Why Peter's daughters 1. What happened to the children of Peter the Great
Among the Russian monarchs there is no one who can be compared with Peter 1 in terms of the scale of the reforms he carried out and the importance of their results for strengthening the role of our country in the international political arena. And although the personal lives of rulers throughout human history have always been visible, often their offspring, especially those who could not lay claim to the throne or never ended up on it, died in obscurity. So who were the descendants and what do we know about them?
Tsarevich Alexey
In 1689, Peter 1 married a woman. From this marriage, a year later, he had a son, Tsarevich Alexei, who until 1718 was considered the heir to the Russian throne. From early childhood, the boy did not feel the love of his father, who transferred his negative attitude towards the unwanted wife imposed on him to his son. However, after Peter 1 sent Queen Evdokia to a monastery, he forbade Alexei to visit his mother, which made him suffer greatly and harbored a grudge against his father. Over time, this feeling grew into hatred, and the young man turned into a toy in the hands of the king’s opponents. Moreover, after his stepmother, Catherine, gave birth to a son almost simultaneously with his wife, who gave birth to the emperor’s first grandson (the future Peter 2), Alexei was made to understand that he was superfluous and the emperor now had an heir from his beloved woman, with whom he was connected all your hopes. After this, the prince, who was very afraid that he might be killed, wrote a letter to his father. In it, he renounced the throne and expressed his desire to enter a monastery.
However, he never carried out this intention, but instead fled to Vienna to ask for the patronage of Emperor Charles 6. As a result of great efforts made by the famous Russian diplomat P. Tolstoy, Alexei was able to be returned to Russia and put on trial as a traitor who was plotting to arrange rebellion to overthrow Peter 1. The prince died on June 26, 1718 in the Peter and Paul Fortress from a blow. At least, this was the official version of the reasons for his death.
Alexander Petrovich and Pavel Petrovich
The second offspring of the first Russian emperor from his marriage to Lopukhina was Alexander Petrovich, who was born in 1691 and died at the age of 7 months. In addition, some sources attributed to Peter 1 another son from Queen Eudokia - Paul. However, no documentary evidence of this was found.
Thus, it can be argued that the direct descendants of Peter 1 from his marriage to Lopukhina are Alexey and Pavel, as well as grandchildren Natalya Alekseevna (1714-178) and Pyotr Alekseevich (1715-1730).
Ekaterina Petrovna
Before finding out how many children Peter 1 had in general, it must be said that in 1703 Peter 1 had a new mistress, Marta Skavronskaya. Three years after their meeting, this new royal favorite gave birth to his illegitimate daughter, Catherine. The girl lived only a year and a half and was buried in
Anna Petrovna
5 years after the birth of her first child, Martha again gave birth to an illegitimate girl, who was named Anna. In 1711, a year before her parents' wedding, she, contrary to all customs, was declared a princess, and in 1721 - a princess. When the girl grew up, at the age of 17 she was married to Duke Karl-Friedrich of Holstein, from whom she gave birth to a son, Karl Peter Ulrich, in 1728. This boy was the grandson of Peter 1. And although he had never been to his mother’s homeland until the age of 13, he was destined to take the throne of the Russian Empire in the future under the name of Peter 3.
Elizabeth
In 1709, Peter again had a daughter, who was named Elizabeth, and 2 years later she was declared a princess. This girl, who never married, was unable to continue the Romanov family, but when she became Empress Elizabeth 1, she was able to do a lot to strengthen the reforms of her great father.
Children of Peter 1, born between 1713-1719
After the birth of Princess Elizabeth, Empress Catherine became the mother of royal offspring 5 more times. In particular, between 1713 and 1719, the couple gave birth to Natalya the Elder, Peter, Pavel, Margarita and Natalya the Younger. They all died in infancy. The emperor's last daughter lived the longest, dying of measles a month after her father's death.
