Explanatory dictionary of ancient Russian words. Project "new meanings of old words" Ancient words used now

Archaisms are words that, due to the emergence of new words, have fallen out of use. But their synonyms exist in modern Russian. Eg:
the right hand is the right hand, the cheeks are the cheeks, the ribs are the shoulders, the loins are the lower back, and so on.

But it is worth noting that archaisms may still differ from modern synonymous words. These differences can be in the morphemic composition (fisherman - fisherman, friendship - friendship), in their lexical meaning (belly - life, guest - merchant), in grammatical design (at the ball - at the ball, perform - perform) and phonetic features ( mirror - mirror, gishpansky - Spanish). Many words are completely outdated, but they still have modern synonyms. For example: destruction - death or harm, hope - hope and firmly believe, so that - so that. And in order to avoid possible mistakes in the interpretation of these words, when working with works of art, it is strongly recommended to use a dictionary of outdated words and dialect phrases, or an explanatory dictionary.

Historicisms are words that denote phenomena or objects that have completely disappeared or ceased to exist as a result of the further development of society.
Many words that denoted various household items of our ancestors, phenomena and things that were in one way or another connected with the economy of the past, the old culture, and the socio-political system that once existed became historicisms. Many historicisms are found among words that are one way or another connected with military themes.

Eg:
Redoubt, chain mail, visor, arquebus and so on.
Most of the outdated words refer to items of clothing and household items: prosak, svetets, endova, camisole, armyak.

Also, historicisms include words that denote titles, professions, positions, classes that once existed in Rus': tsar, lackey, boyar, steward, stableman, barge hauler, tinker, and so on. Types of production activities such as horse-drawn horses and manufacturing. Phenomena of patriarchal life: procurement, rent, corvee and others. Disappeared technologies such as mead making and tinning.

Words that arose during the Soviet era also became historicisms. These include words such as: food detachment, NEP, Makhnovets, educational program, Budenovets and many others.

Sometimes it can be very difficult to distinguish between archaisms and historicisms. This is due both to the revival of the cultural traditions of Rus', and to the frequent use of these words in proverbs and sayings, as well as other works of folk art. Such words include words denoting measures of length or measurements of weight, naming Christian and religious holidays, and so on and so forth.

Abiye - immediately, since, when.
Anyhow - so that, in order.
Lamb - lamb, lamb.
Az is the pronoun “I” or the name of the first letter of the alphabet.
Az, buki, vedi - the names of the first letters of the Slavic alphabet.
Aki - as, since, like, as if, as if.
Altyn is an ancient silver coin in denomination of three kopecks.
Hungry - from the word "hungry" - greedily want.
An, even - if, meanwhile, after all.
Anbar (barn) is a building for storing bread or goods.
Araka - wheat vodka
Arapchik - Dutch chervonets.
Argamak - an eastern thoroughbred horse, racer: at a wedding - a horse under saddle, not in harness
Armyak is men's outerwear made of cloth or woolen fabric.
Arshin is a Russian measure of length equal to 0.71 m; ruler, a bar of such length for measuring.
If - if, if, when.

Babka - four sheaves of oats - ears up, covered with a fifth - ears down - from the rain.
Badog - batog, stick, staff, whip.
Bazheny - beloved, from the word “bazhat” - to love, to desire, to have an inclination.
To bash - to roar, scream.
Barber - barber, hairdresser.
Stillage is the grounds, the remains from the distillation of grain wine, used for fattening livestock.
Corvée is the free forced labor of serfs who worked with their equipment on the farm of the landowner, landowner. In addition, the corvée peasants paid the landowner various taxes in kind, supplying him with hay, oats, firewood, butter, poultry, etc. For this, the landowner allocated part of the land to the peasants and allowed them to cultivate it. The corvée was 3-4, and sometimes even 6 days per day. week. The decree of Paul I (1797) on three-day corvee was of a recommendatory nature and in most cases was ignored by landowners.
Basque - beautiful, elegant.
Basok is a short form of the word "basque" - beautiful, comely, decorated.
Bastion is an earthen or stone fortification that forms a ledge on the rampart.
Basurman is a hostile and unkind name for a Mohammedan, as well as for a non-religious person in general, a foreigner.
Batalya (battle) - battle, battle.
Bahar is a talker, a talker.
To babble - to talk, chat, converse.
To be vigilant is to take care; be on guard, vigilant.
Fluency is speed.
Timelessness is a misfortune, a difficult test, time.
A steelyard is a hand scale with an unequal lever and a moving fulcrum.
Unusual - not knowing customs, everyday rules, decency.
Bela Mozhaiskaya - an ancient Russian variety of bulk apples
Belmes (Tatar “belmes”) - you don’t understand anything, you don’t understand at all.
Berdo is an accessory of the weaving mill.
Take care - be careful.
Pregnancy is a burden, heaviness, burden; armful, as much as you can hug with your hands.
Incessantly - unconditionally, undoubtedly, incessantly.
Shameless - shameless.
Becheva - a strong rope, rope; towline - the movement of a vessel with a towline, which was pulled along the shore by people or horses.
Bechet is a ruby type gemstone
A tag is a stick or board on which signs and notes are placed with notches or paint.
Biryuk is a beast, a bear.
Broken loaves - dough for rolls whipped with cream
To hit with the forehead is to bow low; ask for something; to offer a gift, accompanying the offering with a request.
To bet is to bet on winning.
Annunciation is a Christian holiday in honor of the Virgin Mary (March 25, O.S.).
Blagoy - kind, good.
Bo - for, because.
Bobyl is a lonely, homeless, poor peasant.
Boden is a butter, a spur on the legs of a rooster.
Bozhedom is a cemetery watchman, gravedigger, caretaker, head of a home for the elderly and disabled.
Blockhead - statue, idol, block of wood.
Boris and Gleb are Christian saints, whose day was celebrated on May 2 according to Art. Art.
Bortnik is a person engaged in forest beekeeping (from the word “bort” - a hollow tree in which bees nest).
Botalo - bell, bell tongue, beat.
A bochag is a deep puddle, pothole, pit, filled with water.
Hawkmoth is a drunkard.
Brany - patterned (about fabric).
Bratina - a small bowl, goblet with a spherical body, used for drinking in a circle
Brother - brother, a vessel for beer.
Brashno - food, dish, dish, edible.
Breden, nonsense - a small seine that two people use to catch fish while wading.
Will - if, if, when, if.
Buerak is a dry ravine.
Buza is rock salt that was given to animals.
A mace is a sign of superior authority, also a weapon (club) or knob.
Alyssum is a box, a small box made of birch bark.
Bouchenye - from the word “boil” - soak, whiten canvases.
Buyava, buyovo - cemetery, grave.
Bylitsa is a blade of grass, a stalk of grass.
Bylichka is a story about evil spirits, the authenticity of which is not doubted.

