Not having your own opinion is a phraseological unit. The most interesting phraseological units

Phraseologisms

Phraseologisms are stable combinations of words, figures of speech such as: “knuckle down”, “hang your nose”, “ask a headache”... A figure of speech, which is called a phraseological unit, is indivisible in meaning, that is, its meaning does not consist of the meanings of its constituent words. It only works as a single unit, a lexical unit.

Phraseologisms are popular expressions that do not have an author.

The meaning of phraseological units is to give an emotional coloring to an expression and enhance its meaning.

Many phraseological units can be easily replaced with one word:

headlong - quickly,

close at hand - close.

Often a direct expression turns into a figurative one, expanding the shades of its meaning.

Bursting at the seams - from the tailor's speech it acquired a broader meaning - to fall into decay.

Confuse - from the speech of railway workers it has passed into general use in the sense of causing confusion.

Examples of phraseological units and their meanings

to beat the knuckles - to mess around

To overeat henbane - to go berserk (applies to people who do stupid things

After the rain on Thursday - never

Anika the warrior - a braggart, brave only in words, far from danger

Give a head wash (bath) - soap your neck, head - strongly scold

A white crow is a person who stands out sharply from the environment due to certain qualities

Living like a Biryuk means being gloomy and not communicating with anyone.

Throw down the gauntlet - challenge someone to an argument, competition (although no one throws down the gloves)

A wolf in sheep's clothing - evil people pretending to be good, hiding under the guise of meekness

Having your head in the clouds - blissfully dreaming, fantasizing about who knows what

The soul sank to the ground - a man who was afraid, afraid

Don't spare your belly - sacrifice your life

Notch it on the nose - remember it firmly

Making a molehill out of a molehill - turning a small fact into a whole event

On a silver platter - get what you want with honor, without much effort

At the edge of the earth - somewhere very far away

In seventh heaven - to be in complete delight, in a state of supreme bliss

You can’t see anything - it’s so dark that you can’t see the paths, paths

To rush headlong - to act recklessly, with desperate determination

Eat a pound of salt - get to know each other well

Good riddance - go away, we can do without you

Roll up your sleeves - work hard, diligently

Phraseologisms with the word “WATER”

A storm in a teacup - big worries over an insignificant reason

It is written with a pitchfork on the water - it is not yet known how it will be, the outcome is not clear, by analogy: “grandmother said in two”

You can't spill water - great friends, about strong friendship

Carrying water in a sieve means wasting time, doing useless things. Similarly: pounding water in a mortar.

He took water into his mouth - he remains silent and does not want to answer

Carry water (on someone) - burden him with hard work, taking advantage of his flexible nature

Bring to light - expose dark deeds, catch in lies

Get away with it - remain unpunished, without bad consequences

Money is like water - meaning the ease with which it is spent

Blowing on water after being burned by milk means being too careful, remembering past mistakes

How he looked into the water - as if he knew in advance, foresaw, accurately predicted events

How he sank into the water - disappeared, disappeared without a trace, disappeared without a trace

Like being submerged in water - sad, sad

Like water through your fingers - the one who easily escapes persecution

Like two drops of water - very similar, indistinguishable

If you don’t know the ford, don’t go into the water - a warning not to take hasty actions

Like a fish in water - to feel confident, to navigate very well, to understand something well,

Like water off a duck's back - a person doesn't care about anything

A lot of water has passed under the bridge since then - a lot of time has passed

Carrying water in a sieve is a waste of time

The seventh water on jelly is a very distant relationship

Hiding loose ends - hiding traces of a crime

Quieter than water, lower than the grass - behave modestly, unnoticed

Pounding water in a mortar is a useless task.

Phraseologisms with the word “NOS”

It is interesting that in phraseological units the word nose practically does not reveal its main meaning. The nose is an organ of smell, but in stable phrases the nose is associated primarily with the idea of ​​something small and short. Remember the fairy tale about Kolobok? When the Fox needed Kolobok to come within her reach and get closer, she asks him to sit on her nose. However, the word nose does not always refer to the organ of smell. It also has other meanings. To mutter under one's breath - to grumble, grumpily, mutter indistinctly.

Lead by the nose - this phrase came to us from Central Asia. Visitors are often surprised how small children manage to cope with huge camels. The animal obediently follows the child leading him by the rope. The fact is that the rope is threaded through a ring located in the camel's nose. Here you want it, you don’t want it, but you have to obey! Rings were also put into the noses of bulls to make their disposition more docile. If a person deceives someone or does not fulfill his promise, then he is also said to be “led by the nose.”

To turn one's nose up means to be unjustifiably proud of something, to boast.

Notch on the nose - Notch on the nose means: remember firmly, once and for all. It seems to many that this was said not without cruelty: it is not very pleasant if you are offered to make a notch on your own face. Unnecessary fear. The word nose here does not mean the organ of smell at all, but just a memorial tablet, a tag for notes. In ancient times, illiterate people always carried such tablets with them and made all kinds of notes on them with notches and cuts. These tags were called noses.

Nodding off means falling asleep.

Curious Varvara's nose was torn off at the market - don't interfere in someone else's business.

On the nose - this is how they talk about something that is about to happen.

Don't poke your nose into someone else's business - in this way they want to show that a person is overly, inappropriately curious, interfering in what he shouldn't.

Nose to nose - on the contrary, close.

Keep your nose in the wind - in the glorious times of the sailing fleet, movement on the sea was completely dependent on the direction of the wind and the weather. No wind, calm - and the sails drooped, more like a rag. A nasty wind blows into the bow of the ship - you have to think not about sailing, but about dropping all the anchors, that is, “standing at anchor” and removing all the sails so that the air flow does not throw the ship ashore. To go out to sea, a fair wind was required, which inflated the sails and directed the ship forward into the sea. The vocabulary of sailors associated with this received imagery and entered our literary language. Now “keeping your nose to the wind” - in a figurative sense, means adapting to any circumstances. “Drop anchor”, “become anchored” - stop in motion, settle somewhere; “Sitting by the sea and waiting for the weather” is an inactive expectation of change; “In full sail” - move towards the intended goal at full speed, as quickly as possible; Wishing someone a “fair wind” means wishing them good luck.