Grandchildren of Peter 1
As already mentioned, only three of this monarch’s children lived to adulthood: Alexei, Anna and Elizabeth. Moreover, his son, who died in prison, left behind two children. As for the crown princesses, Anna died after giving birth to a boy, and Elizabeth had no offspring. Thus, the grandchildren of Peter 1 are the children of Alexei - Natalya, born in 1714, and Peter (born 1715), as well as Karl Peter Ulrich. And if the only granddaughter of the first Russian emperor lived until she was 14 years old and did not show herself in any way, then both boys each took the Russian throne in due time.
Petr Alekseevich
The son of Tsarevich Alexei from Charlotte Sophia of Brunswick was born in 1715. The boy was named Peter in honor of his grandfather, and he and his sister became complete orphans in 1718. After the last son of the emperor died, these children were brought closer to the court. The fact is that the grandson of Peter 1, Peter 2, at that time turned out to be the only male representative of the Romanov dynasty, except for the monarch himself. As you know, after the death of the emperor, Catherine 1 ascended the throne, reigning for only two years.
Although many courtiers sought to place one of the princesses on the throne, through the efforts of A. Menshikov, Peter 2 became emperor in May 1727. The boy was only 11 years old at that time, and at such an early age he had an addiction to alcohol. Thus, the children of Peter 1, Anna and Elizabeth, who were healthy at that time, were out of work.
But the young emperor actually did not have any power, since all affairs in the country were first decided by A. Menshikov. After his arrest in 1727, the Russian Empire was once again ruled by the boyars, who displaced the associates of Peter 1. In particular, Ivan Dolgoruky began to exert increasing influence on the young emperor, who even persuaded him to get engaged to his sister. However, the wedding never took place, as he died on the night of January 19, 1730. Being at that time a teenager only 14 years old, he left no heirs, and after him the descendants of Peter 1 were no longer Romanovs, since from ancient times in Rus' the surname was passed on from father to son only through the male line.
Karl Peter Ulrich
By 1730, almost all of the direct descendants of Peter 1 were dead. Only Tsarevna Elizabeth and two-year-old Karl Peter Ulrich, the only son of her sister Anna, who died two years earlier, remained alive. The fate of this boy was even more tragic than that of his cousin, who reigned for only three years. The fact is that, having lost his mother immediately after birth, he also lost his father at the age of 11. Then his uncle, the future king of Sweden, Adolf Frederick, took care of his upbringing. The teachers assigned to the child treated him very poorly and often humiliated him. Karl's life changed dramatically when he was 14 years old, since in 1742 the childless empress ordered her nephew to be brought to St. Petersburg and declared him her heir. By order of the royal aunt, he converted to Orthodoxy and received the name Peter Fedorovich, and 3 years later he was married to the Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst. All Elizabeth’s efforts to raise her nephew to be a statesman, to whom she could leave her father’s throne with a pure heart, failed, and she was forced to admit that this young man would never become a worthy sovereign. From his marriage to Catherine, Peter Fedorovich had a son, Pavel, who is officially considered Peter’s first great-grandson. However, many historians doubt that this child had anything to do with the Romanovs by blood. Having ascended the throne in 1761 as Peter 3, Karl Peter Ulrich reigned for only 1 year and was overthrown by his wife Catherine as a result
Now you know how many children Peter 1 had and what fate was in store for his grandchildren.
Anna Petrovna, eldest daughter of Peter I
On February 7, 1708, Peter the Great's daughter Anna, the eldest and most beloved, was born. She lived only 20 years, but left a deep mark on Russian history.
Anna lived very little in the world: she was born on February 7 (according to the old style - January 27), 1708 in Moscow and died on May 15 (according to the old style - May 4), 1728 from transient consumption in Kiel, Germany. However, the significance of the eldest daughter of Peter the Great for the dynastic history of Russia is enormous. Starting with her son Peter III, all the emperors of Russia were representatives of this - Holstein - branch of the House of Romanov: Peter the Third himself, Anna Petrovna's grandson Paul I, all three Alexanders and two Nicholas.
