Presentation on the topic "Rivers of Russia. Calculation of river slope"

Slide 4

Source of the Volga

Slide 5

VOLGA

Slide 6

Slide 7

Lena river

Slide 8

The source of the Angara is Lake Baikal

Slide 9

Slide 10

Seas and ocean basins

Slide 11

PARTS OF THE RIVER

• LAKE
• MAIN CHANNEL
• SOURCE
• MOUTH
• INFLOW

Slide 12

• mountain river
• Plain river

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

DIP is the difference in height between the source and the mouth. (in meters)

H = H1 – H2, where H1 is the absolute height of the source, H2 is the absolute height of the mouth.

Slide 18

1 task

Determine the fall of the Volga River.

Source – Valdai Upland ≈ 300m

Estuary – Caspian Sea = (-28m)

300 – (-28) = 328(m)

The fall of the Volga River is 328m.

Slide 19

2 task

Determine the fall of the Angara River.

H1 – Lake Baikal = 456m.

H2 – Yenisei River = 76m

456 – 76 = 380m.

The fall of the Angara River is 380m.

Slide 20

3 task

Determine the fall of the Neva River.

H1-Lake Ladoga = 4m

H2 – Gulf of Finland = 0m

The fall of the Neva River is 4m.

Slide 21

SLOPE - the ratio of the fall of a river (in cm) to its length (in km)

I = H: L, where

I – river slope;

H - river fall;

L is the length of the river.

Slide 22

1 task.

Determine the slope of the Volga River.

H = 328m = 32800cm.

I = 32800: 3531 = 9 cm/km

The river slope is 9cm/km

Slide 23

2 task

Determine the slope of the Angara.

H = 380m = 38000cm

I = 38000: 1826 ≈ 21 cm/km

Angara slope - 21cm/km

Slide 24

3 task

Determine the slope of the Neva River

H = 4m = 400cm.

I = 400: 74 ≈ 5 cm/km

Neva slope 5cm/km

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

1)Make pairs: river - tributary

• Volga
• Yenisei
• Argun
• Irtysh
• Aldan
• Angara

Slide 28

What river is the city located on?

• Salekhard
• Krasnodar
• Yakutsk
• Arkhangelsk
• Astrakhan
• Krasnoyarsk
• Naryan-Mar
• Irkutsk
• Moscow
• Saint Petersburg

Slide 29

Homework:

Apply to large rivers.

View all slides

Abstract

8th grade

Equipment:

Atlases, contour maps

River Names Cards

Homework cards

During the classes:

I Organizational moment

(slide No. 1)

(3-4 students come out)

(slide No. 11)

mountain flat

The Terek howls, wild and angry,

Between the rocky masses,

His cry is like a storm,

Tears fly in splashes.

H2 - absolute height of the mouth

Source - Lake Baikal -456m

Source – Lake Ladoga - 4m

Mouth - Gulf of Finland -0 m

Slope drop length

(slide No. 21)

Problem solving:

H = 328 = 32800 cm

I = 32800: 3531 = 9 cm/km

Drop = 380 m = 38000cm

Length 1826 km

H = 4m = 400cm

I = 400: 74 = 5.4 cm/km

Ural - in the Ural mountains.

Let's mark the rivers on the k/k.

V Conclusion

VOLGA ARGUN

YENISEY IRTYSH

OB ALDAN

AMUR ANGARA

SALEKHARD NARYAN - MAR

KRASNODAR KRASNOYARSK

YAKUTSK IRKUTSK

ARKHANGELSK MOSCOW

ASTRAKHAN ST. PETERSBURG

A river flows from afar...

The river flows..., the river flows...

How nice it is when the river

Both wide and deep!

Above her are more magnificent clouds,

Fresh breath of the breeze,

The forest above her is slimmer and taller,

And the coastal meadow is greener.

At the end, Zykina's song sounds.

Pick up riddles, proverbs, sayings about rivers.

Subject: GEOGRAPHY. NATURE OF RUSSIA.

Topic: “Inland waters of Russia. Rivers."

8th grade

Objectives: - to study the features of Russian rivers

Expand and deepen knowledge about rivers

Show the influence of climate and topography on the river

To develop the ability to determine the slope and fall of rivers

Foster love for the Motherland and respect for nature

Equipment:

Interactive whiteboard, presentation

Map "Physical map of Russia"

Atlases, contour maps

River Names Cards

Homework cards

Reference material "Rivers of Russia"

During the classes:

I Organizational moment

II 1) Learning new material

The song “The Volga River Flows” performed by Lyudmila Zykina is playing.

(slide No. 1)

What kind of song is this? Who performs it?

How many songs, fairy tales, and proverbs have been written about rivers and spring water?

As you guessed, we’ll talk about rivers today. The topic of our lesson is “Inland waters of Russia. Rivers." (slide No. 1)

Today we will give a general concept of inland waters and start the conversation with the main part of our country’s inland waters - rivers.

Water is one of the most important types of resources. Without water there is no life. A person cannot live without water for more than 8 days. It is exactly 8 days that mine rescuers have in reserve when rescuing miners who find themselves cut off from the exit during a collapse.

On the farm, people experience mainly fresh water. In terms of fresh water reserves, Russia is second only to Denmark, since it includes the island. Greenland.

The main sources of fresh water are inland waters, or land waters. They are diverse.

