, as well as Georgia (it joined the CIS only in October 1993 during a power struggle between supporters of Zviad Gamsakhurdia and Eduard Shevardnadze).

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The authorities of the USSR as a subject of international law ceased to exist on December 25-26, 1991. Russia declared itself a continuator of the USSR's membership (and not a legal successor, as is often erroneously indicated) in international institutions, assumed the debts and assets of the USSR and declared itself the owner of all property of the USSR Abroad. According to data provided by the Russian Federation, at the end of 1991, the liabilities of the former Union were estimated at 93.7 billion dollars, and assets at 110.1 billion. Vnesheconombank's deposits amounted to about $700 million. The so-called “zero option,” according to which the Russian Federation became the legal successor of the former Soviet Union in terms of external debt and assets, including foreign property, was not ratified by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, which claimed the right to dispose of the property of the USSR.

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December 26, 1991 is considered the day the existence of the USSR ceased to exist, although some institutions and organizations of the USSR (for example, the State Standard of the USSR, the Committee for the Protection of the State Border) still continued to function during 1992, and, for example, the Committee for Constitutional Supervision of the USSR was not officially dissolved at all . After the collapse of the USSR, Russia and the “near abroad” constitute the so-called. post-Soviet space.

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Transformations in Russia: The collapse of the USSR led to the almost immediate launch by Yeltsin and his supporters of a broad program of transformations. The most radical first steps were: In the economic field - price liberalization on January 2, 1992, which served as the beginning of “shock therapy”; In the political field - the ban on the CPSU and the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (November 1991);

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Assessments of the collapse of the USSR are ambiguous: Opponents of the USSR in the Cold War perceived the collapse of the USSR as their victory. In this regard, in the United States, for example, one can often hear disappointment in victory: the “Russians” who lost the war are still a nuclear power, defend national interests, interfere in foreign policy disputes, and so on. On April 25, 2005, Russian President V. Putin, in his message to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, stated: First of all, it should be recognized that the collapse of the Soviet Union was the largest geopolitical catastrophe of the century. For the Russian people it became a real drama. Tens of millions of our fellow citizens and compatriots found themselves outside Russian territory. The epidemic of collapse also spread to Russia itself.

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1. Exacerbation of the national issue. 2.Interethnic conflicts. 3.Elections of 1990 in the union republics. 4.Development of the Union Treaty. 5. August 1991 6. Collapse of the USSR.

Lesson plan.

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Why did M. Gorbachev fail to save the USSR?

Lesson assignment.

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The democratization of society led to the aggravation of interethnic problems. In 1986, in Yakutia, students staged a demonstration under the slogan “Yakutia is for the Yakuts.” In December, there were mass riots in Kazakhstan caused by the replacement at post 1 Secretary of the Central Committee D. Kunaev to G. Kolbin. Serious dissatisfaction in Uzbekistan prompted an investigation into corruption among the national leadership. The most acute national issue arose in Transcaucasia.

1. Exacerbation of the national issue.

D.A. Kunaev - 1st Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan.

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In 1987, the Armenian population of Nagorno-Karabakh demanded that this ASSR be transferred to Armenia. The center promised to consider this issue. In response, reprisals against Armenians began in Sumgait (Azerbaijan). M. Gorbachev gave the order to send troops into the city and declared a curfew there. In 1988, Popular Fronts emerged in the Baltics. At first they supported perestroika, but then announced their intention to secede from the USSR.

2.Interethnic conflicts.

Distribution of food to refugees from Nagorno-Karabakh.

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Soon local languages ​​were declared official. They tried to follow the example of the Baltic states in Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova. In Transcaucasia, national conflicts acquired an internal character. The threat of Islamic fundamentalism appeared here. In Yakutia, Bashkiria, Tatarstan, they demanded to make the republics union. Local leaders everywhere emphasized that their republics “feed” Russia.

A. Brazauskas - 1st Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Lithuanian SSR.

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The local party leadership supported the nationalist movements in order to maintain power. In the spring of 1990, elections were held in the union republics. The newly elected leaders announced sovereignty. Gorbachev initially reacted negatively to the “rad of sovereignties.” Economic sanctions were imposed on Lithuania, but it was helped by the USA, France, and Germany. In these conditions, the development of a new Union Treaty began.

3.Elections of 1990 in the union republics.