Hanging his nose or Hanging his nose - if suddenly a person is depressed or just sad, it happens about him that they say that he seems to be “hanging his nose,” and they can also add: “by a fifth.” Quinta, translated from Latin, means “fifth.” Musicians, or more precisely, violinists, call this the first string of a violin (the highest one). When playing, the violinist usually supports his instrument with his chin and his nose almost touches this string closest to him. The expression “hanging your nose on a fifth,” perfected among musicians, entered fiction.

I was left with my nose - without what I was counting on.

Right under your nose - close.

To show your nose is to tease someone by putting your thumb to your nose and waving your other finger.

With a gulkin's nose - very little (a gulkin is a dove, a dove has a small beak).

To poke your nose into other people's affairs is to be interested in other people's affairs.

To leave with your nose - the roots of the expression “to leave with your nose” are lost in the distant past. In the old days, bribery was very common in Rus'. Neither in institutions nor in court was it possible to achieve a positive decision without an offering, a gift. Of course, these gifts, hidden by the petitioner somewhere under the floor, were not called the word “bribe.” They were politely called "bring" or "nose". If the manager, judge or clerk took the “nose”, then one could be sure that the case would be resolved favorably. In case of refusal (and this could happen if the gift seemed small to the official or the offering from the opposite party had already been accepted), the petitioner went home with his “nose”. In this case, there was no hope for success. Since then, the words “to go away with your nose” have come to mean “to suffer defeat, fail, lose, stumble, without achieving anything.

Wipe your nose - if you manage to surpass someone, they say that you wiped your nose.

To bury your nose is to immerse yourself completely in some activity.

Well-fed, drunk and with tobacco on his nose - means a satisfied and satisfied person with everything.

Phraseologisms with the word “MOUTH, LIPS”

The word mouth is included in a number of phraseological units, the meanings of which are associated with the process of speaking. Food enters the human body through the mouth - a number of stable expressions one way or another indicate this function of the mouth. There are not many phraseological units with the word lip.

You can't put it in your mouth - they say if the food is cooked tasteless.

Lip is not a fool - they say about a person who knows how to choose the best.

Silencing someone means preventing them from speaking.

Porridge in the mouth - a person speaks slurred.

There was no poppy dew in the mouth - this means that the person has not eaten for a long time and needs to be fed urgently.

The milk on the lips has not dried - they say if they want to show that someone is still young and inexperienced.

Taking water into your mouth means silencing yourself.

To pout your lips means to be offended.

To open your mouth is to freeze in amazement at something that has captured your imagination.

Your mouth is full of trouble - they say when there are so many things to do that you don’t have time to cope with them.

A wide open mouth is a sign of surprise.

Phraseologisms with the word “HAND”

To be at hand - to be available, to be in close proximity

Warm your hands - take advantage of the position

To hold in hands - not to give free rein, to hold in strict obedience

As if taken off by hand, it quickly disappeared, passed

Carry in your arms - provide special affection, attention, appreciate, pamper

Working hard - working hard

Turning up your arm means accidentally being nearby

To fall under the hot hand means to run into a bad mood

The hand does not rise - it is in no way possible to perform the action due to an internal prohibition

Hand in hand - holding hands, together, together

Hand washes hand - people connected by common interests protect each other

I can't get my hands on it - I just don't have the energy or time to do anything.

Hands itch - about a great desire to do something

Just a stone's throw away - very close, very close

Grasp with both hands - agree with pleasure with some proposal

To rake in the heat with someone else's hands - to enjoy the fruits of someone else's work

Golden hands - about someone who skillfully, skillfully does everything, copes with any job

Phraseologisms with the word “HEAD”

Wind in the head is an unreliable person.

It slipped my mind - I forgot.

My head is spinning - there are too many things to do, responsibilities, information.

Giving your head to be cut off means promising.

Out of the blue - unexpected.

To fool one's head is to deceive, to divert from the essence of the matter.

Don't lose your head - be responsible for your actions.

Examine from head to toe - everything, carefully, carefully.

Headlong - risky.

If they don't pat you on the head, they'll scold you.

From a sore head to a healthy one - blame someone else.

Upside down - the opposite.

To rack your brains over a task is to think hard.

Headlong - very quickly.

Phraseologisms with the word "EAR"

The word ear is included in phraseological units that are somehow related to hearing. Harsh words primarily affect the ears. In many established expressions, the word ears does not mean the organ of hearing, but only its outer part. I wonder if you can see your ears? Using a mirror in this case is not allowed!

Keep your eyes open - a person is tensely waiting for danger. Vostry is an old form of the word acute.

Prick up your ears - listen carefully. A dog's ears are pointed and the dog erects its ears when listening. This is where the phraseological unit arose.

You can't see your ears - they say about a person who will never get what he wants.

To plunge head over heels into something - they say to a person if he is completely absorbed in some activity. You can be deeply in debt – if there are a lot of debts.

Blushed to the ears - they say when a person is very embarrassed.

Loose ears - this is what they say about a person who listens to someone too trustingly.

Listening with all your ears means listening carefully.

Listen with half an ear or listen out of the corner of your ear - listen without much attention.

Ears wither - it’s extremely disgusting to listen to anything.

It hurts the ears - they say when something is unpleasant to listen to.

Phraseologisms with the word “TOOTH”

There are quite a large number of stable expressions with the word tooth in the Russian language. Among them there is a noticeable group of phraseological units in which teeth act as a kind of weapon of defense or attack, threat. The word tooth is also used in phraseological units denoting various deplorable human conditions.

