Exam Russian language task 18 practice.

Punctuation marks in sentences with introductory words

Introductory words- these are words that are part of a sentence, but do not enter into a grammatical connection with the members of the sentence.

Introductory words and phrases can express different meanings:

Various degree of confidence: of course, of course, undoubtedly, without a doubt, indisputably, indeed, perhaps, perhaps, it seems, obviously, etc.
Feelings: to joy, unfortunately, fortunately, to surprise, to pleasure, unfortunately, etc.
Message source(to whom it belongs): according to opinion, according to words, according to message, etc.
The order of thoughts and their connections: firstly, secondly, thirdly, therefore, therefore, so, for example, vice versa, finally, etc.
Notes on ways to frame thoughts and attract the attention of listeners: in a word, to tell the truth, in other words, simply put, etc.

Punctuation marks in sentences with introductory words and clauses

Introductory words and phrases are separated by commas.
If the introductory word and phrase form an incomplete construction (i.e., some word is missing that is restored from the context), then a dash is placed instead of one of the commas. On the one hand, he was a kind man, on the other, he was quick-tempered and harsh.
The introductory word, standing between homogeneous members and the generalizing word, is distinguished by punctuation marks. If the introductory word comes after a series of homogeneous terms before the generalizing word, put a dash before the introductory word and a comma after it: Food, clothing, housing, medicines for various diseases, firewood and coal - in a word, everything is provided by human nature. If the introductory word comes before homogeneous members and after the generalizing word, then we put a comma before the introductory word and a colon after it: Many seedlings were well received, for example: poplar, maple, birch.
When two introductory words are used in one sentence, they are both separated by commas: In his opinion, as a rule, persistent people achieve their goals.
If the introductory word is at the beginning or end of a separate phrase, then it is not separated from the phrase by any punctuation mark. If the introductory word is in the middle of a separate phrase, then it is highlighted with commas on both sides: Probably startled by this message, she froze. The woman, probably amazed by this message, froze.
A comma is not placed between the coordinating conjunction and the introductory word if the introductory word cannot be omitted or rearranged without violating the structure of the sentence. If deletion or rearrangement is possible, then a comma is placed between the coordinating conjunction and the introductory word. Not only were we not late for the airport, but on the contrary, we still had time to buy souvenirs before departure.
It rained, and, of course, we stayed at home.

The following words and phrases are not introductory and are not separated by commas:

supposedly
as if,
even,
hardly,
all of a sudden,
literally,
as if
after all,
hardly,
after all,
just,
besides,
by decision,
according to submission,
That's why,
in addition,
in the end,
I suppose
as if

Introductory sentences perform the same functions as introductory words. They may also contain various kinds of additional comments and related instructions. In such cases, parentheses and dashes may be used in introductory sentences. But usually introductory sentences, like introductory words, are separated with commas (especially if they are small or begin with subordinating conjunctions):

This boy, it seems to me, is very talented.

The blue dress, I think, is much more beautiful than the yellow one.

The fear of the desert (even though I had never seen the desert) became obsessive in me.

We visited all the cinemas - there were several of them in the city - and began to get bored.

It is necessary to distinguish introductory words from homonymous constructions

Introductory words can be omitted or removed from the sentence; they do not perform any syntactic function:

My story probably upset her.

My story upset her.

Theory for Task No. 18 Unified State Exam 2019 in Russian

“Punctuation marks when addressing and introductory words”

You need to know the following topics:
-introductory words and phrases
- appeals.

Introductory words and phrases

Introductory words and phrases are not members of the sentence (you cannot ask a question about them), are separated by commas, do not change the information in the sentence, they can be excluded without distorting the meaning.

Groups of introductory words by meaning

1. The speaker's feelings(joy, anger, regret, etc.).
Fortunately, unfortunately, to horror, to shame, for the future, for joy, etc.
2. Degree of confidence(assumption, possibility, uncertainty, etc.).
Maybe, perhaps, apparently, in fact, it seems, it would seem, indisputably, it is true, one must believe, essentially, unconditionally, etc.
3. Connection of thoughts, sequence of presentation
So, therefore, by the way, firstly, secondly, on the other hand, for example, the main thing, thus, by the way, means vice versa, etc.
4. Source of message
According to rumors, they say, according to someone, in my opinion, in my opinion, according to legend, remember, report, convey, etc.
5. Techniques and ways to formulate thoughts
In other words, in other words, simply put, to put it mildly, in one word, etc.
6. Appeal to the interlocutor or reader in order to attract attention
Do you know, know, understand, excuse me, forgive me, listen, believe me, agree, imagine, please, etc.
7. Assessing the extent of what is being said
At least at most, at least
8. Degree of commonality of what is being reported
As usual, it happens, it happens, it happens, etc.
9. Expressiveness of the statement
To say it honestly, honestly, in truth, in conscience, to say it funny, etc.

