Basic concepts and terms of lexicology.

Vocabulary is the vocabulary of any language, including Russian. The unit of vocabulary is the word.

The word serves to designate and/or name objects and characteristics (relations, actions, qualities, quantities). The meaning of a word is the reflection in the word of the speaker’s idea of ​​a phenomenon of reality (this phenomenon can be an object, quality, action, process, etc.) or of the relationship between objects or phenomena of reality.
There are lexical and grammatical meanings of words. The lexical meaning of a word is individual, characteristic of a specific word, it is contained in the basis of the word. The grammatical meaning of a word is contained in affixes (prefix, suffix).
You can find out the meaning of a word in an explanatory dictionary.

Dictionaries

Explanatory dictionaries serve to interpret and explain the meaning of words. The first explanatory dictionary of the Russian language was the “Dictionary of the Russian Academy” (1789-1794). It contained more than 43 thousand words.
“Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by V.I. Dahl was published in 1863-1866, it already included about 200 thousand words.
Nowadays there are many explanatory dictionaries, including for schoolchildren.

The number of words in the language is constantly increasing. “The Russian language is not as uniform and standardized as, for example, the French language. Thanks to those streams of living oral speech that rush into the literary language, its level is constantly changing, its vocabulary is diversifying. These riches of living speech add realistic color to the writers’ style” (V.V. Vinogradov).

Active and passive vocabulary

The active vocabulary includes words that are used every day in communication; the meaning of these words is known to everyone who speaks this language. For the Russian language these are words earth, white, a lot etc. The active dictionary also includes professional words denoting current concepts: atom, anesthesia, ecology and etc.
Passive vocabulary consists of rarely used words. Their meanings are not always clear to everyone. Most often, such words include archaisms, historicisms, and neologisms.

The vocabulary of the Russian language is divided into two large unequal groups: original and borrowed.

Original Russian vocabulary

Original Russian vocabulary is words dating back to the Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Slavic and Old Russian eras and inherited by the Russian language, as well as created in the Russian language according to its own models.

Proto-Indo-European vocabulary

Words dating back to the Proto-Indo-European era also have equivalents in other Indo-European languages. These are words denoting kinship terms: son, brother, mother, sister; animal names: wolf, deer, goose; natural phenomena: water, moon, snow, stone; body parts: eye, ear; some actions: take, give, see; numbers: two three and etc.

Proto-Slavic vocabulary

Proto-Slavic vocabulary is more numerous than Proto-Indo-European. Words of the Proto-Slavic vocabulary have correspondences in Slavic languages ​​and are absent in other Indo-European languages: heart, child, spring, rain, grass, snake, labor, kind, yesterday and etc.
Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Slavic vocabulary make up about 2000 words in the vocabulary of the Russian language, but they are the most commonly used.

Old Russian vocabulary

This is a layer of vocabulary common to the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages ​​and absent in other Slavic languages: uncle, samovar, lark, forty, ninety and etc.

Actually Russian vocabulary

Words related to this layer of vocabulary arose from the end of the 16th century. These include almost all nouns with the suffixes -schik, -chik, -yatin (a), -lk (a), -ovk (a), -telstv (o), -sh (a), -nost, -ability, -tel: mason, lighter, certificate, switch; compound nouns: salary; most compound adjectives: dark green, vibrant and etc.
Actually Russian are also words that arose in earlier eras, but then changed their meaning: for example, the word “red” in the Proto-Slavic and Old Russian languages ​​had the meaning “good, beautiful,” and in Russian it began to mean color.