What types of inland waters do you know? (slide No. 2)

Which ones are man-made? (ponds, reservoirs, canals)

Inland waters are connected with all components of nature. (slide No. 3)

The main components influencing water are relief and climate. Let us consider how these components are interconnected with inland waters using the example of rivers.

Russia is a country of numerous rivers. The length of rivers is measured in thousands of km, the length of the basin is measured in millions of km. (slide No. 4-9)

2) Checking homework (card-table “Rivers of Russia”

The name of 21 Russian rivers is “hidden” in the task. Crossing out 1 name each with a continuous line (following the pattern), find the “hidden” rivers, write them down and find them in the atlas.

Who found all the rivers? Let's mark them on the map (board)

(3-4 students come out)

3) All rivers belong to the basin of 3 oceans and the internal drainage region. Let's distribute them into a table. (slide No. 10)

Most of the rivers flow into the Arctic Ocean. It occupies 65% of the country's territory. This includes the longest river Lena, the deepest river Yenisei and the river with the largest basin in area, the Ob.

Why do the largest rivers flow north? (a large territory of Russia slopes to the north)

The Pacific Ocean basin includes the large Amur River, along which the country's border passes, as well as the Anadyr River.

Why are there not as many large rivers in the east of Russia as in the north? (in the east there are mountain ranges, short rivers flowing from the eastern slopes of the ranges)

The drainless region includes the great Russian rivers Volga, Terek, and Ural.

The Atlantic Ocean basin includes the Don, Kuban, and Neva.

So, the relief affects the direction of the flow.

4) Each individual river is unique. But they all have something in common - these are parts of the river. Let's remember the parts of the river and the basic concepts.

(slide No. 11)

5) Depending on the topography, rivers are divided (slide No. 12)

mountain flat

There are more lowland rivers. Why? (most of Russia is flat)

The flat river has wide valleys and a calm flow.

There are rapids and waterfalls in the mountains. (Slide No. 13-16) They are of little use for navigation. An example of one of the mountain rivers is the Terek. This is how M.Yu. Lermontov describes “Terek” in his poem:

The Terek howls, wild and angry,

Between the rocky masses,

His cry is like a storm,

Tears fly in splashes.

6) Relief affects 2 more values: the fall and slope of the river.

The fall is the difference between the source and the mouth in meters. (slide No. 17)

H = H1 - H2, where H1 is the absolute height of the source

H2 - absolute height of the mouth

Rivers flowing into the sea have a mouth height of 0 m.

If a river flows into a lake, then the surface level of the water in the lake is the height of the mouth.

If a river flows out of a lake, then the water surface level is the height of the river's source.

Solving problems to determine the fall and slope of a river.

No. 1. Determine the fall of the Volga River (slide No. 18)

Source ~ 300m (Valdai Upland)

Mouth (-28 m) (Caspian Sea)

No. 2. Determine the fall of the Angara River. (slide No. 19)

Source - Lake Baikal -456m

Mouth of the Yenisei River -76 m 456-76=380 m

No. 3. Determine the fall of the Neva River (slide No. 20)

Source – Lake Ladoga - 4m

Mouth - Gulf of Finland -0 m

The magnitude of the fall affects another important characteristic:

Slope is the ratio of the fall of the river (in cm) to its length (in km)

Slope drop length

(slide No. 21)

Problem solving:

No. 1. Determine the slope of the Volga River. (slide No. 22)

H = 328 = 32800 cm

I = 32800: 3531 = 9 cm/km

No. 2. Determine the slope of the Angara River. (slide No. 23)

Drop = 380 m = 38000cm

Length 1826 km

Slope = 38000: 1826 = 20.8 cm/km

No. 3. Determine the slope of the Neva River. (slide No. 24)

H = 4m = 400cm

I = 400: 74 = 5.4 cm/km

The slope of a river affects the speed of a river's flow. The greater the slope, the greater the flow speed.

The slope of the river is in the 12th century. Determined the fate of Bishop John. The population of old Novgorod, dissatisfied with the unseemly behavior of Bishop John. I decided to expel him from my city. The raft with John was launched downstream of the Volkhov River, which originates in Lake Ilmen, it flows into Lake Ladoga. (Slides No. 25-26) But the raft drifted in the opposite direction, into Lake Ilmen, since the river flowed in the opposite direction. Novgorodians perceived this “miracle” as a “sign of the Lord.” And Bishop John returned to his throne with honors.

This phenomenon is explained simply. It turns out that the slope of the surface along which the Volkhov flows is very small. When rain falls in the lower reaches of the Volkhov, the water level in the lower reaches becomes higher than in the upper reaches, and the Volkhov flows in the opposite direction. In ancient chronicles the Volkhov River was called muddy.

What do you know about the origin of the names of other rivers? (checking some students' homework)

Yenisei - from the ancient Kyrgyz ENE-SAY - “MOTHER RIVER”

Amur - “big strong river”

Anadyr - “a stream flowing in the mountains” (the name exactly corresponds to the meaning, form, origin)

Angara - from Evenki and Buryat words meaning “mouth, mouth.” The river at its source really resembles a mouth, continuously absorbing water from Lake Baikal.

Ural - in the Ural mountains.

Kamchatka - along the Kamchatka Peninsula.

Yes, you can guess their location by the names of some rivers.

