Day of Remembrance of those killed in the First World War. Remembrance Day in the UK Day of Remembrance for the Victims of the First World War

Memorial Day for the end of the First World War. On the eleventh day of November, the world community celebrates the Day of Remembrance of those killed in the First World War. On this day in 1918, the Compiègne Armistice was signed, which meant the surrender of Germany. The First World War, which lasted more than four years, was considered over.

Nikolay Gumilyov. And in the roar of the human crowd, in the hum of passing guns, in the silent call of the battle trumpet, I suddenly heard the song of my fate and ran where the people were running, obediently repeating: wake up, wake up. After the outbreak of the First World War in early August 1914, Gumilev volunteered for the army. It is noteworthy that, although almost all the poets of that time composed either patriotic or military poems, only two took part in hostilities as volunteers: Gumilyov and Benedikt Livshits.

The first heroes. Cossack Kozma Kryuchkov. During the First World War, the name of Kozma Kryuchkov was known throughout Russia. The brave Cossack appeared on posters and leaflets, cigarette packs and postcards. His portraits and popular prints depicting his feat were published in newspapers and magazines. Such great fame for an ordinary warrior was not only a consequence of his incredible valor. It is important that the Cossack Kryuchkov accomplished his feat just in time in the first days of the war on the German front, when patriotic feelings overwhelmed the Russian people, inspired by the idea of ​​the Second Patriotic War against Western adversaries.

Cornet Grigory Semenov. ...When the perplexed command, knowing about the strong fortifications of the enemy, sent a platoon of the Primorsky Dragoon Regiment of Cornet Konshin to check Semenov’s reports, the two heroes who took the city were having dinner in a restaurant on the main street. Soon the whole brigade arrived. Semenov was awarded the St. George's Arms for this feat.

Women at war. Grand Duchess of Luxembourg Maria Adelheide In the hospital with the wounded on the fronts of the Great (First World) War. On the left, Russia's first female surgeon, Princess Vera Gedroits (in a hat) and her nurses (in white headscarves) Grand Duchess Tatiana, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna and Anna Vyrubova. Grand Duchess Olga is sitting.

Rimma Ivanova. September 22, 2014 will mark 95 years since the death of sister of mercy Rimma Ivanova. Almost a century ago, this 21-year-old girl, the heroine of the Great War, as the First World War was then called, stepped into immortality... And this step was taken by her in Belarus, more precisely, in Polesie.

With the beginning of the Great War in Stavropol, like thousands of other Russian young ladies, she completed courses for nurses, after which she worked in the diocesan infirmary for wounded soldiers. On January 17, 1915, she cut her hair short and called herself a man's name and volunteered for the front. She served in the 83rd Samur Infantry Regiment, and when everything was revealed, she began to serve under her real one. For her courage in rescuing the wounded, she was awarded the St. George Cross, 4th degree, and two St. George medals. The Samurians literally adored their nurse and considered her the mascot of the regiment.

The 21-year-old sister of mercy Rimma Mikhailovna Ivanova, who died on Belarusian soil, became the only woman in Russia awarded the Order of St. George, 4th degree, the most honorable military award of the Russian army. “Forward, follow me!” - the girl shouted and was the first to rush under the bullets. The regiment rushed with bayonets after its favorite and overthrew the enemy. But in the thick of the battle, Rimma was mortally wounded by an explosive bullet in the thigh. Her last words were: “God save Russia.”

Pyotr Nikolaevich Nesterov. Pyotr Nikolaevich Nesterov is a Russian pilot who developed the first aerobatic maneuver - the “loop.” An aircraft designer whose ideas were ahead of their time. Finally, the man who was the first in the history of aviation to use an aerial ram.

The world's first air ram by Nesterov The death of Nesterov resonated with pain in the hearts of thousands of citizens of the Russian Empire. Even his enemies paid tribute to this man’s fearlessness. In one of the orders for the troops, the German Kaiser Wilhelm II noted: Kaiser Wilhelm II “I wish that my aviators would stand at the same height of manifestation of art as the Russians do...”.

