Military Collegium under Peter the Great. International Military Historical Association

E. Falcone. Monument to Peter I

All the activities of Peter I were aimed at creating a strong independent state. The implementation of this goal could be realized, according to Peter, only through an absolute monarchy. For the formation of absolutism in Russia, a combination of historical, economic, social, domestic and foreign policy reasons was necessary. Thus, all the reforms he carried out can be considered political, since the result of their implementation should have been a powerful Russian state.

There is an opinion that Peter's reforms were spontaneous, thoughtless and often inconsistent. To this it can be objected that it is impossible in a living society to calculate everything with absolute accuracy decades in advance. Of course, in the process of implementing transformations, life made its own adjustments, so plans changed and new ideas appeared. The order of reforms and their features were dictated by the course of the protracted Northern War, as well as the political and financial capabilities of the state in a certain period of time.

Historians distinguish three stages of Peter’s reforms:

1. 1699-1710 Changes are taking place in the system of government institutions, and new ones are being created. The local government system is being reformed. A recruitment system is being established.
2. 1710-1719 Old institutions are liquidated and the Senate is created. The first regional reform is being carried out. The new military policy leads to the construction of a powerful fleet. A new legislative system is being approved. Government institutions are transferred from Moscow to St. Petersburg.
3. 1719-1725 New institutions begin to operate and old ones are finally liquidated. The second regional reform is being carried out. The army is expanding and reorganizing. Church and financial reforms are being carried out. A new taxation and civil service system is being introduced.

Soldiers of Peter I. Reconstruction

All reforms of Peter I were enshrined in the form of charters, regulations, and decrees that had equal legal force. And when on October 22, 1721, Peter I was given the title of “Father of the Fatherland,” “Emperor of All Russia,” “Peter the Great,” this already corresponded to the legal formalization of an absolute monarchy. The monarch was not limited in powers and rights by any administrative bodies of power and control. The power of the emperor was broad and strong to such an extent that Peter I violated the customs concerning the person of the monarch. In the Military Regulations of 1716. and in the Naval Charter of 1720 it was proclaimed: “ His Majesty is an autocratic monarch who should not give an answer to anyone in his affairs, but he has the power and authority of his own states and lands, like a Christian sovereign, to rule according to his will and goodness.”. « Monarchal power is autocratic power, which God himself commands to obey for his conscience" The monarch was the head of state, the church, the supreme commander-in-chief, the highest judge, his sole competence was to declare war, conclude peace, and sign treaties with foreign states. The monarch was the bearer of legislative and executive powers.

In 1722, Peter I issued a Decree on Succession to the Throne, according to which the monarch determined his successor “recognizing the convenient one,” but had the right to deprive him of the throne, seeing “indecency in the heir,” “seeing a worthy one.” Legislation defined actions against the tsar and the state as the most serious crimes. Anyone “who would plot any evil,” and those who “helped or gave advice or, knowingly, did not notify,” were punished by death, ripping out their nostrils, or deportation to the galleys, depending on the severity of the crime.

Activities of the Senate

Senate under Peter I

On February 22, 1711, a new state body was formed - the Governing Senate. Members of the Senate were appointed by the king from among his inner circle (initially 8 people). These were the largest figures of that time. The appointments and resignations of senators took place according to the decrees of the tsar. The Senate was a permanent state collegial body. His competence included:

• administration of justice;
• resolving financial issues;
• general issues of managing trade and other sectors of the economy.

In the Decree of April 27, 1722 “On the position of the Senate,” Peter I gave detailed instructions on the activities of the Senate, regulating the composition, rights and responsibilities of senators; the rules for the relationship of the Senate with the collegiums, provincial authorities and the prosecutor general are established. But the Senate's regulations did not have the supreme legal force of law. The Senate only took part in the discussion of bills and interpreted the law. But in relation to all other bodies, the Senate was the highest authority. The structure of the Senate did not take shape right away. At first, the Senate consisted of senators and the chancellery, and then two departments were formed: the Execution Chamber (as a special department before the advent of the College of Justice) and the Senate Office (which dealt with management issues). The Senate had its own office, which was divided into several tables: provincial, secret, discharge, order and fiscal.

The execution chamber consisted of two senators and judges appointed by the Senate, who regularly (monthly) submitted reports to the Senate on cases, fines and searches. The verdict of the Execution Chamber could be overturned by the general presence of the Senate.