To be in the teeth is to impose, to bother.

Armed to the teeth - they say about a person who is dangerous to attack, because he can give a worthy rebuff.

Talking with your teeth is a distraction.

Tit for tat - abusive (tendency to abuse), unyielding, “as it comes back, so it will respond.”

A tooth doesn't touch a tooth - they say if someone is frozen from extreme cold or from trembling, excitement, or fear.

To give a tooth is to mock, to ridicule someone.

To eat with a tooth - to drive, to squeeze.

To bare your teeth is to mock.

Eating teeth means gaining experience.

Scratching your teeth means talking nonsense, nonsense.

Try it on the tooth - find out, try it directly.

Something is too tough for someone - it’s difficult to bite off, it’s beyond your strength, beyond your abilities.

There is nothing to put on the tooth - they say when there is nothing to eat.

Not even a blow - absolutely nothing (not knowing, not understanding, etc.).

To look someone in the mouth is to find out everything about a person.

To raise a tooth is to mock.

Showing your teeth means demonstrating your evil nature, your desire to quarrel, to threaten someone.

Putting your teeth on a shelf means starving when there is no food left in the house.

Speak through teeth - barely open your mouth, reluctantly.

Grit your teeth - do not lose heart, do not despair, start the fight.

To sharpen or have a grudge against someone is to be angry, to strive to cause harm.

Phraseologisms with the word “CHEST, BACK”

The words chest and back are included in oppositely colored phraseological units. However, there are also positively colored phraseological units with the word back.

To stand up or stand with your chest for something - to rise to defense, to defend steadfastly.

Riding on someone's back means achieving your goals by using someone to your advantage.

They bend their back - to work, or to bow.

Hunch your back - work.

To ride on someone's back is to use someone for some of your own purposes.

To do something behind someone’s back - so that he doesn’t see, doesn’t know, secretly from someone.

Place your hands behind your back - cross them at the back.

On your own back (to experience, to learn something) - from your own bitter experience, as a result of troubles, difficulties, adversities that you yourself had to endure.

A knife in the back or a stab in the back is a treacherous, treasonous act, a blow.

Turn your back - leave, leave to the mercy of fate, stop communicating with someone.

To pave the way with one's chest means to achieve a good position in life; he achieves everything through hard work and overcomes all the difficulties that befall him.

Hiding behind someone else's back means shifting your responsibilities or responsibilities onto someone else.

To work without straightening your back is diligent, diligent, hard and hard. They can be used to praise a roughly working person.

Straighten your back - gain self-confidence, cheer up.

Show your back - leave, run away.

To stand behind someone's back is to secretly, secretly lead someone.

Phraseologisms with the word “LANGUAGE”

Language is another word often found in phraseological units, since language is extremely important for a person, it is with it that the idea of ​​​​the ability to speak and communicate is associated. The idea of ​​speaking (or, conversely, silence) can be traced in one way or another in many phraseological units with the word language.

Running with your tongue out is very fast.

Keep your mouth shut - remain silent, do not say too much; be careful in your statements.

Long tongue - they say if a person is a talker and likes to tell other people's secrets.

How a cow licked it with its tongue - about something that quickly and without a trace disappeared.

Find a common language - achieve mutual understanding.

Step on the tongue - silence.

Hanging your tongue on your shoulder means you are very tired.

To get on the tongue is to become the subject of gossip.

Bite your tongue - shut up, refrain from speaking.

Loosen the tongue - encourage someone to talk; give someone the opportunity to speak.

To loosen one's tongue - without restraining oneself, losing control over oneself, blurting out, saying unnecessary things.

A peck on your tongue is an angry wish to an angry chatterbox.

To pull your tongue is to say something that is not entirely appropriate to the situation.

To shorten the tongue - to make someone silent, to prevent insolence from speaking, unnecessary things.

Scratching your tongue (scratching your tongue) means talking in vain, chattering, idle talk.

To scratch one's tongue is to gossip, slander.

The devil pulled his tongue - an unnecessary word escapes the tongue.

A tongue without bones - they say if a person is talkative.

Your tongue is slurred—you can’t say anything clearly.

The tongue is stuck to the larynx - suddenly become silent, stop speaking.

Swallow your tongue - shut up, stop talking (about someone’s reluctance to talk).

The tongue is well-spoken - they say about a person who speaks freely and fluently.

Phraseologisms with the word “LITTLE”

Almost - about, almost

The spool is small but expensive - value is not determined by size

Small small smaller - one smaller than the other (about children)

The bird is small, but the nail is sharp - insignificant in position, but inspires fear or admiration for its qualities

A small dog until old age, a puppy - a small person always seems younger than his age, does not make a solid impression

You never know - 1. anything, any 2. not significant, not important 3. excitement, what if...

Little by little - slowly, little by little

Slowly - slowly

From young to old - all ages

Little by little (drink) – a little, a small portion

Play small - make a small bet (in games)

From an early age - from childhood

The smallest part is an insignificant part of something.

Correct and appropriate use of phraseological units gives speech special expressiveness, accuracy and imagery.

Phraseologisms they call stable combinations of words, figures of speech such as: “knuckle down”, “hang your nose”, “give a headache”... A figure of speech, which is called a phraseological unit, is indivisible in meaning, that is, its meaning does not consist of the meanings of its constituent words. It only works as a single unit, a lexical unit.

The meaning of phraseological units is to give an emotional coloring to an expression, to enhance its meaning.

When forming phraseological units, some components acquire the status of optional (optional): “Components of a phraseological unit that can be omitted in individual cases of its use are called optional components of a phraseological unit, and the phenomenon itself, as a feature of the form of a phraseological unit, is called the optionality of the components of a phraseological unit.

The first component of the turnover may be optional, optional, i.e. the expression will still sound without it.

