Society as a social system. Signs of society as an integral dynamically developing system? Signs of society as a system examples
Society
3) humanity as a whole;
4) all definitions are correct.
1) culture; 3) society;
2) biosphere; 4) civilization.
1) part of the material world;
2) system;
3) forms of association of people;
4) natural environment.
1) natural conditions;
2) no change;
3) public relations;
1) army; 3) politics;
2) nation; 4) school.
1) natural soils;
2) climate;
3) productive forces;
4) environment.
2) man and technology;
3) nature and society;
1) the stability of the elements;
3) isolation from nature;
3) self-development;
Society and nature
1) society is part of nature;
2) nature is part of society;
1) society and nature;
2) techniques and technologies;
3) civilizations and cultures;
2) the presence of signs of the system;
3) conscious activity;
4) urban growth.
1) nature is part of society;
3) remained a part of nature;
1) presidential elections;
1) the action of elemental forces;
2) the presence of signs of the system;
3) existence of laws;
4) change, development.
Society and culture
1) society; 3) biosphere;
2) civilization; 4) culture.
1) production; 3) culture;
2) civilization; 4) reform.
1) buildings;
2) knowledge;
3) symbols;
1) knowledge; 3) transport;
2) soil cultivation;
3) rules of conduct in society;
4) creation of works of art.
1) all elements of material and spiritual culture are inextricably linked;
2) all elements of material and spiritual culture exist independently of each other;
3) culture represents the measure of the human in a person;
4) each generation accumulates and preserves cultural traditions and values.
7. Cultural universals are called:
1) a set of norms of behavior;
2) features of national culture;
3) a body of knowledge about society;
4) some common features or forms common to all cultures.
8. Which of the statements is true:
1) society is part of culture;
2) society and culture are inextricably linked;
3) society and culture exist independently of each other;
4) society can exist outside of culture.
9. Cultural universals do not include:
1) the presence of a language;
2) the institution of marriage and family;
3) religious rituals;
4) features of national culture.
10. Material culture includes:
1) vehicles;
2) system of values;
3) worldview;
4) scientific theories.
The relationship of economic, social, political and spiritual spheres of society
1. Demographic changes in the state primarily reflect the manifestation of the sphere of society:
1) economic; 3) political and legal;
2) social; 4) spiritual.
2. Economy, politics, social relations and spiritual life of society are:
1) independently developing spheres of society;
2) interconnected spheres of society;
3) stages of public life;
4) elements of social life.
3. The social sphere of society includes:
1) power, state;
2) production of material goods;
3) classes, nations;
4) science, religion.
4. Relations in the process of material production can be attributed to:
1) economic sphere;
2) the political sphere;
3) social sphere;
4) spiritual sphere.
5. Production costs, labor market, competition characterize the sphere of society:
2) social; 4) spiritual.
6. The electoral system, the procedure for adopting laws characterize the sphere of society:
1) economic; 3) political;
2) social; 4) spiritual.
7. The political sphere of public life includes:
1) relationships between classes;
2) relations in the process of material production;
3) relations arising from state power;
4) the relationship of morality and morality.
8. Relations between representatives of different faiths are characterized by:
1) economic sphere;
2) the political sphere;
3) social sphere;
4) spiritual sphere.
9. What sphere of public life are scientific discoveries, writing novels:
1) economic sphere;
2) the political sphere;
3) social sphere;
4) spiritual sphere.
10. Choose the correct judgment:
1) all spheres of public life are interconnected;
2) all spheres of public life develop independently of each other;
3) the political sphere of public life cannot influence the economy;
4) there is no relationship between the phenomena of economic and social life.
Human
Man as a product of biological, social and cultural evolution
1. Are the judgments about the generic features of a person correct? Man is distinguished from animals by the ability to:
A. Create a socio-cultural environment.
B. Work together.
1) only A is true; 3) both judgments are true;
2) only B is true; 4) both judgments are wrong.
2. A person is distinguished from any animal by the ability to:
1) exchange of information with one's own kind;
2) imitation (learning the forms and behavior of others);
3) cooperation (joint production of labor tools);
4) transmission and mutual assimilation of various emotional states.
3. An important difference between humans and animals is:
1) self-consciousness; 3) reflexes;
2) instincts; 4) needs.
4. Both man and animal are characterized by:
1) labor activity;
2) care for offspring;
3) cognitive activity;
4) self-realization.
5. The main factors of anthroposociogenesis (human origin) include:
1) natural selection and 1) 2,3,4,5;
struggle for existence; 2) 2.3;
2) labor; 3) 2,4,5;
3) religion; 4) 1,2,4,5;
5) thinking;
6) the custom of burying the dead.
human being
1) consciousness; 3) abstraction;
2) being; 4) movement.
2. The concept of "person" includes:
1) a single specific person, considered as a biopsychosocial being;
3. The term "individual" means:
1) anyone who belongs to the human race, because he has the properties and qualities inherent in all people;
2) a single specific person, considered as a biosocial being;
3) the subject of conscious activity, which has a set of socially significant features, properties and qualities that a person as a subject realizes in public life;
4) social individuality, originality, which is formed in the process of upbringing and human activity under the influence of a specific socio-cultural environment.
4. The concept of "personality" means:
1) a single specific person, considered as a biosocial being;
2) anyone who belongs to the human race, because he has the properties and qualities inherent in all people;
3) the subject of conscious activity, which has a set of socially significant features, properties and qualities that a person as a subject realizes in public life;
4) a person who has reached the age of majority, possessing all the rights and freedoms determined by citizenship.
5. Individuality is:
1) specific features inherent in a person as a biological organism;
2) the temperament of a person, his character;
3) the unique originality of both natural and social in man;
4) the totality of human needs and abilities.
6. A single representative of the human race is called:
1) an individual; 3) personality;
2) individuality; 4) the creator.
7. By what criterion are sanguine, choleric, melancholic and phlegmatic people distinguished:
1) character; 3) personality type;
2) temperament; 4) individuality.
Activity and creativity
1. Creativity, in a broad sense, is:
1) activity that generates something new;
2) inventive activity;
3) rationalization activity;
4) activity that generates something new, socially significant.
