Periodic table of pronunciation in Russian. Pronunciation of the symbol as the name of the element sounds in Latin

See also: List of chemical elements by atomic number and Alphabetical list of chemical elements Contents 1 Symbols currently used ... Wikipedia

See also: List of chemical elements by symbol and Alphabetical list of chemical elements This is a list of chemical elements arranged in order of increasing atomic number. The table shows the name of the element, symbol, group and period in... ... Wikipedia

- (ISO 4217) Codes for the representation of currencies and funds (English) Codes pour la représentation des monnaies et types de fonds (French) ... Wikipedia

The simplest form of matter that can be identified by chemical methods. These are components of simple and complex substances, representing a collection of atoms with the same nuclear charge. The charge of the nucleus of an atom is determined by the number of protons in... Collier's Encyclopedia

Contents 1 Paleolithic era 2 10th millennium BC. e. 3 9th millennium BC uh... Wikipedia

Contents 1 Paleolithic era 2 10th millennium BC. e. 3 9th millennium BC uh... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Russian (meanings). Russians... Wikipedia

Terminology 1: : dw Number of the day of the week. “1” corresponds to Monday Definitions of the term from various documents: dw DUT The difference between Moscow and UTC time, expressed as an integer number of hours Definitions of the term from ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

"Chemical element - sulfur"- Natural intergrowth of native sulfur crystals. Molecules with closed (S4, S6) chains and open chains are possible. Sulfur ores are mined in different ways, depending on the conditions of occurrence. Natural sulfur minerals. We must not forget about the possibility of spontaneous combustion. Open pit mining of ore. Walking excavators remove layers of rock under which ore lies.

"Questions on chemical elements"- They can be stable and radioactive, natural and artificial. Associated with a change in the number of energy levels in the main subgroups. 8. Which element does not have a permanent “registration” in the Periodic Table? They are in constant motion. Tellurium, 2) selenium, 3) osmium, 4) germanium. Where does arsenic accumulate?

"H2O and H2S"- Sulfate ion. Y = ? K K2 =1.23 · 10?13 mol/l. Preparation: Na2SO3 + S = Na2SO3S (+t, aq. solution). In aqueous solution: +Hcl (ether). Vitriols MSO4·5(7)H2O (M – Cu, Fe, Ni, Mg…). Sulfuric acid H2SO4. Structure of SO32– and HSO3– anions. = y. The SO3 molecule is non-polar and diamagnetic. ? . Hydrosulfite ion: tautomerism.

"Periodic Table of Chemical Elements"- 8. How many electrons can be maximum in the third energy level? Arrange the elements in order of increasing metallic properties. Country name: "Chemical Elementary". Poems by Stepan Shchipachev. A. 17 B. 35 C. 35.5 D. 52 6. How many electrons rotate around the nucleus in a fluorine atom?

"Calcium Ca"- Ca compounds. Chemical properties of Ca. Physical properties of Ca. Calcium is one of the common elements. Application. Production of calcium in industry. Calcium Ca. Describe the physical properties of Ca. Being in nature. Revision task. Calcium Ca is a silvery white and fairly hard metal, lightweight.

"Element phosphorus"- Phosphorus is the 12th most abundant element in nature. Interaction with simple substances - non-metals. Interaction with metals. Quartz sand is added to bind calcium compounds. When white phosphorus is heated in an alkali solution, it disproportionates. Phosphorus. Black phosphorus.

There are a total of 46 presentations in the topic

Where do they come from? names and symbols of chemical elements? Already in Ancient Egypt, symbolic images were used to designate certain substances, which expressed entire words or concepts (Fig. 5.7).

In the Middle Ages, the number of alchemical symbols reached several thousand. And for the same substance there were dozens of different signs.

Chemical element symbol- its symbol.

In the second half of the 18th century. Scientists made vain attempts to organize chemical signs. It was not possible to designate each substance with a separate symbol due to the discovery of many new substances. Therefore, over time, ancient alchemical symbolism was replaced by chemical signs proposed by the English chemist J. Dalton. In Dalton's symbolism, the atom of each element is represented by a circle. The image field contains either dashes and dots, or the initial letters of the English names of the elements. The letter system of chemical symbols is a convenient way to record, store and transmit chemical information.

Dalton's signs, although they had a certain distribution, were inconvenient for printing. Therefore, in 1814, the Swedish scientist J.Ya. Berzelius proposed only an alphabetic system of signs. The signs of the elements were composed either from the first letter of their Latin names, or from the first and one of the subsequent letters. Thus, Berzelius achieved the closest possible convergence of the symbol of a chemical element with its name.