IV Work on the disk on the interactive whiteboard and e/c.

Who wants to try their hand at distributing rivers on the map?

(task on the educational disk - interactive whiteboard)

Let's mark the rivers on the k/k.

V Conclusion

Let's complete the following task “Who is faster!” (work in pairs)

Make pairs: river - tributary (slide No. 31)

VOLGA ARGUN

YENISEY IRTYSH

OB ALDAN

AMUR ANGARA

On what river is the city located? (slide No. 32)

SALEKHARD NARYAN - MAR

KRASNODAR KRASNOYARSK

YAKUTSK IRKUTSK

ARKHANGELSK MOSCOW

ASTRAKHAN ST. PETERSBURG

A river flows from afar...

The river flows..., the river flows...

How nice it is when the river

Both wide and deep!

Above her are more magnificent clouds,

Fresh breath of the breeze,

The forest above her is slimmer and taller,

And the coastal meadow is greener.

At the end, Zykina's song sounds.

VI Homework (slide No. 33)

Draw large rivers on a contour map

Pick up riddles, proverbs, sayings about rivers.

Write down the rivers in your notebook - record holders, using a textbook and maps.

Lesson topic: Inland waters of Russia. Rivers. 8th grade.

Lesson objectives:

Educational: Study the features of Russian rivers. Expand and deepen knowledge about rivers. Form the concepts of slope, river fall. Show the influence of climate and topography on rivers. To develop the ability to determine the slope and fall of rivers.

Educational: To cultivate love for the Motherland and respect for nature.

Equipment: Physical map of Russia, reference material “Rivers of Russia”, computer, projector, atlases, outline maps, notebooks, textbooks, cards with nomenclature on the topic.

During the classes.

I) Organizational moment.

II) Learning new material.

The student reads the poem:

A river flows from afar...

The river flows..., the river flows...

How nice it is when the river

Both wide and deep!

Above her are more magnificent clouds,

Fresh breath of the breeze,

The forest above her is slimmer and taller,

And the coastal meadow is greener.

Boris Zakhoder

As you guessed, we’ll talk about rivers today. And not only about them.

The topic of our lesson “Inland waters of Russia. Rivers"

Open your notebooks and write down the topic of the lesson.

We will study inland waters over several lessons. But we will devote two lessons to rivers. Today we will give a general concept of inland waters and start the conversation with the main part of our country’s inland waters - rivers.

Water is one of the most important types of resources. Without water there is no life. A person cannot live without water for more than 8 days. It is exactly 8 days that mine rescuers have in reserve to rescue miners who find themselves cut off from the exit due to a collapse.

In farming, people use mainly fresh water. In terms of fresh water reserves, Russia is second only to Denmark, since it includes the island. Greenland.

The main sources of fresh water are inland waters, or land waters. They are diverse.

What types of inland waters do you know? (after a verbal answer, show

Which ones are man-made? (ponds, reservoirs, canals)

Inland waters are connected with all components of nature.

But the main components influencing water are relief and climate.

Let us consider how these components are interconnected with inland waters using the example of rivers.

Let's start with the relief.

Russia is a country of numerous rivers. The length of the rivers is measured in thousands of kilometers, the area of ​​the basin is measured in millions of square kilometers.

All rivers belong to the basin of three oceans and the internal drainage region.

Most of the rivers flow into the Arctic Ocean. It occupies 65% of the country's territory. This includes the longest river Lena, the deepest river Yenisei and the river with the largest basin by area - the Ob.

Why do the largest rivers flow north? (a large territory of Russia slopes to the north)

The Pacific Ocean basin includes the large Amur River, along which the country border passes, as well as the Anadyr River.

Why are there not as many large rivers in eastern Russia as in the north? (on the Pacific coast there are mountain ranges, short rivers flowing from the eastern slopes of the ranges.)

The drainless region includes the great Russian rivers Volga, Terek, and Ural.

The Atlantic Ocean basin includes the Don, Kuban, and Neva.

So, relief influences the direction of the current.

Each individual river is unique. But they all have one thing in common - they are parts of the river.

Let's remember the parts of the river. (the teacher shows the element of the river on the slide, and the guys call:

The main channel

Source,

Mouth,

Inflow)

- Depending on the topography, rivers are divided into 2 types: mountain and flat..

There are more lowland rivers.

Why? (most of Russia’s territory is flat)

The flat river has wide valleys and a calm flow.

Mountain rivers have narrow valleys and rapid currents. There are rapids and waterfalls in the mountains. They are not very suitable for shipping.

An example of one of the mountain rivers is the Terek River.

This is how M.Yu. Lermontov describes Terek in his poem.

“The Terek howls, wild and evil,

Between the rocky masses,

His cry is like a storm,

Tears are flying in splashes."

- Relief affects two more values: the fall and slope of the river.

A FALL is the difference in height between the source and the mouth (in meters)

H = H 1 – H 2, where

H 1 – absolute height of the source

H 2 - absolute height of the mouth.

Rivers flowing into the sea have a mouth height of 0 m. If a river flows into a lake, then the surface level of the water in the lake is the height of the mouth. If a river flows out of a lake, then the water surface level is the height of the river's source.

Solving problems to determine the fall of a river.

№ 1

Determine the fall of the Volga River.