2. Knowledge, the conditions for obtaining which are not realized:
1) creativity; 3) activity;
2) intuition; 4) imagination.
3. A necessary component of a person's creative activity, which is expressed in the construction of an image or a visual model of its results, in cases where information about the conditions and means of achieving the goal is insufficient:
1) intuition;
2) fantasy;
3) deduction;
4) induction.
The purpose and meaning of human life
Self-realization
1. Self-realization is:
1) self-actualization;
2) realization of their capabilities and abilities;
3) I am a concept;
4) the results of life.
Human inner world
1. The rules of conduct that act as requirements of the highest, unconditional wisdom, which do not need explanation and evidence, are the norms:
1) religious;
2) traditions and customs;
3) morality;
4) political.
2. The concept that defines the spiritual attitudes and values inherent in an individual or social group in a certain historical era:
1) ideology;
2) social psychology;
3) mentality;
4) intuition.
3. The means of introducing a person to the way of life and way of action of society, that is, to its culture, is:
1) worldview;
3) ideology;
4) education.
4. The type of worldview, the distinctive feature of which is the development of a theoretically and factually substantiated picture of the world:
1) ordinary;
2) scientific;
3) religious;
4) humanistic.
5. The type of worldview, a distinctive feature of which is that it is to a decisive extent formed under the influence of life circumstances, based on personal experience and common sense:
1) ordinary;
2) scientific;
3) religious;
4) humanistic.
Consciousness and the unconscious
1. Indicate the correct combination about the mental manifestations of a person. Mental manifestations of a person related to the sphere of consciousness:
A. Noble intention.
B. Panic actions.
D. Accurate understanding.
1) ABV; 3) ABG;
2) BVG; 4) all of the above.
2. The sphere of consciousness includes:
1) the instinct of self-preservation; 3) noble intention;
2) creative insight; 4) panic mood.
3. The sphere of consciousness does not include:
1) firm conviction;
2) purposeful recall;
3) creative insight;
4) accurate understanding.
4. Indicate the correct combination about the mental manifestations of a person. The mental manifestation of a person related to the sphere of the unconscious:
A. Self-preservation instinct.
B. Panic actions.
D. Creative insight.
4) all of the above.
self-knowledge
1. Understanding by a person of his mental activity, words, deeds:
1) reflection;
2) self-actualization;
3) self-realization;
4) knowledge.
2. Awareness and evaluation of one's actions, feelings, thoughts, motives of behavior, interests, one's position in the world underlies:
1) self-preservation;
2) self-realization;
3) self-education;
4) self-consciousness.
3. The process of cognition, where a person makes himself the subject of study, is called:
1) self-education;
2) self-knowledge;
3) self-realization;
4) self-control.
Behavior
1. Indicate the correct combination of characteristics of human behavior. Features that unite the behavior of humans and other living beings:
A. Cooperation (joint production of tools).
Cognition
Knowledge of the world
1. The English philosopher F. Bacon believed that:
2) knowledge is power;
3) knowledge is the result of cognition;
4) knowledge is given by God;
5) truth is concrete.
2. Knowledge is subject, and may contain both knowledge about objects, their properties and functions, and:
A. Involuntary.
A. Rational knowledge.
B. Sensory cognition.
1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are correct;
4) both judgments are wrong.
6. Rational knowledge, in contrast to sensory:
1) is inherent only to educated people;
2) forms the concept of the subject;
3) is a criterion of truth;
4) leads to useful results.
7. Name the first three positions representing the forms of sensory cognition, the next three forms - rational cognition:
1) judgment; 4) concept;
2) perception; 5) presentation;
3) feeling; 6) inference.
Arrange numbers in ascending order. Answer:
8. From the listed forms, select the forms of rational knowledge:
1) concept;
2) judgment;
3) observation;
4) analysis;
5) perception.
9. "Some metals are liquids" are:
1) concept; 3) inference;
2) judgment; 4) observation.
10. Philosophers F. Bacon and D. Locke are:
1) empiricists; 3) dualists;
2) rationalists; 4) agnostics.
11. True knowledge as opposed to false:
1) is obtained in the course of cognitive activity;
2) corresponds to the very object of knowledge;
3) requires effort for its understanding;
4) is stated using scientific terms.
Truth and its criteria
1. Truth from the point of view of modern science is:
1) the correspondence of one thought to another;
2) "thing in itself";
3) correspondence of thought to the subject;
4) the result of knowledge.
2. Choose the correct judgments about the views of empiricists and rationalists:
A. Scientific knowledge.
B. Parascientific knowledge.
1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are correct;
4) both judgments are wrong.
12. Name the social form of knowledge of the world: Social forms of knowledge of the world
scientific knowledge
1. A feature of scientific knowledge is:
1) the desire for objectivity;
2) progressiveness;
3) use of the experiment;
4) there is no correct answer.
2. Name the levels of scientific knowledge:
3. Laws, principles, concepts, theoretical schemes, logical consequences form:
1) scientific facts;
2) scientific theory;
3) scientific school;
4) scientific dogma.
A. The studies of A. Einstein, M. Planck and other prominent scientists radically changed the ideas about space, time, matter.
Spiritual life of society
Culture and spiritual life
1. All types of transformative activity of a person and society, as well as its results are:
1) culture; 3) spiritual culture;
2) civilization; 4) material culture.
2. Which of the following applies to traditions:
1) celebration of Maslenitsa;
2) the invention of the telephone;
3) holding a civil forum;
4) works of poets of antiquity.
3. Which of the following characterizes innovation in culture:
1) celebration of the New Year;
2) religious norms;
3) the invention of radio;
4) the rule of etiquette to let women go ahead.
4. Elements of social and cultural heritage that are preserved for a long time, over the life of many generations, are:
1) cultural traditions;
2) cultural universals;
3) innovation;
4) civilizational cycle.
5. What position characterizes the phenomenon of innovation in culture:
1) creation of a new, increment of cultural wealth in the process of inventions;
2) transmission of cultural values from generation to generation;
3) accumulation and transfer of works of art, scientific discoveries;
4) elements of cultural heritage that have developed over many generations.