Day of Remembrance for those killed in the First World War. On November 11, 1918, the Compiègne Armistice, which meant the surrender of Germany, ended the First World War, which lasted four years and three months. Almost 10 million people died in its fire, and about 20 million were injured. Humanity has never known such losses before. An equally significant result of the war was the radical redrawing of the political map of the world. Germany was forced to unilaterally demobilize its army, hand over its aviation and navy to the winners, renounce its colonies, as well as Alsace-Lorraine, Polish provinces and a number of other territories, and pledged to pay gigantic reparations to compensate for damage from the war. Its allies, Austria-Hungary and Türkiye, were dismembered. Bulgaria survived as a state, but suffered significant territorial losses. The last continental empires in Europe - German, Austro-Hungarian and Russian - perished in the fire of World War I. The Ottoman Empire collapsed in Asia.

Russian President Vladimir Putin on June 27, 2012, answering a question from Senator A. I. Lisitsyn in the Federation Council about how Russia was going to celebrate the centenary of the outbreak of the First World War, accused the Bolshevik leadership of Russia’s loss of the First World War - “... this is the result of the betrayal of the then government ... The Bolsheviks committed an act of national betrayal...” Putin called Russia’s loss unique: “our country lost this war to the losing side. A unique situation in the history of mankind. We lost to losing Germany, in fact, we capitulated to it, after a while it itself capitulated to the Entente,” Putin said

Armistice Day 1918 (11 November) is a national holiday in Belgium and France and is celebrated annually. In Great Britain, Armistice Day is celebrated on the Sunday closest to November 11th as Remembrance Sunday. On this day, the fallen of both the First and Second World Wars are remembered.
In the first years after the end of the First World War, every municipality in France erected a monument to fallen soldiers. In 1921, the main monument appeared - the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier under the Arc de Triomphe in Paris.

The main British monument to those killed in the First World War is the Cenotaph (Greek Cenotaph - “empty coffin”) in London on Whitehall Street, the monument to the Unknown Soldier. It was built in 1919 to mark the first anniversary of the end of the war. On the second Sunday of every November, the Cenotaph becomes the center of national Remembrance Day. A week before this, small plastic poppies appear on the chests of millions of Englishmen, which are bought from a special charity Fund for Veterans and War Widows. On Sunday at 11 a.m., the Queen of Great Britain, generals, ministers and bishops lay poppy wreaths at the Cenotaph; a minute of silence lasts 2 minutes.

In March 1922, a National Day of Mourning was established in Germany in memory of those killed in the First World War; in 1952, the date of the Day of Mourning was moved to November and from that time it became a symbol not only of those who fell in the war, but also of all people who died for German independence, and killed for political reasons.

CANADA
Every year on the 11th day of the 11th month at 11 o'clock in the afternoon, all of Canada stops its usual activities and falls silent for two minutes. In these two minutes of silence, Canadians pay tribute to their compatriots who gave their lives in battles for the bright future of the nation. This tradition began in 1919, when, on the first anniversary of the end of the First World War, King George V addressed “all the peoples of the Empire” with an appeal to perpetuate the memory of those who, at the cost of their own lives, defended the right to life and freedom of their fellow citizens. He expressed his desire and his hope that for the sake of universal unity in the expression of this feeling, at the hour when the truce came into force, the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month, for two minutes “all work, all sounds and all movements must cease, so that in a beautiful stillness of thought everyone can concentrate on the reverent memory of the glorious heroes.” Initially, this day was called Armistice Day, in honor of the day the First World War ended. It was only in 1931 that Parliament adopted an amendment to the Act establishing the date of celebration of November 11, giving the holiday its modern name Remembrance Day. Every year on this day and hour, Canadians bow their heads to the heroes, men and women who served, and who now continue to serve their country, while in the thick of military conflicts. They honor those who fought for Canada in the First World War (1914-1918), the Second World War (1939-1945) and the Korean War (1950-1953), as well as all those who have fallen victim to military conflicts today. . More than 1,500,000 Canadians served their country at various times, and more than 100,000 of them died. They gave their lives and their futures so that modern Canadians could live in peace.