Borrowed vocabulary

Borrowing is one of the ways to develop a modern language. Language as a living phenomenon always responds quickly and flexibly to the needs of society. In the Russian language, more than 10% of words are borrowed from other languages. The reasons for borrowing are known: trade, cultural, scientific ties between countries and the consequence of this - language contacts. In most cases, words are borrowed together with a thing or concept: school(Greek), Class(lat.), briefcase(French), backpack(German), tea(whale.), candy(Italian) tundra(Finnish).
The reason for borrowing may also be the desire to replace a descriptive expression or phrase with one word. For example, instead of “sharp shooter” - sniper (English); instead of “hotel for motor tourists” - motel (English), etc.
Borrowings have come into the Russian language at all times. Some of these words came from the Old Russian language, which, in turn, could have received them from the Proto-Slavic language: prince, king, carp.
The words came from the Scandinavian languages ​​to Old Russian herring, hook; from Finnish – herring, salmon, fir, blizzard; from Turkic - armyak, bashlyk, barn, chest; from Greek - bed, notebook, ship, sail, beets, lantern and etc.

Borrowing words may not occur directly, but through other languages. For example, many Greek borrowings penetrated into the Old Russian language through Old Church Slavonic, and words from other eastern languages ​​were borrowed through the Turkic languages: beads, dagger- from Arabic, tub, turquoise- from Persian. Many words from Western European languages ​​could have been borrowed through Polish.
The vocabulary of the Russian language began to expand especially rapidly in the era of Peter I, mainly borrowings from Western European languages. Maritime terms were actively borrowed from the Dutch language: boatswain, harbor, storm, and also from English: boat, emergency.
Later, sports terms began to be borrowed from English: boxing, volleyball, champion, start and etc.
Military terms are mainly borrowed from German: camp, parapet, officer, soldier, bayonet. But there were also borrowings from French: battalion, vanguard. From the German language some borrowings related to mining: mine, adit, drift.
Art terms were borrowed from French: ballet, parterre, landscape, still life, novel, essay, feuilleton and others. There are many French borrowings in cooking ( dessert, puree, stew), as well as in the names of clothes ( jacket, muffler, suit, coat).
And musical terms are mainly of Italian origin: aria,cello, serenade and etc.

At the beginning and middle of the 20th century. borrowings were not very numerous due to the isolation of the country and a sharply negative attitude towards everything foreign. However, even at this time words are borrowed:cinema, radio, taxi, jazz, conveyor, speedometer, trolleybus and etc.

But from the second half of the 50s of the XX century. the borrowing process is activated, and at present it is very active. This was facilitated, among other things, by the collapse of the Soviet Union, the intensification of business, scientific, trade, and cultural ties, and the flourishing of foreign tourism. First, in professional, and then in other fields, terms related to computer technology appeared: computer, display, file, interface, printer etc. Economic and financial terms are borrowed: barter, broker, voucher, dealer and etc.; names of sports: windsurfing, skateboarding, arm wrestling etc. Some words have become so firmly established in our language that they are already perceived as commonly used: image, presentation, present, nomination, sponsor, video, show.
Many of these words have already been completely assimilated into the Russian language.

Is this good or bad? Different people will give different answers to this question. But one thing is clear: in the modern world the process of linguistic interchange is inevitable. Another thing is that here, as in any matter, you need to know and feel moderation. No language is complete without borrowings. You can see in this the source of the development of language, but you can also see the path to its death.
Apparently, there is a certain line beyond which enrichment turns into the destruction of language.
Those borrowings that do not have a Russian analogue can be considered useful. For example, vocabulary related to computer technology. But there are excessive borrowings, they are already beginning to compete with Russian words and displace them. Although pure analogy is a very rare occurrence. When, for example, the word “killer” is used, it means not just a killer, but a professional killer.
But there are many borrowed words that can easily be replaced with Russian ones.
Absolute – perfect
Abstract - abstract
Agrarian - agricultural
Adultery - adultery
Active - active
Current - topical
Alternative - another possibility
Altruist - well-wisher
Immoral – immoral
Analysis - parsing
Similar - same
Argument - argument
Assortment - variety
Business is business
Verdict - sentence
Dimensions - dimensions
Hermetically - tightly
Hypothetical – speculative
Goalkeeper - goalkeeper
Humanity - humanity
Diver - diver
Digest - review
Devaluation - depreciation
Demonstration - showing
Destructive - destructive
Discomfort - inconvenience
Discussion - discussion, argument
Disposition - location
Dominate – dominate, dominate
Duel - duel, etc. This list goes on and on.
There is another type of borrowing - international vocabulary.