6. Which of the statements is incorrect:
1) culture represents the measure of the human in a person;
2) traditions and innovation - ways of cultural development;
3) each generation accumulates and preserves cultural traditions and values;
4) each generation creates its own samples of culture, not relying on the experience of previous generations.
7. Culture in a broad sense means:
1) the level of development of science and technology;
2) the totality of all human achievements;
3) the level of education of the population;
4) all genres of art.
8. The element of spiritual life is:
1) holding a film festival;
3) construction of a new theater building;
4) increasing the political activity of the population.
9. The works of innovative creators are, as a rule, elements of:
1) mass culture;
2) elite culture;
3) folk culture;
4) screen culture.
The science
1. The field of activity, the function of which is the development and theoretical systematization of objective data, is:
2) public consciousness;
3) education;
4) art.
2. A feature of scientific knowledge is:
1) theoretical character;
2) the formation of an aesthetic attitude;
3) subjective character;
4) emotional and artistic reflection of reality.
3. For science as a form of culture is not typical:
1) creation of material values;
2) connection with mental labor;
3) the presence of a goal;
4) creation of spiritual values.
4. Which of the judgments about the essence of science is incorrect:
1) science is the result of the activities of scientists aimed at understanding the world around them;
2) science is thinking in concepts, and art is in artistic images;
3) the immediate goals of science are the description, explanation and prediction of the processes and phenomena of reality;
4) the scientific picture of the world is its emotional-figurative model.
5. With what function of science is the solution of questions related to the structure of matter, the structure of the Universe, the origin and essence of life:
1) cultural and ideological;
2) prognostic;
3) production;
4) social.
6. The function of science is manifested in the creation of a scientific and technical base for the development of the productive forces of society:
1) cultural and ideological;
2) social;
3) production;
4) prognostic.
7. In solving global problems of our time, the most important function of science is:
1) social;
2) production;
3) cultural and ideological;
4) prognostic.
8. Which of the following does not apply to the ethical standards of science:
1) social responsibility of scientists;
2) obtaining commercial profit from research;
3) disinterested search and upholding of the truth;
9. The development of genetic engineering, biotechnology makes such an ethical standard as the most relevant:
1) social responsibility of scientists for the consequences of their discoveries;
2) disinterested search;
3) receipt of commercial profit;
4) the desire to know the truth.
10. Which of the signs does not characterize science as a form of culture:
1) logical evidence;
2) imagery;
3) consistency;
4) complex descriptions of the object.
4.6. Education and self-education
1. What is the process of humanitarization of education manifested in:
1) in increasing attention to the humanities and social disciplines;
2) in the maximum convergence of national educational systems;
3) in the rejection of the ideologization of education;
4) in increasing attention to the individual, his interests, requests.
2. According to the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education", education is:
1) a purposeful process of education and training in the interests of a person;
2) a purposeful process of education and development in the interests of society;
3) a purposeful process of education, training and development in the interests of a person, society and the state;
4) a purposeful learning process in the interests of the state, society, and a person.
3. In accordance with the Constitution in the Russian Federation, it is mandatory:
1) higher education;
2) initial vocational education;
3) complete secondary education;
4) basic general education.
4. One of the principles of education, in which special attention is paid to the individual, his interests and needs, is:
1) humanization;
2) humanization;
3) internationalism;
4) standardization.
5. The process of familiarization with the culture, values of human society, knowledge about the world accumulated by previous generations is called:
1) science; 3) education;
2) art; 4) creativity.
6. Which of the following is not a basic guarantee of the right to education?
1) basic general education is compulsory;
2) general accessibility and free of charge basic general education;
3) free higher education on a competitive basis;
4) complete secondary education is compulsory.
7. Education in the modern world is distinguished by:
1) exclusively secular character;
2) general availability;
3) the variety of ways to obtain;
4) exclusively state character.
8. Which of the following does not characterize the principle of humanization in education:
1) special attention is paid to the moral education of a person;
2) the introduction of distance learning;
3) attention to the individual, his interests;
4) introduction of new humanitarian disciplines in teaching.
9. Which of the statements about the nature of self-education is incorrect:
1) the form of self-education is distance learning;
2) self-education contributes to an increase in the individual level of culture;
3) self-education is not an end in itself, it is dictated by the objective needs of society;
4) self-education is characteristic of a person in the period of initial socialization.
10. Secondary vocational education can be obtained in:
1) college; 3) gymnasiums;
2) high school; 4) university.
1. The set of norms that determine human behavior in society and are based on public opinion is:
1) morality; 3) law;
2) ethics; 4) cult.
2. Science, the subject of which is the norms of morality, the rules of worthy behavior, is:
1) ethics; 3) cultural studies;
2) aesthetics; 4) philosophy.
3. The ideas of political moralism, that is, the inextricable connection between politics and morality, were first formulated:
1) Aristotle; 3) Machiavelli;
2) Marx; 4) Lenin.
4. A special form of social consciousness that regulates the actions of people in society with the help of norms is called:
1) culture; 3) morality;
2) law; 4) religion.
5. The difference between moral norms and legal norms is that they:
1) are obligatory;
2) based on public opinion;
3) supported by the power of the state;
4) formally defined.
6. Which of the statements about moral and legal norms is incorrect:
1) morality and law contribute to social harmony, harmonization of relations between people;
2) morality and law regulate the activities of people with the help of norms;
3) the majority of legal norms are based on moral norms;
4) moral and legal norms are always formally defined.
7. The form of the normative-evaluative orientation of the individual, communities in behavior and spiritual life, mutual perception and self-perception of people is:
2) morality;
3) culture;
1) legal; 3) moral;
2) professional; 4) religious.
1) I. Kant; 3) K. Marx;
2) O. Spengler; 4) Plato.
10. An unconditional, compulsory requirement that does not allow objections, binding on all people, regardless of their origin, position, circumstances, is called:
2) legal norm;
4) corporate norm.