Signs of phraseological units

Phraseologisms usually do not tolerate the replacement of words and their rearrangements, for which they are also called stable phrases.

Through thick and thin can't be pronounced no matter what happens to me or by all means, A protect like the pupil of the eye instead of cherish as the apple of your eye.

There are of course exceptions: puzzle over or rack your brains, take by surprise And take someone by surprise, but such cases are rare.

Many phraseological units can be easily replaced with one word:

headlong- fast,

close at hand- close.

The most important feature of phraseological units is their figurative and figurative meaning.

Often a direct expression turns into a figurative one, expanding the shades of its meaning.

Bursting at the seams- from the tailor's speech acquired a broader meaning - to fall into decay.

Confound- from the speech of railway workers it passed into general use in the meaning of causing confusion.

Examples of phraseological units and their meanings

Watch “PHRASEOLOGISTS IN PICTURES. Meanings of phraseological units"

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Phraseologisms about school

Phraseologisms from ancient Greek mythology

There are native Russian phraseological units, but there are also borrowed ones, including phraseological units that came into the Russian language from ancient Greek mythology.

Tantalum flour- unbearable torment from the consciousness of the proximity of the desired goal and the impossibility of achieving it. (An analogue of the Russian proverb: “The elbow is close, but you won’t bite”). Tantalus is a hero, the son of Zeus and Pluto, who reigned in the region of Mount Sipila in southern Phrygia (Asia Minor) and was famous for his wealth. According to Homer, for his crimes Tantalus was punished in the underworld with eternal torment: standing up to his neck in water, he cannot get drunk, since the water immediately recedes from his lips; from the trees surrounding it hang branches weighed down with fruits, which rise upward as soon as Tantalus reaches out to them.

Augean stables- a heavily clogged, polluted place, usually a room where everything is lying around in disarray. The phraseology comes from the name of the huge stables of the Elidian king Augeas, which had not been cleaned for many years. Cleaning them was only possible for the mighty Hercules, the son of Zeus. The hero cleared the Augean stables in one day, channeling the waters of two stormy rivers through them.

Sisyphus's work- useless, endless hard work, fruitless work. The expression comes from the ancient Greek legend about Sisyphus, a famous cunning man who was able to deceive even the gods and constantly came into conflict with them. It was he who managed to chain Thanatos, the god of death sent to him, and keep him imprisoned for several years, as a result of which people did not die. For his actions, Sisyphus was severely punished in Hades: he had to roll a heavy stone up a mountain, which, reaching the top, inevitably fell down, so that all the work had to be started again.

Sing the praises- to immoderately, enthusiastically praise, praise someone or something. It arose from the name of dithyrambs - songs of praise in honor of the god of wine and the vine, Dionysus, which were sung during processions dedicated to this deity.

Golden Rain- large sums of money. The expression originated from the ancient Greek myth of Zeus. Captivated by the beauty of Danae, the daughter of the Argive king Acrisius, Zeus penetrated her in the form of golden rain, and from this connection Perseus was subsequently born. Danaë, showered with gold coins, is depicted in the paintings of many artists: Titian, Correggio, Van Dyck, etc. Hence also the expressions “golden rain is pouring,” “golden rain will pour.” Titian. Danae.

Throw thunder and lightning- scold someone; speak angrily, irritably, reproaching, denouncing or threatening someone. It arose from ideas about Zeus - the supreme god of Olympus, who, according to myths, dealt with his enemies and people he disliked with the help of lightning, terrifying in its power, forged by Hephaestus.

Ariadne's thread, Ariadne's thread- something that helps you find a way out of a difficult situation. By the name of Ariadne, the daughter of the Cretan king Minos, who, according to ancient Greek myth, helped the Athenian king Theseus, after he killed the half-bull, half-man Minotaur, to escape safely from the underground labyrinth with the help of a ball of thread.

Achilles' heel- a weak side, a weak spot of something. In Greek mythology, Achilles (Achilles) is one of the strongest and bravest heroes; it is sung in Homer's Iliad. A post-Homeric myth, transmitted by the Roman writer Hyginus, reports that Achilles' mother, the sea goddess Thetis, in order to make her son's body invulnerable, dipped him in the sacred river Styx; while dipping, she held him by the heel, which was not touched by the water, so the heel remained Achilles’s only vulnerable spot, where he was mortally wounded by Paris’s arrow.

Gifts of the Danaans (Trojan Horse)- insidious gifts that bring with them death for those who receive them. Originated from Greek legends about the Trojan War. The Danaans, after a long and unsuccessful siege of Troy, resorted to cunning: they built a huge wooden horse, left it near the walls of Troy, and pretended to sail away from the shore of the Troas. Priest Laocoon, who knew about the Danaans’ cunning, saw this horse and exclaimed: “Whatever it is, I am afraid of the Danaans, even those who bring gifts!” But the Trojans, not listening to the warnings of Laocoon and the prophetess Cassandra, dragged the horse into the city. At night, the Danaans, hiding inside the horse, came out, killed the guards, opened the city gates, let in their comrades who had returned on ships, and thus took possession of Troy.

Between Scylla and Charybdis- to find yourself between two hostile forces, in a position where danger threatens from both sides. According to the legends of the ancient Greeks, two monsters lived on the coastal rocks on both sides of the Strait of Messina: Scylla and Charybdis, who devoured sailors. “Scylla, ... barking incessantly, With a piercing squeal, similar to the squeal of a young puppy, the entire surrounding area of ​​monsters resounds... Not a single sailor could pass by her unharmed With ease the ship: with all its toothed jaws open, At once she, six people from the ship abducts... Closer you will see another rock... Terribly the whole sea under that rock is disturbed by Charybdis, absorbing three times a day and spewing out black moisture three times a day. Don’t you dare approach when he’s devouring: Poseidon himself will not save you from certain death then...”