International vocabulary

These are words that have the same meaning in many other languages, including unrelated languages. The main part of internationalisms consists of terms of science, technology, socio-political life, economics, literature, art, sports: association, demonstration, communism, intellectual, culture, press, reform, telephone, utopia, civilization, etc.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS THAT ARE USEFUL TO KNOW FOR THOSE

WHO WRITES THE ESSAY

IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN THE FORM OF THE USE.

In order to pass with dignity Unified State Exam 2015 in Russian, intensive training in the subject is required throughout the year. After all, in addition to the test task, the exam paper also contains an essay. The essay itself is not always easy to write, but here you also need to connect it with the text and present your arguments! And what wise words – “arguments”!

In order to make this difficult task at least a little easier, on this page we have collected for you the terms that are necessary for a graduate when writing Unified State Exam 2015 in Russian, and in particular, section C.

depicted.

Argument- an argument, reason, judgment that is given as proof of the expressed thought.

Argue- provide the necessary evidence and arguments.

Original text– the text that is proposed for analysis.

Problem comment– interpretation, explanation of the main issue

of this text.

Communicative intent– this is an attempt by a graduate to state his point

view of the information contained in this text (communicative

competence - the ability to verbally interact in various areas

communication).

Opinion– the graduate’s own judgment on the proposed problem; view on the topic, point of view.

Source text problem- this is the main question posed in the text,

requiring study and permission. Please note that there may be several problems (questions).

Issues is a set of questions (problems) posed by the author in

Background material- this is the material that the graduate uses for

evidence of your own opinion (literary, scientific, historical

and other facts, quotes; events from your own life, etc.).

Factual accuracy- this is the absence of factual errors in additional (background) material.

Formally stated opinion- this is an unsubstantiated opinion (“I agree or do not

Formulation of source text problems- this is a definition of the main questions that were posed by the author in the text

Ethics- This is the doctrine of morality, the rules of human behavior.

Correctness- this is politeness, courtesy, tact.

Express your opinion ethically– it’s delicate, tactful,

observing all moral norms and principles, express your personal point of view on a certain problem posed by the author of the text (agree or disagree).

It is ethically incorrect to formulate an opinion- this is to express it indelicately, in a rude form.

Speech clichés

Like any other essay, an exam essay on Russian language Unified State Exam 2015 written according to a specific plan:

1.Introduction (introduction)

2. Statement of the problem of the text read

5.Your position

6.1st argument (literary)

7.2 -th argument (any other)

8. Conclusion (conclusion)

For entry:

Everyone knows that...
Thousands of books have been written about this topic, hundreds of films have been made.
Indeed, this topic interests each of us...

Everyone knows about the need...
(Rhetorical questions).
These are the questions that have always worried humanity.
Oh... reflects in his article...
(Rhetorical questions). These questions may seem simple at first glance.
.Some people believe that… . Others emphasize...
Why does this happen? The answers to these questions that interest us can be found in the article...
Start with a quote that conveys the main idea of ​​the text. (The “Thread” technique) “(Statement)” - this is how the article begins...
. Oh... they talked and wrote a lot.
The importance and relevance of this topic can hardly be overestimated: not all people understand... (Define the problem in the form of a question)
. One of the most exciting mysteries that has always troubled human thought was the question related to.... (Rhetorical questions).
(A rhetorical question). This question arises before every new generation, because people do not want to be satisfied with old answers and strive to find their truth.
Reception "Quote". “...,” wrote the famous...

To formulate the topic (problem) of the source text

• In the text proposed for analysis...
• In this text...the problem concerns...
• This text is dedicated to...
• The text presents the point of view...
• The proposed text (we indicate the author) addresses the following issues... (or dwells on the following problems...)

To comment on the problem:

• Question about …
• The problem raised (we indicate the author) is especially relevant...
• Discussing the problem...,
• (indicate the author) appeals...

• The author's position is that...
• The author's point of view is as follows: ...
• According to the author,...
• From the author’s point of view, ...;
• From the author's point of view...
• The author's position is:...
• The author believes that...
• The author strives to convey to...