Society
1.1. 1.3; 2.4; 3.3; 4.4; 5.3; 6.3; 7.3; 8.4; 9.4; 10.3
1.2. 1.3; 2.1; 3.2; 4.2; 5.1; 6.4; 7.3; 8.1; 9.3; 10.1
1.3. 1.4; 2.3; 3.1; 4.1; 5.2; 6.2; 7.4; 8.2; 9.4; 10.1
1.4. 1.2; 2.2; 3.3; 4.1; 5.1; 6.3; 7.3; 8.4; 9.4; 10.1
1.5. 1.1; 2.3; 3.4; 4.1; 5.4; 6.4; 7.1; 8.3; 9.3; 10.3
1.6. 1.1; 2.2; 3.2; 4.2; 5.2; 6.3; 7.1; 8.3; 9.4; 10.4
1.7. 1.2; 2.4; 3.4; 4.1; 5.2; 6.4; 7.1; 8.2; 9.1; 10.2
1.8. 1.1; 2.3; 3.1; 4.3; 5.4; 6.3; 7.3; 8.2; 9.3; 10.3
1.9. 1.3; 2.1; 3.4; 4.1; 5.1; 6.2; 7.4; 8.2; 9.1; 10.2
Human
2.1. 1.3; 2.3; 3.1; 4.2; 5.4
2.2. 1.2; 2.1; 3.1; 4.3; 5.3; 6.1; 7.2
2.3. 1.3; 2.3; 3.4; 4.2; 5.2; 6.1
2.4. 1.1; 2.2; 3.2; 4.3; 5.2; 6.4; 7.2; 8.4; 9.1; 10.4; 11.2; 12.2; 13.2
2.5. 1.1; 2.2; 3.2; 4.3
2.6. 1.1; 2.3; 3.1; 4.1
2.7. 1.2; 2.3
2.8. 1.4; 2.4; 3.2; 4.1; 5.2; 6.3; 7.1
2.9. 1.3; 2.3; 3.4; 4.2; 5.1
2.10. 1.3; 2.3; 3.3; 4.3
2.11. 1.1; 2.4; 3.2; 4.2; 5.3
2.12. 1.3; 2.2; 3.3; 4.3; 5.2; 6. humanistic
2.13. 1.4; 2.1; 3.1; 4.4
Cognition
3.1. 1.1; 2.3; 3.3; 4. subject; 5.3; 6.2; 7.2; 8.3; 9.3; 10.3
3.2. 1.1; 2.2; 3.2; 4. presentation; 5.1, 6.2, 7.235146; 8.1.2; 9.2; 10.1; 11.2
3.3. 1.3; 2.3; 3.4; 4.1; 5.1-B; 2-A; 3-B
3.4. 1.4; 2.4; 3. scientific revolutions; 4.4; 5.2; 6.3; 7.1; 8.1; 9.3; 10.2; 11.2; 12. art
3.5. 1.1, 2. theoretical; 3.2, 4.1, 5. observation; 6. hypothesis; 7.1, 8.1
3.6. 1.4; 2.2; 3.2; 4.2; 5.2; 6.3; 7.3; 8.4; 9.3; 10.2; 11. self-esteem; 12.3
3.7. 1.1; 2.3; 3.1; 4. opinions, judgments; 5.3; 6.2; 7.2
Spiritual life of society
4.1. 1.1; 2.1; 3.3; 4.1; 5.1; 6.4; 7.2; 8.1; 9.2
4.2. 1.2; 2.1; 3.4; 4.1; 5.1; 6.1; 7.3; 8.2; 9.3; 10.4
4.3. 1.3; 2.2; 3.2; 4.2; 5.4; 6.3; 7.3; 8.2; 9.3; 10.1
4.4. 1.3; 2.2; 3.1; 4.3; 5.4; 6.2; 7.1; 8.2; 9.3; 10.4
4.5. 1.1; 2.1; 3.1; 4.4; 5.1; 6.3; 7.1; 8.2; 9.1; 10.2
4.6. 1.1; 2.3; 3.4; 4.1; 5.3; 6.4; 7.3; 8.4; 9.4; 10.1
4.7. 1.3; 2.2; 3.4; 4.1; 5.2; 6.3; 7.2; 8.4; 9.2; 10.3
4.8. 1.1; 2.1; 3.1; 4.3; 5.2; 6.4; 7.2; 8.3; 9.1; 10.1
4.9. 1.3; 2.3; 3.4; 4.1; 5.4; 6.3
Society
Society as a dynamic system
1. The concept of "dynamic system" refers to:
1) only to society; 3) both to nature and to society;
2) only to nature; 4) neither to nature nor to society.
2. Complete the definition "Society is ...":
1) a certain stage in the historical development of mankind;
2) a certain group of people united for joint activities;
3) humanity as a whole;
4) all definitions are correct.
3. What concept does the definition refer to: “A part of the material world that is isolated from nature, closely connected with it, which includes ways of human interaction”:
1) culture; 3) society;
2) biosphere; 4) civilization.
4. The concept of "society" does not include the provision:
1) part of the material world;
2) system;
3) forms of association of people;
4) natural environment.
5. The main features of society as a system include:
1) natural conditions;
2) no change;
3) public relations;
4) stage of historical development.
6. The main subsystems of society include:
1) army; 3) politics;
2) nation; 4) school.
7. The elements of society include:
1) natural soils;
2) climate;
3) productive forces;
4) environment.
8. Public relations include links between:
1) climatic conditions and agriculture;
2) man and technology;
3) nature and society;
4) different social groups.
9. What characterizes society as a dynamic system:
1) the stability of the elements;
2) the immutability of social groups;
3) isolation from nature;
4) renewal of social forms.
10. What characterizes society as a dynamic system:
1) the presence of public relations;
2) links between subsystems of society;
3) self-development;
4) ways of interaction of people.
Society and nature
1. Which of the judgments more accurately reflects the relationship between nature and society:
1) society is part of nature;
2) nature is part of society;
3) society and nature in interconnection form the real world;
4) society has lost touch with nature.
2. Environmental issues exemplify the relationship:
1) society and nature;
2) techniques and technologies;
3) civilizations and cultures;
4) property relations and social structure.
