Nouns formed from verbs. Verbal noun is this? Examples, methods of education and application

A verbal noun in Russian is the part of speech most similar to the English gerund. Despite the fact that there is no formal gerund in the Russian language, the verbal noun has many common features with it. The main thing when studying such nouns is not to compare them with similar phenomena in other languages, but to “get to the bottom” of the essence. After all, their history of origin and application can shed light on many questions: not only philological, but also everyday, and even philosophical.

What it is?

Verbal nouns are a part of speech that is derived from a verb and performs a nominative function for actions. To put it simply, these nouns name actions and give them “names.” These "names" fall into two main categories:

One category refers to the action itself. For example: create - creation, improve - improvement, simplify - simplification, heat - heating.
The second category names the one who performs this action: to pursue - the pursuer, to kidnap - the kidnapper, to replace - the deputy, to represent - the representative.

To form such a noun, you can use the suffix method:

-ni-, -ani-, -eni-: teach - training, instruct - instruction, allow - permission.
-k-: lay - laying, charge - charging.

It looks like this: burn - burn, fly out - fly out, bribe - bribe.

Why use this?

Ideally, the use of verbal nouns is not strictly necessary and is mandatory only in the following cases:

When it is impossible to choose a simpler verb analogue or rearrange the sentence.
When the restructured proposal or its alternative version does not sound formal enough, does not match the tone of the event or resource for publication.

But if verbal nouns were used only for these purposes, they would not enter everyday communication so easily. However, under the guise of “innocence” there are other goals hidden.

Why is this actually used?

Politicians, economists, lab specialists, media workers and simply resourceful people have found alternative uses for verbal nouns. You just need to take a closer look at them to come to the same conclusion yourself. In fact, all examples of verbal nouns, in or out of context, sound very, very solid. In addition, sentences with them are often overloaded and difficult to understand, so it is easier to hide the true meaning behind them.

How to deal with supply overload?

Identifying chains of verbal nouns and turning them into something euphonious is a matter of practice. For example, the overloaded version would sound like this:

The departure of the aircraft is scheduled for six o'clock.
The experts decided to immediately implement a plan to improve the product.

Now let's try to simplify these sentences:

The plane will take off at six o'clock.
The experts decided to immediately implement a plan to improve the product. The experts decided to immediately improve the product.

VERBAL FORMATIONS

Words of different parts of speech formed from a verb stem. Verbal adverbs. Adverbs formed from gerunds that have lost their aspectual, tense and voice meanings. Lying, sitting, standing, playfully, sneaking.

Verbal prepositions, see verbal prepositions (preposition in the article).

Verbal adjectives.

1) Adjectives formed from the verb stem in a suffixal way, retaining only a genetic connection with the verbs. Tanning, copying, bathing, wedding, drying, sharpening (with the suffix -linen). Exclamatory, fortune-telling, desirable, selective, inventive, observant, approving, offensive, cool, irritable, common (with the suffix -telny). Seasoned, sluggish, burnt, belated, mature, icy, petrified, numb, faded, rotten, ripe (with the suffix -l-y, go back to Old Russian participles). Hanging, flammable, rattling, seething, prickly, lying, flying, standing, loose, walking (with the suffixes -ach- (-yach-), -uch- (-yuch-), go back to Old Russian participles).

2) Participial formations, i.e. participles that have lost aspectual and tense meanings, as well as verbal control (adjectival participles). Boiled, faceted, gifted, torn, fried, invited, frozen, wounded, torn, salted, dried (with the suffixes -i-, -en-). Excited, desirable, sophisticated, exhausted, skilled, devoted, confused, reserved, confident, moderate, enhanced (with suffixes -ni-, -enn-). Acceptable, replaceable, curable, fossil, unbearable, inaccessible, indelible, inimitable, waterproof, fireproof, unfading, tangible (with suffixes -m-, -em-). Brilliant, defiant, vital, meaningful, beginning, suitable, stunning, coming, sparkling, threatening (with suffixes -ush-(-yush-), -ash- (yush-), sometimes complex formations). Fallen, passed (with the suffix -sh-). Beaten (turn of phrase), cracked (voice), inveterate (scoundrel), crumpled (suit), flattened (nose), stale (air), etc. (with the suffix -t-).