"You can't imagine anything cuter than her"
Tsesarevna Anna Petrovna, whom Peter the Great loved more than all his other children, did not live a very happy life. Judging by the memoirs of contemporaries, already in her early childhood it was noticeable that she was superior to her brothers and sisters in intelligence and curiosity. And not only that. Gustav von Mardefeld, the Prussian minister and envoy to the Russian court, described 16-year-old Anna this way: “I don’t think that in Europe at present there is a princess who could compete with her in beauty... In height "She is taller than usual, but her waist... is elegant and graceful. When she is silent, you can read in her big beautiful eyes all the charm and greatness of her soul. But when she speaks,... you cannot imagine anything sweeter than her."
He is echoed by the President of the Privy Council of the Duke of Holstein, Count Henning von Bassewitz: “Nothing could be more majestic than her posture and physiognomy, her gaze and smile were graceful and tender... The strictest exactingness in nothing could have revealed in without any shortcoming. To all this was added a penetrating mind, genuine simplicity and good nature, generosity, forbearance, excellent education and excellent knowledge of languages - Russian, French, German, Italian and Swedish."
At the age of seventeen, Anna was married to Duke Karl Friedrich von Holstein-Gottorf, a handsome man and a reveler. The wedding took place after the death of Peter the Great, but it was Peter who welcomed the Duke, who spent several years in Russia, having arrived there at the invitation of the Tsar: Charles was a contender for the Swedish throne, and this allowed Peter to exert political pressure on his sworn northern enemy.
From Russia to Germany
But the Duke of Holstein also had his own interest: with the help of Russia, he wanted to regain the rich Schleswig, which Denmark had taken from him under the Danish-Swedish treaty. Karl Friedrich was not rich, but his origins and family ties could be the envy of the most influential monarchs in Europe. The Holstein-Gottorps belonged to the Oldenburg family - one of the most famous and noble families (the Oldenburgs, by the way, still rule in Norway and Denmark today).
In general, the marriage of the eldest daughter of Peter the Great and the Duke of Holstein was beneficial for both parties. For Russia, also because Anna did not have to change her religion (Protestant courts were very liberal in this regard). In addition, although Anna and her husband renounced all future claims to the Russian throne, their son, which was specifically stipulated in the secret article of the marriage contract, could become the heir to the throne. The only condition: the heir must be baptized in the Orthodox faith.
For some time after the wedding, Anna and the Duke remained in Russia. But after Peter's death, the political situation in the country changed. In 1727, the then all-powerful Menshikov managed to force Anna and Karl Friedrich to leave for Germany. As the famous Russian historian Alexei Morokhin says, Anna was accompanied, in addition to her maids of honor and servants, by a priest and a deacon, eight singers, 12 oarsmen and two brewers.
Farewell to my homeland was not very cheerful. And life in Kiel too. Anna Petrovna really missed her sister (the future Russian Empress Elizabeth) and suffered from her husband’s inattention. Even in Russia, he spent his time with great pleasure in feasts and entertainment, but in Kiel he completely abandoned his wife. Anna complained to her sister that the Duke “doesn’t sit at home a single day.” Even the admiration of her subjects could not improve Anna’s mood.
Heir to the throne
The Germans loved and revered her very much. What was going on in Kiel when she gave birth to a boy! It was a real national holiday: bells were rung, cannons were fired... At the entrance to the palace there was a real line of people wishing to congratulate the happy parents. The birth of Karl Peter Ulrich was received much more restrainedly in St. Petersburg.
Tsar Peter III, at birth - Karl Peter Ulrich
Unfortunately, after giving birth, Anna Petrovna fell ill and never recovered. There is a legend that she caught a cold while watching fireworks at the open window in honor of the birth of her son. On May 15 she died. The flighty Duke sincerely grieved for her. In the garden of the palace he built a real memorial in honor of Anna. And ten years after her death, he established the Order of St. Anne - “for the eternal and indispensable glory and memory” of his wife. Later, under her grandson Paul I, this order became Russian, and one of the most prestigious.