Vadit - to lure, attract, accustom.
It's important - it's hard, it's hard.
Shafts are waves.
Vandysh - smelt, dried fish like ruff
Vargan (“on the mound, on the vargan”) - perhaps from “worg” - a clearing overgrown with tall grass; mowed, open place in the forest.
Varyukha, Varvara - a Christian saint, whose day was celebrated on December 4 according to Art. Art.
A sergeant major is a senior non-commissioned officer in a cavalry squadron.
Vashchet is your grace.
Introduction - introduction, Christian holiday in honor of the Virgin Mary (November 21, O.S.).
Suddenly - again, again.
Vedrina - from the word “bucket” - clear, warm, dry weather (not winter).
Vedro - clear, calm weather.
Politeness - good manners, courtesy, politeness.
Vekoshniki - pies seasoned with meat and fish leftovers.
Maundy Thursday is the Thursday in the last week of Lent (before Easter).
Veres - juniper.
Veretye is a coarse hemp fabric.
Vereya (belts, rope, vereyushka) - a pole on which the gate is hung; jamb at the door, gate.
A versten is a verst.
A spit is a rod on which meat is fried by turning it over the fire.
Nativity scene - cave; hangout; a large box with puppets controlled from below through slits in the floor of the box, in which performances on the theme of the Nativity of Christ were performed.
A top is a fishing implement made of twigs.
Vershnik - horseman; riding ahead on horseback.
Veselko is a stirrer.
Vechka is a copper pan.
Evening - last night, yesterday.
Hanged (mushrooms, meat, etc.) - dried.
Viklina - tops.
Guilt is a reason, a reason.
Vitsa, vichka - twig, twig, whip.
Vlasno - exactly, actually.
The driver is the leader of the bear.
Voight is a foreman in a rural district, an elected elder.
Wave is wool.
Vologa - meat broth, any fatty liquid food.
Portage - from the word “drag”, a path on a watershed along which cargo and boats are dragged.
Volosnik is a women's headdress, a net made of gold or silver thread with trim (usually not festive, like kika, but everyday), a type of cap.
Volotki - stems, straws, blades of grass; the upper part of the sheaf with ears.
Vorovina - shoe polish, also rope, lasso.
Voroguha, vorogusha - sorceress, fortune teller, evildoer.
Voronets is a beam in a hut that serves as a shelf.
Voronogray - fortune telling by the cries of a raven; a book describing such signs.
Votchina is the family estate of the landowner, passed on by inheritance.
In vain - in vain.
The enemy is the devil, the demon.
A temporary worker is a person who has achieved power and a high position in the state thanks to personal closeness to the monarch.
A temporary worker is a person who has achieved a high position thanks to chance.
Vskaya - in vain, in vain, in vain.
In pursuit - after.
In vain - in vain, in vain.
As a stranger - from the outside, without being in a close relationship.
Elected - elected by voting.
I will take it out - always, at all times, incessantly.
Vyray (viriy, iriy) - a wondrous, promised, warm side, somewhere far away by the sea, accessible only to birds and snakes.
Howl - meal time, also a share of food, part of a meal.
Vyalitsa is a blizzard.
Greater - greater, higher.

Gai - oak grove, grove, small deciduous forest.
Galun - gold or silver tinsel braid.
Garrison - military units located in a city or fortress.
Garchik - pot, krinka.
Gattki, gat - a flooring made of logs or brushwood on a swampy place. To shit - to spread dirt.
Gashnik - belt, belt, lace for tying pants.
Guard - selected privileged troops; military units serving as guards for sovereigns or military leaders.
Gehenna is hell.
General - a military rank of the first, second, third or fourth class according to the Table of Ranks.
Lieutenant General is a general rank of the third class, which under Catherine II corresponded to the rank of lieutenant general according to Peter the Great's Table of Ranks.
George - Christian saint George the Victorious; Yegory-Spring (April 23) and Yegoryev (Yuryev) Day (November 26, O.S.) are holidays in his honor.
To perish - to perish, to disappear.
Glazetovy - sewn from glazet (a type of brocade with gold and silver patterns woven on it).
Glezno - shin, ankle.
Goveyno - fast (Mrs. Goveyno - Assumption Fast, etc.)
To fast is to fast, to abstain from food.
Speaking is speech.
Gogol is a bird from the diving duck breed.
Godina - good clear weather, a bucket.
Suitable - to marvel, admire, stare; stare, stare; mock, ridicule.
Years go by - years live, from the word “godovat” - live.
Golbchik - golbchik, a fence in the form of a closet in a hut between the stove and the floors, a stove with steps for access to the stove and floors, and with a hole in the underground.
To be golden, to be golden - to talk noisily, shout, swear.
Golik is a broom without leaves.
Golitsy - leather mittens without wool lining.
Dutch - chervonets struck at the St. Petersburg Mint.
Golomya is the open sea.
Gol - ragamuffins, naked people, beggars.
Grief is upward.
Gorka is a graveyard, a place where church ministers lived.
Gorlatnaya hat - sewn from very thin fur taken from the neck of an animal; The shape is a tall, straight cap with a crown that flares upward.
An upper room is a room usually located on the top floor of a house.
The upper room is the clean half of the hut.
Fever, delirium tremens; fever is a serious illness with intense fever and chills; delirium tremens - here: a state of painful delirium with high fever or temporary insanity.
Gostika - guest.
Letter - writing; an official document, a decree, giving someone the right to do something.
Hryvnia - ten-kopeck piece; in Ancient Rus', the monetary unit was a silver or gold bar weighing about a pound.
Grosh is an ancient coin worth two kopecks.
Grumant is the old Russian name for the Spitsbergen archipelago, discovered by our Pomors in the 15th century.
Grun, gruna - a quiet horse trot.
A bed is a pole, a pole, suspended or attached lying down, a crossbar, a perch in a hut, from wall to wall.
Guba - bay, backwater.
Governor is the ruler of a province.
Spongy cheeses are a curd mass whipped with sour cream.
Gudok is a three-string violin without grooves on the sides of the body. Threshing floor - room, barn for compressed bread; threshing area.
The tug is a loop that holds the shafts and the arc together.
Guzhi with garlic - boiled rolls.
Threshing floor - a place for storing bread in sheaves and threshing, a covered threshing floor.
Gunya, gunka - old, tattered clothes.