USA
Originally known as Armistice Day, the holiday was celebrated to honor American veterans of World War I. It falls on November 11, the day the war ended (1918). Currently in the United States it is a national holiday, Veterans Day. Today, this day has become a kind of memorial day for veterans of all wars in which the United States took part. Veterans' parades are held and the President lays wreaths at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at Arlington National Cemetery

BELGIUM
At 11 am on November 11, 1918, the guns of the Western Front suddenly fell silent after more than 4 years of continuous war. Germany signed an armistice. As soon as the news spread, celebrations began in all cities and towns in Belgium. Since then, Armistice Day (Wapenstilstand) has been celebrated on this day. November 11 is a public holiday in Belgium. Celebrated on the anniversary of the signing of the armistice between the Entente and Germany on November 11, 1918, it is considered a day of remembrance for all French and Belgian soldiers.

ABOUT THE WAR AND SOLDIERS OF THE RUSSIAN IMPERIAL ARMY:
Doctor ist. Sciences S.V. Volkov:
“In that war, Russian generals did not overwhelm the enemy, like Stalin’s marshals 30 years later, with the corpses of their soldiers. The combat losses of the Russian army killed in battles (according to various estimates from 775 to 911 thousand people) corresponded to those of the Central Bloc as 1:1 (Germany lost approximately 303 thousand people on the Russian front, Austria-Hungary - 451 thousand and Turkey - approximately 151 thousand ). Russia waged the war with much less effort than its opponents and allies... Even taking into account significant sanitary losses and those who died in captivity, the overall losses were incomparably less sensitive for Russia than for other countries...
The share of those mobilized in Russia was the smallest - only 39% of all men aged 15-49 years, while in Germany - 81%, in Austria-Hungary - 74%, in France - 79%, England - 50%, Italy - 72%. At the same time, for every thousand mobilized, Russia had 115 killed and died, while Germany - 154, Austria - 122, France - 168, England - 125, etc., for every thousand men aged 15-49 years, Russia lost 45 people, Germany - 125, Austria - 90, France - 133, England - 62; finally, for every thousand of all inhabitants, Russia lost 11 people, Germany - 31, Austria - 18, France - 34, England - 16. Let us also add that perhaps the only country among the warring countries did not experience problems with food. No one in Russia could have dreamed of German “military bread” of the unimaginable composition of the 1917 model.”

W. Churchill:
“Humanity has never been in such a situation. Without having reached a much higher level of virtue and without the benefit of a much wiser leadership, people for the first time received in their hands such tools with which they could destroy all mankind without fail. This is the achievement of all their glorious history, all the glorious labors of previous generations. And people will do well to stop and think about this new responsibility. Death stands on the alert, obedient, expectant, ready to serve, ready to sweep away all peoples "en masse", ready, if necessary, to turn into powder, without any hope of revival, everything that remains of civilization. She is only waiting for the word of the command. She is waiting for this word from the fragile, frightened creature, who has long served as her victim and who has now become her master for the only time.
Fate has never been as cruel to any country as to Russia. Her ship sank while the harbor was in sight. She had already weathered the storm when everything collapsed. All the sacrifices have already been made, all the work has been completed.

The selfless impulse of the Russian armies that saved Paris in 1914; overcoming the painful retreat without shells; slow recovery; Brusilov's victories; Russia entering the 1917 campaign undefeated, stronger than ever. Holding victory already in her hands, she fell to the ground, alive, like Herod of old, devoured by worms.”
ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/

IN RUSSIA, FOR UNDERSTANDABLE REASONS, THEIR OWN DATE IN MEMORY OF SOLDIERS AND OFFICERS OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR IS SET - AUGUST 1, THE DAY IT STARTED.
12/18/2012, Moscow 17:39:20 The State Duma established August 1 as the Day of Remembrance of Russian soldiers who died in the First World War.