And the boy whom Anna Petrovna gave birth to, and who may have been an indirect cause of her early death, later became the Russian Emperor - Peter the Third. Elizaveta Petrovna ordered her then 13-year-old nephew to be brought to St. Petersburg. Karl Peter Ulrich was baptized into Orthodoxy, began to teach the Russian language and was declared heir to the throne. And the ashes of his mother were transported to Russia even earlier and buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral - in the same place where the ashes of her great father rest.
See also:
Gold service
This pure gold tea set was made in St. Petersburg in 1808 specifically to supplement the dowry of Grand Duchess Catherine, daughter of Paul I. She brought it to Württemberg. They did not drink tea from the service: it had a purely representative purpose.
House of Romanov and the Württemberg dynasty
Queen's shoes
Maria Feodorovna wore these shoes once in her life - in 1797, at the solemn coronation of her husband, Emperor Paul l and herself. They are made of the finest leather and silk and are perfectly preserved.
House of Romanov and the Württemberg dynasty
Childhood of kings
This miniature shows six children of Empress Maria Feodorovna. Among them are two future Russian tsars: Alexander I and Nicholas I. In total, Maria Feodorovna (née Sophia-Dorothea of Württemberg) gave birth to ten children to Emperor Paul I.
House of Romanov and the Württemberg dynasty
Homesick
This is a fragment of the most famous picturesque portrait of Queen Olga - the daughter of Nicholas I, who married Charles of Württemberg. The portrait hung in her husband's office. Olga painted beautifully in watercolors, read a lot and wrote letters full of love to her brothers, sisters and father in St. Petersburg. She missed Russia very much.
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The eldest daughter of Emperor Peter I, Anna Petrovna, was born out of wedlock on January 27, 1708 in the city of St. Petersburg. Her mother was the daughter of a Livonian peasant, Marta Skavronskaya. Officially, Peter married Catherine (this was the name Martha took at baptism) on February 19, 1712, after returning from the Prussian campaign.
Only 12 years later, in 1724, Peter crowned his wife as empress. Catherine bore him eleven children, most of whom died. Only Anna and her younger sister, Elizabeth, survived.
Eldest daughter
In childhood, girls were surrounded by nannies, jesters and dwarfs, and later governesses were assigned to the crown princesses. Anna learned to read and write early and persistently studied foreign languages. The French teacher taught the princesses the subtleties of etiquette and taught them to dance.
Anna took after her father, and therefore was a tall, slender brunette with black eyes. According to eyewitnesses, the crown princess was modest, calm, intelligent, thrifty, a little shy and very inquisitive.
Peter I doted on his eldest daughter, but for politicians, children have always been a geopolitical argument in the big game. Therefore, from an early age, the emperor began to look for a good match for his daughter. At first, Peter’s choice fell on the King of France, Louis XV: the princess even learned French and learned to dance the minuet, but Louis was not satisfied with Anna’s illegitimate origin.
Then Peter found a new groom - Karl Friedrich, Duke of Holstein. Apparently, Peter was attracted by the port in Kiel and the extensive connections of the Gottorp rulers who ruled Schleswig-Holstein. The groom's mother was Jadwiga Sophia, the eldest daughter of the Swedish king Charles XI, and her son, in principle, could ascend to the Swedish throne.
Father's arranged marriage
With this marriage, Charles wanted to strengthen his position, return to big politics and return the lands of Schleswig, by this time occupied by Denmark. Such an alliance caused a lot of gossip throughout Europe, because the Duke’s hope to return Schleswig could create a new military conflict.
Peter I arranged the marriage when Anna was thirteen. Karl and his entourage arrived in Russia, where he became the princess’s groom. The future husband of the imperial daughter lived in the house of General Bruce. The chronicles write that the duke enjoyed the patronage of the royal spouses.
In 1724, Charles signed a marriage contract, according to which his wife remained Orthodox, his sons were raised Lutheran, and his daughters Orthodox. He and Anna forever renounced the Russian throne, but their sons could be declared heirs by Peter.
After the death of parents
Did Anna love her husband? Some historians say that the emperor, who adored his daughter, would not have given her to an unloved person. Others consider Karl narrow-minded and not particularly handsome, and write that Anna was simply carrying out her father’s will.