Yes, recently.
The janitor is the owner of the inn.
Brother-in-law is the husband's brother.
Maiden's room - a room in manor houses where serf courtyard girls lived and worked.
Devyatina - a period of nine days.
Deja - dough dough, kneading bowl; a tub in which bread dough is kneaded.
Actors are actors.
Business - division.
Delenka is a woman constantly busy with work and needlework.
Dennitsa - morning dawn.
Denga is an ancient coin in denomination of two half or half a kopeck; money, capital, wealth.
Gum, right hand - right, right hand.
Ten - ten times.
Divyy - wild.
An officer's diploma is a certificate of merit for an officer's rank.
Dmitry's Saturday is the day of remembrance of the dead (between October 18 and 26), established by Dmitry Donskoy in 1380 after the Battle of Kulikovo.
Fundamental disease - diseases of internal organs, bone aches, hernia.
Today - now, now, today.
Dobrohot - well-wisher, patron.
Dominates - follows, should, must, decently.
To suffice is to be sufficient.
Argument - denunciation, denunciation, complaint.
Enough, enough - as much as you want, as much as you need, enough.
Boredom is an annoying request, also a boring, annoying thing.
To top up is to overcome.
Dolon - palm.
Share - plot, share, allotment, lot; fate, fate, fate.
Domovina is a coffin.
Dondezhe - until then.
The bottom is a board on which the spinner sits and into which the comb and tow are inserted.
To correct - to demand filing, debt.
Dor is rough shingles.
The roads are very fine oriental silk fabric.
Dosyulny - old, former.
Dokha - a fur coat with fur inside and outside.
A dragoon is a warrior of cavalry units operating both on horseback and on foot.
Dranitsa are thin planks chipped from wood.
Gruss is coarse sand that is used when washing unpainted floors, walls, and benches.
Drolya - dear, dear, beloved.
A friend is a wedding manager invited by the groom.
Oak - a young oak tree, an oak tree, a shelf, a staff, a rod, a twig.
Dubnik is an oak bark necessary for various household works, including tanning leather.
Smoky furs are bags made from steamed skins (and therefore especially soft).
Smokey smell.
Drawbar - a single shaft attached to the front axle for turning the cart when harnessed in pairs.
The sexton is the sexton's wife.
An uncle is a servant assigned to supervise a boy in noble families.

Eudokei - Christian St. Evdokia, whose day was celebrated on March 1 according to Art. Art.
When - when.
A one-child is the only son of his parents.
Eat - food.
Hedgehog - which.
Everyday - every day, every day.
Oil is olive oil that was used in church services.
Elen is a deer.
Eliko - how much.
Fir tree - a fir branch on the roof or above the door of the hut - a sign that there is a tavern in it.
Eloza is a fidget, a weasel, a flatterer.
Elets are different types of shaped cookies.
Endova - a wide vessel with a toe for pouring liquids.
Epancha is an old long and wide cloak or blanket.
Jeremiah - Christian prophet Jeremiah, whose day was celebrated on May 1; Christian Apostle Erma, whose day was celebrated on May 31.
Ernishny - from “ernik”: small, low-growing forest, small birch bush.
Erofeich - bitter wine; vodka infused with herbs.
It snarls across the belly - from the word “yarl” - to swear, to use foul language.
Eating - food, food.
Eating is food.
Nature is nature.
Etchi - yes.

Zhalnik - cemetery, graves, churchyard.
Iron - shackles, chains, shackles.
Pretense - lack of simplicity and naturalness; mannerism.
Lot - lot.
Lives - it happens.
Belly - life, property; soul; livestock
Stomachs - living creatures, prosperity, wealth.
They live - they happen.
Lived - a residential place, premises.
Fat is good, property; a good, free life.
Zhitnik - baked rye or barley bread.
Zhito - any bread in grain or standing; barley (northern), unmilled rye (southern), all spring bread (eastern).
Harvest - harvest, harvesting of grain; strip after squeezed bread.
Zhupan is an ancient half-caftan.
Grumpy - grumpy.
Jalvey, zhelv, zhol - an abscess, a tumor on the body.

Continuation

Vocabulary is the totality of all the words we use. Ancient words can be considered a separate group in the vocabulary. There are many of them in the Russian language, and they belong to different historical eras.

What are old words

Since language is an integral part of the history of a people, the words that are used in this language are of historical value. Ancient words and their meaning can tell a lot about what events took place in the life of the people in a particular era and which of them were of great importance. Ancient, or outdated, words are not actively used in our time, but are present in the vocabulary of the people, recorded in dictionaries and reference books. They can often be found in works of art.

For example, in the poem by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin we read the following passage:

"In the crowd of mighty sons,

With friends, in the high grid

Vladimir the sun feasted,

He gave away his youngest daughter

For the brave prince Ruslan."

There is the word “gridnitsa” here. Nowadays it is not used, but in the era of Prince Vladimir it meant a large room in which the prince, together with his warriors, held celebrations and feasts.

Historicisms

There are different types of ancient words and their designations. According to scientists, they are divided into two large groups.

Historicisms are words that are now not actively used for the reason that the concepts they denote have fallen out of use. For example, “caftan”, “chain mail”, armor”, etc. Archaisms are words that denote concepts familiar to us in other words. For example, mouth - lips, cheeks - cheeks, neck - neck.

In modern speech, as a rule, they are not used. which are incomprehensible to many and are not typical for our everyday speech. But they do not disappear completely from use. Writers use historicisms and archaisms to truthfully tell about the past of the people; with the help of these words they convey the flavor of the era. Historicisms can truthfully tell us about what once happened in other eras in our homeland.

Archaisms

Unlike historicisms, archaisms denote those phenomena that we encounter in modern life. These are smart words, and their meanings do not differ from the meanings of words familiar to us, they just sound differently. There are different archaisms. There are those that differ from ordinary words only in some features in spelling and pronunciation. For example, hail and city, gold and gold, young - young. These are phonetic archaisms. In the 19th century there were many such words. This is klob (club), stora (curtain).

There is a group of archaisms with obsolete suffixes, for example, muzeum (museum), assistance (assistance), rybar (fisherman). Most often we come across lexical archaisms, for example, oko - eye, right hand - right hand, shuitsa - left hand.

Like historicisms, archaisms are used to create a special world in fiction. Thus, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin often used archaic vocabulary to add pathos to his works. This is clearly evident in the example of the poem “The Prophet”.

Words from Ancient Rus'

Ancient Rus' gave a lot to modern culture. But then there was a special lexical environment, some words from which were preserved and some are no longer used at all in A. Old obsolete Russian words from that era give us an idea of the origin

For example, old curse words. Some of them very accurately reflect the negative qualities of a person. Pustobrekh is a chatterbox, Ryuma is a crybaby, the thick-haired forehead is a fool, and shabby is a disheveled person.

The meaning of ancient Russian words sometimes differed from the meanings of the same roots in the modern language. We all know the words “jump” and “jump”; they mean rapid movement in space. The Old Russian word “sig” meant the smallest unit of time. One moment contained 160 whitefish. The largest measurement value was considered “far distance”, which was equal to 1.4

Ancient words and their meanings are discussed by scientists. The names of coins that were used in Ancient Rus' are considered ancient. For coins that appeared in the eighth and ninth centuries in Rus' and were brought from Russia, the names “kuna”, “nogata” and “rezana” were used. Then the first Russian coins appeared - zlatniks and silver coins.

Outdated words from the 12th and 13th centuries

The pre-Mongol period in Rus', 12-13 centuries, is characterized by the development of architecture, which was then called architecture. Accordingly, a layer of vocabulary related to the construction and construction of buildings appeared then. Some of the words that appeared then remained in the modern language, but the meaning of ancient Russian words has changed over all this time.

The basis of life in Rus' in the 12th century was the fortress, which then had the name “Detinets”. A little later, in the 14th century, the term “Kremlin” appeared, which then also meant the city. The word "kremlin" can be an example of how old, outdated Russian words change. If now there is only one Kremlin, the residence of the head of state, then there were many Kremlins.