To express your opinion:

• I share (or do not share) the point of view...
• I hold (or do not hold) the same opinion on this issue...as the author.
• I agree (or disagree) with the author that...
• It is difficult (or impossible) to disagree with the author..
• The author's position is close to me

To argue your own position:

• How often do I have to deal with...
• Haven’t such phenomena in our lives as... become commonplace?
• Who among us has not observed...
• Who among us has encountered...
• Which of us did not notice (behind us);
• Who among us has not witnessed how...
• Unfortunately, often these days
• Unfortunately, among us;
• Unfortunately, around us...

To conclude:

• “After reading this text...”:
• After reading this text, it becomes clear that...
• The author wants...
• And this desire determines the depth and strength of the author’s appeal.
• (Use of quotation) “…,” wrote….
• These words express the idea of...
• The author of the text believes that...
• The author tried to convince us...
• Today, when..., it is important to remember that....
• After reading this text, you understand how...

Dear graduate! Good luck to you Unified State Exam 2015 in Russian!

10. Concept of vocabulary, word.

LEXICO is the vocabulary of a language.

LEXICOLOGY is a branch of linguistics that deals with the study of vocabulary.

WORD is the basic structural-semantic unit of language, which serves to name objects, phenomena, their properties and which has a set of semantic, phonetic and grammatical features. The characteristic features of a word are integrity, distinctiveness and integral reproducibility in speech.

The main ways to replenish the vocabulary of the Russian language.

The vocabulary of the Russian language is replenished in two main ways:

Words are formed on the basis of word-forming material (roots, suffixes and endings),

New words come into the Russian language from other languages ​​due to the political, economic and cultural ties of Russian people with other peoples and countries.

11. LEXICAL MEANING OF THE WORD- the correlation of the sound design of a linguistic unit with a particular phenomenon of reality, fixed in the consciousness of the speaker.

Single and polysemous words.

Words can be unambiguous or ambiguous. Unambiguous words are words that have only one lexical meaning, regardless of the context in which they are used. There are few such words in the Russian language, these are

• scientific terms (bandage, gastritis),
• proper names (Nikolai Petrov),
• recently emerged words that are still rarely used (pizzeria, foam rubber),
• words with a narrow subject meaning (binoculars, can, backpack).

Most words in Russian are polysemantic, i.e. they can have multiple meanings. In each individual context, one meaning is actualized. A polysemantic word has a basic meaning and meanings derived from it. The main meaning is always given in the first place in the explanatory dictionary, followed by derivatives.

Many words that are now perceived as polysemantic originally had only one meaning, but since they were often used in speech, they began to have additional meanings, in addition to the main one. Many words that are unambiguous in modern Russian can become ambiguous over time.

Direct and figurative meaning of the word.

Direct meaning is the meaning of a word that directly correlates with the phenomena of objective reality. This value is stable, although it may change over time. For example, the word “table” in Ancient Rus' had the meaning of “reign, capital,” but now it has the meaning of “piece of furniture.”

A figurative meaning is a meaning of a word that arose as a result of the transfer of a name from one object of reality to another on the basis of some similarity.

For example, the word “sediment” has a direct meaning: “solid particles present in a liquid and deposited on the bottom or walls of a vessel after settling,” and a figurative meaning is “a heavy feeling remaining after something.”

12. HOMONYMS- these are words that have different meanings, but are identical in pronunciation and spelling. For example, a club is a “spherical flying smoky mass” (a club of smoke) and a club is a “cultural and educational institution” (a railway workers’ club). The use of homonyms in the text is a special stylistic device.

13. SYNONYMS- these are words close to each other in meaning. Synonyms form a synonymous series, for example, assumption - hypothesis - guess - assumption.

Synonyms may differ slightly in sign or style, sometimes both. Synonyms that completely match in meaning are called absolute synonyms. There are few of them in the language; these are either scientific terms (for example, spelling - spelling), or words formed using synonymous morphemes (for example, guard - guard).