Source – Valdai Upland ≈ 300m

Estuary – Caspian Sea – (-28m)

300 – (-28) = 328 m.

№ 2

Determine the fall of the Angara River.

Source – Lake Baikal – 456m

Mouth – Yenisei River - 76m

456 – 76 = 380m.

№ 3

Determine the fall of the Neva River.

Source – Lake Ladoga – 4m

Mouth – Gulf of Finland – 0m.

4 – 0 = 4m

№ 4

Determine the fall of the Lena River.

Source – Baikal ridge - 930m

Estuary – Laptev Sea – 0m

930 – 0 = 930m

The magnitude of the fall affects another important characteristic:

SLOPE – the ratio of the fall of the river (in cm) to its length (in km)

I – slope;

H – fall;

L – length.

Solving problems to determine the slope of rivers.

№ 1

Determine the slope of the Angara River.

Drop = 380m = 38000cm

River length 1826 km

Slope = 38000: 1826 = 20.8 cm/km

№ 2

Determine the slope of the Volga.

Drop = 328m = 32800cm

River length = 3531 km

Slope = 32800: 3531 = 9.3 cm/km

№ 3

Determine the slope of the Neva.

Drop = 4m = 400cm

Length = 74 km

Slope = 400: 74 = 5.4 cm/km

№ 4

Determine the slope of the Lena River.

Drop = 930m = 93000cm

River length = 4400

Slope = 93000: 4400 = 21.1 cm/km

The slope of a river affects the speed of a river's flow. The greater the slope, the greater the speed of the river.

River slope in the 12th century. determined the fate of Bishop John. (an excerpt from the chronicle is read)

One of the Novgorod chronicles describes an interesting event that occurred in the 12th century. The population of ancient Novgorod, not satisfied with the unseemly behavior of Bishop John, decided to expel him from their city. The raft with John was launched downstream of the Volkhov River, which originates in Lake Ilmen and flows into Lake Ladoga. But the raft drifted in the opposite direction, into Lake Ilmen, because the river flowed in the opposite direction. The Novgorodians perceived this “miracle” as a “sign of the Lord,” and Bishop John returned to his throne with honors.

This phenomenon is explained simply. It turns out that the slope of the surface along which the Volkhov flows is very small. When rain falls in the lower reaches of the Volkhov, the water level in the lower reaches becomes higher than in the upper reaches, and the Volkhov flows in the opposite direction.

Now let's work with atlases and contour maps.

Assignment: to plot the major rivers of our country on a contour map.

Volga, Angara, Ob, Don, Lena, Pechora, Oka, Northern Dvina, Irtysh, Yenisei, Podkamennaya Tunguska, Lower Tunguska, Yana, Vilyui, Aldan, Indigirka, Kolyma, Anadyr, Amur, Shilka, Argun, Zeya, Bureya, Neva , Terek, Kuban, Ural.

Many poets dedicated their poems to rivers. (the kids in the classroom sign the river, and the teacher reads out a poem). The Volga is the great Russian river, the symbol and favorite of Russia. People affectionately call it “Mother Volga”:

Nikolay Yakushev about the Volga: Not noticeable by anything, not wide,

Across the expanses of the Valdai region

The brook is barely audible,

Choosing a path between stones.

Then he washes the coastal sand,

Then suddenly it disappears in the bushes,

And the stream still doesn’t know

What awaits him ahead?

How many miles does he have to walk?

What obstacles to break through,

How many rivers will merge with him on the way,

How many seagulls will circle above him?

How many long years will pass,

How many waves will go in circles,

How many big cities will there be?

Above its steep banks.

Molchanov-Sibirsky about Hangar: Insidious, dashing, extravagant,

The native daughter of Baikal - an old man,

You flow through the taiga between the mountains,

Free,

Mighty Siberian river.

A. Ponomarenko about the Ob :

Dear Ob - it’s even warmer

Can I say something about you in poetry?

You fight through the swamps, through the taiga,

In summer - all shining, in winter turning white,

In hard ice and smoky snow.

You know, it’s not for nothing that they called her a wet nurse

We are you - more than once yours only

We, the Khanty, survived by kindness...

And you can hardly count the wealth

The ones you keep in your bosom.

Only in spring will the waters be freed,

You lift barges, motor ships,

Rafts move through islands...

Cities, towns and factories

You are dragging yourself north...

A. Sofronov about Don: Where does the Don originate?

Where the eternal stream is hidden,

What's majestic down the riverbed

Going to distant lands?

Under a low birch tree

The Don takes its beginning;

From under the grass of the Moscow land,

Ivana - takes the lake.

Leonid Popov about Lena: You have a beautiful river,

Female form,

Even your name

Tender, girlish.

It’s not in vain that we’re affectionate to you

They christened it with the word

Despite being born

You are in a harsh land.

M. Yu. Lermontov about Terek :

Make way, O old man, the sea,

Give shelter to my wave!

I took a walk in the open space,

It's time for me to rest too.

I was born near Kazbek,

Nourished by the breast of clouds,

With the alien power of man

I was always ready to argue.

I am for your sons' amusement

Devastated my native Daryal

And boulders to their glory

He brought the whole herd.

In conclusion, a little riddle:

You probably know me

I am the hero of Pushkin's fairy tales,

But if you change “l” to “n”,

I will become a Siberian river

(Yenisei, Elisha)

I am a Siberian river

Wide and deep.