3. A common feature of society and nature is:
1) acting as a creator of culture;
2) the presence of signs of the system;
3) conscious activity;
4) the ability to exist independently of each other.
4. Which of the examples illustrates the influence of nature on the development of society:
1) adoption of a new Labor Code;
2) the influence of rivers on the economic life of the Slavs;
3) establishment of a living wage;
4) providing benefits to war veterans.
5. An example of the interaction of nature and society is:
1) global warming;
2) change in the demographic situation;
3) development of the sphere of production;
4) urban growth.
6. Problems generated by the interaction of society and nature are called:
1) scientific and technical; 3) cultural;
2) social; 4) environmental.
7. The relationship between nature and society is manifested in the fact that:
1) nature is part of society;
2) nature determines the development of society;
3) nature has an impact on society;
4) nature does not depend on society.
8. In the process of development, society:
1) isolated from nature, but closely connected with it;
2) separated from nature and does not depend on it;
3) remained a part of nature;
4) ceased to influence nature.
9. Which of the examples illustrates the interaction of nature and society:
1) presidential elections;
2) increased marginalization of society;
3) adoption of environmental legislation;
4) a concert of symphonic music.
10. What distinguishes nature from society:
1) the action of elemental forces;
2) the presence of signs of the system;
3) existence of laws;
4) change, development.
Society and culture
1. The concept of "second nature" characterizes:
1) society; 3) biosphere;
2) civilization; 4) culture.
2. All types of transformative human activity, aimed not only at the external environment, but also at himself - these are:
1) production; 3) culture;
2) civilization; 4) reform.
3. Material culture includes:
1) buildings;
2) knowledge;
3) symbols;
4. Spiritual culture includes:
1) knowledge; 3) transport;
2) household items; 4) equipment.
5. The original meaning of the word "culture" is:
1) creation of artificial materials;
2) soil cultivation;
Considering the basic principles of a systematic approach to society, we define its main concept.
System- this is a certain way ordered set of elements interconnected and forming some integral unity. The internal nature, the content side of any integral system, the material basis of its organization is determined by the composition, the set of elements.
The social system is a holistic formation, the main element of which are people, their connections, interactions and relationships. These connections, interactions and relationships are stable and are reproduced in the historical process, passing from generation to generation.
According to the literature, there are several main parameters, signs, characteristics society as a social system.
1. Self-regulation. The ability of the system to adjust its activities, taking into account the reverse influence of the environment. This means that each new stage of human activity that wants to change social relations takes into account previous efforts to transform the structure of society. Self-regulation is carried out by a spontaneous mechanism of reproduction and development of the structure of society. And it can also be carried out through conscious and systematic management.
From the point of view of self-regulation, in order for a society to function successfully, it must meet the basic functional requirements: adaptation, goal achievement, integration, retention of the model (control over its environment, primarily economic); to have a goal to which social activity is directed, through the right to streamline relations between the elements of the system: individuals, institutions, to try to preserve and maintain the values of society.
2. openness. This is the ability of the system to exist due to the exchange with the environment, nature, with other systems of society, information, energy, matter. It is carried out in the form of open activity of people to create and preserve living conditions, develop the exchange of activities, create material and spiritual values.
3. information content. This is the ability of society to use social information that gives the experience of generations. It allows you to make a diagnosis to society, as well as to predict future development, using complex and targeted programs in management.
4. determinism. It is predestination, conditionality, dependence. It means that society in its development is dependent on previous states. The productive forces and methods of human activity today will certainly affect the lives of future generations in the general direction of their development. And specific forms, methods, rates of development are determined by specific conditions.
5. Hierarchy means that society is a multifaceted system, characterized by a combination of different levels and links of organization and subordination, subordination, dependence between them.
6. Centeredness. It means that some element and activity is announced in the development of society, which make up the building, its basis, the foundation of society. Many scientists declare as the center of society - the method of production of material goods, labor, religion, private property, knowledge, peace.
7. Integrity- this is an objective attitude towards a person, groups, communities of people, thanks to which conditions are created and their life activity is organized. Integrity signs:
a) social integrity has no parts and elements;
b) social space has no trifles, and social time is irreversible;
c) the abilities of each of the subjects of human activity are inimitable and unique.
8. Anti-entropy. It means that a qualitative indicator of the progress of society is the reduction of labor costs per capita. And this means that the share of economic activity in public life as a whole is decreasing due to the increase in labor productivity, management efficiency and the growth of the level of culture. This leads to an increase in the role and importance of the spiritual principle, free time in people's lives. At the same time, labor is any activity that is aimed at satisfying social needs. He is opposed to anti-labour. It threatens the existence of society. It embodies the processes of social disorganization, degradation, social decay. It manifests itself in one-dimensional thinking, narrowness of interests, short-sightedness of actions, one-dimensionality of feelings.
Any universal classification of society, according to scientists, is difficult, since it is an extremely complex, multi-level formation.
According to a number of domestic sociologists, the criteria of society should include the following:
the presence of a single territory, which is the material basis for the social ties that arise within it;
universality (general character);
autonomy, the ability to exist independently and independently of other societies;
Integrativity: society is able to maintain and reproduce its structures in new generations, to include more and more new individuals in a single context of social life.
Some sociologists consider the systemic definition of R. Koenig to be the optimal signs of society, according to which society is understood as:
1. Specific type of lifestyle.
2. Concrete social unities formed by peoples.
3. Treaty-based economic and ideological associations.
4. Whole society, that is, the totality of individuals and groups.
5. Historically specific type of society.
6. Social reality - the relationships of individuals and the structures and social processes based on these relationships.
The historical processes of the development of society are determined by many analysts according to various criteria.
So, the outstanding German scientist, philosopher G. Hegel presents the world emergence and development of society in four periods: the Eastern world, the Greek world, the Roman world, the German world.
The French scientist C. Fourier believed that mankind had gone through periods in its development: “slavish” primitiveness, savagery, barbarism, and entered a period of civilization. In the future, humanity will go through "guarantorism", "socialism", "harmonism".