According to the authors of the proposal, the establishment of a memorial date is justified by the need to perpetuate the memory and reflect the merits of Russian soldiers who died during the First World War. The basis for this is the day Germany declared war on Russia, as well as the 100th anniversary of the First World War in 2014.
Let us remind you that August 1, 1914 Russia's participation began in one of the largest and bloodiest wars in human history, which claimed 12 million lives.
Russia's losses in the First World War amounted to more than 2 million killed and died at the fronts, and over 3 million prisoners. Civilian losses exceeded 1 million people.
www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/20121218173920.shtml

Eternal memory to all those who fell in the Great War!

Covering not only Europe, where the main events took place, but also the Far and Middle East, Africa, and the waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic and Indian oceans.

The reason for the First World War was the murder of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, by Serbian nationalists on June 28, 1914 in the city of Sarajevo (now Bosnia and Herzegovina). Austria-Hungary, under pressure from Germany, which was looking for a reason to start a war, presented the Serbs with obviously unacceptable conditions for resolving the conflict and, after the Austro-Hungarian ultimatum was rejected, declared war on Serbia on July 28.

Fulfilling its allied obligations to Serbia, Russia began general mobilization on July 30. The next day, Germany, in the form of an ultimatum, demanded that Russia stop mobilization. The ultimatum was left unanswered, and on August 1 Germany declared war on Russia.

Germany then declared war on France, and Great Britain on Germany.
Having created an advantage in troops on the Western Front, Germany occupied Luxembourg and Belgium and began a rapid advance in northern France towards Paris. But the offensive of Russian troops in East Prussia forced Germany to withdraw some troops from the Western Front.

In August - September 1914, Russian troops defeated the Austro-Hungarian troops in Galicia, and at the end of 1914 - beginning of 1915, the Turkish troops in Transcaucasia.

In 1915, the forces of the Central Powers, conducting a strategic defense on the Western Front, forced Russian troops to leave Galicia, Poland, part of the Baltic states, and defeated Serbia.

In 1916, after an unsuccessful attempt by German troops to break through the Allied defenses in the Verdun region (France), the strategic initiative passed to the Entente. In addition, the heavy defeat inflicted on the Austro-German troops in May-July 1916 in Galicia actually predetermined the collapse of Germany’s main ally, Austria-Hungary. In the Caucasian theater, the initiative continued to be retained by the Russian army, which occupied Erzurum and Trebizond.

The collapse of the Russian army, which began after the February Revolution of 1917, allowed Germany and its allies to intensify their actions on other fronts, which did not change the situation as a whole.

After the conclusion of the separate Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Russia on March 3, 1918, the German command launched a massive offensive on the Western Front. The Entente troops (France, Great Britain, Serbia, later Japan, Italy, Romania, the USA, etc.; there were 34 states in total, including Russia), having eliminated the results of the German breakthrough, went on the offensive, ending in the defeat of the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria).

Russia's losses in the First World War were killed at the fronts and over three million prisoners; the losses of the civilian population of the Russian Empire exceeded one million people.

For the burial of Russian soldiers who fell in the First World War, in February 1915, on the lands of the ancient estate park of the village of Vsekhsvyatskoye near Moscow (now the territory of the Sokol district of Moscow), the All-Russian Fraternal Cemetery was opened and a chapel was consecrated.

Until mid-1920, burials at the Fraternal Cemetery were carried out almost daily, sometimes taking on a massive scale. Not far from the cemetery, it was planned to create an architectural ensemble of a memorial church and the All-Russian Museum of the First World War and open a shelter for war victims, but these plans were interrupted by the 1917 revolution. The events of the First World War lingered for a long time in the Soviet Union, and in the 1930s the cemetery was converted into a park.

By decree of the Moscow government, the territory of the former Fraternal Cemetery was declared a historical and cultural monument and placed under state protection. On the site of the central part of the Fraternal Cemetery, the Memorial Park Complex of the Heroes of the First World War was created. In 1990-2004, various monuments and a chapel were erected on its territory.