Change the letter “e” to “u” -

I will become a satellite of the Earth.

(Lena, Luna)

My first syllable is a note,

Letter - second syllable,

The whole thing was spread wide by the river.

(Don)

To the names of animals

Add one of the measures -

You will get a full-flowing river in Russia. (Volga)

III) Homework: § 23 to page 111 (How does climate affect rivers?), know the map.

The Neva River originates from Lake Ladoga near the city of Shlisselburg, Kirov district, Leningrad region. It flows into the Neva Bay of the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea in St. Petersburg.

The length of the Neva River from the source to the confluence of the Bolshaya Neva into the Neva Bay at the Nevsky Gate of the St. Petersburg commercial port is 74 kilometers, the area of ​​its own drainage basin is 5 thousand km². Since the Neva is the only river flowing from Lake Ladoga, including its basin, the drainage area is 281 thousand km².

The total fall of the Neva River is 5.1 meters, the tortuosity coefficient is 1.6, the distance in a straight line from the source to the mouth is 45 kilometers, the slope is 0.07 m/km.

Settlements.

On the banks of the Neva from source to mouth there are four cities: Shlisselburg, Kirovsk, Otradnoe and St. Petersburg.

Settlements of the Kirov district of the Leningrad region, built on the Neva: Shlisselburg, Sheremetyevka, Rezvykh, Chernaya Rechka, Dubrovka, Peski, Pavlovo-on-Neva, Pavlovo, Otradnoye, Ivanovskoye, Ust-Tosno.

In the Vsevolozhsk region on the right bank of the Neva there are: Kuzminka, Ostrovki, Orangereika, Maslovo, Bolshie Porogi, the village named after Sverdlov, Krasnaya Zarya, Novosaratovka.

In the lower reaches of the Neva is located St. Petersburg with the villages of Saperny, Pontonny, and Ust-Izhora.

Driveways.

Along the entire length of the Neva in the Kirov and Vsevolozhsk regions, there are highways on both banks.

Main tributaries and branches.

The Neva drainage basin is characterized by the presence of numerous lakes and reservoirs and a complex hydrological network. In the basin of the Neva and Lake Ladoga there are over 48.3 thousand rivers and about 26.3 thousand lakes. Only 26 rivers and streams flow into the Neva itself. The largest left-bank tributaries are the Novo-Ladoga and Staro-Ladoga canals (176 km), (93 km), (121 km), (76 km), Slavyanka (39 km), right-bank tributaries - (90 km), Chernaya (30 km ).

In the Neva delta within the boundaries of St. Petersburg, the river is divided into branches, which are additionally connected by a system of canals.

The main branches in the Neva delta: the Bolshaya Nevka, which is divided into the Middle and Malaya Nevka, the Bolshaya and Malaya Neva, the Moika, the Fontanka, the Pryazhka, the Ekateringofka, the Karpovka, the Zhdanovka, the Smolenka, the Krestovka and the Kronverksky Strait. In St. Petersburg, the following were created: the Sea Canal, the Griboyedov Canal, the Obvodny Canal, and the Kryukov Canal.

Description of the hydrological network.

Relief and soils.

From Lake Ladoga to the Neva Bay of the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea, the river carries its waters along the Neva Lowland. In this area along the coast, sandy loam on lacustrine-glacial sandy loam, sand and loam, medium-podzolic soils in combination with peat-podzolic-gley and bog peat are predominantly represented.

Vegetation.

In the upper reaches of the Neva, pine-birch and birch grass-shrub forests predominantly grow. In the middle reaches there are mainly long-moss pine and swampy sphagnum forests. There are no natural landscapes left in St. Petersburg along the Neva.

Previously, before human development, pine and spruce green moss forests grew on the territory of the Neva Lowland. As a result of commercial felling and frequent fires, their area has decreased significantly. In the upper reaches of the Neva, forest areas have decreased to 40%. Cultural and park zones were created in St. Petersburg.

In the Neva itself there is practically no aquatic vegetation. Plants are found in some areas in the form of a narrow strip stretching along the shore.

Hydrological regime.

Freeze-up on the Neva is observed along its entire length. The river freezes, as a rule, in the first ten days of December, and is cleared of ice in the first ten days of April. In the lower reaches within the boundaries of St. Petersburg, the ice thickness is 30-40 centimeters. Upstream the ice is 50-60 centimeters thick. Due to jams and ice jams, which are sometimes observed in the upper reaches of the Neva, floods occur upstream. Ice from Lake Ladoga is also carried into the river. About 5% of the 10.6 km³ of the total ice volume of Lake Ladoga falls into the Neva.

In the territory through which the Neva flows, the amount of precipitation significantly exceeds evaporation, amounting to 37.7%. The total river flow accounts for 62.3%. The flow of water from Lake Ladoga to the Neva occurs evenly throughout the year, so there is no spring flood or summer low water on the river. The average long-term annual water flow in the Neva is 2500 m³/s or 78.9 km³ per year. The maximum flow of 116 km³ was observed in 1924, the minimum 40.2 km³ was noted in 1900. The Neva, having a relatively short length of 74 kilometers, is among the top ten rivers in Europe in terms of average annual flow.