The main task of the Senate Office was to prevent the current affairs of Moscow institutions from being accessed by the Governing Senate, to carry out the decrees of the Senate, and to control the execution of senatorial decrees in the provinces. The Senate had auxiliary bodies: the racketeer, the king of arms, and provincial commissars. On April 9, 1720, the position of “reception of petitions” was established under the Senate (from 1722 - racketeer), who received complaints about boards and offices. The duties of the herald master included compiling lists of nobles in the state, ensuring that no more than 1/3 of each noble family was in the civil service.

Provincial commissars monitored local, military, financial affairs, the recruitment of recruits, and the maintenance of regiments. The Senate was an obedient instrument of autocracy: senators were personally responsible to the monarch; in case of violation of the oath, they were subject to the death penalty or fell into disgrace, removed from office, and punished with monetary fines.

Fiscality

With the development of absolutism, the institute of fiscals and prosecutors was established. Fiscalism was a special branch of Senate government. The Ober-Fiscal (the head of the Fiscals) was attached to the Senate, but at the same time the Fiscals were the tsar’s proxies. The tsar appointed a chief fiscal, who took an oath to the tsar and was responsible to him. The competence of fiscal officials was outlined in the Decree of March 17, 1714: to inquire about everything that “may be detrimental to the state interest”; report “about malicious intent against the person of His Majesty or treason, about indignation or rebellion”, “whether spies are creeping into the state”, the fight against bribery and embezzlement. The network of fiscal officials constantly began to form according to territorial and departmental principles. The provincial fiscal monitored the city fiscals and once a year “exercised” control over them. In the spiritual department, the head of the fiscals was the proto-inquisitor, in the dioceses there were provincial fiscals, and in the monasteries there were inquisitors. With the creation of the Justice Collegium, fiscal affairs came under its jurisdiction and the control of the Senate, and after the establishment of the post of Prosecutor General, the fiscals began to report to him. In 1723 a fiscal general is appointed - the highest authority for fiscal officials. He had the right to demand any business. His assistant was the chief fiscal.

Organization of the Prosecutor's Office

By decree of January 12, 1722, the Prosecutor's Office was organized. Then, subsequent decrees established prosecutors in the provinces and court courts. The prosecutor general and chief prosecutors were subject to trial by the emperor himself. Prosecutor's supervision even extended to the Senate. The decree of April 27, 1722 established his competence: presence in the Senate (“to watch closely so that the Senate maintains its position”), control over fiscal funds (“if anything bad happens, immediately report to the Senate”).

In 1717-1719 - the period of formation of new institutions - collegiums. Most collegiums were created on the basis of orders and were their successors. The system of collegiums did not develop immediately. On December 14, 1717, 9 boards were created: Military, Foreign Affairs, Berg, Revision, Admiralty, Justits, Kamer, State Office, Manufactory. A few years later there were already 13. The presence of the board: president, vice-president, 4-5 advisers, 4 assessors. The staff of the board: secretary, notary, translator, actuary, copyist, registrar and clerk. At the collegiums there was a fiscal officer (later a prosecutor), who exercised control over the activities of the collegiums and was subordinate to the prosecutor general. Collegiums received decrees only from the monarch and the Senate, having the right not to carry out the decrees of the Senate if they contradicted the decrees of the king.

Activities of the boards

Collegium of Foreign Affairs was in charge of “all sorts of foreign and embassy affairs”, coordinated the activities of diplomats, managed relations and negotiations with foreign ambassadors, and carried out diplomatic correspondence.

Military Collegium managed “all military affairs”: recruiting the regular army, managing the affairs of the Cossacks, setting up hospitals, supplying the army. The system of the Military Collegium contained military justice.

Admiralty College managed “the fleet with all the naval military servants, including those belonging to maritime affairs and departments.” It included the Naval and Admiralty Chancelleries, as well as the Uniform, Waldmeister, Academic, Canal Offices and the Particular Shipyard.

Chamber collegium was supposed to exercise “higher supervision” over all types of fees (customs, drinking), monitored arable farming, collected data on the market and prices, controlled salt mines and coinage.

Chamber collegium exercised control over government spending and constituted the state staff (the staff of the emperor, the staff of all boards, provinces, provinces). It had its own provincial bodies - renterii, which were local treasuries.