Promethean fire sacred fire burning in the human soul, an unquenchable desire to achieve high goals in science, art, and social work. Prometheus in Greek mythology is one of the Titans; he stole fire from the sky and taught people how to use it, thereby undermining faith in the power of the gods. For this, the angry Zeus ordered Hephaestus (the god of fire and blacksmithing) to chain Prometheus to a rock; The eagle that flew in every day tormented the liver of the chained titan.

Apple of discord- subject, cause of dispute, enmity, was first used by the Roman historian Justin (2nd century AD). It is based on a Greek myth. The goddess of discord, Eris, rolled a golden apple with the inscription: “To the most beautiful” between the guests at the wedding feast. Among the guests were the goddesses Hera, Athena and Aphrodite, who argued about which of them should receive the apple. Their dispute was resolved by Paris, the son of the Trojan king Priam, by awarding the apple to Aphrodite. In gratitude, Aphrodite helped Paris kidnap Helen, the wife of the Spartan king Menelaus, which caused the Trojan War.

Sink into oblivion- to be forgotten, to disappear without a trace and forever. From the name Lethe - the river of oblivion in the underground kingdom of Hades, from which the souls of the dead drank water and forgot their entire past life.

Phraseologisms with the word “WATER”

Phraseologisms with the word “NOS”

It is interesting that in phraseological units the word nose practically does not reveal its main meaning. The nose is an organ of smell, but in stable phrases the nose is associated primarily with the idea of ​​something small and short. Remember the fairy tale about Kolobok? When the Fox needed Kolobok to come within her reach and get closer, she asks him to sit on her nose. However, the word nose does not always refer to the organ of smell. It also has other meanings.

Phraseologisms with the word “MOUTH, LIPS”

The word mouth is included in a number of phraseological units, the meanings of which are associated with the process of speaking. Food enters the human body through the mouth - a number of stable expressions one way or another indicate this function of the mouth. There are not many phraseological units with the word lip.

Phraseologisms with the word “HAND”

Phraseologisms with the word “HEAD”

Phraseologisms with the word "EAR"

The word ear is included in phraseological units that are somehow related to hearing. Harsh words primarily affect the ears. In many established expressions, the word ears does not mean the organ of hearing, but only its outer part. I wonder if you can see your ears? Using a mirror in this case is not allowed!

Phraseologisms with the word “TOOTH”

There are quite a large number of stable expressions with the word tooth in the Russian language. Among them there is a noticeable group of phraseological units in which teeth act as a kind of weapon of defense or attack, threat. The word tooth is also used in phraseological units denoting various deplorable human conditions.

Phraseologisms with the word “CHEST, BACK”

The words chest and back are included in oppositely colored phraseological units. However, there are also positively colored phraseological units with the word back.

Phraseologisms with the word “LANGUAGE”

Language is another word often found in phraseological units, since language is extremely important for a person, it is with it that the idea of ​​​​the ability to speak and communicate is associated. The idea of ​​speaking (or, conversely, silence) can be traced in one way or another in many phraseological units with the word language.

Phraseologisms with the word “LITTLE”

Correct and appropriate use of phraseological units gives speech special expressiveness, accuracy and imagery.

PHRASEOLOGISTS IN PICTURES

See if the phraseological units are illustrated correctly, and tell me how you understand their meaning?

Guess a few poetic riddles about phraseological units:

We walked literally along the town and...
And we were so tired on the road that we could barely...

Your comrade asks furtively
Copy the answers from your notebook.
No need! After all, this will help your friend...

They falsify, they confuse the words, they sing into the forest...
The guys won't listen to them:
This song makes my ears...

The famous critic V.G. Belinsky’s statement about phraseological units says that they are wealth. What is phraseology? This is a branch of the science of language that studies set expressions. Getting to know phraseology is an amazing journey into the world of figurative concepts.

This is a very special section of the science of the Russian language, which invariably attracts attention with its emotionality. For the first time, students encounter it in elementary school, as part of studying the discipline “Russian Language”. The article reveals the question: “What is a phraseological unit in the Russian language?”, and discusses the classification of set expressions.

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Basic concepts of phraseology

What is phraseology? This independent section lexicology, which studies a special type of language units called phraseological units (get into trouble, the cat cried, etc.).

The peculiarity of these figures of speech and the difficulties in their classification are explained by the fact that they have the characteristics of a word and, at the same time, a phrase. The structure is a phrase or sentence that exists in the Russian language as a separate independent unit.

Many eminent linguists have devoted their works to the study of phraseology. The first person whose attention was drawn to these unique components of the language was Charles Bally, a linguist from France. He put forward theory of phraseological units, in which he outlined the division of these stable combinations into groups.

Work on this topic was continued by linguists whose names are familiar to every philologist, V.V. Vinogradov, N.M. Shansky.

Signs

Phraseologisms are characterized by such signs:

1. Indivisibility and stability in speech. To fully perceive and understand the meaning, it is necessary to reproduce it in full, without changing or adding anything to it. Otherwise, the image that appears in a person’s mind when listening to a phraseological unit, which helps to relate it to real life (Gestalt), will be disrupted.
2. Set expressions are not free: they are not reproduced in speech as an ordinary phrase, but are perceived figuratively.
3. Idiomatic. In other words, this is the unity of meaning that appears as a result of connecting the values ​​of all components.

What a phraseological unit is will become clear after reading some examples: work carelessly, black sheep.

Important! It is impossible to find out the meaning of a figure of speech using the direct meanings of its components. This will lead to nonsense.