On May 6, 2014, a memorial tombstone for the sisters of mercy who died during the First World War was unveiled here.

In May 2014, a monument to the heroes of the First World War was opened in Kaliningrad.

The opening of the memorial is expected in Moscow on Poklonnaya Hill in August.

At the site of fierce battles in the current city of Gusev (formerly Gumbinnen), a military-historical festival dedicated to the Battle of Gumbinnen, the first battle on the Russian-German front in August 1914, will be held in August 2014.

A military memorial complex for the history of the First World War will also be created there.

Memorial signs to the heroes of the First World War will also be installed in eight cities associated with its history - Tula, Smolensk, Noginsk, Lipetsk, Omsk, Stavropol, Saransk.

The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources

The Japanese name for Japan, Nihon (日本), consists of two parts - ni (日) and hon (本), both of which are Sinicisms. The first word (日) in modern Chinese is pronounced rì and, as in Japanese, means “sun” (represented in writing by its ideogram). The second word (本) in modern Chinese is pronounced bӗn. Its original meaning is "root", and the ideogram representing it is the ideogram of the tree mù (木) with a dash added at the bottom to indicate the root. From the meaning of “root” the meaning of “origin” developed, and it was in this sense that it entered the name of Japan Nihon (日本) – “origin of the sun” > “land of the rising sun” (modern Chinese rì bӗn). In ancient Chinese, the word bӗn (本) also had the meaning of “scroll, book.” In modern Chinese it is replaced in this sense by the word shū (書), but remains in it as a counting word for books. The Chinese word bӗn (本) was borrowed into Japanese both in the sense of "root, origin" and "scroll, book", and in the form hon (本) means book in modern Japanese. The same Chinese word bӗn (本) meaning “scroll, book” was also borrowed into the ancient Turkic language, where, after adding the Turkic suffix -ig, it acquired the form *küjnig. The Türks brought this word to Europe, where it from the language of the Danube Turkic-speaking Bulgars in the form knig entered the language of the Slavic-speaking Bulgarians and, through Church Slavonic, spread to other Slavic languages, including Russian.

Thus, the Russian word book and the Japanese word hon "book" have a common root of Chinese origin, and the same root is included as a second component in the Japanese name for Japan Nihon.

I hope everything is clear?)))

Monument to the heroes of the First World War in Moscow (Photo: kremlin.ru)