HOMONYMY
The same words can be used both as introductory and as members of a sentence! (You can ask questions to members of the sentence, but not to introductory words)

FOR EXAMPLE:
You probably know this man. (introductory word)
You translated the text correctly. (adverb)
First of all, do we need to talk about this? (introductory word)
First of all, we need to talk about the book (adverb).
He, you know, is a man of obligation. (introductory word)
Do you know him? (verb)

The following words and phrases are not introductory and are not separated by commas:
Perhaps, literally, as if, in addition, to top it off, suddenly, after all, ultimately, here, hardly, after all, even, hardly, exclusively, precisely, as if, as if, just, besides, meanwhile, I suppose, by proposal, by decree, by decision, approximately, approximately, moreover, almost, therefore, simply, decisively, as if, supposedly

Complex cases
I. Particles O, AH, A and others standing before addresses are NOT SEPARATED from them.
Examples: Oh my dear, my tender, beautiful garden (Ch.); Oh Nadya, Nadenka, we would be happy... (Ok.); O beloved deceptions, delusions of infancy! On the day when the meadows turn green, there is no way for me to get rid of you (Sick); O sun, overheated, go out, have mercy on the poor earth! (Sick.); Death, and death, will you let me say one word? (TV).

II. If there is an interjection before the address, then it is SEPARATED by a comma or an exclamation mark.
Examples: Ah, my fields, dear furrows, you are good in your sadness (Ec); Hey, three octagons for thread, go get a bolt! - From that day on, Zakhar Pavlovich was called by the nickname “Three Osmushki for Carving” (Plat.). The word o (meaning ah) can also act as an interjection: Oh, my lost freshness, the riot of my eyes and the flood of feelings (Her).

How to distinguish homonymous particles and interjections (o, ah, a)

The particle has an intensifying meaning and is not separated from the address intonationally (does not have independent stress);
Interjections are intonationally independent, stressed, and are followed by a pause.
Compare:
O my cherished field, you are now resting after the harvest (Aitm.)
Oh, the wind! Oh, snow storms! (Bl.).

The interjection hey (as a call for attention) can itself act as an address.
Examples: Hey, watch out! You'll create a closure! (Vozn.); - Hey, be careful there! - shouted Stepakha (Cool); - Where? What are you doing? Hey!.. (Shuksh.); - Hey! It is forbidden! - Frosya was scared (Tok.).

18 -1. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

1. In front of the mother (1) a small fire was lit and two or three firebrands (2) were smoking (2) the smoke (3) from which (4) went straight to her.

2. We climbed (1) onto a rather steep hill (2) on a flat surface (3) of which (4) there were several new and old unfinished huts.

3. Lieutenant Vulich (1) on whose face (2) the hero “read the seal of death” (4) remains alive.

4. We had to arrive for transportation before dawn (1) in order to cross the river in quiet time (2) because every day (3) as soon as the sun began to warm up (4) a strong wind blew up.

5. Iron is the most important of the vital microelements (1) whose main role (2) (3) is to provide the body with oxygen.

6. Batyushkov was a recognized idol of Pushkin the lyceum student (1) in whose poems (2) (3) “echoes of Batyushkov’s lyre” (4) were very numerous.

7. A phraseological unit is a phrase (1) whose general meaning (2) (3) is not derived (4) from the independent meanings of the words included in it.

8. The basis of F. Dostoevsky’s realistic creativity is the world of human suffering (1) in the depiction (2) of which (3) he knows no equal.

9. From the stone pier (1) the steps (2) of which (3) descended directly into the water (4) began a city with European hotels and restaurants.

10. Unlike I.S. Turgenev (1) in the novels (2) of whom (3) the stages of spiritual searches of intellectuals of the 40–70s of the 19th century were highlighted (4) I.A. Goncharov was fascinated by the study of phenomena of a different order.

18-2. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence .

1. A light secular comedy is a play (1) whose intrigue (2) is very elegant.

2. Tree-like peonies (1) whose leaves (2) (3) fly away for the winter (4) over time turn into lushly flowering spreading bushes.

3. Chekhov’s dreams of a future life speak of a high culture of spirit, of the World Soul, of a new beautiful life (1) to create which we need (4) another two hundred or three hundred years to work, toil, suffer.

4. Especially often (1) the poet visited the Olenins (2) whose daughter (3) (4) was the subject of his serious hobby.

5. Rose (1) the first mention (2) of which (3) dates back to the fifth century BC. (4) described in ancient Indian legends.

6. Scientists have created a unique material (1) granules (2) of which (3) have the ability (4) to retain huge amounts of moisture.

7. The first stage of business conversations or negotiations (1) may be an introductory meeting (2) during which (3) the subject of negotiations is clarified, and organizational issues are resolved.

8. In one of the bays of the Pacific Ocean (1) a giant squid (2) was discovered whose eye (3) diameter (4) was one and a half meters.

9. This was a poetess (1) whose enchanting verses (2) (3) hid a certain mystery.

10. One day in Tsarskoe Selo (1) a bear cub tore the chain from the pole (2) near which (3) his booth (4) was built and ran into the garden.

ANSWERS.

18-1.

18-2.

1-2

1-1

2-2

2-14

Task 18. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence" No. 1

Beginning of the form

1. In a sparse spruce forest (1) in front of the estate, three motorcycles (2) were rushing about in the grass, machine guns (3) of which (4) were hastily hitting somewhere upward.

2. D The road ran in a recess (1) on both sides (2) of which (3) sandy slopes with pine trees rose.

3. Here began the ancient count's park (1) in the dense greenery (2) of which (3) beautiful dachas, flower beds, greenhouses and fountains were scattered.

4. N Adya turned her head and saw a silk curtain (1) and a window (2) through (3) which (4) the winter twilight was already turning blue.

5. Rose (1) the first mention (2) of which (3) dates back to the 5th century BC. (4) described in ancient Indian legends.

6. Login sat with Anatoly Petrovich Andozersky in the office (1), the decoration (2) of which (3) exposed futile claims to taste and originality

7. The shallow swampy lake (1) along the shore (2) of which (3) we made our way (4) was still white between the trees.

8. For a long time we were driving along a narrow path (1) two or three tracks (2) which (3) slightly cut into the green virgin soil of a luxurious meadow

9. The hours of (1) painful waiting (2) during which (3) Mishka unsuccessfully tried to forget all his troubles (5) seemed to drag on forever.

10. A little further away, a dense cloud (1) hovered in the depths (2) of which (3) red sparks lit up and went out.

Task 18. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence" No. 2

Beginning of the form

Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence. Write down the sequence of numbers without spaces, commas or other additional characters.

In the treasury of Russian art (1) one of the most honorable places (2) belongs to I.I. Shishkin (3) whose name (4) (5) is associated with the history of the Russian landscape of the second half of the 19th century.

When painting silk (1), a special coloring composition is applied to the fabric in the form of a closed contour (2) within which (3) the product is painted with special paints (5) in accordance with the sketch (6).

The scientific interests of S.M. Bondi (1) were formed during his studies at Petrograd University (2) after graduation (3) from which (4) he was left at the department.

Zhuravlev rushed to the gun (1) near (2) which (3) a battery with a broken arm was fumbling.

IN In the 18th century (1) at European imperial palaces (2) there were orchestral and choral chapels (3) for the leadership (4) of which (5) outstanding musicians were invited.

The sons of Johann Sebastian Bach (1) and other musicians trained by him (2) from among whom (3) many serious professionals (5) emerged testify to the talent of Bach as a teacher.

The fashion for German resorts (1) was explained by the desire for Eden (2), the outlines (3) of which (4) appeared in the landscapes of the Rhine Valley.

Raskolnikov (1) prefers Sennaya Square (2) in the vicinity (3) of which (4) the poor eke out a miserable existence.

9. Now a young bright green forest (1) was growing towards us above the tops (2) of which (3) the chalk cliffs were already disappearing.

10. Science fiction (1) many forms (2) of which (3) can be found even in Gogol’s “everyday” works (4) permeates the entire work of the writer.

KEYS

№ tasks

1 option

Option 2

2 5

1 4

2 5

1 4

End of form