Soon Peter I died. There is a version that the emperor wanted to make his eldest daughter heir, but did not have time. Catherine I ascended the throne and reigned for only two years after the death of her husband. According to her will, the throne went to her grandson - the son of Tsarevich Alexei, Peter, who at that time was eleven years old. In the event of his death, Anna was to become the Russian Empress.
However, due to the intrigues of Menshikov, who for a short time became practically the ruler of the country, the position of Anna and her husband changed. The Duke was removed from the Privy Council, of which he was a member, and soon Menshikov ensured that the couple left the country and went to Holstein.
In Kiel they were met by all the cream of society, but life away from their homeland weighed heavily on Anna. Her only entertainment was correspondence with Elizabeth. The Duke changed a lot: in his homeland he began to go on a drinking spree, cheated on his wife, and completely stopped being interested in politics. Anna Petrovna, who was waiting for an heir, fell into depression. The tone of her letters changed. She admitted: her husband goes to “comedies,” and she often cries.
At the end of February 1728, twenty-year-old Anna was delivered of the heir. The boy was baptized Peter Ulrich. Soon Anna Petrovna died, as they said, from “puerperal fever.” There was nothing unusual about such a death then, and witnesses assured: the Duke’s wife caught a cold during the festive fireworks launched in honor of her son. Allegedly, having heard the volleys, she opened the window.
It was winter outside, the wind rushed into the room, the young woman was weakened by childbirth, and the result was tragic. However, in the works of historians of the 19th century who studied Anna's letters, there are indications that the young woman died only on May 4, 1728 - two months after giving birth.
It is unknown whether she died of illness or was eliminated as a contender for the crown. Anna really wanted to be laid to rest “near the priest.” Her body was brought to St. Petersburg by sea and buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral.
Elizabeth was not at the ceremony. She mourned her sister in her Moscow chambers.
Karl Ulrich died when he was only 39. He managed to establish the Order of St. Anne: a golden cross with a red pattern, a portrait of the saint herself and the letters AIPI (Anna, daughter of Emperor Peter I). In 1742, the order came to Russia, and Anna Petrovna’s grandson, Emperor Pavel, included it in the register.
Peter I - the youngest son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from his second marriage to Natalya Naryshkina - was born on May 30, 1672. As a child, Peter was educated at home, from a young age he knew German, then studied Dutch, English and French. With the help of palace craftsmen (carpentry, turning, weapons, blacksmithing, etc.). The future emperor was physically strong, agile, inquisitive and capable, and had a good memory.
In April 1682, Peter was elevated to the throne after the death of a childless man, bypassing his elder half-brother Ivan. However, the sister of Peter and Ivan - and the relatives of Alexei Mikhailovich's first wife - the Miloslavskys used the Streltsy uprising in Moscow for a palace coup. In May 1682, adherents and relatives of the Naryshkins were killed or exiled, Ivan was declared the “senior” tsar, and Peter was declared the “junior” tsar under the ruler Sophia.
Under Sophia, Peter lived in the village of Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow. Here, from his peers, Peter formed “amusing regiments” - the future imperial guard. In those same years, the prince met the son of the court groom, Alexander Menshikov, who later became the “right hand” of the emperor.
In the 2nd half of the 1680s, clashes began between Peter and Sofia Alekseevna, who strived for autocracy. In August 1689, having received news of Sophia’s preparation for a palace coup, Peter hastily left Preobrazhensky for the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, where troops loyal to him and his supporters arrived. Armed detachments of nobles, assembled by the messengers of Peter I, surrounded Moscow, Sophia was removed from power and imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent, her associates were exiled or executed.
After the death of Ivan Alekseevich (1696), Peter I became the sole tsar.
Possessing a strong will, determination and great capacity for work, Peter I expanded his knowledge and skills in various fields throughout his life, paying special attention to military and naval affairs. In 1689-1693, under the guidance of the Dutch master Timmerman and the Russian master Kartsev, Peter I learned to build ships on Lake Pereslavl. In 1697-1698, during his first trip abroad, he took a full course in artillery sciences in Konigsberg, worked as a carpenter for six months in the shipyards of Amsterdam (Holland), studying naval architecture and drawing plans, and completed a theoretical course in shipbuilding in England.