November 11 in many countries is the Day of Remembrance for those killed in the First World War, which is considered one of the most large-scale armed conflicts in human history (July 28, 1914 - November 11, 1918). As a result of this war, four empires ceased to exist: Russian, German, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman. On November 11, 1918, the Compiègne Armistice, which meant the surrender of Germany, ended the First World War, which lasted four years and three months. Almost 10 million people died in its fire, and about 22 million were injured. Humanity has never known such losses before. An equally significant result of the war was the radical redrawing of the political map of the world. Germany was forced to unilaterally demobilize its army, hand over its aviation and navy to the winners, renounce its colonies, as well as Alsace-Lorraine, Polish provinces and a number of other territories, and pledged to pay gigantic reparations to compensate for damage from the war. Its allies, Austria-Hungary and Türkiye, were dismembered. Bulgaria survived as a state, but suffered significant territorial losses. The last continental empires in Europe - German, Austro-Hungarian and Russian - perished in the fire of World War I. The Ottoman Empire collapsed in Asia. Today, states celebrate the date November 11: Russia - as Remembrance Day, the USA - as Veterans Day, Canada - as Memorial Day, Belgium - as Armistice Day. The end of the First World War was approved by the signing of an armistice between the participants in the First World War (the Entente countries and Germany) on November 11, 1918. The signing took place in the railway carriage of Marshal Ferdinand Foch in the Forest of Compiegne (in the French region of Picardy near the city of Compiegne). English Admiral Rosslyn Wimyss and the commander of the Entente forces, Marshal Foch, received the German delegation led by Major General Detlef von Winterfeldt. At 5:10 a.m. the agreement was signed. The truce came into force at 11 am. 101 salvos were fired - the last salvos of the First World War. This war began on July 28, 1914 and lasted more than four years. It claimed the lives of almost 10 million people. The armies of 38 states were involved in it. It marked the end of old Europe: four empires (Russian, German, Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian) ceased to exist. But even in the victorious countries, the war gave birth to a “lost generation” that realized the meaninglessness of this hitherto unprecedented massacre. In many European countries, this day still remains one of the main national holidays. It is called differently: in Great Britain and Russia it is Remembrance Day, in France and Belgium it is Armistice Day, in Canada it is Remembrance Day. But in all these countries it is certainly celebrated with all the appropriate celebrations and honoring the heroes of that great war. In honor of the end of the First World War, the International Day of Remembrance of those killed in this war is also celebrated. Russia is recovering from historical unconsciousness, in Russia will celebrate the Day of Remembrance of Russian soldiers who died in the First World War of 1914–1918. In our historical memory (and so much distorted) there is a large gap called the First World War. Not everyone remembers the role that Russia played in those years. As in 1914, advancing in East Prussia, it contributed to saving the Entente from defeat and disrupting the German plan for a lightning war. Like twice - in 1914 and 1916. - inflicted severe defeats on Austria-Hungary. How successfully it acted against Turkey, managing to save many thousands of Armenians from genocide. We have not preserved the memory of either the great exploits, or the heroes of those years, or the great sacrifices of the Russian people. The list of memorable dates in Russia was supplemented with the date August 1 in accordance with the Federal Law, which was adopted by the State Duma on December 18, 2012 and approved by the Federation Council on December 26, 2012. Few people know that on the territory of the modern Kaliningrad region (former East Prussia) there are approximately 66 monuments and 70 mass graves from the First World War. Before 1945 there were much more of them. Many “died” under the shells of the Great Patriotic War, and even more during the years of Soviet power, so the regional authorities were involved in preparations for the anniversary in the Kaliningrad region - the only subject of the Russian Federation that has traces of bloody battles of the Russian army on its territory. If in 1990-2000. the surviving burial sites were put in order by enthusiasts, public organizations from Russia and Germany, and only sometimes with the support of local authorities, but on the eve of the approaching anniversary the situation changed. In March 2012, a Working Group was created under the governor of the Kaliningrad region to perpetuate the memory of the First World War. Members of the public focused their attention on holding ceremonial events in honor of the victory in the Battle of Gumbinnen on August 20, 1914. Exhausted by the offensive, the 1st Russian Army defeated a superior enemy thanks to the skill of Russian officers and the heroism of soldiers along the entire front. This victory, together with other successes in East Prussia, forced the Germans to transfer two corps from the western front, which relieved pressure on the Allies and contributed to their victory at the Marne (September 1914), which put an end to the German blitzkrieg, and with it the hopes for a quick victory. Recently, Russian President Vladimir Putin, when speaking about the preservation of the Russian necropolis in Serbia, said that the heroes of the First World War should not be forgotten, but at the same time, the last tribute still has to be paid to those who died on the fronts of the First World War, honestly fulfilling their duty. A total of 32,540 Russian soldiers and officers were buried in East Prussia, approximately half of them were buried in the Kaliningrad region. The available documents, which are freely available in the Moscow archives, make it possible to roughly determine in which mass grave a particular soldier was buried. Unfortunately, it was only possible to install memorial plaques with the names of fallen Russian soldiers and officers at the burial site in the village. Hollow. Currently, the website of the Internet project “Heroes of the First World War” (hero1914.com) contains some lists of those killed in the battles in East Prussia in August - December 1914. Let's hope that in the near future there will be even fewer unmarked graves. K. Pakhalyuk, hero1914.com.