Groups of phraseological units

To identify which main groups all stable expressions are divided, it is necessary to turn to the works of S. Bally and V. Vinogradov. According to their works, the following categories are distinguished:

1. Phraseological fusions. This category devoid of internal form, when identifying the meaning of phrases in a given group, the direct meaning of their individual components is completely irrelevant to the general understanding. the composition of the phrase has no effect on its meaning. Example: on the side of the heat, eat a dog, in the middle of nowhere.
2. Phraseological unities. This type is characterized by the fact that they there is an internal form, some motivated meaning. For example: washing dirty linen in public, shallow swimming, blood with milk, stabbing without a knife. In this group, replacement of components is absolutely not allowed, since in the perception of the meaning of the expression, all words are subject to the unity of the image. Replacing any component will lead to a complete loss of meaning (singing to someone else's tune, like a sheep licking its tongue). But there are cases when, in order to achieve a comic effect, the components of phraseological unity are deliberately replaced (keep silent like a fish on ice, one pair of boots).
3. Phraseological combinations. A very interesting type in which one of the components is immutable, tied to meaning, while the other retains freedom. For example: a notorious villain, a burning brunette, a bitter frost. In the components of such phraseological units, one of the words can be replaced. The wording fear takes, anger takes, is allowed, but it is not found: joy takes, happiness takes.

In addition to this classification N.M. Shansky solved the question of what main groups all stable expressions are divided into according to the structural combination of words.

Of particular interest among them are phraseological units with, the order of arrangement of the component parts in them can be reverse, or maybe direct.

To familiarize yourself with them, the following examples are presented: get into trouble, keep your eyes open. These words can clearly be difficult to understand for foreigners and those whose native language is not Russian.

How to find phraseological units in text

Every person uses phraseological units in his speech. These lexemes give what is said a greater emotional coloring and enliven the speech. But, if in oral speech everything happens more or less simply, then the question of how to determine the presence of a figure of speech in the text often causes difficulties. In order to accurately determine their presence, it is important to remember their main signs:

1. They differ from free phrases in that they do not have a direct meaning. For example, a yellow chicken and a white crow. In the phrase yellow chicken, the adjective “yellow” refers to the color of the bird. In the phraseological phrase "white crow", the adjective "white" loses its direct meaning, and the expression takes on the meaning of "something that stands out from the rest."
2. The interaction of morphological and syntactic features with phraseological units will help distinguish them from ordinary phrases, in which nouns can be inflected and modified numerically, and verbs can be conjugated. Idioms are not allowed similar actions with its structure. Circle around your finger - circle around your fingers (incorrect). Where do crayfish spend the winter - where does the crayfish spend the winter (incorrect). Also, expressions cannot be changed without loss of meaning under the influence of syntactic means.

Number of phraseological units in the Russian language

The answer to the question of how many phraseological units there are in Russian will not be simple and unambiguous. Since our language is famous for its richness and imagery, one of its main decorations is stable phrases. They cause many difficulties when translating into a foreign language, but without them speech will lose its originality and beauty.

To find out approximately how many phraseological units there are in the Russian language, you can turn to phraseological dictionaries for help.

Such publications will help not only to get an idea of ​​the number of lexemes of interest, but also to find out their meanings in case of difficulties.

The appendix to one of the popular editions of the phraseological dictionary talks about one and a half thousand set expressions.

But this figure quantity is not exhausted, since a lot of similar lexemes exist in colloquial form.

The understandable meaning of phraseological units

Using the example of the lexemes presented in the article, it is clear that the meaning of the word is certain concept. For example, let’s find out what the phraseological unit “like an umbrella for a fish” means. A sense of uselessness arises in the mind after imagining an image of a fish with an umbrella. The result will be a comparison of the meaning with the image, as a result of which the meaning of the expression is revealed - the uselessness of the object.

Important! An integral part of phraseology is expressiveness and imagery. This is the main sign of a stable expression in any language.

However, a situation may arise in which the meaning of the idiom will not be fully understood by a modern person. Nowadays, few people remember what the devil's Easter cakes are famous for, and what is meant when talking about a frozen worm, then in such cases An etymological dictionary will help.

For example, the word kulichki meant land in the forest prepared for sowing. After a few years, the plots were usually abandoned and turned into swamps. In such places, according to folk legends, various evil spirits lived, including devils.

Origin of phraseological units

By origin, set expressions, like all vocabulary of the Russian language, can be conditionally divide into two groups:

• The original ones, which reflect the life of the Russian people, their foundations and beliefs, and the peculiarities of their worldview. Get into trouble, lead by the nose, your soul goes to waste.
• Borrowed. They appeared as a result of contacts with other peoples and familiarity with their language and culture. Burying talent in the ground, Sodom and Gomorrah, working like an ox.

Many eminent linguists have devoted their works to the study of set expressions. But there are still more questions than answers. Stable statements give scientists reason to think about it, since there is still no consensus even in the formulation of the definition of idioms.

Phraseologisms in the Russian language, their sources

We study phraseological units in Russian

Conclusion

The role of these amazing lexemes in the Russian language is difficult to overestimate. They help speech become expressive and more imaginative. This is the national wealth of the Russian word, which must be protected and not consigned to oblivion.

Augean stables

First clear out these Augean stables, and then you can go for a walk.

Meaning. A cluttered, polluted place where everything is in complete disarray.

Arshin swallow

It stands as if it had swallowed an arshin.

Meaning. Standing unnaturally straight.

Overeat henbane

In Pushkin’s “The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish,” the old man, outraged by the shameless greed of his old woman, angrily says to her: “Why, woman, have you eaten too much henbane?”

Meaning. Behaving absurdly, viciously, like a madman.

Buridanov's donkey

He rushes about, cannot decide on anything, like Buridan’s donkey.

Meaning. An extremely indecisive person, hesitating between equally valuable decisions.

Let's go back to our sheep

However, enough about this, let's get back to our sheep.

Meaning. An appeal to the speaker not to be distracted from the main topic; a statement that his digression from the topic of conversation was over.

Versta Kolomenskaya

Everyone will immediately pay attention to a Kolomna mile like you.