The low banks of the Neva, almost along the entire channel, are steep and fall into the water. In the middle reaches their height is on average 3-6 meters, in the lower reaches they do not exceed 2-3 meters.

The mouth of the Neva is located to the west of the source. In its upper reaches, the river has a south-southwest direction. Below the city of Otradnoye it turns sharply to the northwest. Here the Neva crosses the moraine ridge, forming the Ivanovo rapids. Before they begin, opposite Cape Svyatki, the narrowest place of the river. The distance between the banks is 210 meters.

Further, after 13 kilometers, in the area between the Nevsky Forest Park and Ust-Slavyanka, before the confluence of the Slavyanka, the river bed forms the so-called Crooked Knee. In the lower reaches, after the confluence of the Okhta near Smolny, the Neva again makes a sharp turn to the west-southwest.

The average speed of water flow in the Neva is 0.8-1.1 m/s in the river core. It flows out of Lake Ladoga at a speed of 0.3 m/s and accelerates in the middle course. Within St. Petersburg, the average speed of 0.3-0.4 m/s decreases towards the mouth to 0.1-0.2 m/s.

The average width of the Neva is 400-600 meters. The widest sections have a distance between banks of more than 1 kilometer. The first is immediately after the source opposite the city of Shlisselburg near Fabrichny Island. The next one is after the end of the Ivanovo rapids at the confluence of the Tosny River. The third is in the river delta at the Neva Gate of the Sea Trade Port at the confluence of the Bolshaya Neva branch into the Neva Bay of the Gulf of Finland.

The average depth of the Neva is 8-11 meters. The maximum depth of 24 meters was noted in the Smolninskaya bend on the right bank of the Liteiny Bridge upstream opposite Arsenalnaya Street. The minimum depths of the river are recorded in the Ivanovo rapids and amount to 4-4.5 meters.

St. Petersburg, built in the Neva delta, is characterized by frequent dangerous and catastrophic floods. Water rises up to 210 centimeters are considered dangerous, up to 3 meters - especially dangerous, and above - catastrophic. The rise of water in the Neva is observed almost every year, most often in the autumn season.

Floods occur due to wind-driven water from the Gulf of Finland. Strong storm northwestern, western and southwestern winds have the opposite direction to the flow of the Neva. The waves driven by the winds at the mouth of the river exceed its level. The source of the Neva into the Gulf of Finland stops, the flow stops. Then the flow in all branches of the Neva takes on the opposite direction. After this, the water level in the river begins to rise, and the Neva overflows its banks, flooding the streets of St. Petersburg.

In August 2011, the “Complex of St. Petersburg Flood Protection Structures” was put into operation in the Neva Bay of the Gulf of Finland. It is designed to protect the Northern capital from wind surge waters.

On December 28, 2011, the complex successfully passed its first serious tests. It was fully involved in the flood that threatened St. Petersburg at that time. According to experts, the closure of the dam made it possible to avoid the fifth worst flood. The water in the Neva could rise to 281 centimeters, as in September 1975.

Water quality.

The average mineralization of water in the Neva is 61.3 mg/l, the turbidity is average, the water is hydrocarbonate-calcium 7 mg/l. The Neva is considered a heavily polluted river. The main pollutants are copper, manganese, zinc, and nitrite nitrogen. Mga, Okhta, Slavyanka and Black River are considered the most polluted tributaries of the Neva.

St. Petersburg, which discharges sewage and waste from hundreds of industrial enterprises into the Neva, also helps pollute the river in the cities of the Leningrad region Shlisselburg, Kirovsk, Otradnoe.

Ichthyofauna.

The Neva is characterized by cold water and fast currents. There are no quiet backwaters or aquatic vegetation here. The Neva is home to such fish as pike, pike perch, catfish, silver bream, bluefish, sabrefish, asp, sculpin, tench, dace, bream, perch, roach, ruff, burbot, slingshot, white-eye, grayling, trout, three-spined stickleback. Char and sterlet are also found. Smelt, vendace, whitefish, lamprey, eel, and Baltic (Atlantic) salmon also rise into the Neva.

Tourism and rest.

The swimming season on the Neva lasts about 1.5 months in the summer, when the average water temperature is 17-20 °C.

Along the Neva in the city limits of St. Petersburg there are many gardens and parks: Spartak Garden, Zanevsky Park, Kurakina Dacha Garden, Babushkin Park of Culture and Leisure, Garden of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, Malookhtinsky Square, Field of Mars, Smolny Garden, Smolny Monastery Cathedral Garden , Tauride Garden, Summer Garden, Alexander Garden, Rumyantsev Garden.

Fans of this type of recreation catch fish on the Neva both in St. Petersburg and outside the city.

Economic importance.

The Neva is navigable along its entire length. The river is part of the Volga-Baltic Waterway and the White Sea-Baltic Canal. As a result of dredging and cleaning work carried out in the seventies of the last century, a stone shoal was cut off in the area of ​​the Ivanovo rapids. As a result, the shipping lane became wider, increasing from 85 meters to 160. As a result, two-way traffic of ships was ensured.

Water from the Neva is used for water supply and technical needs. The river is also used to discharge wastewater from many settlements and enterprises into it.

Reference Information.

Name: Neva

Length: 74 km

Basin area: 5000 km²

Area including Lake Ladoga basin: 281,000 km²

Pool: Baltic Sea

Water flow: 2500 m³/sec.