Audit Board exercised financial control over the use of public funds by central and local authorities.

Berg College supervised issues of the metallurgical industry, management of mints and monetary yards, supervised the purchase of gold and silver abroad, and judicial functions within its competence. A network of local bodies of Berg Colleges was created.

Manufactory Collegium dealt with industrial issues, except for mining, managed manufactories in the Moscow province, the central and north-eastern part of the Volga region and Siberia; gave permission to open manufactories, regulated the execution of government orders, and provided benefits. Its competence also included: exile of those convicted in criminal cases to manufactories, control of production, and supply of materials to enterprises. It did not have its own bodies in the provinces and governorates.

Commerce Collegium contributed to the development of all branches of trade, especially foreign trade, carried out customs supervision, drew up customs regulations and tariffs, monitored the correctness of weights and measures, was engaged in the construction and equipment of merchant ships, and performed judicial functions.

Justice Collegium supervised the activities of provincial court courts; carried out judicial functions in criminal, civil and fiscal cases; headed an extensive judicial system, consisting of provincial lower and city courts, as well as court courts; acted as a court of first instance in "important and controversial" cases. Its decisions could be appealed to the Senate.

Patrimonial Collegium resolved land disputes and litigation, formalized new land grants, and considered complaints about “wrong decisions” in local and patrimonial affairs.

Secret Chancery was engaged in investigation and prosecution of political crimes (for example, the case of Tsarevich Alexei). There were other central institutions (old surviving orders, Medical office).

Building of the Senate and the Holy Synod

Activities of the Synod

The Synod is the main central institution on church issues. The Synod appointed bishops, exercised financial control, was in charge of its fiefdoms and exercised judicial functions regarding heresies, blasphemies, schisms, etc. Particularly important decisions were made by the general meeting - the conference.

Administrative division

By decree of December 18, 1708 a new administrative-territorial division is being introduced. Initially, 8 provinces were formed: Moscow, Ingria, Smolensk, Kiev, Azov, Kazan, Arkhangelsk and Siberian provinces. In 1713-1714 three more: Nizhny Novgorod and Astrakhan provinces were separated from Kazan, and Riga province from Smolensk. At the head of the provinces were governors, governors-general, who exercised administrative, military and judicial power.

Governors were appointed by royal decrees only from among the nobles close to Peter I. The governors had assistants: the chief commandant regulated military administration, the chief commissar and chief provision master - provincial and other taxes, the landrichter - provincial justice, financial boundary and investigative affairs, the chief inspector - tax collections from cities and counties.

The province was divided into provinces (headed by the chief commandant), provinces into counties (headed by the commandant).

The commandants were subordinate to the chief commandant, the commandant to the governor, and the latter to the Senate. In the districts of cities where there were no fortresses or garrisons, the governing body was the landarts.

50 provinces were created, which were divided into districts. Provincial governors were subordinate to the governors only in military matters, otherwise they were independent of the governors. The governors were engaged in the search for fugitive peasants and soldiers, the construction of fortresses, the collection of income from state-owned factories, they took care of the external security of the provinces, and from 1722. carried out judicial functions.

Voivodes were appointed by the Senate and were subordinate to the collegiums. The main feature of local government bodies was that they simultaneously performed administrative and police functions.

The Burmister Chamber (Town Hall) was created with subordinate zemstvo huts. They were in charge of the commercial and industrial population of cities in terms of collecting taxes, duties and duties. But in the 20s. XVIII century city ​​government takes the form of magistrates. The Chief Magistrate and local magistrates were formed with the direct participation of governors and voivodes. The magistrates obeyed them in matters of court and trade. Provincial magistrates and magistrates of cities included in the province represented one of the links in the bureaucratic apparatus with the subordination of lower bodies to higher ones. Elections to the magistrates of mayors and ratmans were entrusted to the governor.

Creation of the army and navy

Peter I turned separate sets of "Datochny people" into annual recruiting sets and created a permanent trained army in which soldiers served for life.