Table. Names and symbols of some chemical elements

Analyze the data given in the table. Compare modern Russian and Ukrainian names of chemical elements. Determine which of them directly come from Latin names.

Remember that Russian names of chemical elements are common nouns, they are written with a lowercase letter. Modern Ukrainian names of chemical elements are their own, so they are written with a capital letter. In both cases, it is impossible to replace the name of a chemical element in oral speech with the pronunciation of its symbol. You should also not replace the name of an element with its symbol in manuscripts or printed texts.

On this page there is material on the following topics:

• Chemical elements that have changed their designation over time

• Table of complex substances and their pronunciation names

• Oil pronunciation of the chemical sign

• Names of chemicals in Latin

• Chemicals and their pronunciation

Questions about this material:

The ancient Greek sages were the first to say the word “element,” and this happened five centuries BC. True, the ancient Greeks considered “elements” to be earth, water, air and fire, and not at all iron, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and other elements of modern chemists.

In the Middle Ages, scientists already knew ten chemical elements- seven metals(gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, lead and mercury) and three non-metal(sulfur, carbon and antimony).

See what “mercury” is in other dictionaries

The hardest material in the human body is tooth enamel. It must be difficult so that our teeth can serve us for a lifetime of biting and chewing; However, be that as it may, tooth enamel is susceptible to chemical attacks. Acids found in some foods or made by bacteria that feed on food debris on our teeth can dissolve enamel. Unprotected by enamel, the tooth will begin to decay, thereby developing cavities and other dental problems.

After several years of research, it was discovered that excess fluoride compounds in drinking water are the cause of both of these effects. The protective effects of fluoride have a simple chemical explanation. Tooth enamel is composed primarily of a mineral called hydroxyapatite, which is made up of calcium, phosphorus, oxygen and hydrogen. We now know that fluorine is combined with hydroxyapatite to produce fluorapatite, which is more resistant to acid decomposition than hydroxyapatite. This deliberate fluoridation, combined with the use of fluoride toothpastes and improved oral hygiene, has resulted in a 60% reduction in tooth decay in children.

Alchemists took a very long time to get by without chemical formulas. Strange symbols were in use, with almost every chemist using his own system of notation for substances. And the descriptions of chemical transformations were like fairy tales and legends.
This is how, for example, alchemists described the reaction of mercury oxide (a red substance) with hydrochloric (hydrochloric) acid:

The nationwide reduction in tooth decay has been cited as a major public health achievement in history. Just as language has an alphabet from which words are constructed, chemistry has an alphabet from which matter is described. However, the chemical alphabet is larger than the one we use to write. You may have already realized that the chemical alphabet consists of chemical elements. Their role is central to chemistry as they combine into millions upon millions of known compounds.

The element is the basic chemical building block of matter; This is the simplest chemical substance. Chemical symbols are useful for briefly representing the elements present in a substance.

• Identify a chemical element and give examples of the abundance of different elements.
• Represent a chemical element with a chemical symbol.
• Sodium mercury phosphorus potassium iodine.
• Which element is represented by each chemical symbol?
• Give some examples of how the number of elements changes.
• Why are chemical symbols so useful?
• What is the source of the letter for the chemical symbol?
• Elements range from a small percentage to more than 30% of the atoms around us.
• The letters usually come from the element's name.
• All matter is made up of elements.
• Chemical elements are represented by a one- or two-letter symbol.
• Sodium water liquefied nitrogen.

"A red lion appeared - and he was the bridegroom,
And in the warm liquid they crowned him
With a beautiful lily, and warmed them with fire,
And they were moved from vessel to vessel..."
(J.V. Goethe, "Faust")

Alchemists believed that chemical elements were associated with the stars and planets and assigned astrological symbols to them. Gold was called the Sun, and was designated by a circle with a dot; copper - Venus, the symbol of this metal was the “Venus mirror”, and iron - Mars; As befits the god of war, the designation of this metal included a shield and a spear:

Carbon concrete paper. . Write the chemical symbol for each element. The element is not an element, not an element, not an element. . By convention, the second letter in an element symbol is always lowercase.

• Explain how all matter is made up of atoms.
• Describe modern atomic theory.