Slope: 0.07‰

Tortuosity coefficient: 1.6

Source: Petrokrepost Bay of Lake Ladoga, the city of Shlisselburg, Kirovsky district, Leningrad region

Height above sea level: 5.1 m

Coordinates:

Latitude: 59°57′24″N

Longitude: 31°02′44″E

Mouth: Neva Bay of the Gulf of Finland, St. Petersburg

Height above sea level: 0 m

Coordinates:

Latitude: 59°56′41″N

Longitude: 30°18′34″E

Geography lesson in 8th grade “Rivers of Russia”

Geography of Russia. Nature and population. Book one. Edited by A. I. Alekseev. Geography teacher, Municipal Educational Institution “Issad Basic Secondary School”

Volkhov municipal district Lyubov Vasilievna Rumyantseva

The purpose of the lesson: Study the features of Russian rivers. Expand and deepen knowledge about rivers. Form the concepts of erosion basis, slope, river fall, river flow, annual flow, solid runoff. Show the influence of climate and topography on rivers. To develop the ability to determine the slope and fall of a river.

During the classes:

Organizing students for class

Updating knowledge

You already know that in nature there is a constant water cycle. Water constantly moves from one natural component to another. Without water, nothing living on Earth can exist. Humans need clean fresh water, which makes up about 2% of the hydrosphere. (slide 3)

Starting with this lesson, we will get acquainted with the inland waters of our country. (slide 4) Let's remember what types of inland waters we know. ( Rivers, lakes, swamps, glaciers, groundwater, permafrost, reservoirs, ponds, canals). Rivers contain only a small part of the hydrosphere, but this water is not stagnant, but flowing. On average, in rivers, water is renewed every 19 days, in swamps, complete renewal of water occurs in 5 years, and in lakes, water change occurs only in 17 years. Therefore, the importance of rivers is immeasurably greater.

Russia is rich in water resources, that is, water that can be used for public good. (slide 5)

You know that people have always preferred to settle along the banks of rivers, which served as sources of water supply and food, transport arteries and defensive lines. (slide 6)

There are about 2.5 million rivers and streams on the territory of Russia, with a total length of more than 8 million km. The longest rivers in Russia are the Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Amur and Volga. (slide 7)

67% of Russian rivers belong to the Arctic Ocean basin, which is due to the relief features; 20% of Russian rivers belong to the Pacific Ocean basin, the Volga with its tributaries belongs to the area of ​​internal flow, occupying 10%, and 3% of the rivers belong to the Atlantic Ocean basin. (slide 8)

Find and show on the map the rivers that carry their waters to the Arctic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean.

Why do Russia's largest rivers flow north?(A large territory of Russia slopes to the north.)

What is a river? Let's define a river.

A river is a natural constant water flow flowing in a depression it has developed - a channel.(slide 9)

Let's remember the parts of the river. Place the names of the parts of the river on the diagram. (slide 10)

What is a river valley? Using the diagram, tell us about the structure of the river valley. (slide 11)

The water flow constantly carries many erosion products. River sediment is called alluvium.(slide 12) They mainly accumulate in the bottoms of valleys in the lower reaches of rivers.

During the melting snow floodplain The rivers are filled with melt water. (slide 13)

A river stream always tends to deepen its bed to a level called basis of erosion. This level is the level of the reservoir into which the river flows.

As the base of erosion decreases, the river bed deepens, and a moment comes when the river cannot flood the floodplain. The flow of water in the channel begins to work in breadth, developing a new floodplain, and the old floodplain turns into terrace - a high step in the bottom of a river valley.(slide 14)

As we have already said, a river is a complex natural formation consisting of many elements. A river with all its tributaries is called a river system. The area from which a river system collects water is called a river basin.(slide 15)

Rivers have a beginning and an end. (slide 16) Beginning of the river - source. Estuary– the place where a river flows into a sea, lake or one river into another. The mouths have different shapes: estuary(narrow funnel-shaped bay), delta– a lowland at the mouth of the river, having the shape of the Greek letter Δ in plan, composed of river sediments and cut through a network of branches and channels, estuary- an expanded mouth of a river, flooded by sea waters.

Slide 17 shows a photograph from space of the Lena River delta, in which the image is synthesized in pseudo-colors: dark blue and black show the water surface, purple - areas of accumulation of alluvial (river) sediments, green - vegetation, pink - rocks in the southern part of the image and areas with excess moisture in the north.

Learning new material.

A fall - This is the excess of the river source over the mouth in meters. (slide 18)

The ratio of the fall of a river (in cm) to its length (in km) is called slope rivers .

The slope and fall of a river depend on the topography and determine the speed of its flow, its ability to expand and deepen its valley, transport solid particles, etc.

Determine the fall of the Neva River, on which St. Petersburg stands. Calculate the slope of the Neva (d=74 km). (slide 19)

1) The Neva flows from Lake Ladoga.

2) The water level in the lake is 4 m - this is the height of the source.

3) The Neva flows into the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea, i.e. the mouth lies at a height of 0 m.

4) 4 m - 0 m = 4 m

5) Slope = Fall (cm) / d (km) = 400 cm / 74 km = 5.4 cm per 1 km length.