Meaning. This is what they call a very tall person, a brute.

Lead by the nose

The smartest man, he fooled his opponent by the nose more than once or twice.

Meaning. Deceive, mislead, promise and fail to deliver.

Hair on end

Horror gripped him: his eyes rolled out, his hair stood on end.

Meaning. This is what they say when a person is very frightened.

That's where the dog is buried!

Ah, that's it! Now it’s clear where the dog is buried.

Meaning. That's the thing, that's the real reason.

Add the first number

For such deeds, of course, they should get paid the first day!

Meaning. Severely punish or scold someone

Rub glasses

Don't believe it, they're trying to bully you!

Meaning. To deceive someone by presenting the matter in a distorted, incorrect, but beneficial light for the speaker.

Voice in the wilderness

Work in vain, you will not convince them, your words are the voice of one crying in the wilderness.

Meaning. Denotes vain persuasion, appeals that no one heeds.

Goal like a falcon

Who says a good word to me? After all, I'm an orphan all around. Goal like a falcon.

Meaning. Very poor, beggar.

Naked truth

This is the state of affairs, the naked truth without embellishment.

Meaning. The truth is as it is, without mincing words.

Onion grief

Do you know how to cook soup, dear onion.

Meaning. A klutz, an unlucky person.

Two-Faced Janus

She is deceitful, cunning and hypocritical, a real two-faced Janus.

Meaning. Two-faced, hypocritical person

In the bag

Well, that's it, now you can sleep peacefully: it's all in the bag.

Meaning. Everything is fine, everything ended well.

Money doesn't smell

He took the money and didn’t wince, money doesn’t smell.

Meaning. It is the availability of money that is important, not the source of its origin.

Keep in a black body

Don't let her sleep in bed By the light of the morning star, Keep the lazy girl in a black body And don't take off her reins!

Meaning. Harshly, strictly treat someone by forcing them to work hard; to oppress someone.

Bring to white heat

Vile guy, drives me crazy.

Meaning. Make you angry to the limit, drive you crazy.

Smoke rocker

In the tavern the smoke stood like a yoke: songs, dances, shouting, fighting.

Meaning. Noise, din, disorder, turmoil.

Egyptian executions

What kind of punishment is this, just Egyptian executions!

Meaning. Disasters that bring torment, severe punishment.

Iron curtain

We live as if behind an iron curtain, no one comes to us, and we don’t visit anyone.

Meaning. Obstacles, obstacles, complete political isolation of the country.

Yellow press

Where did you read all this? Don't trust the yellow press.

Meaning. A low-quality, deceitful press, greedy for cheap sensations.

Alive Smoking Room

A. S. Pushkin wrote an epigram to the critic M. Kachenovsky, which began with the words: “How! Is Kurilka the journalist still alive? It ended with wise advice: “...How to extinguish a stinking splinter? How can I kill my Smoking Room? Give me some advice.” - “Yes... spit on him.”

Meaning. An exclamation when mentioning someone's continued activity or existence despite difficult conditions.

Behind seven seals

Well, of course, because this is a sealed secret for you!

Meaning. Something incomprehensible.

Nick down

And get this in your head: you won’t be able to deceive me!

Meaning. Remember it firmly, once and for all.

The truth is in the wine

And next to the neighboring tables Sleepy footmen hang around, And drunkards with rabbit eyes shout “In vino Veritas.” Alexander Blok

Meaning. If you want to find out exactly what a person is thinking, treat him to wine.

It is not worth it

You shouldn't do this. The game is clearly not worth the candle.

Meaning. The effort expended is not worth it.

To the head analysis

Well, brother, you've come late to the very basic analysis!

Meaning. Be late, show up when it’s all over.

How to get chickens into cabbage soup

And he ended up with this case like chickens in cabbage soup.

Meaning. Bad luck, unexpected misfortune.

King for a day

I would not trust their generous promises, which they give out right and left: caliphs for an hour.

Meaning. About a man who accidentally found himself in a position of power for a short time.

Scapegoat

I'm afraid that you will forever be their scapegoat.

Meaning. Responsible for someone else's fault, for the mistakes of others, because the true culprit cannot be found or wants to evade responsibility.

sing Lazarus

Stop singing Lazarus, stop being poor.

Meaning. Beg, whine, complain exaggeratedly about fate, trying to evoke the sympathy of others.

Get into trouble

You promised to be careful, but you deliberately get into trouble!

Meaning. Undertaking something risky, running into trouble, doing something dangerous, doomed to failure.

Disservice

Constant praise from your lips is a real disservice.

Meaning. Unsolicited help, a service that does more harm than good.

Cast pearls before swine

In a letter to A. A. Bestuzhev (late January 1825), A. S. Pushkin writes: “The first sign of an intelligent person is to know at first glance who you are dealing with, and not to throw pearls in front of the Repetilovs and the like.”

Meaning. Wasting words speaking to people who cannot understand you.

You can't ride a goat

He looks down on everyone, you can’t even approach him on a crooked goat.

Meaning. He is completely unapproachable, it is not clear how to contact him.

Unlucky man

Nothing went well with him, and in general he was a bad person.

Meaning. Frivolous, careless, dissolute.

Shelve

Now you’ll put it on the back burner, and then you’ll forget it completely.

Meaning. Give the case a long delay, delay its decision for a long time.

Retired goat drummer

I am no longer in office - a retired goat drummer.

Meaning. A person not needed by anyone, respected by anyone.

Bring it under the monastery

What have you done, what should I do now, you brought me under the monastery, and that’s all.

Meaning. To put someone in a difficult, unpleasant position, to bring them under punishment.

Plant the pig

Well, he has a nasty character: he planted the pig and is satisfied!

Meaning. Secretly set up some nasty thing, do some mischief.

Get into trouble

The guy got into such trouble that even the guard screamed.