Synonyms are used to make speech more varied and avoid repetition, as well as to give a more accurate description of what is being said.

14. ANTONYMS- these are words with opposite meanings.

Antonyms are words that have correlative meanings; You cannot put in an antonymic pair words that characterize an object or phenomenon from different sides (early - late, fall asleep - wake up, white - black.).

If the word is polysemantic, then each meaning has its own antonym (for example, for the word “old” in the phrase “old man” the antonym is the word “young”, and in the phrase “old carpet” - “new”).

Like synonyms, antonyms are used for greater expressiveness of speech.

15. Word categories by origin.

All words in Russian are divided into:

• primordially Russian, which include Indo-European words (oak, wolf, mother, son), common Slavic pe-sika (birch, cow, friend), East Slavic vocabulary (boot, dog, village), Russian vocabulary proper (mason, leaflet);
• borrowed words, which include borrowings from Slavic languages ​​(finger, mouth - Old Slavonicisms, borscht - Ukrainian borrowing, monogram - Polish borrowing) and non-Slavic languages ​​(Scandinavian - anchor, hook, Oleg; Turkic - hut, chest; Latin - audience, administration ; Greek - cherry, lantern, history; German - sandwich, tie; French - battalion, buffet, etc.)

16. Outdated words and neologisms.

The vocabulary of the Russian language is constantly changing: some words that were previously used very often are now almost unheard of, while others, on the contrary, are used more and more frequently. Such processes in language are associated with changes in the life of the society it serves: with the advent of a new concept, a new word appears; If society no longer refers to a certain concept, then it does not refer to the word that this concept denotes.

Words that are no longer used or are used very rarely are called obsolete (for example, child, right hand, mouth, Red Army soldier, people's commissar.

Neologisms are new words that have not yet become familiar and everyday names. The composition of neologisms is constantly changing, some of them take root in the language, some do not. For example, in the middle of the 20th century, the word “satellite” was a neologism.

From a stylistic point of view, all words of the Russian language are divided into two large groups:

• stylistically neutral or commonly used (can be used in all styles of speech without limitation);
• stylistically colored (they belong to one of the styles of speech: bookish: scientific, official business, journalistic - or colloquial; their use “out of style” violates the correctness and purity of speech; you need to be extremely careful in their use); for example, the word “interference” belongs to the colloquial style, and the word “expel” belongs to the book style.

8. In the Russian language, depending on the nature of the functioning, there are:

Common vocabulary (used without any restrictions),
- vocabulary of a limited scope of use.

17. Vocabulary of limited scope of use:

• dialectisms are words belonging to a specific dialect. Dialects are Russian folk dialects that contain a significant number of original words known only in a certain area. Dialectisms can be

1. lexical (known only in the territory of distribution of this dialect): sash, tsibulya,
2. morphological (characterized by a special inflection): in me,
3. phonetic (characterized by a special pronunciation): [tsai] - tea, [khverma] - farm, etc.

• Professionalisms are words that are used in various fields of production, technology, etc. and which have not become generally used; terms - words that name special concepts of any sphere of production or science; professionalisms and terms are used by people of the same profession, in the same field of science (for example, abscissa (mathematics), affricates (linguistics)),

LEXICO - a set of words that make up a language.

LEXICOLOGY is a branch of linguistics that studies vocabulary.

lexical SEMANTICS - the semantic meaning of a word, figure of speech, etc. SEMASIOLOGY is a branch of linguistics that studies the meanings of words and expressions and changes in these meanings.

ETYMOLOGY is a branch of linguistics that studies the origin of words. ONOMASTICS is a branch of linguistics that studies proper names, i.e. names of people (ANTHROPONYMS), geographical names (TOPONYMS), etc. PHRASEOLOGY - I) a branch of linguistics that studies stable phrases; 2) a set of stable phrases of a given language.

PHRASEOLOGICAL CONNECTIONS - LEXICALLY NSDELIM(Є phrases, the generalized holistic meaning of which is not determined by the meaning of its constituent components.

PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS - LEXICALLY INDIVIDUALS, the general meaning of which is potentially equivalent to words and can be partially motivated by the semantics of the constituent components.

PHRASEOLOGICAL COMBINATIONS are stable phrases in which there are words with both free and bound meanings. PHRASEOLOGICAL EXPRESSIONS are phraseological units “that are not only semantically distinct, but also consist entirely of words with free meanings” (I.M. Shansky).

LEXICOGRAPHY - a branch of linguistics that is underestimated by the practice and theory of compiling dictionaries.

LEXICAL SYSTEM is an internally organized set of LANGUAGE elements, naturally interconnected by relatively stable relationships and constantly interacting.

LEXICAL PARADIGMATICS - RELATIONS of choice that determine the alternation and interchange of linguistic units.

LEXICAL SYNTAGMATICS - relations of combinability of lexical units in speech.

dictionary - a book containing a list of words arranged in a certain order, with interpretations in the same language or with translation into another language. DICTIONARY - a list, a list of all the words in the dictionary.

DICTIONARY ENTRY - the place that each word occupies in the dictionary with interpretation, notes, grammatical information and illustrative material.

TYPES OF DICTIONARIES:

normative non-normative

WORD is a nominative unit that has (if it is not unstressed) in its original form one main stress and has meaning, lexicogrammatical reference and impenetrability.

WORD FORMS - grammatical forms (case, numerical, etc.), which are related as dependent to one source (for example, singular noun). variants of a WORD - its semantic, orthoepic and other varieties with a similar morphemic composition (for example, thousand - thousand, hall - hall). MEANING (LOVA) - the correlation of a word through a certain concept with an object of reality.

CONCEPT is a thought that unites the objects of reality in the human mind according to their essential, most important characteristics.

GRAMMATICAL MEANING is an abstract meaning abstracted from the lexical content of a word and inherent in a whole class of words as parts of speech. DENOTATION is the subject-logical part of the lexical meaning. CONNOTATION - various emotional-expressive-evaluative connotations, layered on the main subject-logical content. MOTIVATE MEANING - determined by the MORPHEME COMPOSITION of the WORD or other meaning (meanings) of the same word.

DIRECT MEANING OF THE WORD - main, primary, main, original; direct meaning directly connects a word with a particular object.

FIGURE MEANING - secondary, derivative, indirect; words in figurative meanings do not name an object directly, but through certain comparisons and associations that arise in the minds of native speakers.

TYPES OF WORD MEANINGS ACCORDING TO THE CONCEPT: nominative, demonstrative, relative, communicative.

LANGUAGE metaphor is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on their similarity.

metonymy is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on their contiguity.

SYNECDOCHE is a type of metonymy: transferring a name from a whole to a part, or from a general to a particular, or vice versa.

free meanings are the meanings of words with relatively wide compatibility.

non-free (LINKED) meanings are the meanings of words whose lexical compatibility is limited not only by subject-logical relations, but also by linguistic ones.

phraseologically related meaning - a meaning realized in combinations of a given word with a limited range of words.

SYNTACISTICALLY CONDITIONAL meaning - realized when a word performs a certain syntactic function.

POLYSEMY (POLYSEMY) - the presence of several meanings in a word. HOMONYMS are words that have the same sound and spelling, but are not related in meaning.

TYPES OF HOMONYMS: full lexical homonyms - words of the same part of speech, which have the same entire system of forms; incomplete (partial) lexical homonyms - in which not all grammatical forms coincide. PHENOMENA. SIMILAR TO HOMONYMY - homoforms - words that match in sound and spelling in individual grammatical forms; Homophones - words that sound the same but are written differently; homographs - words that have the same spelling but different sounds; Paronyms are words that are close, but do not sound the same, with different meanings.

lexical synonyms are different-sounding words of the same part of speech, denoting one concept, but differing in shades of meaning and/or use.

types of synonyms: semantic (ideographic) - meanings that differ in shades when characterizing an object; stylistic used in different areas, having different stylistic overtones; semantic-stylistic - having differences both in meaning and in use; absolute synonyms (doublets) - words with completely identical meanings that do not differ in use.