Petrovsky fleet

The creation of the recruitment system took place from 1699 to 1705. from the Decree of 1699 “On the admission to service as soldiers from all kinds of free people.” The system was based on the class principle: officers were recruited from the nobles, soldiers from the peasants and other tax-paying population. For the period 1699-1725. 53 recruitments were carried out, amounting to 284,187 people. By decree of February 20, 1705 Garrison internal troops were created to ensure order within the country. The created Russian regular army showed itself in the battles of Lesnaya, Poltava and other battles. The reorganization of the army was carried out by the Rank Order, the Order of Military Affairs, the Order of the Commissar General, the Artillery Order, etc. Subsequently, the Rank Table and the Commissariat were formed, and in 1717. The Military Collegium was created. The recruiting system made it possible to have a large, combat-ready army.

Peter and Menshikov

The Russian fleet was also formed from conscripted recruits. At the same time, the Marine Corps was created. The navy was created during the wars with Turkey and Sweden. With the help of the Russian fleet, Russia established itself on the shores of the Baltic, which raised its international prestige and made it a maritime power.

Judicial reform

It was carried out in 1719 and streamlined, centralized and strengthened the entire judicial system of Russia. The main objective of the reform is to separate the court from the administration. At the head of the judicial system was the monarch; he decided the most important state affairs. The monarch, as the supreme judge, examined and decided many cases independently. The Offices of Investigative Cases arose on his initiative; they helped him carry out judicial functions. The Prosecutor General and Chief Prosecutor were subject to the court of the Tsar, and the Senate was the court of appeal. Senators were subject to trial by the Senate (for official crimes). The Justice Collegium was a court of appeal in relation to the court courts and was the governing body over all courts. Regional courts consisted of court and lower courts.

The presidents of the court courts were governors and vice-governors. Cases were transferred from the lower court to the court court by way of appeal.

The chamberlains tried cases concerning the treasury; voivodes and zemstvo commissars tried peasants for escaping. Almost all boards performed judicial functions, with the exception of the Board of Foreign Affairs.

Political affairs were considered by the Preobrazhensky Order and the Secret Chancellery. But since the order of cases through the authorities was confused, governors and voivodes interfered in judicial matters, and judges - in administrative ones, a new reorganization of the judiciary was carried out: the lower courts were replaced by provincial ones and were placed at the disposal of voivodes and assessors, court courts and their functions were eliminated were handed over to the governors.

Thus, the court and administration again merged into one body. Court cases were most often resolved slowly, accompanied by red tape and bribery.

The adversarial principle was replaced by an investigative one. In general, judicial reform was particularly unplanned and chaotic. The judicial system of the period of Peter's reforms was characterized by a process of increased centralization and bureaucratization, the development of class justice and served the interests of the nobility.

The historian N. Ya. Danilevsky noted two sides of the activities of Peter I: state and reformative (“changes in life, morals, customs and concepts”). In his opinion, “the first activity deserves eternal gratitude, reverent memory and the blessing of posterity.” With activities of the second kind, Peter brought “the greatest harm to the future of Russia”: “Life was forcibly turned upside down in a foreign way.”

Monument to Peter I in Voronezh

The Military Collegium was established by Peter I instead of a number of military institutions in order to centralize military administration. The formation of the Military Collegium began with the appointment in 1717 of the first president, Field Marshal General A.D. Menshikov and Vice President A.A. Weide. On June 3, 1719, the staff of the College was announced. The Collegium began to operate on January 1, 1720.