Losses of the main countries at war (% of deaths by population in descending order):
1. Ottoman Empire (population - 21,373,900; military personnel killed - 804,000; civilians killed - 2,150,000 - including 1,500,000 victims of the Armenian genocide; total losses - 10% of the population)
2. France (39,700,000; 1,293,464; 300,000; 4 % )
3. German Empire (67,790,000; 2,036,897; 425,000; 3,6 % )
4. Austria-Hungary (52,749,900; 1,101,000; 300,000; 2,7 % )
5. Russian Empire (175,137,800; 1,811,000; 1,500,000; 1,9 % )
6. Great Britain (46,037,900; 702,410; 109,000; 1,8 % )
7. Italy (35,597,800; 578,000; 589,000; 0,3 % )
8. USA (99,111,000; 116,708; 757; 0,1 % ) (Source: Wikipedia)
These data may not be completely accurate. In particular, an accurate calculation of Russian losses was done by the famous military historian N. Golovin: During the First World War, Russia lost about 1.3 million people killed and died from wounds(Golovin N.N. Military efforts of Russia in the World War. Paris, 1939. T. I. P. 150). The Great Soviet Encyclopedia greatly overestimates the number of our losses, apparently wanting to smooth out the contrast with the losses in the civil war unleashed by the Bolsheviks - about 15 million people; The Bolsheviks tried to attribute some of their victims (for 1918) to the First World War, perhaps this is reflected in the Wikipedia figures...
...The victory of the Jewish-Masonic Union in Western Europe was obvious and impressive. The results of the First World War provoked by the Freemasons spoke for themselves: the fall of three conservative European monarchies (in the eyes of the allies, monarchical “Russia fell into the category of defeated countries,” since “the World War ... had a democratic ideology” (P. Struve. Reflections on the Russian Revolution Sofia, 1921, pp. 9-10), - P.B. Struve allowed himself to notice); the rise to power of governments of Masonic orientation in the states that arose on the site of Austria-Hungary and in the separated parts of the former Russian Empire; proclamation of a “Jewish national home” in Palestine. And the winners themselves did not hide their triumph at the final Paris (Versailles) conference of 1919–1920, held under the leadership of Freemasons and Jewish organizations. It is worth citing a few quotes from Jewish encyclopedias about this conference. Here, for example, are the organizers and participants of this conference from the United States: Supreme Court member L. Brandeis (who is also the president of the World Organization of Zionists) was the chairman of the American Commission “for collecting materials for peace negotiations” (Encyclopaedia Judaica. Berlin. 1929. Band 4 . S. 1010). Another encyclopedia gives credit to "the American Jewish Congress for developing the proposals for the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. American Jewish Committee members J. Mack, L. Marshall and S. Adler participated in the conference and, largely through their activities and connections, Jews were granted rights," which they wanted. B. Baruch, Chairman of the US War Industry Committee, was first “virtually responsible for the mobilization of the American military economy,” and then “worked on the Supreme Economic Council of the Versailles Conference and was the personal economic adviser to President Wilson” (Concise Jewish Encyclopedia. Jerusalem. 1976. T 1. pp. 108, 301). During the war, the Schiff banking group lent to both the Entente and Germany, and the Warburg brothers divided spheres of influence, and while Paul “had a decisive influence on the development of American finance during the World War,” Max provided services to Germany and then participated in the Paris conference from the German side “as a specialist on reparations” (Jüdisches Lexikon. Berlin. 1930. Band IV/2. S. 1331, 1329). There was also brother Felix - he, being “the central figure of the German-Jewish elite that dominated the American Jewish community in the first decades of the twentieth century. ", during the war he was a co-owner of the same Hamburg bank. The fourth of the Warburgs, Fritz carried out during the war the political orders of the German authorities to penetrate the environment of Russian liberals (Brief Jewish Encyclopedia. T. 1. P. 606; Jüdisches Lexikon. Berlin. 1930. Band IV/2. S. 1331, 1329; Katkov G. February Revolution. Paris. 