The American scientist W. Rostow called the stages of development of society "stages of growth."
First stage- a traditional society, which was an agrarian society with primitive technology, with a class structure and the power of large owners.
Second stage- this is a "transitional society", a period of transition to capitalism.
Third stage- this is the era of "take-off", rise, that is, the period of industrial revolutions in the countries of the West.
fourth stage- this is the period of "maturity", that is, an industrial society.
Fifth stage This is a period of "high mass consumption".
The French thinker J. Condorcet divided the process of the formation of society into ten eras: first era- the era of the primitive state; second- the era of transition from the pastoral state to agriculture; third- this is the era of specialization and division of labor between people; fourth-fifth- these are the eras of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome; sixth and seventh- This is the era of the Middle Ages; eighth- this is the era of printing and the flourishing of science; ninth- this is the era that preceded the formation of the French Republic; tenth This is the era of bourgeois society.
The American sociologist N. Smelser identified four types of society: hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies, agrarian societies, and industrial societies.
The French sociologist R. Aron divided the entire history of human society into two epochs: pre-industrial and industrial.
A. Toynbee, a famous English scientist, taking religion as a criterion for assessing the historical stages of the development of human society, identified five major living civilizations:
1) Orthodox-Christian, or Byzantine society, located in South-Eastern Europe and Russia;
2) an Islamic society centered in an arid zone running diagonally across North Africa and the Middle East from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Wall of China;
3) Hindu society in tropical and subcontinental India to the South-East of the arid zone;
4) Far Eastern society in the subtropical and temperate regions between the arid zone and the Pacific Ocean;
5) Western Christian society (countries of Western Europe, America, Australia, where Catholicism and Protestantism are widespread).
In recent decades, sociologists have been talking about the emergence of a completely new type of society. The main trend of advanced industrial societies today is to shift the focus from the sphere of production to the sphere of services. The USA was the first country where more than 50% of the labor force was employed in the service industries. America's example was soon followed by Australia, New Zealand, Western Europe, and Japan. Now post-industrial society refers to a society based on information, services and high technology rather than raw materials and production.
An information chip is an invention that transforms society, and with it social relations.
The list of these changes is almost endless.
Among modern theories, a prominent place is occupied by the concept of post-economic society, proposed by V.L. Inotsemtsev.
The post-economic society, in his opinion, follows the post-industrial one. Its main feature is the emergence of individual human interests from a purely material plane, the colossal complication of social reality, the multiplication of the diversity of models of social life and even options for its development over time.
V.L. Inozemtsev, in this regard, identifies three large-scale eras: pre-economic, economic and post-economic. Such periodization is based on two criteria: the type of human activity and the nature of the relationship between the interests of individuals and society. In the early stages of history, the motive for activity was explained by instinctive urges, as in all biological beings. Further, the conscious nature of the activity had a goal - the creation and consumption of the material product of labor. A new round of development led to the orientation of the individual to improve himself, his abilities, qualities.
In this case, there is a typology of forms of activity: pre-labor instinctive activity; work; creation.
As for the second criterion - the nature of the subordination of the interests of individuals and society, then V.L. Foreigners notes:
1) in the early periods, the collective interest of the group or community strongly dominates the individual
2) in an economic society based on labor, personal gain, personal material interest dominate the interests of the community, competition develops.
3) post-economic society is characterized by the absence of a struggle of personal interests, the desire for material success is not the main thing. The world becomes polyvariant and multidimensional, people's personal interests intertwine and enter into unique combinations, no longer opposing, but complementing the arcs of a friend.
This means that the post-economic society has an intensive and complex economic activity, but is no longer determined by material interests, economic expediency. Private property in it is destructive, society returns to personal property, to the state of non-alienation of the worker from the instruments of production. A new type of confrontation is inherent in the post-economic society: the confrontation between the information and intellectual elite and all people who are not included in it, employed in the sphere of mass production and, because of this, forced out to the periphery of society.
The concept of "society" is considered in two main aspects. The first involves its philosophical explanation. In this aspect, society is called a part of the material world isolated from nature, which represents a form of historical development and life of people.
In history, cultural studies and sociology, society is usually considered as a system, a specific social organism (American, English, Italian, etc.) or a certain stage in the history of mankind (tribal, capitalist, etc.).
The emergence of society has historically been interpreted differently by different philosophers and scientists. Today it is recognized that society is determined both at the level of social communities and at the level of individuals. This is what makes it possible to speak of as a system, with its subsystems and constituent, structural elements.
The main element of any society is a person (a socially developed person). The subsystems of his life are social, economic, political, social and spiritual spheres that are closely intertwined and interact. Society as a system can exist just thanks to this interaction.
In addition to large subsystems, smaller links are also distinguished in society, for example, various communities. These include classes, ethnic communities, families, social groups, various teams, etc., the interaction of which is usually called
Groups with stable relationships between them add up to a social structure. Their members have common characteristics. These can be family relations, common origin, ethnic characteristics, common worldview (religious) attitudes, and others. dictates to a person the norms of behavior, instills value orientations, brings up the level of corresponding claims.
The system of society is supported by - sustainable ways to meet the social needs of people. The main one is the state, which is the guarantor of law, security, order and protection for a person. In turn, a person for the state is one of the participants and a taxpayer.
In the course of the historical development of society, changes occur in its structure, the principles on which it is based. Some types of groups lose their importance, others appear. As a result, permanent social integrity is maintained.
Modern ideas about society are based on a systematic approach. People are connected with each other by common activities, which are aimed at achieving common goals. The most important characteristic of society is its integrity, which exists despite complex hierarchically built relationships.
Society is a system that successfully reproduces itself over time and generational change. The mechanism of reproduction is based on existing stable relationships that are practically independent in relation to its individual elements and structural links.
Society is also characterized by openness, which means its ability to exchange with the natural environment, energy, matter and information. At the same time, society, of course, has a much higher degree of organization compared to its environment. It is aimed at the constant satisfaction of its own needs, which indicates the effectiveness of its functioning.
Society as a system has unity, integrity and stability, which ensure adequate functioning in various areas, all systems and subsystems.