In the 11th and 12th centuries in Rus', cities and fortresses were built from wood. But they could not resist the onslaught of the Mongol-Tatars. The Mongols, when they came to conquer the lands, simply swept away the wooden fortresses. Novgorod and Pskov survived. The word “Kremlin” appears for the first time in the Tver chronicle of 1317. Its synonym is the ancient word “kremnik”. Then kremlins were built in Moscow, Tula and Kolomna.

The social and aesthetic role of archaisms in classical fiction

Ancient words, the discussion of which is often found in scientific articles, were often used by Russian writers in order to make the speech of their works of art more expressive. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin in his article described the process of creating “Boris Godunov”: “I tried to guess the language of that time.”

Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov also used ancient words in his works, and their meaning exactly corresponded to the realities of the time from which they were taken. Most of the ancient words appear in his work “Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich.” This is, for example, “you know”, “oh you goy are you”, Ali.” Also, Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky writes works in which there are many ancient words. These are “Dmitry the Pretender”, “Voevoda”, “Kozma Zakharyich Minin-Sukhoruk”.

The role of words from past eras in modern literature

Archaisms remained popular in the literature of the 20th century. Let us remember the famous work of Ilf and Petrov “The Twelve Chairs”. Here, ancient words and their meaning have a special, humorous connotation.

For example, in the description of Ostap Bender’s visit to the village of Vasyuki, the phrase “The one-eyed man did not take his only eye off the grandmaster’s shoes” appears. Archaisms with Church Slavonic overtones are also used in another episode: “Father Fedor became hungry. He wanted wealth."

when using historicisms and archaisms

Historicisms and archaisms can greatly embellish fiction, but their inept use causes laughter. Ancient words, the discussion of which often becomes very lively, as a rule, cannot be used in everyday speech. If you start asking a passerby: “Why is your neck open in winter?”, then he will not understand you (meaning your neck).

In newspaper speech, there is also inappropriate use of historicisms and archaisms. For example: “The school director welcomed young teachers who came to practice.” The word "welcomed" is synonymous with the word "welcomed". Sometimes schoolchildren insert archaisms into their essays and thereby make the sentences not very clear and even absurd. For example: “Olya came running in tears and told Tatyana Ivanovna about her offense.” Therefore, if you want to use ancient words, their meaning, interpretation, meaning must be absolutely clear to you.

Outdated words in fantasy and science fiction

Everyone knows that genres such as fantasy and science fiction have gained enormous popularity in our time. It turns out that ancient words are widely used in works of the fantasy genre, and their meaning is not always clear to the modern reader.

The reader can understand such concepts as “banner” and “finger”. But sometimes there are more complex words, such as “komon” and “nasad”. It must be said that publishing houses do not always approve of the excessive use of archaisms. But there are works in which the authors successfully use historicisms and archaisms. These are works from the “Slavic fantasy” series. For example, the novels by Maria Stepanova “Valkyrie”, Tatyana Korostyshevskaya “Mother of the Four Winds”, Maria Semenova “Wolfhound”, Denis Novozhilov “The Far Away Kingdom. War for the throne."

Petryan Vladislav

Class 8 “B”, Grateful Secondary School, Aktobe

Usenko Lyudmila Ivanovna

scientific supervisor, teacherIcategories, Russian language teacher,Grateful SS,Aktobe

The fate of words is similar to the fate of people: neologisms smoothly pass into the category of commonly used vocabulary, then some of them completely leave the active dictionary as outdated. Horace also wrote: “Just as forests change their leaves from year to year and the old ones fall, so words decay and perish. Let be! But others will be born and grow stronger, like children, to replace them.”

The wonderful thing is that some words have the good fortune to be reborn, to find a new life.

For example, the word major became obsolete in the Russian language after the corresponding title, introduced by Peter I, was abolished at the end of the 19th century. After the introduction of the military rank of major in the Soviet Army, this word experienced its rebirth in the Russian language. Something similar happened with the word drummer"leader of production" In the thirties it was supplanted in this meaning by the word Stakhanovite.

But just a few years have passed (from the point of view of the centuries-old history of the language), and again in the meaning of “leading man of production” we use the word drummer.

Sometimes revived archaisms acquire in a language a meaning completely different from what they once had. Thus, the flying carpet from Russian folk tales or the dialect word “plane” a) “a type of ferry” and b) “weaving shuttle” have little in common with a modern airplane. I would hardly recognize myself in a modern football or hockey goalkeeper former goalkeeper - "gatekeeper".

As language develops, many words acquire new meanings. Let's take, for example, the word feather. Previously, they wrote only with bird goose feathers. When they switched to a more advanced writing instrument, a pen began to be called a metal curved plate for writing with ink.

The fate of the word “is interesting” comrade". The word is of Turkic origin, where commodity is “cattle”, isch is “friend”. Among the nomads, livestock was the main item of purchase and sale. The comrade was simply a trading partner. In Russia before the revolution, trading companies were called partnerships.

In the expression “Do not spare your belly” we are not talking about your belly at all, but about life; the meaning of the word has simply changed over time.

“Sunny, little bucket, look out the window!” - this is how they called for clear, sunny weather, “bucket” has nothing to do with “bucket”.

The same semantic change can be traced in other words. In ancient times, when there were no firearms, the word fire- meant to shoot arrows.

Earlier spacesuit They only named clothing for divers. The first part - “skafe” - meant in ancient Greek “canoe, boat”, the second part “andros” - “man, husband”. Spacesuit, thus, verbatim "boat man". The flights of our cosmonauts made the word spacesuit very common. Now everyone knows that this is special clothing for astronauts and stratonauts.

City in ancient times it meant “fenced place.” This word was used to describe a fortress enclosed by a fence made of pillars or a stone fence. Consequently, the city was fenced, closed, closed.

In a word squad in ancient Rus' they called the prince’s associates, as well as the prince’s army. With his retinue in Constantinople armor, the prince rides across the field on a faithful horse. (A.S. Pushkin). In the tsarist army, druzhina meant “militia army.”

After the October Revolution, a new meaning appeared - “group, detachment” (fire squad, people's squad, pioneer squad).

In the old days the word white only indicated color. In the first years of Soviet power, the word began to be used as a synonym for the word counter-revolutionary (white army, defeat of the whites).

Headman before the revolution, they called a person elected or appointed to conduct affairs from some small society or collective. Before the revolution, there were, for example, village elders. Now they are gone. In modern language the word headman used in this sense: class leader (at school), course leader (at an educational institution), circle leader, artel leader.

Pioneer- an ancient catch, of French origin. This was the name given to infantry soldiers whose duty was to pave roads. These were engineering “sapper” units - advanced detachments that cleared the way, built a bridge for the troops following them.

The first European settlers of America were also called pioneers. They paved roads in virgin impenetrable forests and settled in places where no one had ever set foot before. Afterwards, the meaning of the word expanded to “scout”, the first settler in new places, “discoverer”. This is where our “pioneer” - the young Leninist - arose in 1922.

The adjective also belongs to the group of words that have been rethought over time noble in the acquired meaning of “famous, outstanding in his activities,” which in current usage has replaced the previous meaning of “belonging to the nobility, to the aristocracy.”