SYNONYMIC SERIES - a group of words united by synonymous relationships.

the dominant of the synonymous SERIES is the most common and stylistically neutral word.

EUPHEMISM (as a type of synonym) - words or expressions that, under certain conditions, serve to replace such designations that seem undesirable to the speaker.

ANTONYMS are words of the same part of speech that have opposite meanings correlating with each other.

STRUCTURAL TYPES OF ANTONYMS: multi-rooted AND single-rooted. ENLNTIOSEMIY (partial antonymy) - the development of a word with the opposite meaning.

CONTEXTUAL SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS - ARE such only in the conditions of a given context, that is, a fact of speech, not language. STYLISTICALLY NEUTRAL (INTER-STYLE) LEXIC - words that are equally freely used in all functional styles and do not have a stylistic connotation.

stylistically colored (marked) vocabulary - words characteristic of a particular functional style, associated with a particular communication situation, or different from neutral ones in terms of expressiveness. BOOK VOCABULARY - words that are stylistically limited and fixed in their use, which are found primarily in written speech.

TERMS - words and phrases that are names of special concepts of science, technology, art, etc., created artificially, unambiguous.

GROUPS OF BOOK VOCABULARY: scientific, socio-political (journalistic), official business, poetic.

CONVERSATIONAL VOCABULARY: words that have a slightly reduced (compared to neutral) stylistic connotation, used in a conversational style, characterized by casual, unprepared communication. GROUPS OF SPOKEN VOCABULARY: colloquial-literary, colloquial-everyday, colloquial-professional.

SPOKEN VOCABULARY - words with a bright, reduced stylistic coloring, always expressive.

vulgarisms are rude words used for negative characterization, unacceptable in literary language.

STYLISTIC NOTES are special designations in normative dictionaries, indicating the stylistic affiliation, the scope of use of the word, and the degree of its expressiveness.

ORIGINAL RUST vocabulary - words that arose in the language of the Russian nation itself and inherited by the Russian people from previous eras. GROUPS ARE ORIGINALLY East-Slavic, both are Russian.

foreign language vocabulary - words of other languages ​​used in the Russian language as regular lexical units.

ZHOTISM - foreign words that are growing in the Russian language, naming phenomena in the life (life, culture) of other peoples.

BARVARISMS are foreign language inclusions used in the Russian text, but not included in the Russian language.

IIP'ERNATIONALISM - words that function in different (including unrelated) languages ​​with the same external features and content, expressing mainly concepts of an international nature (science, politics, culture, art).

LEXICAL CALQUES - borrowings by literal translation of the corresponding foreign language unit.

SEMI-CALS - such borrowings when only part of the word is translated (for example, antibody).

OLD SLAVANISMS - words borrowed from the Old Church Slavonic language - the oldest literary language created for the needs of worship. Commonly used VOCABULARY - words whose use is not limited in any way, and are generally understandable to all native speakers.

vocabulary of limited use - words whose use is limited geographically, socially or professionally. dialectisms are words of a dialect, the distribution of which is limited to a particular territory.

JARGONISM - words and expressions that are outside the literary norm, belonging to some jargon - a social variety of speech.

PROFESSIONALISM - words and phrases characteristic of people of one profession, occupation, which are semi-official names of professional concepts.

types of DIALECTISM: proper lexical, semantic, ethnographic, word-formation, morphological, phonetic, syntactic. ACTIVE VOCABULARY - words that are most frequent during a given period of language development and are used every day in communication.

PASSIVE VOCABULARY - words that are relatively rarely used in the language and are not usually used by people in their everyday life (obsolete and new words).

HISTORISM - words that have come out or are going out of use as a result of the disappearance from life of the concepts they denote.

ARCHAISMS - words denoting concepts that have survived in life, but are replaced in modern language by synonyms.

NEW HISTORISM - socio-political terms that arose in the Russian language during Soviet times and have already become irrelevant.

TYPES OF ARCHAISMS: proper lexical, lexical-semantic, lesico-phonetic, lexical-word-formative.