Determine the fall and slope of the following rivers: Lena, Yenisei, Indigirka. (slide 20)

1) Fall of the Lena River – 930 m

Lena River slope - 21 cm/km

2) Fall of the Yenisei River - 1000m

Slope of the Yenisei River - 24 cm/km

3) Fall of the Indigirka River - 1000m

The slope of the Indigirka River is 57.9 cm/km

Very important characteristics of rivers are water consumption And annual flow.

Water consumption in a river is the amount of water passing along the riverbed per unit of time. Measured in m 3 /sec.

The average annual water flow in the Yenisei is almost 20,000 m 3 /s.

The flow of water in a river over a long period of time is called drain.

Magnitude annual flow, first of all, depends on the climate. Flat terrain reduces runoff, while mountainous terrain, on the contrary, increases it. The Yenisei ranks first in the country in terms of annual flow - it carries about 630 km 3 of water per year. (slide 22)

Solid waste is a water-borne material consisting of chemical and biological substances dissolved in water and solid small particles.

The Terek has the maximum solid flow in the country – 26 million tons per year.

Climatic conditions affect nutrition (snow, rain, soil, mixed, glacial) and river regime, that is, the behavior of the river throughout the year: flood, high water, low water, freeze-up, ice drift.(slide 23)

The rivers of Russia are divided into three groups according to their regime:

Rivers with spring floods. These are rivers that have mixed feeding with a predominance of snow - Volga, Ob, Pechora, etc.

Rivers with summer floods. Rivers of the northeast of the country, Kamchatka, Altai and mountainous areas around Lake Baikal.

Rivers with flood regime. These are rain-fed and mixed-fed rivers. Spills after heavy rains. The Amur and its tributaries, flowing in a monsoon climate, are also characterized by flood conditions in the second half of summer and winter low water– time of stable low water level in the riverbed.

Almost all Russian rivers are covered with ice in winter.

Reflection:

Crossword solution (slide 24), answers on slide 25.

Homework (slide 26):

1) On k.k. designate large river systems: Volga with Oka and Kama; Akhtuba, Pechora, Onega, Northern Dvina, Ob with the Irtysh, Yenisei with the Angara, Podkamennaya and Nizhnyaya Tunguska, Lena, Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma, Anadyr, Amur with Ussuri, Zeya, Bureya, Western Dvina, Dnieper and Don;

The Neva River flows in the city of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region. The Neva River connects Lake Ladoga with the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea. There are many settlements located on the banks of the Neva River, and the largest of them are the cities of St. Petersburg, Kirovsk, Shlisselburg, Otradnoe.

Neva River - formed 4000 years ago. This happened due to a breakthrough of water from Lake Ladoga into the Baltic. The Neva River flows from Lake Ladoga near the city of Shlisselburg, flows through the Neva Lowland, and flows into the Gulf of Finland in the Baltic Sea.

Country of origin - Russia
The length of the Neva River is 74 km
The area of ​​the Neva basin is 281 thousand km²
Slope of the Neva River 0.053 m/km
The height of the source of the Neva River is 3.92 m
The height of the mouth of the Neva River is 0.05 m
Water flow in the Neva River 2510 m³/s

Geographical position of the Neva River:

Between the upper end of Fabrichny Island and the mouth of the Petrovsky Canal there is a stone dam enclosing a small harbor for wintering ships. Of the two channels near Oreshek Island, only the right channel is navigable. The left channel is even deeper than the right; the approach to it from the lake is blocked by a sandbank. NEVA RIVER DELTA At 15.1 km from the mouth of the Neva, the Obvodny Canal departs to the left. After 7.4 km from the river, Bolshaya Nevka separates to the right. Downstream, the river is divided into several large branches, which in turn are split into small ones. In a number of places the branches are connected to each other by channels and ducts. As a result, many branches, rivers, channels, canals, etc. are formed. This is the delta of the Neva River. The Neva River delta is sometimes called a “false” delta. As already mentioned, it did not arise as a result of sedimentation of river silt, like most deltas, but as a result of the work of flowing waters, as well as surges and surges of water from the sea. The influence of the sea is especially clearly visible during large surge floods, during which, due to strong waves, silt rises from the bottom of the sea, which then settles on the shallows near the delta islands. This leads to an increase in the area of ​​existing islands. In addition, during floods, rapidly receding water deepens small channels. So, after the flood of November 12, 1726, a small swamp channel was dredged along the right bank of the Malaya Neva. A new island was formed here, called Penkov Buyan. At the end of the last century, after the completion of the construction of the Sea Trade Port, the Neva delta consisted of 48 rivers and canals forming 101 islands. Since 1930 the number of watercourses was reduced to 45, and islands - to 42. A whole group of islands at the mouths of the Malaya Neva and Malaya Nevka rivers ceased to exist due to soil reclamation, including the islands of Volny, Gonoropulo, Koshevarova, Zhadimirovsky. As a result of the filling of small canals and rivers, many islands in the southwestern part of the delta disappeared. In total, over a century and a half after the memorable flood of 1824, the number of islands in the Neva delta decreased by more than three times (from 147 to 42). Leningrad is located on the islands of the Neva delta and the adjacent part of the Neva Lowland. The city center is located on Admiralteysky Island, washed by the Bolshaya Neva and Moika. A group of four islands - Aptekarsky, Petrovsky, Zayachiy and Petrogradsky - is called the Petrograd side.