For noun millionaire, along with the old meaning, “the owner of wealth estimated at a million, millions (of any monetary units)”, two meanings are highlighted in the four-volume “Dictionary of the Russian Language”: About a collective farm, the income of which is estimated at a million or millions of rubles; About a pilot who has flown a million or millions of kilometers.

The noun dynasty (“a series of monarchs from the same family, successively replacing each other on the throne by the right of kinship and inheritance,” as this word is defined in modern Russian) is also used in our time as a designation for representatives of different generations from the same family performing that the same job, having the same profession, for example: a mining dynasty, a working dynasty.

Words bourgeois, bourgeois, bourgeois, Having lost the character of class terms, they became entrenched as moral and evaluative designations.

Nouns have also been preserved as evaluative words in modern language. nobleman, dignitary, master, hussar and derivatives from them.

In my opinion, it is interesting to rethink the word get. In addition to the known values, a new one first appeared - get, get. For example: to get something in an era of scarcity, to get a theater ticket. And now this word is actively used in the meaning torment, bore to anyone constantly, annoyingly pestering about some reason. For example: You're already boring me with your talk about money.

With the advent of computers and the Internet in our lives, many old words have received new meanings, known to any PC user:

Winchester- this was previously the name of the brand of pistol. Now this is the name of a computer's hard drive.

Screw- the common name for a hard drive, that is, a hard drive. Although usually under the word SCREW meant a helical product (screws, dowels, screws, etc.).

Troll- this used to be the name of an evil fairy-tale creature. Now this word is used to describe those who engage in “trolling” online, that is, trying to piss off their interlocutor and provoke them.

On the Internet I found information that a certain Sergeev compiled a dictionary “New meanings of old words.” It would be interesting to get acquainted with this publication, especially now when I am so captivated by this topic. Since I was unable to find the book, I decided to try to compile this kind of dictionary myself. I called it “New Clothes for Old Words” and indicated in it the newly acquired meanings of long-known vocabulary. For example:

Bomb- play a musical instrument; tax.

Rake, rake, pl. (computer) - a program that filters email and does not allow certain messages to pass through.

Lip- (army) guardhouse. And on the “lip”, brothers, the day is passing in five.

Moved - weird, abnormal, crazy (about a person).

Grandfather- (army) conscript soldier, after the order of dismissal.

Nonsense- any drug.

Spirit- (army) dushman.

Hard- firmly, categorically.

Spark off- start having fun.

You'll rock, unism. in meaning adj., adv. and impersonal. About something excellent, excellent, causing delight...

Kinky- any deviation from the norm, strange behavior, quirk.

Hack to death- (student) give a bad rating. on the exam.

Light up - give yourself away to be discovered.

Wedge- about temporary clouding of reason.

Specific- good quality.

Steep- successful, respectable.

Left - stranger, outsider.

Lemon- one million rubles.

Frog- (army) jumping mine.

Featured - expensive, prestigious, equipped, equipped with sophisticated instruments, equipment, fashionable.

put on shoes- to rob someone, to deceive.

Disconnect- fall asleep soundly; lose consciousness.

Scumbag- a stupid, intellectually undeveloped, often aggressive person.

Otpad - about something excellent, causing approval.

Sucks - something of poor quality, bad; unpleasant situation, failure, bad luck.

Funny- joke, prank.

Sag - adapt.

Advanced- seriously engaged in something, knowledgeable about something better than others.

Divorce- lie, deception.

Distribution - fight, beating, scolding.

Unwind- succeed in business.

Real - high quality, approving.

Slangman- a person who comes up with new words.

Scoop- Soviet man (as a phenomenon).

grow together- successfully completed.

Killed- old, dilapidated.

Subject- a reason for conversation.

Stubborn- an extremely stubborn and limited person.

Plywood -(music) phonogram.

Clear- excellent, wonderful.

Previously, I had a different attitude towards the Russian language and did not think about the fate of words. Now, having found myself in the complex and interesting world of Russian vocabulary, I literally listen to Russian speech and try to determine the semantic changes occurring in it. I'm interested in discovering new things in the life of words. And every day my vocabulary is growing!

Bibliography:

1. Vartanyan E. From the life of words M.: Children's literature, 2009.

2. Taxpayers Yu.V. To the origins of the word M.: Avalon, 2005.

3. Shansky N.M., Ivanov V.V., Shanskaya T.V. Brief etymological dictionary of the Russian language M.: Prosveshchenie, 1975. - 542 p.

4. Shansky N.M. In the world of words M.: Education, 2007.

Outdated words, as well as dialectal, can be divided into two different groups: archaisms And historicisms .

Archaisms- these are words that, due to the emergence of new words, have fallen out of use. But their synonyms exist in modern Russian.

Eg:

right hand- right hand, cheeks- cheeks, ramen– shoulders, loins- lower back and so on.

But it is worth noting that archaisms may still differ from modern synonymous words. These differences may be in the morphemic composition ( fisherman- fisherman, friendship - friendship), in their lexical meaning ( stomach- life, guest– merchant,), in grammatical form ( at the ball- at the ball, fulfill– perform) and phonetic features ( mirror- mirror, Spanish– Spanish). Many words are completely outdated, but they still have modern synonyms. For example: destruction– death or harm, hope- hope and firmly believe, so that- to. And in order to avoid possible mistakes in the interpretation of these words, when working with works of art, it is strongly recommended to use a dictionary of outdated words and dialect phrases, or an explanatory dictionary.

Historicisms- these are words that denote such phenomena or objects that have completely disappeared or ceased to exist as a result of the further development of society.

Many words that denoted various household items of our ancestors, phenomena and things that were in one way or another connected with the economy of the past, the old culture, and the socio-political system that once existed became historicisms. Many historicisms are found among words that are one way or another connected with military themes.

Eg:

Redoubt, chain mail, visor, arquebus and so on.

Most obsolete words refer to items of clothing and household items: prosak, svetets, endova, camisole, armyak.

Also, historicisms include words that denote titles, professions, positions, classes that once existed in Rus': tsar, footman, boyar, steward, stableman, barge hauler, tinker and so on. Types of production activities such as horse tram and manufactory. Phenomena of patriarchal life: purchase, quitrent, corvée and others. Disappeared technologies such as mead making and tinning.

Words that arose during the Soviet era also became historicisms. These include words such as: food detachment, NEP, Makhnovist, educational program, Budenovo and many others.

A temporary worker is a person who has achieved power and a high position in the state thanks to personal closeness to the monarch.

A temporary worker is a person who has achieved a high position thanks to chance.

Vskaya - in vain, in vain, in vain.

In pursuit - after.

In vain - in vain, in vain.

As a stranger - from the outside, without being in a close relationship.

I will take it out - always, at all times, incessantly.

Vyray (viriy, iriy) - a wondrous, promised, warm side, somewhere far away by the sea, accessible only to birds and snakes.

Howl - meal time, also a share of food, part of a meal.

Vyalitsa is a blizzard.

Greater - greater, higher.

G

Gai is an oak grove, grove, small deciduous forest.

Galun - gold or silver tinsel braid.

Garrison - military units located in a city or fortress.