The board consisted of a presence, headed by the president (vice-president) and the Chancellery, which was divided into divisions in charge of cavalry and infantry, garrisons, fortifications and artillery, as well as keeping logs of incoming and outgoing documents. The Collegium consisted of a notary, an auditor general and a fiscal general. Supervision over the legality of decisions was carried out by the prosecutor, subordinate to the prosecutor general. The organization of the ground army service was under the jurisdiction of the Military Collegium.
The Kriegskomissariat and the Provision Master General, who were responsible for clothing and food supplies for the army, were formally subordinate to the Military Collegium, but had significant independence. In relation to the artillery and engineering departments, headed by the Artillery Chancellery and the Field Chief General, the Collegium exercised only general leadership.
In the 1720s-1730s. The Military Collegium was subject to reorganization aimed at subordinating all branches of military administration to it. In 1721, the management of the Don, Yaik and Greben Cossacks was transferred from the Collegium of Foreign Affairs to the newly created Cossack district. In 1736, the Commissariat, which had existed since 1711 as an independent institution for supplying the army, became part of the Military Collegium. The staff of 1736 consolidated the new composition of the Collegium: presence, the Chancellery, which was in charge of recruiting, organizing, inspecting and serving troops, as well as cases of fugitives, recruiting minors and some other issues, and a number of offices (later renamed expeditions) in branches of management . The offices were headed by directors who took part in the meetings of the Board. The offices resolved matters independently, submitting only complex and controversial issues to the Board for consideration. During this period, there were the General Kriegs Commissariat, Chief Tsalmeister, Amunichnaya (Mundirnaya), Provisions, Accounting, Fortification Offices and the Artillery Office. The body of the Collegium in Moscow was the Military Office.
With the accession of Elizabeth there was a return to the decentralization of military control. In 1742, independent departments were restored - commissariat, provisions, artillery and fortification management. The counting expedition was abolished. After this, the importance of the Military Collegium as a governing body fell.
The increasing importance of the Military Collegium began in 1763, when its president became Catherine II’s personal rapporteur on military affairs; new staff of the Collegium were introduced. In 1781, the Accounting Expedition was restored in the Military Collegium, which exercised control over the expenses of the military department. In 1791 the College received a new organization. The commissariat, provisions, artillery and engineering departments became part of the Military Collegium as independent expeditions (since 1796 - departments).
In 1798, new staff of the College were approved. According to them, it consisted of an Office, divided into expeditions (Army, Garrison, Order, Foreign, Recruitment, School Institution and Repair Unit), independent expeditions (Military, Accounting, Inspector, Artillery, Commissariat, Provisions, Military Orphan Institutions ) and the Auditorium General.
With the formation of the Ministry of Military Ground Forces in 1802, the Military Collegium became part of it and was finally abolished in 1812. The functions of its expeditions were transferred to the newly formed departments of the Ministry.

Presidents of the Military Collegium:

1724-1726 - prince Repnin Anikita Ivanovich
1726-1728 - job vacancy

09.20.1728-1730 - prince Golitsyn Mikhail Mikhailovich
1730-1731 - prince Dolgoruky Vasily Vladimirovich

01/24/1732-01/28/1741 - count Minich Burchard Christopher
4.12.1741-1746 - prince Dolgoruky Vasily Vladimirovich
1746-1755 - job vacancy

1755-1758 - chief general Prince of Holstein-Beck Peter-August-Friedrich - director

08/16/1760-1763 - prince Trubetskoy Nikita Yurievich
09.22.1773-1774 - Field Marshal General

In the 1st half of the 17th century. along with other state boards. The formation of the Military Collegium began with the appointment in 1717 of the 1st President, Field Marshal Prince. Menshikov and the 2nd President, General Weide, by order of 1719, the establishment of the Military Collegium was announced; On January 1, 1720, it began to operate.

By introducing a collegial management system, Peter had in mind to unite the activities of the highest military management, to ensure its regularity by eliminating autocracy and lack of control of individual authorities.

Under Peter the Great, the board consisted of a president, vice-president and members: advisers in the rank of general and assessors in the rank; At the Military Collegium there was an office, divided into expeditions for the management of cavalry and infantry, for garrison affairs, for the management of fortification and artillery, for keeping logs of incoming and outgoing papers.

The Military Collegium consisted of a general and a fiscal general; the legality of the resolution of cases in it was monitored by a prosecutor directly subordinate to the prosecutor general.

The Military Collegium was in charge of: “the army and garrisons and all military affairs that were administered in the military order and which are carried out throughout the state.”

The Kriegs Commissariat and the Provision Master General were somewhat subordinate to the Military Collegium; the administration of the artillery and engineering departments, which was under the authority of the general-feldtzeichmeister and the artillery chancellery, stood almost independently of the Military Collegium; this latter was granted, in relation to the mentioned departments, only the vague right of “supreme directorate”.

The establishment of the Military Collegium, however, did not achieve the main goal of the reform - the unification of the activities of the military administration in one body. Therefore, in 1736, during the presidency of Count. , The Military Collegium underwent a radical reorganization with the subordination of all persons and institutions belonging to the military department; Directly attached to it were: the main office, which was in charge of recruiting, organizing, serving and inspecting troops, and a special department, which was in charge of affairs about fugitives, about the entry into service of minors and some others. All other affairs of the military department were distributed among offices, soon renamed expeditions; the offices were managed by special directors who took part in the meetings of the Military Collegium.

The offices decided matters independently; Only cases in which the offices encountered difficulties in resolving were submitted to the Military Collegium for consideration.