Meaning. Find yourself in a difficult, dangerous or unpleasant situation.

Professor of sour cabbage soup

He is always teaching everyone. Me too, professor of sour cabbage soup!

Meaning. Unlucky, bad master.

Beluga roar

For three days in a row she roared like a beluga.

Meaning. Scream or cry loudly.

Breeding antimonies

That's it, the conversation is over. I have no time to create antimonies with you here.

Meaning. Chat, carry on empty conversations. Observe unnecessary ceremony in relationships.

On the side of the bake

Why should I go to them? Nobody called me. It's called coming - on the side of the heat!

Meaning. Everything is random, extraneous, attached to something from the outside; superfluous, unnecessary

Orphan Kazan

Why are you standing, rooted to the threshold like an orphan from Kazan.

Meaning. This is what they say about a person who pretends to be unhappy, offended, helpless in order to pity someone.

Grated kalach

Like a grated kalach, I can give you practical advice.

Meaning. This is what they call an experienced person who is difficult to deceive.

Tip on your tongue

What are you saying? Thump your tongue!

Meaning. An expression of dissatisfaction with what was said, an unkind wish to someone who says something that is not meant to be said.

Sharpen the laces

Why are you sitting idle and sharpening your swords?

Meaning. Talking idle talk, engaging in useless chatter, gossiping.

Pull the gimp

Now they’re gone, he’ll keep dragging his feet until we give up on this idea ourselves.

Meaning. To procrastinate, to delay something, to speak monotonously and tediously.

Hit face in the dirt

Don't let us down, don't lose face in front of the guests.

Meaning. To make a mistake, to disgrace oneself.

In the middle of nowhere

What, should we go see him? Yes, this is in the middle of nowhere.

Meaning. Very far away, somewhere in the wilderness.

Fig leaf

She is a terrible pretender and lazy person, hiding behind her imaginary illness like a fig leaf.

Meaning. A plausible cover for unseemly deeds.

Filka's certificate

What kind of filthy letter is this, can’t you really express your thoughts?

Meaning. An ignorant, illiterate document.

Grab the stars from the sky

He is a man not without abilities, but there are not enough stars from heaven.

Meaning. Do not be distinguished by talents and outstanding abilities.

That's enough of a prickle

He was in great health, and suddenly he got sick.

Meaning. Someone died suddenly or was suddenly paralyzed.

Apple of discord

This ride is a real bone of contention, can’t you give in, let him go.

Meaning. What gives rise to conflict, serious contradictions.

Pandora's Box

Well, now hold on, Pandora's box has opened.

Meaning. Everything that can serve as a source of disaster if you are careless.

“A phraseological unit is a stable figure of speech, a phrase, an expression, the meaning of which does not consist of the concepts of its constituent words.”

In one of the most widespread languages ​​on the planet - Russian, there are a huge number of such examples of phraseological units. If you add expressions that were borrowed from foreign languages, then you might think that all we do is talk using phraseological units.

"Throw down the gauntlet"

"Beat but listen"

"Beat the Key"

"Through the Sleeves"

"Leave it with your nose"

• A phraseological unit is the root of a concept, the basis, a key phrase, a complete turn of speech, a complete thought.
• The word "Phrase" was borrowed from the Greek language "phrasis", which is translated into Russian as "expression".
• The concept of “Phrase” served as the name of the science of language - phraseology, part of linguistics.

The term "Phraseology" consists of two ancient Greek words "phrasis" - "expression" and "logos" - "concept". This is the science that studies stable figures of speech.

Phraseologism can be divided into several types:

Phraseological unities

Phraseological combinations

Phraseological adjunctions (idioms)

Phraseological expressions, are a special figure of speech, which all consist of words with a free meaning. Their peculiarity is their use as ready-made speech patterns.

Example Phraseological expressions aphorisms may serve: " knowledge is power", proverbs:" when the cancer on the mountain whistles", "Where there is a horse with a hoof, there is a crayfish with a claw", as well as common cliches used in everyday colloquial speech:" Good afternoon", "see you again", "best wishes".

Phraseological unities, are a figure of speech in which each term has its own special meaning, but when connected they take on a figurative meaning.

"Cast a fishing rod"

"Getting online"

"To go with the flow"

Phraseological combinations are a figure of speech in which words have a non-free (used only in a specific phrase) or free meaning. Combinations differ from unity and adhesions in that the words included in the expression can be replaced.

"Lust for Glory"

"Revenge"

"Lust for Money"

"Burn with Hate"

"Burn with Love"

"Burn with shame"

A phrase can be not only a complete sentence, a thought, but also a figure of speech, a musical passage, and in singing it can be a musical figure that can be sung without taking a breath.

Phraseological adhesions or as they are also called, idioms, are an unchangeable and untranslatable expression peculiar only to a given language. The term idiom was borrowed from the Greek language “idioma” and is translated as “a peculiar phrase”.

"Neither fish nor fowl"

"Seven spans in the forehead"

"Don't sew a tail on a mare"

• In a phrase they call beautiful, bright, loud speech not sincere, hypocritical, not corresponding to the content.
• Fraser- this is a narcissistic person who utters meaningless, beautiful speeches. A synonym for the term “Fraser” can be the word windbag, talker.
• Fraserism, Phraseology- this is an addiction to meaningless, loud, beautiful speech, essentially idle talk.

Example of Fraserism in Literature

In the play "The Cherry Orchard" by Chekhov, you can pay attention to the monologue of a certain Gaev, which he addresses to the closet: " Dear, dear closet! I greet your existence, which for more than a hundred years has been directed exclusively towards the ideals of justice and goodness, your silent call, which forced us to work fruitfully, has not weakened for many hundred years, maintaining, despite sorrows, faith in a better future, cheerfulness and education we have social consciousness and ideals of goodness".

Phraseologisms in video pictures