By order of Peter I, books, instruments, and weapons were purchased abroad, and foreign craftsmen and scientists were invited. Peter I met with Leibniz, Newton and other scientists, and in 1717 he was elected an honorary member of the Paris Academy of Sciences.
During his reign, Peter I carried out major reforms aimed at overcoming Russia's backwardness from the advanced countries of the West. The transformations affected all spheres of public life. Peter I expanded the ownership rights of landowners over the property and personality of serfs, replaced the household taxation of peasants with a capitation tax, issued a decree on possession peasants who were allowed to be acquired by the owners of manufactories, practiced the mass registration of state and tribute peasants to state-owned and private factories, the mobilization of peasants and townspeople into the army and for the construction of cities, fortresses, canals, etc. The Decree on Single Inheritance (1714) equalized estates and fiefdoms, giving their owners the right to transfer real estate to one of their sons, and thereby secured noble ownership of the land. The Table of Ranks (1722) established the order of rank in the military and civil service not according to nobility, but according to personal abilities and merits.
Peter I contributed to the rise of the country's productive forces, encouraged the development of domestic manufactories, communications, domestic and foreign trade.
The reforms of the state apparatus under Peter I were an important step towards the transformation of the Russian autocracy of the 17th century into the bureaucratic-noble monarchy of the 18th century with its bureaucracy and service classes. The place of the Boyar Duma was taken by the Senate (1711), instead of orders, collegiums were established (1718), the control apparatus was first represented by “fiscals” (1711), and then by prosecutors headed by the Prosecutor General. In place of the patriarchate, a Spiritual College, or Synod, was established, which was under the control of the government. Administrative reform was of great importance. In 1708-1709, instead of counties, voivodeships and governorships, 8 (then 10) provinces headed by governors were established. In 1719, the provinces were divided into 47 provinces.
As a military leader, Peter I stands among the most educated and talented builders of the armed forces, generals and naval commanders in Russian and world history of the 18th century. His whole life's work was to strengthen Russia's military power and increase its role in the international arena. He had to continue the war with Turkey, which began in 1686, and wage a long-term struggle for Russia's access to the sea in the North and South. As a result of the Azov campaigns (1695-1696), Azov was occupied by Russian troops, and Russia fortified itself on the shores of the Sea of Azov. In the long Northern War (1700-1721), Russia, under the leadership of Peter I, achieved complete victory and gained access to the Baltic Sea, which gave it the opportunity to establish direct ties with Western countries. After the Persian campaign (1722-1723), the western coast of the Caspian Sea with the cities of Derbent and Baku went to Russia.
Under Peter I, for the first time in the history of Russia, permanent diplomatic missions and consulates were established abroad, and outdated forms of diplomatic relations and etiquette were abolished.
Peter I also carried out major reforms in the field of culture and education. A secular school appeared, and the clergy's monopoly on education was eliminated. Peter I founded the Pushkar School (1699), the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences (1701), and the Medical and Surgical School; The first Russian public theater was opened. In St. Petersburg, the Naval Academy (1715), engineering and artillery schools (1719), schools of translators at collegiums were established, the first Russian museum was opened - the Kunstkamera (1719) with a public library. In 1700, a new calendar was introduced with the beginning of the year on January 1 (instead of September 1) and chronology from the “Nativity of Christ”, and not from the “Creation of the World”.
By order of Peter I, various expeditions were carried out, including to Central Asia, the Far East, and Siberia, and a systematic study of the country's geography and cartography began.
Peter I was married twice: to Evdokia Fedorovna Lopukhina and Marta Skavronskaya (later Empress Catherine I); had a son, Alexei, from his first marriage and daughters Anna and Elizabeth from his second (besides them, 8 children of Peter I died in early childhood).
Peter I died in 1725 and was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral of the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg.
The material was prepared based on information from open sources