Garchik – pot, krinka.

Gattki, gat - a flooring made of logs or brushwood on a swampy place. To spread dirt - to spread dirt.

Gashnik - belt, belt, lace for tying pants.

Guard - selected privileged troops; military units serving as guards for sovereigns or military leaders.

Gehenna is hell.

General - a military rank of the first, second, third or fourth class according to the Table of Ranks.

Lieutenant General is a general rank of the third class, which under Catherine II corresponded to the rank of lieutenant general according to Peter the Great's Table of Ranks.

George – Christian saint George the Victorious; Yegory-Spring (April 23) and Yegoryev (Yuryev) Day (November 26, O.S.) are holidays in his honor.

To perish - to perish, to disappear.

Glazetovy – sewn from glazet (a type of brocade with gold and silver patterns woven on it).

Glezno – lower leg, ankle.

Goveyno – fast (Mrs. Goveyno – Assumption Fast, etc.)

To fast is to fast, to abstain from food.

Speaking - speech.

Gogol is a bird from the breed of diving ducks.

Godina - good clear weather, a bucket.

Suitable - to marvel, admire, stare; stare, stare; mock, ridicule.

Years go by - years live, from the word “godovat” - live.

Golbchik - a golbchik, a fence in the form of a closet in a hut between the stove and the floors, a stove with steps for access to the stove and floors, and with a hole in the underground.

To be golden, to be golden - to talk noisily, shout, swear.

Golik is a broom without leaves.

Golitsy - leather mittens without wool lining.

Dutch - chervonets, beaten at the St. Petersburg Mint.

Golomya is the open sea.

Gol - ragamuffins, naked people, beggars.

Grief is upward.

Gorka is a graveyard, a place where church ministers lived.

Gorlatnaya hat - sewn from very thin fur taken from the neck of an animal; The shape is a tall, straight cap with a crown that flares upward.

An upper room is a room usually located on the top floor of a house.

The upper room is the clean half of the hut.

Fever, delirium tremens; fever is a serious illness with intense fever and chills; delirium tremens - here: a state of painful delirium with high fever or temporary insanity.

Gostika - guest.

Certificate - writing; an official document, a decree, giving someone the right to do something.

Hryvnia – ten-kopeck piece; in Ancient Rus', the monetary unit was a silver or gold bar weighing about a pound.

Grosh is an ancient coin worth two kopecks.

Grumant is the old Russian name for the Spitsbergen archipelago, discovered by our Pomors in the 15th century.

Grun, gruna - a quiet horse trot.

A bed is a pole, a pole, suspended or attached lying down, a crossbar, a perch in a hut, from wall to wall.

Guba - bay, backwater.

Governor is the ruler of a province.

Spongy cheeses are a curd mass whipped with sour cream.

Gudok is a three-string violin without grooves on the sides of the body. Threshing floor - a room, a shed for compressed bread; threshing area.

The tug is a loop that holds the shafts and the arc together.

Guzhi with garlic - boiled rolls.

Threshing floor - a place for storing bread in sheaves and threshing, covered floor.

Gunya, gunka - old, tattered clothes.

D

Dave - recently.

The janitor is the owner of the inn.

Brother-in-law is the husband's brother.

Maiden's room - a room in manor houses where serf courtyard girls lived and worked.

Devyatina - a period of nine days.

Deja - dough dough, kneading bowl; a tub in which bread dough is kneaded.

Actors are actors.

Business - division.

Delenka is a woman constantly busy with work and needlework.

Dennitsa - morning dawn.

Denga is an ancient coin in denomination of two half or half a kopeck; money, capital, wealth.

Gum, right hand - right, right hand.

Ten - ten times.

Divy - wild.

An officer's diploma is a certificate of merit for an officer's rank.

Dmitry's Saturday is the day of remembrance of the dead (between October 18 and 26), established by Dmitry Donskoy in 1380 after the Battle of Kulikovo.

Fundamental – diseases of internal organs, bone aches, hernia.

Today - now, now, today.

Dobrohot - well-wisher, patron.

Prevails - follows, should, must, decently.

To suffice is to be sufficient.

Argument - denunciation, denunciation, complaint.

Enough, enough - as much as you want, as much as you need, enough.

Boredom is an annoying request, also a boring, annoying thing.

To top up is to overcome.

Dolon - palm.

Share - plot, share, allotment, lot; fate, fate, fate.

Domovina - coffin.

Dondezhe - until then.

The bottom is a board on which the spinner sits and into which the comb and tow are inserted.

Correct - demand to file, debt.

Dor is rough shingles.

Roads are very fine oriental silk fabric.

Dosyulny - old, former.

Dokha - a fur coat with fur inside and outside.

A dragoon is a warrior of cavalry units operating both on horseback and on foot.

Dranitsa are thin planks chipped from wood.

Gruss is coarse sand that is used when washing unpainted floors, walls, and benches.

Drolya - dear, dear, beloved.

A friend is a wedding manager invited by the groom.

Oak - young oak, oak, shelf, staff, rod, twig.

Dubnik is an oak bark necessary for various household works, including tanning leather.

Smoky furs are bags made from steamed skins (and therefore especially soft).

Smoke - smell.

Drawbar - a single shaft attached to the front axle for turning the cart when harnessed in pairs.

The sexton is the sexton's wife.

An uncle is a servant assigned to supervise a boy in noble families.

E

When - when.

A one-child is the only son of his parents.

Eat - food.

Hedgehog - which.

Everyday - every day, every day.

Oil is olive oil that was used in church services.

Elen is a deer.

Eliko - how much.

Christmas tree - a spruce branch on the roof or above the door of the hut - a sign that there is a tavern in it.

Eloza is a fidget, a weasel, a flatterer.

Elets are different types of shaped cookies.

Endova – a wide vessel with a toe for pouring liquids.

Epancha is an old long and wide cloak or blanket.

Jeremiah – Christian prophet Jeremiah, whose day was celebrated on May 1; Christian Apostle Erma, whose day was celebrated on May 31.

Ernishny - from “ernik”: small, low-growing forest, small birch bush.

Erofeich - bitter wine; vodka infused with herbs.

It snarls across the belly - from the word “yarl” - to swear, to use foul language.

Eating - food, food.

Eating is food.

Nature is nature.

Kalika - pilgrim, wanderer, beggar.

The chamberlain is the senior footman at the royal court.

Camisole is a sleeveless men's jacket worn under outerwear.

Damask is an ancient dense silk patterned Chinese fabric.

Canon - part of church hymn

Gunner - gunner, ordinary artilleryman.

Eve - the time preceding any holiday; funeral service for the deceased.

Captain - a person who held the officer rank of IX class.

Corporal is a person who has the first military rank after private.

Kaptan is a winter covered cart.

Kaptur - fur winter clothing for married women, especially widows; covered the head and sides of the face and shoulders (cf. later - hood).

Karavaytsy - wheat pancakes.

The Cartagineans are the inhabitants of Carthage.

Buckshot is a projectile consisting of cast iron bullets placed in a tin or bag, which were collectively fired from artillery guns and blunderbusses.

Cast - to dirty, harm, dirty.