It should be obvious that the pieces are still aluminum foil; they just get smaller and smaller. But how far can you take this exercise, at least in theory? Can you continue cutting aluminum foil in half forever, making smaller and smaller pieces? Or is there some limit, some absolute smallest piece of aluminum foil?

In the 18th century, a system of designating elements (of which there were already three dozen known at that time) took root in the form of geometric shapes - circles, semicircles, triangles, squares. This method of depicting chemical substances was invented by the English scientist, physicist and chemist John Dalton.

However, it was quite difficult to distinguish the chemical symbols of different elements in books and scientific journals. What was it like to work as typesetters in the printing houses of those days! How could they distinguish the sign of hydrogen, which was three concentric circles drawn with a solid line, and with a dot in the center, from the sign of oxygen - also three concentric circles, one of which was dotted, and without a dot?
Here are the symbols Dalton used for oxygen, sulfur, hydrogen and nitrogen:

Career Focus: Clinical Chemist

Figure 11 Trends on the periodic table.

The relative sizes of atoms show several trends regarding the structure of the periodic table. The atoms become larger down the column and travel less through the period. Clinical chemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the analysis of body fluids to determine the health of the human body. Clinical chemists measure substances ranging from simple elements such as sodium and potassium to complex molecules such as proteins and enzymes in blood, urine and other body fluids.

Finally, in 1814, symbols and names of chemical elements appeared that chemists use to this day. The Swedish chemist Jons-Jakob Berzelius proposed denoting chemical elements by the first letter (or the first and one of the following letters) of the Latin name of the element.
For example, hydrogen(in Latin "hydrogenium", Hydrogenium) - N (read "ash"), carbon(in Latin "carboneum", Carboneum) - C, (in Latin "aurum", Aurum) - Au (also read “aurum”).

The absence or presence or abnormally low or large amounts of a substance may be a sign of some disease or sign of health. Many clinical chemists use complex machinery and complex chemical reactions in their work, so they not only need to understand basic chemistry, but also be familiar with special instruments and how to interpret test results.

Elements are organized by atomic number. in the left three quarters of the periodic table the right quarter of the periodic table the next-last column of the periodic table is the middle part of the periodic table. As you move through the periodic table, atomic radii decrease; as you go down the periodic table, atomic radii increase.

The Russian names of many elements sound completely different from the Latin ones, but what can you do - chemical symbols must be memorized, just as medical students and future doctors memorize Latin terms.

It is absolutely clear that remembering all the symbols and names of elements at once (and 114 of them are now known) is an impossible task. Therefore, to begin with, we can limit ourselves to the most common ones:

Some characteristics of elements are related to their position on the periodic table. Which elements have chemical properties similar to those of magnesium? sodium fluorine calcium barium selenium. Chemical elements are arranged on a diagram called the periodic table. . Which elements have chemical properties similar to those of lithium?

Sodium calcium beryllium barium potassium. . Which elements have chemical properties similar to those of chlorine? To help you understand the material in this chapter, you should review the meanings of the following bold terms and ask yourself how they relate to the topics in this chapter.

Names and symbols of chemical elements

§ 4. Chemical signs and formulas

Symbolic models in chemistry include signs or symbols of chemical elements, formulas of substances and equations of chemical reactions, which form the basis of “chemical writing”. Its founder is the Swedish chemist Jens Jakob Berzelius. Berzelius's writing is based on the most important of chemical concepts - “chemical element”. A chemical element is a type of identical atoms.

An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler chemical substances. Only about 90 natural elements are known. They have varying abundances on Earth and in the body. Each element has a one- or two-letter chemical symbol. Modern atomic theory states that the smallest part of an element is an atom. Individual atoms are extremely small, on the order of 10 -10 m across. Most elements exist in their pure form as individual atoms, but some exist as diatomic molecules.

Atoms themselves are made up of subatomic particles. An electron is a tiny subatomic particle with a negative charge. A proton has a positive charge and, although small, is much larger than an electron. A neutron is also much larger than an electron, but has no electrical charge.

Berzelius proposed denoting chemical elements by the first letter of their Latin names. So the symbol of oxygen became the first letter of its Latin name: oxygen - O (read “o”, because the Latin name of this element oxygenium). Accordingly, hydrogen received the symbol H (read “ash”, since the Latin name of this element is hydrogenium), carbon – C (read “ce”, because the Latin name of this element carboneum). However, the Latin names for chromium ( chromium), chlorine ( chlorum) and copper ( cuprum) just like carbon, begin with “C”. How to be? Berzelius proposed an ingenious solution: write such symbols with the first and one of the subsequent letters, most often the second. Thus, chromium is designated Cr (read “chrome”), chlorine is Cl (read “chlorine”), copper is Cu (read “cuprum”).