F. Mitterrand and V. Landsbergis.

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The majority of members of the country's top leadership opposed its revision. Gorbachev began to fight against them using the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR Yeltsin. The main idea of ​​the new treaty was to provide the republics with broad economic powers. At this time, Lithuania adopted laws that ensured its independence. In January 1991 Gorbachev issued an ultimatum. This caused clashes that resulted in the death of 14 people.

4.Development of the Union Treaty.

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On March 17, a referendum was held in which 76% of the population were in favor of preserving the Union. In the summer of 1991, Boris Yeltsin was elected president of the RSFSR. He invited the republics to take as much sovereignty as they “could eat.” M. Gorbachev gathered representatives of the republics in Novo-Ogarevo and, having agreed with all the conditions and requirements, was able to prepare a draft Treaty. It provided for the creation of a confederation.

M. Gorbachev and the leaders of the union republics In Novo-Ogarevo.

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But part of the country’s top leadership was against the project. In the absence of Gorbachev in Moscow, the State Emergency Committee was created on the night of August 19. He introduced a state of emergency in a number of regions of the country, banned opposition parties, established censorship, sent troops into Moscow, etc. But 20 August, the Supreme Court of the RSFSR declared the actions of the State Emergency Committee a coup d'état and declared them illegal.

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At Yeltsin’s call, thousands of Muscovites gathered at the White House to prevent its storming. On August 21, the RSFSR Armed Forces supported the leadership of the republic. On the same day, Gorbachev returned to Moscow, and the members of the State Emergency Committee were arrested. On August 25, M. Gorbachev assembled the Armed Forces The USSR obtained a decision from its deputies to dissolve itself. At the end of August, all the union republics declared their complete independence.

Boris Yeltsin at the White House. August 1991

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On September 5, the State Council was formed from the leaders of the union republics. On September 6, it recognized the independence of the Baltic republics. M. Gorbachev tried to resume work on the Union Treaty, but the leaders of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus behind his back, on December 8 in Belovezhskaya Pushcha, signed an agreement to denounce the Union Treaty of 1922. On December 25, 1991, M. Gorbachev announced his resignation.

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Slide captions:

Collapse of the USSR Teacher of history and social studies Emelyanov V.V. Municipal educational institution "Lyceum of Kozmodemyansk"

Plan 1. Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR 2. Reasons for the collapse of the USSR 3. Novo-Ogarevsky process 4. August 1991 putsch 5. Belovezhskaya agreement 6. Consequences of the collapse of the USSR

Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR In the 70s-80s, the country was headed by the central bodies of the CPSU. Their main goal was the renewal of socialism, the essence of which was to combine socialism and democracy, which should lead to a better socialism. General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee M.S. Gorbachev Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR N.I. Ryzhkov

Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR To help implement the plans, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the party was created, which included: V.M. Chebrikov, E.K. Ligachev, B.N. Yeltsin, A.N. Yakovlev and E.A. Shevardnadze.

Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR Gorbachev saw the main lever on the path to better socialism in accelerating socio-economic development.

Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR Particular attention was paid to the engineering industry, since the reconstruction of the technology of the national economic complex would resolve two important issues: housing and food.

Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR Relying on enthusiasm, not supported by the necessary equipment and qualifications of workers, led not to an acceleration, but to a significant increase in accidents in various sectors of the national economy. The largest of them was the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in April 1986.

Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR Experiencing growing difficulties in the economy, the country's leadership, led by M.S. Gorbachev, since the summer of 1988, decided to reform the ossified political system of the USSR, which it regarded as the main link of the “braking mechanism.” At the first stage, the goal of the political reform was to strengthen the leading role of the CPSU in society through the revitalization of the Soviets, introducing elements of parliamentarism and separation of powers into the Soviet system.

Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR In accordance with the decisions of the XIX All-Union Party Conference (June 1988), a new supreme body of power was established - the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR and the corresponding republican congresses.

Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR At the end of 1988, the system of elections to the Soviets was changed. The election of people's deputies should be carried out on an alternative basis. Elections to the highest authority took place in the spring of 1989.

Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR Permanent Supreme Soviets of the USSR and republics were formed from among the people's deputies. The General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, M.S. Gorbachev, became the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (March 1989).

Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR From mid-1987, a course towards glasnost was proclaimed. Censorship was lifted, previously banned books began to be published, and new newspapers began to be published.

Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR This caused a surge in social activity of the population: mass rallies, discussions in newspapers about the choice of the path of social development, associations in support of “perestroika”.

Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR A commission headed by Yakovlev was created in the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee, the purpose of which was to further study the documents of those repressed in the 30s-50s. citizens. N.I. Bukharin, A.I. Rykov, L.D. Trotsky, L.B. Kamenev and many other prominent figures of the Soviet past were rehabilitated. Member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee (in 1987-90) Yakovlev A.N.

Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR Since the spring of 1990, the Gorbachev administration moved to the second stage of political reforms. The distinctive features of this stage were: - recognition of shifts in public sentiment, in the real alignment of political forces and their legislative implementation (the adoption of the law on the press in August 1990, the repeal of Article 6 of the USSR Constitution, the official registration of political parties, etc.);

The prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR were the introduction of a new highest government position - the President of the USSR and the concentration of power in the presidential apparatus at the expense of allied Soviet structures (the Congress of People's Deputies and the Supreme Council), which were losing control over the situation in the country and authority in society. The III Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR in March 1990 elected M.S. Gorbachev as President of the USSR; - direct negotiations between the President of the USSR and the leadership of the republics on the conclusion of a new union treaty.

Reasons for the collapse of the USSR In the mid-1980s, the USSR included 15 republics: Armenian, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Latvian, Lithuanian, Moldavian, RSFSR, Tajik, Turkmen, Uzbek, Ukrainian and Estonian. More than 270 million people lived on its territory, representatives of more than 140 nationalities. With the beginning of “perestroika,” changes began to occur in relations between the republics. The contradictions inherent in the formation of the USSR made themselves felt. The Union republics did not have real equality within the Soviet Union.

Reasons for the collapse of the USSR The weakening of state structures and the decline in the prestige of the Communist Party, which served as the “cementing principle” of the union state, led to an explosion of separatism. Glasnost “highlighted” carefully hidden pages of national relations. Facts of discrimination against entire peoples and their eviction from their places of residence became known.

Reasons for the collapse of the USSR With the beginning of “perestroika”, demands were put forward for the rehabilitation of the Volga Germans, Crimean Tatars, Meskhetian Turks, etc. The central government, instead of satisfying these demands, viewed them as a manifestation of nationalism and brutally suppressed them. 1986 was the year of the first clashes on ethnic grounds in Soviet times. On December 17-19, 1986, mass demonstrations and rallies against Russification took place in Almaty (Kazakhstan).

Reasons for the collapse of the USSR A wave of public discontent swept through the Baltic republics, Ukraine, and Belarus. In August 1987, in connection with the anniversary of the conclusion of the Soviet-German non-aggression pact of 1939, protest rallies and demonstrations were held here demanding the publication of documents on the deportation of the population from the Baltic states and from the western regions of Ukraine and Belarus during the period of collectivization.

Reasons for the collapse of the USSR Another “hot spot” in national relations was the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region of Azerbaijan, a territory populated predominantly by Armenians. In October 1987, Armenians living in Karabakh demanded reunification with Armenia. On February 20, 1988, a session of the regional Council appealed to the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR with a request to transfer the region to Armenia, but they were refused. Armed clashes took place between Armenians and Azerbaijanis in Nagorno-Karabakh. The central government was unable to find a political compromise. The two republics actually found themselves at war with each other.

Reasons for the collapse of the USSR The events of April 8, 1989 in Tbilisi ended tragically. A demonstration of nationalist forces organized in the city, demanding Georgia's secession from the USSR, was dispersed by troops, and tear gas was used against the demonstrators. In June 1989, clashes between Uzbeks and Meskhetian Turks occurred. Clashes on ethnic grounds in 1989-1990. occurred in Sumgait, Sukhumi, Baku, Dushanbe, etc.

Reasons for the collapse of the USSR The growth of separatism was facilitated by the economic crisis, which paralyzed the national economies of all republics, and the collapse of economic ties. Nationalist forces accused the center of “pumping funds” from the regions and called first for economic sovereignty and then for state independence.

Reasons for the collapse of the USSR The growth of separatist sentiments of the public, especially in the union republics, led to the emergence of popular fronts. In 1988-1989 Popular fronts were created in most republics. In their program documents, they proclaimed the struggle for the establishment of full sovereignty in the republic, for the revision of the secret agreements of 1939.

Reasons for the collapse of the USSR In November 1988, the Supreme Council of the Estonian SSR adopted amendments and additions to the Constitution of the republic, which established the supremacy of republican laws over all-Union laws. The Declaration of Estonian Sovereignty was also adopted. On November 17-18, the Supreme Council of the Lithuanian SSR adopted an addition to the Constitution giving the Lithuanian language the status of the state language. In May 1989, a similar law and Declaration of State Sovereignty was adopted in Latvia. Almost all republics adopted declarations of sovereignty in 1990.