Kat is an executioner.

Wire rods - felt boots.

Cashew crayfish - caught with a cat, i.e., a basket (here they are small).

Repent - scold, curse, blame, condemn, find fault.

Kebenyak, kobenya - a men's outer cloak made of cloth with a hood and long sleeves.

Cell is a monk’s room, here (in a figurative sense): a secluded room.

An ark is a small glass cabinet or box for icons.

Cue, cue - stick, staff, batog.

Kika - a rounded women's headdress (symbolic designation of a married woman); The kika was complemented by an embroidered scarf (podubrusnik) and a warrior (podubrusnik), which covered the hair, falling over the shoulders and chest.

Kila is a hernia.

Kindyaks are imported cotton fabrics.

Kitty is a bag.

A flail is an ancient weapon consisting of a metal ball or weight attached by a belt to a short handle.

The flail is an ancient weapon consisting of a heavy knob on a short handle.

Chinese is a type of cotton fabric.

China - made from China, a special type of cotton fabric.

Kitina, whale - stems of a long-stemmed plant.

Kichizhki, kichiga - a threshing machine that replaces a flail.

Kichka is an old Russian festive headdress for a married woman.

Kishka – homemade sausage.

A cage is a separate non-residential building for storing property, a pantry, a closet, a cold half of a hut.

Klobuk – monastic headdress.

Hook - a hook, a stick with a bend for supporting the gutter under the eaves of a peasant's plank roof or for bending down a thatched roof.

An oath is an oath, a spell, a curse.

Nag - a short pole, spacers.

Knishes – flatbreads with butter; pie, wheat bread.

Prince is an honorary title, hereditary or granted.

Code is a set of rules and laws.

The casing is a sheepskin sheepskin coat.

Which one, which one, which one - which one, which one, which one.

Kokurka is a bun with an egg.

Koliko - how much, how.

A collegiate adviser is a person who has held the civil rank of VI class.

Kolo – wheel, circle.

The block is a specially shaped wooden block that was placed on the feet of prisoners.

Kolodniks are prisoners, prisoners in stocks.

Kolok is a small grove, a copse.

The spoonbill is a bird from the category of herons.

Quiver – case, bag for arrows.

Kolymaga is a closed tent-type carriage with leather curtains.

Peg - lump, heap.

The comelek is the lower thick end of the tree.

Butt - the thickened lower part of the spinning wheel; adjacent to the root, part of a tree, hair, horn.

Communication - paths connecting the base with the army location, communication lines.

Komon - horse, horse.

Konovatny - made of Asian silk fabric, used for a bedspread and veil.

Concha - true, certainly, of course, very much.

Kopan - a hole dug to collect rainwater; shallow well without a frame.

The hoof is a short block in the runners of the sled that serves as a support for the body.

Root is a reproach.

Corobya - different types of chests with locks and seals.

Korovai - a large round hearth bread made from wheat flour, symbolized the solar circle; ritual food at a wedding.

Cortel is a warm summer jacket, lined with fur and covered with light silk fabric (without lace or buttons).

Kortsy - ladles, hollowed out of wood, served as a measure of grain.

A mower is a large knife with a thick and wide blade.

Braid - temple.

Inert – slow, unhurried, motionless.

Bonfire, brome, brome is a weed from the grass family.

Kostritsa (bonfire) is the hard bark of flax and hemp that remains after they are scuffed and carded.

Jamb – a piece of piece goods (fabric) in a roll; one threading in the weaving mill, see supply.

School sturgeon is the salted version of red fish.

A slanted (skewed) window is a window made of mesh-jambs or metal rods intertwined at random, typical of Rus' until the 18th century.

Kotlomy – butter cookies.

Cats are a kind of warm shoes.

Kochedyk is a tool for weaving bast shoes.

Koshmichka, koshma - felt mat.

Krasik is handsome.

Krasna (cut) – handloom; thread base when weaving on a handloom; fabric woven on crosses.

Red – beautiful, wonderful, decorated.

The red corner is the corner in the hut where the icons hung.

Beauty is the bride’s crown of ribbons and flowers, a symbol of girlhood and maiden will.

Kres(t)tsy are crossroads.

The godmother is the recipient of the baptismal font for the baby.

Baptism is a Christian rite of acceptance into the membership of the church, performed through three times immersion in water.

Cut - delicacies that were given away at a wedding (gingerbread, nuts, etc.)

Kroma - bag, beggar's bag; “Foma the Great Crema” (October 19) – an abundance of bread and supplies, this is the name of a rich, wealthy person.

Krosenza - homespun shirts.

Krosna is a peasant's home weaving machine.

Kroshni are wicker baskets (usually shoulder-mounted).

Kruzhal - a rotating pottery wheel; tavern, drinking house.

Circle – fish, cut into pieces.

Coarse - made from white flour of the highest quality.

Krynitsa - spring, spring, shallow well; krinka, milk pot, narrow and tall.

Ridge - a log, a short log.

Xeni, xenimas - caviar.

A tow is a combed and tied bundle of flax or hemp, made for yarn.

Kuzhel (kuzhal) – tow, combed flax; linen yarn of the highest quality.

Kuzlo – blacksmithing, forging; generally arable shells.

The body is a box made of bast or birch bark.

Kuzminsky apples are an ancient Russian variety of red apples.

Kukomoya is a slob, an unkempt person.

Kulizhka - Kuliga - a forest clearing cleared for agriculture.

Godfather is the godfather in relation to the godson's parents and godmother, or the godson's father in relation to his godfather and godmother; a friendly address to a man; demon godfather is an abusive expression.

Kuma - a friendly address to a woman; generally speaking in a friendly and familiar manner about a woman.

Kumgan is a metal narrow-necked vessel with a lid and a handle.

Kuna is a marten.

Kuna is an ancient banknote, when sable and marten skins replaced money.

Kunduptsy, kundumtsy - dumplings with beef in gravy.

Kuren is a place for burning coal in the forest, a coal pit and a hut for workers.

Kurzhevina - frost.

Smoking is getting creative.

Kurchizhka – branch, stump.

Kut - a corner, especially in a hut under the icons or near the stove: “rotten kut” - north-west wind.

Kutuk - corner

Kutia – boiled and sweetened wheat grains.

A sash is a narrow and long belt made of fabric.

L

Lader – current (from: flat as a palm).

Ladka is a little crumpet.

Ladom - good, as it should be.

Ladyga - ankle, ankle.

Infirmary is a hospital.

Scout - scout, mainly behind enemy lines; spy.

Lal – noble spinel, a gemstone similar in color to ruby

Laly - chatter, idle talk.

Lanskoy - summer, last year.

Swallows are colored quadrangular inserts under the armpits and sleeves of a shirt.

Carriage - the mounting of an artillery gun.

Lefties, levashniki - butter pies with berries or jam.

Ice is a block of ice.

Lying under the saints - a dead person was placed on a bench under the icons.

A lazy person is a lazy person, a couch potato.

Linen - linen.

Letnik is a light women's clothing worn under an outer dress.

Letnik - summer road.

Lizun is a cow's tongue.