As an independent science, scientists have always tried to understand society as an organized whole, highlighting its constituent elements. Such an analytical approach, universal for all sciences, should be acceptable for a positive science of society as well. The attempts described above to present society as an organism, as a self-developing whole with the ability to self-organize and maintain balance, in fact, were an anticipation of a systems approach. The systemic understanding of society can be fully discussed after the creation of L. von Bertalanffy's general theory of systems.
Social system - it is an ordered whole, which is a collection of individual social elements - individuals, groups, organizations, institutions.
These elements are interconnected by stable ties and as a whole form a social structure. Society can itself be considered as a system consisting of many subsystems, and each subsystem is a system at its own level and has its own subsystems. Thus, from the point of view of the systems approach, society is something like a nesting doll, inside of which there are many smaller nesting dolls, therefore, there is a hierarchy of social systems. According to the general principle of systems theory, a system is much more than just the sum of its elements, and as a whole, due to its holistic organization, has qualities that all elements taken separately did not have.
Any system, including a social one, can be described from two points of view: first, from the point of view of the functional relationships of its elements, i.e. in terms of structure; secondly, from the point of view of the relationship between the system and the external world around it - the environment.
Relationships between system elements supported by themselves, no one and nothing directed from the outside. The system is autonomous and does not depend on the will of the individuals included in it. Therefore, a systemic understanding of society is always associated with the need to solve a big problem: how to combine the free action of an individual and the functioning of the system that existed before him and by its very existence determines his decisions and actions. If we follow the logic of the systemic approach, then, strictly speaking, there is no individual freedom at all, since society as a whole exceeds the sum of its parts, i.e. is a reality of an immeasurably higher order than the individual, measures itself by historical terms and scales that are incomparable with the chronological scale of an individual perspective. What can an individual know about the long-term consequences of his actions, which may be contrary to his expectations? It simply turns into "a wheel and a cog in the common cause", into the smallest element, reduced to the volume of a mathematical point. Then it is not the individual himself that falls into the perspective of sociological consideration, but his function, which ensures, in unity with other functions, the balanced existence of the whole.
Relationship of the system with the environment serve as a criterion for its strength and viability. What is dangerous for the system is what comes from the outside: after all, inside everything works to preserve it. The environment is potentially hostile to the system, since it affects it as a whole, i.e. makes changes to it that can upset its functioning. The system is saved by the fact that it has the ability to spontaneously restore and establish a state of equilibrium between itself and the external environment. This means that the system is inherently harmonious: it tends to internal balance, and its temporary disturbances are only random failures in the work of a well-coordinated machine. Society is like a good orchestra, where harmony and concord are the norm, and discord and musical cacophony are the occasional and unfortunate exception.
The system is able to reproduce itself without the conscious participation of the individuals included in it. If it functions normally, the next generations fit into its life activity calmly and without conflict, begin to act according to the rules dictated by the system, and in turn pass these rules and skills on to the next generations. Within the framework of the system, the social qualities of individuals are also reproduced. For example, in the system of a class society, representatives of the upper classes reproduce their educational and cultural level by raising their children accordingly, and representatives of the lower classes, against their will, reproduce their lack of education and their labor skills in their children.
The characteristics of the system also include the ability to integrate new social formations. It subordinates to its logic and forces to work according to its rules for the benefit of the whole newly emerging elements - new classes and social strata, new institutions and ideologies, etc. For example, the nascent bourgeoisie functioned normally for a long time as a class within the "third estate", and only when the system of class society could no longer maintain an internal balance did it break out of it, which meant the death of the entire system.
System characteristics of society
Society can be represented as a multi-level system. The first level is social roles that define the structure of social interactions. Social roles are organized into various and which make up the second level of society. Each institution and community can be represented as a complex, stable and self-reproducing systemic organization. Differences in the functions performed by social groups, opposition to their goals require such a systemic level of organization that would support a single normative order in society. It is realized in the system of culture and political power. Culture sets patterns of human activity, maintains and reproduces the norms tested by the experience of many generations, and the political system regulates and strengthens the ties between social systems through legislative and legal acts.
The social system can be considered in four aspects:
- as the interaction of individuals;
- as a group interaction;
- as a hierarchy of social statuses (institutional roles);
- as a set of social norms and values that determine the behavior of individuals.
A description of the system in its static state would be incomplete.
Society is a dynamic system, i.e. is in constant motion, development, changes its features, signs, states. The state of the system gives an idea of it at a particular point in time. The change of states is caused both by the influences of the external environment and by the needs of the development of the system itself.
Dynamic systems can be linear and non-linear. Changes in linear systems are easily calculated and predicted, since they occur relative to the same stationary state. Such, for example, is the free oscillation of a pendulum.
Society is a non-linear system. This means that the processes occurring in it at different times under the influence of different causes are determined and described by different laws. They cannot be put into one explanatory scheme, because there will certainly be changes that will not correspond to this scheme. That is why social change always contains an element of unpredictability. In addition, if the pendulum returns to its previous state with 100% probability, the society will never return back to some point in its development.
Society is an open system. This means that it reacts to the slightest influence from outside, to any accident. The reaction manifests itself in the occurrence of fluctuations - unpredictable deviations from the stationary state and bifurcations - branches of the development trajectory. Bifurcations are always unpredictable, the logic of the previous state of the system is not applicable to them, since they themselves represent a violation of this logic. These are, as it were, crisis moments of a break, when the usual threads of cause-and-effect relationships are lost and chaos sets in. It is at the points of bifurcation that innovations arise, revolutionary changes take place.
A non-linear system is capable of generating attractors - special structures that turn into a kind of "goals" towards which the processes of social change are directed. These are new complexes of social roles that did not exist before and are being organized into a new social order. This is how new preferences of the mass consciousness arise: new political leaders are put forward, rapidly gaining popular popularity, new political parties, groups, unexpected coalitions and unions are formed, there is a redistribution of forces in the struggle for power. For example, during the period of dual power in Russia in 1917, unpredictable rapid social changes in a few months led to the Bolshevization of the soviets, an unprecedented increase in the popularity of new leaders, and ultimately to a complete change in the entire political system in the country.