Reasons for the collapse of the USSR The events in the Russian Federation in 1990-1991 had a huge impact on the collapse of the USSR. After the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Russia was proclaimed by the First Congress of People's Deputies of Russia in June 1990, the struggle between the union and republican leadership entered a new phase.

Reasons for the collapse of the USSR In November 1990, Yeltsin accused the union leadership of opposing economic reforms, declared that Russia would independently move to the market and raised the question of the redistribution of all-union property. A “war of laws” begins between the central and republican leadership. The practice of bilateral relations between the republics emerged, bypassing the union center, which was becoming unnecessary. In September, such agreements on comprehensive cooperation were signed by Russia with Georgia, Moldova and the Baltic states.

Reasons for the collapse of the USSR In an effort to weaken the center, Yeltsin supports the growth of separatism in Russian autonomies. During his trip to Russia in August 1990, he called on the leaders of the autonomies to take as much sovereignty as they could “digest.” Tataria, Bashkiria, Yakutia and many others also raise the issue of their sovereignty. The conclusion of a new union treaty becomes a vital necessity.

Novo-Ogarevsky process Preparation of its project began in August 1990. Representatives of 12 union republics took part in it, with the exception of the Baltic republics. On March 17, 1991, an all-Union referendum was held on the issue of preserving the USSR, which sounded as follows: “Do you consider it necessary to preserve the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as a renewed federation of equal sovereign republics, in which the rights and freedoms of people of any nationality will be fully guaranteed? " Of those who took part in the vote, 148.6 million people. (80% of those who had the right to vote), 113.5 million people spoke in favor of preserving the Union. (76.4%).

Novo-Ogarevsky process After the referendum, the development of the draft Union Treaty went faster. On April 23, 1991, a meeting of the leaders of 9 union republics and M.S. took place in Novo-Ogarevo (the country residence of M.S. Gorbachev). Gorbachev. The leaders of the Baltic republics, Georgia, Armenia and Moldova did not take part in the negotiations.

Novo-Ogarevsky process Here, a fundamental agreement was reached on the development of such an agreement, but significant disagreements emerged about the balance of powers between the republics and the center. Further work on the text of the Union Treaty was called the “Novo-Ogarevo process.” The project was ready in June and published in print in August. His articles were quite contradictory. The Soviet Union as a single state actually ceased to exist. The Union republics became independent subjects of international law, their powers were significantly expanded, and they could freely enter and leave the USSR.

Novo-Ogarevsky process The Center was transformed from a manager to a coordinating one. In reality, only issues of defense, financial policy, internal affairs, and partly tax and social policy remained in the hands of the union leadership. Some of the issues belonged to the joint Union-Republican competence (primarily the adoption of new legislative acts, determination of the amount of tax deductions for the needs of the center, as well as the main directions for their expenditure). All other aspects of social life were within the competence of the republics. The abbreviation USSR stood for Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics. The signing of the agreement was scheduled for August 20, but due to a sharp change in the political situation in the country, it was never signed.

Novo-Ogarevsky process This project did not suit the top leaders of the CPSU and the USSR Cabinet of Ministers, who demanded emergency powers on the eve of its publication and never received them at a meeting of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. But at the same time, this document no longer satisfied the newly elected President of Russia and radical democrats. Gorbachev, therefore, experienced sharp pressure both from the top Soviet leadership, especially the heads of the KGB, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Defense of the USSR, and from the radical wing of supporters of continuing democratic reforms.

August 1991 putsch In order to disrupt the signing of this agreement and maintain their powers of power, part of the top party and state leadership tried to seize power. On August 18, several “security officials” came to M.S., who was vacationing in Foros in Crimea. Gorbachev and offered him to sign a decree introducing a state of emergency in the country, but was refused. Returning to Moscow, they announced that Gorbachev could not serve as President of the USSR “for health reasons” and his powers were transferred to Vice President G.I. Yanaev.

August 1991 coup On August 19, 1991, a state of emergency was declared in the country. Troops, including tanks, were brought into the streets of Moscow and a number of other large cities; almost all central newspapers, with the exception of Pravda, Izvestia, Trud and some others, were banned. All channels of Central Television stopped working, with the exception of program 1, and almost all radio stations. The activities of all parties except the CPSU were suspended. Troops were concentrated around the building of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR (“White House”), who were supposed to occupy the building, disperse parliament and arrest its most active participants.