1984. P. 86, 108). Let us also note that already on the eve of the World War, not least thanks to the Warburgs and Schiff, the financial dominance of the “world behind the scenes” rose to a qualitatively new level. In 1913, Jewish bankers put pressure on the US President and the Federal Reserve System was created. The Federal Reserve corresponds to the concept of a Central Bank and has the right to print the dollar, but is a system of private banks and in its decisions does not depend on the US government (see: Sutton A. Federal Reserve Conspiracy. Boring, Oregon. 1995; Griffin, Edward. The Creature from Jekyll Island. Appleton, Wisc. 1994; Epperson R. The Invisible Hand. St. Petersburg, 1996). Moreover: the Fed, creating money “out of nothing,” lends it to the US government, making it dependent on itself. And after, during the First World War, American banks lent to all the warring countries, making everyone their debtors, their currencies were tied to the dollar (Zvorykin N. Towards the Revival of Russia. Paris. 1929. Chapter 6). [Explicit and Masonic symbolism on the one-dollar bill: Novus ordo seclorum - New order for centuries.] Since then, evenly cut green Federal Reserve notes, not backed by real values, have become the main equivalent of material wealth throughout the world. That is, the Fed, which is not controlled by anyone, has extended its economic power to all countries. This was the financial goal of the “world behind the scenes” in the world war. One of the main achievements of this conference was the League of Nations, which “was, in essence, a Masonic creation, and its first president was the French Freemason Leon Bourgeois” (Mariel P. Les Francs-Maçons en France. Paris. 1969. P. 204); Many Masonic sources are filled with pride for this “creation.” About this first attempt to create a world government, the German-language Jewish Encyclopedia says: “The League of Nations, created at the peace conference in 1919/1920, ... corresponds to the ancient Jewish prophetic aspirations and therefore stands in a certain spiritual connection with the teachings and the views of the Jews... Apart from special issues... there are two areas in which the fate of the Jews is formally connected with the League of Nations: the creation of a Jewish national home in Palestine and ensuring the rights of minorities" (Jüdisches Lexikon. Berlin. 1930. Band IV/2. S 1225; Band I. S. 1137). Moreover, the Jewish “national home” in Palestine was first proclaimed in the Balfour Declaration (British Foreign Secretary, Freemason), with the “direct participation in its preparation” of the mentioned member of the US Supreme Court L. Brandeis - this happened in 1917, in one week with the October Revolution in Russia... Of course, the League of Nations was conceived only as a representative body for the propaganda of mondialism (unification of the world). The backstage itself felt like a genuine world government - the financial oligarchy and high freemasonry - which began to create their own closed political structures; for example, in England such a structure (“Round Table”) even before the war included Milner, Balfour, and the Rothschilds; in 1921, a broader “Council on Foreign Relations” was created in the United States. All this taken together - including random coincidences - could not fail to make an impression. In the 1920s, the topic of a “worldwide Judeo-Masonic conspiracy”, allegedly purposefully operating both in the West and in Soviet Russia, became extremely popular. The Protocols of the Elders of Zion was published in many languages ​​(even Arabic and Chinese); in England they were published in a reputable publishing house and discussed in the English Parliament. The troubled Times (whose owner, Lord Northcliffe, was a great friend of Jewry), comparing the "prophetic predictions" of the Protocols with what was happening in Russia, wrote that the Bolshevik leaders were "in a large percentage of Jews, whose behavior corresponds to the principles of the Protocols "". “This eerie similarity with the events unfolding before our eyes” “cannot simply be brushed aside.” The assertion that the Protocols were fabricated by Russian reactionaries “does not affect the very essence of the Protocols”; “an objective investigation is necessary,” otherwise “it feeds sweeping anti-Semitism” (The Times. London. 1920. 8.V. P. 15.)... Only against this background can one understand the subsequent tragic development in defeated and humiliated Germany: it was a reaction - convulsive, blind, evil, crossing out its own spiritual values ​​- the reaction of the extreme right forces to the victory of their opponents in the First World War... And only at the cost of another world war did Freemasonry in Europe manage to finally establish itself, and Jewry - to create its own state...© Calend.ru/M.Nazarov, rusidea.org
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