Lekhva - anything superfluous, selfish income, profits.

Deprivation - excess.

To forehead - to hit on the forehead; become a soldier.

Lovitva – hunting.

The log is a wide ravine with gentle slopes.

Lodoga is one of the whitefish breeds.

Glossy – smooth, shiny.

Bast, bast - the under-carpet layer of linden, going to the bast, from which baskets are made, bast shoes are woven.

Lubok pictures - pictures printed using lubok (wood bark) with an image engraved on it, usually distinguished by their primitive execution; Since the 18th century, popular prints have been printed from matrices made of copper or tin.

Splint wings are wings made from splint and tree bark.

Loubier is a thin shingle.

Luda is a shoal, stones in a lake protruding from the water.

Lutoshko is a linden twig without bark.

Bald - a horse's forehead in harness.

Sheets – shin, calf.

To lie - to shirk, to run away from work, to wander idly, to wander.

Lychny - made from bast.

Lzya – it’s possible.

To flatter - to deceive, to seduce.

Fierce - ferocious, bloodthirsty; cruel, merciless; bitter, furious; here: painful, difficult.

Lyada, Lyadina, Lyado, Lyashin - wasteland, abandoned and overgrown land.

Squadron - part or detachment of a cavalry regiment.

Ephesians are the inhabitants of Ephesus.

YU

South - what, which.

Jur is a high place.

I

Yagly is the general name for some cereal products obtained from holly-leaved plants, for example, millet (yagl - egg groats).

Eating - food, food, the process of eating.

Even – what, which.

Language – people, tribe.

Yakshi (tat.) – okay, okay.

Yalaya, yalaya – barren (about cattle).

Yalovaya is a calving cow.

A coachman is a state-owned peasant for whom the poll tax was replaced by riding his horses along postal roads.

Yapancha - a cape, a wide cloak, a long sleeveless outer dress.

Yarovchaty - from sycamore, a permanent epithet for gusli.

Ardent hares - white, spring.

Yaryzhka is a drunkard.

Yar, yaritsa - spring bread.

Trifanova A. 6th grade student

The report contains interesting material about new meanings of old words.

Download:

Preview:

MBOU Sechenovskaya secondary school

Report on the topic

"NEW MEANINGS OF OLD WORDS"

Performed:

Anna Trifanova, 6a grade student

Head: Nabornova M.Yu.

2015

Introduction
Reasons and ways for words to acquire new meanings
Changes in modern Russian language.
Examples of words with new meanings.
Conclusion

Bibliography

The fate of words is similar to the fate of people: neologisms (new words) smoothly pass into the category of commonly used vocabulary, then some of them completely leave the active dictionary as outdated. Horace also wrote: “Just as forests change their leaves from year to year and the old ones fall, so words decay and perish. Let be! But others will be born and grow stronger, like children.”

The wonderful thing is that some words have the good fortune to be reborn, to find a new life.

How and why do words change their meanings and acquire new ones?

This happens because new concepts arise and develop in society. And they require either new words or a rethinking of old words for their designation.

But the vocabulary of even the richest language is limited, while the process of human cognition of the surrounding reality is endless. No words are enough to give a name to every phenomenon, every thing known, invented, worked by man. That is why the human language is enriched not only quantitatively - with new words, but also qualitatively - with new meanings of old words.

A new value appears in the following ways:

1. Based on similarity(shape, color, internal properties and qualities). A great example of this is the word “pill”. Now it is not only a medicine, but also a lady's hat in the form of a low cylinder. Here an additional meaning arises, as if juxtaposed and starting from the main one.

2 . Based on the commonality of functions. For example, in the old days the main writing instrument was a pen (mostly a quill). But then the bird feather was replaced by a metal one. A new thing appeared, but the old name remained behind it - a feather. Consequently, the old name of the thing was transferred to the new thing due to the similarity of the functions they perform.

3. Based on contiguity(logical, temporal, spatial). There is a word, French in origin, called bureau. We have been using it widely for a long time. Now this is the name of some institutions. Initially, the word bureau was used to refer to thick woolen fabric. Then the name was transferred to a table covered with such cloth, and a little later to a specially shaped desk with drawers and a lid. Then the word bureau began to designate a room with office furniture, and after this, people working in office offices. And only after that the meaning of the word bureau with which we started the conversation appeared. Or, for example, the former goalkeeper - “the gatekeeper, the guard at the gate” - would hardly recognize himself in a modern football or hockey goalkeeper.

4. New meanings for words can appear as a result of expansion or narrowing of the basic meaning.

Thus, the meanings of the words ampoule have expanded. In classical Latin, an ampulla is a small vessel. But this word was adopted by the Spanish language, and ampola (that’s how it sounded among the Spaniards), in addition to its direct meaning, began to additionally mean a flask, blister, air bubble (on the surface of the water).

You can buy blue or red ink at an office supply store and not be at all embarrassed by the seeming absurdity of such names. And once upon a time there was only black ink - it was made from an ink nut.

A janitor is now not only “a person who keeps the streets and courtyards clean,” but also “a device for wiping car windows.” The meanings of words have expanded.

The meaning of, for example, words such as hole and kvass has narrowed. The first in Lomonosov’s time meant the same thing as discovery now; kvass used to mean acid, any sour drink.

In the modern world, with the advent of the computer and the Internet, our native language is changing incredibly quickly. One day I thought that it was unlikely that, for example, Pushkin, or even my peer living in the mid-20th century, could understand me. No dictionaries can keep up with the changes occurring in the language. Here are some examples of acquired meanings of long-known words:

Winchester used to be the name of the pistol brand. Now this is the name of a computer's hard drive.

Screw is the common name for a hard drive, that is, a hard drive. Although usually the word “screw” meant a helical product (cogs, dowels, screws, etc.).

Troll - this used to be the name of an evil fairy-tale creature. Now this word is used to describe those who engage in “trolling” online, that is, trying to piss off their interlocutor and provoke them.

To get - to torment, to bore someone, constantly, annoyingly pestering for some reason.

Light up - start having fun.

You'll rock - this is what they say about something excellent, excellent, causing delight.

Kinky - any deviation from the norm, strange behavior, quirk.

Fail - give a bad mark on the exam.

To light up - to give oneself away, to reveal oneself.

Specific - high quality, good.

Cool - successful, respectable.

The left is a stranger, an outsider.

Lemon - a million rubles.

Sophisticated - expensive, prestigious, equipped, equipped with sophisticated instruments, equipment, fashionable.

Disconnect - fall asleep soundly; lose consciousness.

Otpad is about something excellent that evokes approval.

Sucks - something of poor quality, bad; unpleasant situation, failure, bad luck.

A joke is a joke, a practical joke.

To bend is to adapt.

Advanced - seriously engaged in something, knowing something better than others.

Real - high-quality, causing approval.

Killed - old, dilapidated.

A topic is a reason for conversation.

A stubborn person is an extremely stubborn and limited person.

Plywood - (music) phonogram.

Clear - excellent, beautiful.

Previously, I had a different attitude towards the Russian language and did not think about the fate of words. Now, having started studying this topic, I became interested in discovering new things in the life of words.