August 1991 putsch The coup was led by the State Committee for the State of Emergency (GKChP) consisting of: acting. O. President of the USSR G.I. Yanaev, Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, First Deputy Chairman of the Defense Council O.D. Baklanov, Chairman of the KGB of the USSR V.A. Kryuchkov, Prime Minister of the USSR V.S. Pavlov, USSR Minister of Internal Affairs B.K. Pugo, Chairman of the Peasant Union of the USSR V.A. Starodubtsev, USSR Minister of Defense D.T. Yazov and President of the Association of State-Owned Enterprises A.I. Tizyakov. The State Emergency Committee saw the main task of the coup in restoring the order in the USSR that existed before 1985, i.e. in the elimination of the multi-party system, commercial structures, in the destruction of the sprouts of democracy.

August 1991 coup But the coup failed. The population of the country basically refused to support the State Emergency Committee, while the army did not want to use force against the citizens of their state. Already on August 20, barricades grew up around the “White House”, on which there were several tens of thousands of people, some military units went over to the side of the defenders. On August 22, the putsch was defeated, and members of the State Emergency Committee were arrested.

August Coup of 1991 Mass demonstrations against the CPSU took place in almost all major cities, which served as a convenient reason for suspending the activities of the CPSU in the country. At the direction of the President of the RSFSR B.N. Yeltsin, the buildings of the CPSU Central Committee, regional committees, district committees, archives, etc. were closed and sealed. From August 23, 1991, the CPSU ceased to exist as a ruling state structure. Simultaneously with the cessation of the activities of the CPSU, a number of newspapers were temporarily closed by decree of the President of the RSFSR, primarily Pravda, Trud, Sovetskaya Rossiya and some others. But they were soon reopened as a result of public protests.

August 1991 putsch After the defeat of the putsch, the collapse of the USSR, which began in the late 80s, took on an avalanche-like character. There were no influential forces in society capable of preserving the USSR. Since September 1991, the former Soviet Union no longer existed. Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia became completely independent states, they were officially recognized by Russia and some other countries. Georgia, Armenia, Ukraine and Moldova also sought to pursue a completely independent course.

Belovezhskaya Agreement The collapse of the USSR was completed by the Belovezhskaya Agreements. On December 8, 1991, the leaders of the three Slavic republics - Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, which were the founding states of the USSR, announced that the USSR as “a subject of international law and a geopolitical reality ceases to exist.” At the same time, a joint statement on the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) was agreed upon.

Belovezhsky Agreement On December 21, 1991, at a meeting in Almaty, the heads of 11 former republics of the USSR signed a Declaration in support of the Belovezh Accords and announced the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States with coordinating functions and without any joint legislative, executive or judicial bodies. The Baltic republics, as well as Georgia, avoided participation in the CIS.

Belovezhskaya Agreement In connection with the cessation of the existence of the USSR on December 25, 1991 at 19:00, President of the USSR M.S. Gorbachev appeared on television, announcing his resignation. After this, the red flag of the USSR over the Kremlin was replaced by the tricolor Russian one. An entire era in the history of our country has ended.

Consequences of the collapse of the USSR As a result of the signing of the Belovezhskaya Accords, all existing ties between the union republics were severed. First of all, the breakdown of these ties affected the lives of people in the post-Soviet space. National relations sharply deteriorated, which led to interethnic clashes in almost all union republics.

Consequences of the collapse of the USSR There is an aggravation of the social consequences of the political and economic crisis, there is a sharp increase in nationalism, discrimination against the Russian-speaking population and the Russian language in the republics of the former Soviet Union. All these consequences of the collapse of the USSR plunged millions of people into despair and led to a sharp differentiation of society into poor and rich, and an unprecedented increase in the flow of refugees.

Consequences of the collapse of the USSR In the first years after the collapse of the USSR, there was a (temporary) drop in production volumes, the collapse of the financial system; the decline of law and order, the disappearance of social institutions, old political entities, and the entire system of statehood. Russia's access to external markets for consumers of its energy resources has become less guaranteed. The situation with access to seaports has become more complicated.

Consequences of the collapse of the USSR The entire system of international relations has become less stable and less predictable. The threat of world war, including nuclear war, has moved away, but the likelihood of local wars and armed conflicts has increased. Russia is experiencing this now – the Chechen war.

Slide 2

Plan

1. Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR
2. Reasons for the collapse of the USSR
3. Novo-Ogarevsky process
4. August 1991 coup
5. Bialowieza Agreement
6. Consequences of the collapse of the USSR