Protons, neutrons and electrons have a specific arrangement in an atom. The proton and neutrons are located at the center of the atom, grouped into the nucleus. Electrons are found in fuzzy clouds around the nucleus. Each element has a characteristic number of protons in its nucleus. This number of protons is the atomic number of the element. An element can have varying numbers of neutrons in the nuclei of its atoms; such atoms are called isotopes. The two isotopes of hydrogen are deuterium, with a proton and a neutron in its nucleus, and tritium, with a proton and two neutrons in its nucleus.

Russian and Latin names, signs of 20 chemical elements and their pronunciations are given in table. 2.

Our table only fit 20 elements. To see all 110 elements known today, you need to look at D.I. Mendeleev’s table of chemical elements.

table 2

Names and symbols of some chemical elements

Most often, substances contain atoms of several chemical elements. You can depict the smallest particle of a substance, for example a molecule, using ball models as you did in the previous lesson. In Fig. 33 shows three-dimensional models of water molecules (A), sulfur dioxide (b), methane (V) and carbon dioxide (G).

What is the mass of an electron in atomic mass units? In a footnote in this chapter, an alpha particle was defined as a particle with 2 protons and 2 neutrons. What is the mass in grams of an alpha particle? What is the atomic mass of the mythical world? Since the distribution of isotopes differs on different planets in the solar system, the average atomic mass of any element differs from planet to planet. What is the atomic mass of hydrogen on Mercury? What other chemical elements are there?

And although the answer to this question was easy to proclaim, questions arise even more interesting: can we discover or create an infinite number of chemical elements?, What will they serve us for? How are their names and symbols chosen? chemical substances?

More often, chemists use symbolic rather than material models to designate substances. Formulas of substances are written using symbols of chemical elements and indices. The index shows how many atoms of a given element are included in the molecule of a substance. It is written at the bottom right of the chemical element symbol. For example, the formulas of the substances mentioned above are written as follows: H 2 O, SO 2, CH 4, CO 2.

The chemical formula is the main symbolic model in our science. It carries information that is very important for a chemist. The chemical formula shows: a specific substance; one particle of this substance, for example one molecule; high-quality composition substances, i.e. atoms of which elements are included in the composition of this substance; quantitative composition, i.e. how many atoms of each element are included in a molecule of a substance.

The formula of a substance can also determine whether it is simple or complex.

Simple substances are substances consisting of atoms of one element. Complex substances are formed by atoms of two or more different elements.

For example, hydrogen H2, iron Fe, oxygen O2 are simple substances, and water H2O, carbon dioxide CO2 and sulfuric acid H2SO4 are complex.

1. Which chemical elements have the capital letter C in their symbols? Write them down and say them.

2. From the table 2 write down the signs of the metal and non-metal elements separately. Say their names.

3. What is a chemical formula? Write down the formulas of the following substances:

a) sulfuric acid, if it is known that its molecule contains two hydrogen atoms, one sulfur atom and four oxygen atoms;

b) hydrogen sulfide, the molecule of which consists of two hydrogen atoms and one sulfur atom;

c) sulfur dioxide, a molecule of which contains one sulfur atom and two oxygen atoms.

4. What do all these substances have in common?

Make three-dimensional models of molecules of the following substances from plasticine:

a) ammonia, a molecule of which contains one nitrogen atom and three hydrogen atoms;

b) hydrogen chloride, the molecule of which consists of one hydrogen atom and one chlorine atom;

c) chlorine, the molecule of which consists of two chlorine atoms.

Write the formulas of these substances and read them.

5. Give examples of transformations when lime water is a determined substance, and when it is a reagent.

6. Conduct a home experiment to determine starch in food. What reagent did you use for this?

7. In Fig. Figure 33 shows models of molecules of four chemical substances. How many chemical elements do these substances form? Write down their symbols and say their names.

8. Take plasticine of four colors. Roll the smallest white balls - these are models of hydrogen atoms, the larger blue balls are models of oxygen atoms, black balls are models of carbon atoms and, finally, the largest yellow balls are models of sulfur atoms. (Of course, we chose the color of the atoms arbitrarily, for clarity.) Using ball-atoms, make three-dimensional models of the molecules shown in Fig. 33.

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