Understanding society as a system has undergone a long evolution from the classical sociology of the era of E. Durkheim and K. Marx to modern works on the theory of complex systems. Already in Durkheim, the development of social order is associated with the complication of society. The work of T. Parsons "The Social System" (1951) played a special role in the understanding of systems. He reduces the problem of the system and the individual to the relationship between systems, since he considers as a system not only society, but also the individual. Between these two systems, according to Parsons, there is an interpenetration: it is impossible to imagine a system of personality that would not be included in the system of society. Social action and its components are also part of the system. Despite the fact that the action itself is made up of elements, outwardly it acts as an integral system, the qualities of which are activated in the system of social interaction. In turn, the system of interaction is a subsystem of action, since each single act consists of elements of a culture system, a personality system, and a social system. Thus, society is a complex interweaving of systems and their interactions.
According to the German sociologist N. Luhmann, society is an autopoietic system - self-differentiating and self-renewing. The social system has the ability to distinguish "self" from "others". It reproduces and defines its own boundaries separating it from the external environment. In addition, according to Luhmann, a social system, unlike natural systems, is built on the basis of meaning, i.e. in it, its various elements (action, time, event) acquire semantic coordination.
Modern researchers of complex social systems focus their attention not only on purely macrosociological problems, but also on questions of how systemic changes are implemented at the living standards of individuals, separate groups and communities, regions and countries. They come to the conclusion that all changes occur at different levels and are interconnected in the sense that the "higher" arise from the "lower" and again return to the lower, influencing them. For example, social inequality stems from differences in income and wealth. This is not just an ideal measure of income distribution, but a real factor that produces certain social parameters and influences the lives of individuals. Thus, the American researcher R. Wilkinson showed that in cases where the degree of social inequality exceeds a certain level, it affects the health of individuals by itself, regardless of actual well-being and income.
Society has a self-organizing potential, which allows us to consider the mechanism of its development, especially in a situation of transformation, from the standpoint of a synergistic approach. Self-organization refers to the processes of spontaneous ordering (transition from chaos to order), formation and evolution of structures in open non-linear media.
Synergetics - a new interdisciplinary direction of scientific research, which studies the processes of transition from chaos to order and vice versa (processes of self-organization and self-disorganization) in open non-linear environments of very different nature. This transition is called the phase of formation, which is associated with the concept of bifurcation or catastrophe - an abrupt change in quality. At the decisive moment of the transition, the system must make a critical choice through the fluctuation dynamics, and this choice occurs in the bifurcation zone. After a critical choice, stabilization occurs and the system develops further in accordance with the choice made. This is how, according to the laws of synergetics, fundamental relationships are fixed between chance and external limitation, between fluctuation (randomness) and irreversibility (necessity), between freedom of choice and determinism.
Synergetics as a scientific trend arose in the second half of the 20th century. in the natural sciences, but gradually the principles of synergetics spread to the humanities, becoming so popular and in demand that at the moment synergetic principles are at the center of scientific discourse in the system of social and humanitarian knowledge.
Society as a social system
From the point of view of a systematic approach, it can be considered as a system consisting of many subsystems, and each subsystem, in turn, is itself a system at its level and has its own subsystems. Thus, society is something like a set of nesting dolls, when inside a large nesting doll there is a smaller nesting doll, and inside it there is an even smaller one, and so on. Thus, there is a hierarchy of social systems.
The general tenet of systems theory is that a system is understood as much more than the sum of its elements, as a whole that, through its holistic organization, possesses qualities that its elements, taken individually, do not have.
The relations between the elements of the system are such that they are maintained by themselves, they are not directed by anyone and nothing from the outside. The system is autonomous and does not depend on the will of the individuals included in it. Therefore, a systemic understanding of society is always associated with a big problem - how to connect the free action of an individual and the functioning of the system that existed before him and determines his decisions and actions by its very existence. What can an individual know about the long-term consequences of his actions, which may be contrary to his expectations? It simply turns into a “wheel and cog in the common cause”, into the smallest element, and it is not the individual himself that is subjected to sociological consideration, but his function, which ensures the balanced existence of the whole in unity with other functions.
The relationship of the system with the environment serves as a criterion for its strength and viability. What is dangerous for the system is what comes from the outside, since inside the system everything works to preserve it. The environment is potentially hostile to the system because it affects it as a whole, making changes to it that can upset its functioning. The system is preserved, as it has the ability to spontaneously restore and establish a state of equilibrium between itself and the external environment. This means that the system gravitates towards an internal balance and its temporary disturbances are only random failures in the work of a well-coordinated machine.
The system can reproduce itself. This happens without the conscious participation of the individuals included in it. If it functions normally, the next generations fit into its life activity calmly and without conflict, begin to act according to the rules dictated by the system, and in turn pass these rules and skills on to their children. Within the framework of the system, the social qualities of individuals are also reproduced. For example, in a class society, representatives of the upper classes reproduce their educational and cultural level by raising their children accordingly, while representatives of the lower classes, against their will, reproduce in their children a lack of education and their labor skills.
The characteristics of the system also include the ability to integrate new social formations. It subordinates to its logic and forces to act according to its rules for the benefit of the whole newly emerging elements - new classes, social strata, etc. For example, the emerging bourgeoisie functioned normally for a long time as part of the “third estate” (the first estate was the nobility, the second was the clergy), but when the system of class society could not maintain an internal balance, it “broke out” of it, which meant the death of the entire system.
So, society can be represented as a multi-level system. The first level is social roles that define the structure of social interactions. Social roles are organized into institutions and communities that constitute the second level of society. Each institution and community can be represented as a complex system organization, stable and self-reproducing. Differences in the functions performed, opposition to the goals of social groups can lead to the death of society if there is no such systemic level of organization that would support a single normative order in society. It is realized in the system of culture and political power. Culture sets patterns of human activity, maintains and reproduces the norms tested by the experience of many generations, and the political system regulates and strengthens the ties between social systems through legislative and legal acts.