The offices were as follows: General Kriegs-Commissariat, Ober-Zalmeister (salary), provisions, counting, uniform, fortification and artillery; The organ of the Military Collegium in Moscow was a special military office.

After the accession of Elizabeth, the military administration united in the Military Collegium under Minich immediately broke up into several independent parts and from the Military Collegium in 1742 they were separated into independent departments: the commissariat, provisions, as well as the management of artillery and fortification; The counting expedition was abolished.

At this time, the Military Collegium had so lost its importance as a central government body that from 1746 to 1760 the post of its president remained unfilled. The strengthening of the importance of the Military Collegium began only in 1763, when the president of the Military Collegium was placed in direct relation to the supreme power, becoming a personal rapporteur.

In 1781, during the presidency of Prince. Potemkin, an accounting expedition reappeared within the Military Collegium, which transferred control over expenses in the military department into the hands of the Military Collegium, and in 1791 the Military Collegium was given a new organization, and it again united the highest military administration, with the departments of the commissariat, provisions and artillery and engineering are part of the Military Collegium, as parts of one whole, in the form of independent departments, called expeditions and departments.

In 1798, the staff of the transformed Military Collegium was published, and its composition was determined:

1) from the office, which consisted of expeditions: army, garrison, order, foreign, recruit, for the establishment of schools and a repair unit, and

2) from special expeditions: military, counting, inspector, artillery, commissariat, provisions, military orphan institutions and those subordinate to the Military Collegium as separate institutions.

Realizing the need to have an energetic leader for the Military Collegium and, at the same time, not trusting his entourage, he personally took over the leadership of the activities of the Military Collegium, directing its work by transmitting orders through E.V., who was at the head of the military-campaign office.

The military college, which was one of the three first state colleges, occupied a prominent position among other colleges and in relation to the Senate almost throughout its existence. It was often headed, as presidents, by persons who enjoyed powerful influence in the state (Menshikov, Potemkin).

Due to their personal influence in the Military Collegium, the emergence of the individual principle began relatively early, and the power of the presidents was a significant adjustment to the sedentary collegial management, in general, by the nature of military management, which requires speed, mobility and flexibility.

During the reign of the Military Collegium it received a completely solid internal organization, and in it the main outlines of the departments of the future ministerial organization introduced in 1802–12 were already outlined.

Sources:

Centenary of the War Ministry. T. I, St. Petersburg, 1902; A. Dobrovolsky, Fundamentals of the organization of central military control in Russia, St. Petersburg, 1901.

The highest link in the system (subsystem) of military courts in relation to all military courts is the Supreme Court (SC) of the Russian Federation, which includes Military Collegium.

The military board considers cases as a court of first instance, in cassation and supervisory procedures.

By first instance The military board considers:

– civil cases on challenging non-normative acts of the President of the Russian Federation, normative acts of the Government of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, and other federal executive bodies in which federal law provides for military service, relating to the rights, freedoms and legally protected interests of military personnel and citizens undergoing military training;

– criminal proceedings about crimes of which a judge of a military court or a member of the Federation Council or a deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation in military service is accused;

– cases of crimes of special complexity or special public significance.

As court of second (cassation) instance The military board verifies the legality, validity and fairness of judicial acts of district (naval) military courts, adopted by them in the first instance and which have not entered into force.

IN supervision procedure The Military Collegium checks the judicial acts that have entered into force of all lower military courts, and also considers cases in view of new or newly discovered circumstances in relation to the decisions and sentences of the Military Collegium that have entered into force.

Decisions, sentences, determinations and sentences of the Military Collegium that have entered into force may be reviewed in the manner of supervision by the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation; The Cassation Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation may review judicial acts of the Military Collegium, adopted by it in the first instance and which have not entered into force.

The military collegium is formed by the chairman, his deputy, chairmen of judicial panels and other judges of the Supreme Court. Judicial panels may be formed within it.

The military board considers cases within the jurisdiction of military courts in the following composition:

– in the first instance, civil and administrative cases are considered by a single judge or a panel consisting of three judges, and criminal cases are considered by a panel consisting of three judges, or a judge and a jury;

– cases of complaints and protests against judicial acts of district (naval) military courts, adopted by them in the first instance and not entered into force, are considered by a panel consisting of three judges;

– cases of protests against judicial acts that have entered into force are considered by a panel consisting of three judges (Article 10 of the Law on Military Courts). Heading the Military Collegium, its chairman is at the same time the Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and is appointed to the position by the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation.

The apparatus ensures the administration of justice by the Military Collegium, generalization of judicial practice, analysis of judicial statistics, systematization of legislation and the performance of other functions.

A significant role in performing auxiliary functions in relation to all military courts is assigned to the Main Directorate for Supporting the Activities of Military Courts of the Judicial Department.

Following the example of foreign powers to control military ground forces.

Presidents

1. Menshikov, Alexander Danilovich (1719-1724), Weide, Adam Adamovich (1719-1720), joint presidency in 1719-1720.
2. Repnin, Anikita Ivanovich (1724-1726)
3. Menshikov, Alexander Danilovich, again (1726-1727)
4. Golitsyn, Mikhail Mikhailovich (1728-1730)
5. Dolgorukov, Vasily Vladimirovich (1730-1731)
6. Minich, Burchard Christoph (1732-1741)
7. Dolgorukov, Vasily Vladimirovich, again (1741-1746)
8. Trubetskoy, Nikita Yuryevich (1760-1763)
9. Chernyshev, Zakhar Grigorievich (1763-1774)
10. Potemkin, Grigory Alexandrovich (1784-1791)
11. Saltykov, Nikolai Ivanovich (1791-1802)

Vice Presidents

• G. I. Bon (1727-1731)
• B. K. Minich (1731-1732)

• G. A. Potemkin (1774-1784)

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Notes

Literature

• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
• Pisarkova, L. F. Public administration of Russia from the end of the 17th to the end of the 18th century. M., 2007. P. 146, 180–182, 184, 190, 234

Excerpt characterizing the Military Collegium

The next day he woke up late. Renewing the impressions of the past, he remembered first of all that today he had to introduce himself to Emperor Franz, he remembered the Minister of War, the courteous Austrian adjutant, Bilibin and the conversation of yesterday evening. Dressed in full dress uniform, which he had not worn for a long time, for the trip to the palace, he, fresh, lively and handsome, with his arm tied, entered Bilibin’s office. There were four gentlemen of the diplomatic corps in the office. Bolkonsky was familiar with Prince Ippolit Kuragin, who was the secretary of the embassy; Bilibin introduced him to others.
The gentlemen who visited Bilibin, secular, young, rich and cheerful people, formed a separate circle both in Vienna and here, which Bilibin, who was the head of this circle, called ours, les nftres. This circle, which consisted almost exclusively of diplomats, apparently had its own interests that had nothing to do with war and politics, interests of high society, relations with certain women and the clerical side of the service. These gentlemen, apparently, willingly accepted Prince Andrei into their circle as one of their own (an honor they did to few). Out of courtesy, and as a subject for entering into conversation, he was asked several questions about the army and the battle, and the conversation again crumbled into inconsistent, cheerful jokes and gossip.
“But it’s especially good,” said one, telling the failure of a fellow diplomat, “what’s especially good is that the chancellor directly told him that his appointment to London was a promotion, and that he should look at it that way.” Do you see his figure at the same time?...
“But what’s worse, gentlemen, I give you Kuragin: the man is in misfortune, and this Don Juan, this terrible man, is taking advantage of it!”
Prince Hippolyte was lying in a Voltaire chair, his legs crossed over the arm. He laughed.
“Parlez moi de ca, [Come on, come on,]” he said.
- Oh, Don Juan! Oh snake! – voices were heard.
“You don’t know, Bolkonsky,” Bilibin turned to Prince Andrei, “that all the horrors of the French army (I almost said the Russian army) are nothing compared to what this man did between women.”
“La femme est la compagne de l"homme, [A woman is a man’s friend],” said Prince Hippolyte and began to look through the lorgnette at his raised legs.
Bilibin and ours burst out laughing, looking into Ippolit’s eyes. Prince Andrei saw that this Ippolit, whom he (had to admit) was almost jealous of his wife, was a buffoon in this society.
“No, I must treat you to Kuragin,” Bilibin said quietly to Bolkonsky. – He is charming when he talks about politics, you need to see this importance.
He sat down next to Hippolytus and, gathering folds on his forehead, started a conversation with him about politics. Prince Andrei and others surrounded both.