Verbal nouns. Nouns formed from verbal stems and denoting an objectified action (state, process), i.e., representing it in an abstract sense. Verbal nouns are formed:

a) in a non-affix way of word formation: import, swing, export, swim, heating, heating, roasting, threshing, catching, shooting, blowing up, transportation, truancy, rental, decay

b) by a suffixal method of word formation: renting, floundering, wandering, drilling, returning, speaking, rewarding, taking possession, providing, finishing, appearing, acquiring, scattering, managing, establishing (with the suffixes -n-e (-n-e), - ani-e, -eni-e)', shaving, swelling, taking, closing, washing, pressing, development (with the suffix -ti-e (-t-e) - unproductive); cooking, pasting, carting, pouring, dressing, salting, cutting, laying, sinking, breaking, cleaning, reading (with the suffix -k-a); robbery, division, payment (with the suffix -hedgehog-); bombing, division, cramming, feeding (with the suffix -ezhk-a); threshing, firing, carving, shooting, walking (with the suffix -b-a).

Verbal nouns are widely used in all styles of speech (scientific, official business, journalistic, colloquial). They developed a variety of synonymous relationships (division - division, heating - heating, passage - penetration), especially between the words na -nie and -ka (cooking - cooking, uprooting - uprooting, melting - melting, cutting - cutting, grinding - grinding) . However, their use requires caution, since their lack of basic verbal categories can lead to ambiguity in the utterance. Wed : “On the agenda is the issue of implementing the plan” (it is not clear whether we will be talking about the results of implementation, about the progress of implementation, or about measures for its implementation). In the language of fiction, artificial formations are sometimes created, used as a technique of parodic stylization to resemble clerical speech. Equally prohibited are gouging out eyes and biting off the nose. . . removal of the head (Saltykov-Shchedrin). The provincial government, having received this report, entered into this kind of reasoning: since the flying in and breaking of glass by a crow shows clear negligence on the part of the persons whose supervision the public places are directly subject to, then the amount spent should be assigned to the perpetrators... (Pisemsky). The killing occurred due to drowning (Chekhov).

Dictionary of linguistic terms. 2012

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of words and what VERBAL FORMATIONS are in the Russian language in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

EDUCATION
FOR LEGAL ENTITIES THE PROCEDURE IS EXPLICITLY-NORMATIVE - see EXPRESSLY-NORMATIVE PROCEDURE FOR FORMATION OF LEGAL ENTITIES...
EDUCATION in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
STATE-LIKE - see QUASI-STATES ...
ZURABASHVILI VERBAL-SEMANTIC EXPERIMENT in the Explanatory Dictionary of Psychiatric Terms:
(Zurabashvili A.D., 1955). Modification of the associative experiment, taking into account the ontogenetic development of speech signaling. Includes the following variants of the associative experiment, reflecting various evolutionary-dynamic stages...
HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION in the Pedagogical Encyclopedic Dictionary:
, the highest level of professional education; level of qualifications in a specialty obtained at higher educational institutions (universities) on the basis of complete secondary education, ...
HAUSA (LANGUAGE)
language of the Hausa people. Distributed in Northern Nigeria and adjacent areas of Niger, as well as Cameroon, Dahomey, Ghana and some ...
FRANCE
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
UNIVERSITIES in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(from Latin universitas v totality, community), higher educational and scientific institutions that train specialists in a set of disciplines that form the basis of scientific knowledge. Story …
UKRAINIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukrainian SSR (Ukrainian Radyanska Socialistichna Respublika), Ukraine (Ukraine). I. General information The Ukrainian SSR was formed on December 25, 1917. With the creation ...
NOUN in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
part of speech, a class of full-valued words (lexemes), which includes the names of objects and animate beings and can appear in a sentence...
THE USSR. SOCIAL SCIENCES in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
sciences Philosophy Being an integral part of world philosophy, the philosophical thought of the peoples of the USSR has traveled a long and complex historical path. In spiritual...
THE USSR. PUBLIC EDUCATION in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
education The development of culture and education of the peoples of the USSR has a long history. Back in the 4th-5th centuries. in Georgia and Armenia at churches...
THE USSR. NATURAL SCIENCES in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
sciences Mathematics Scientific research in the field of mathematics began to be carried out in Russia in the 18th century, when Leningrad became members of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences...
MIDDLE SCHOOL OF GENERAL EDUCATION in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
a comprehensive school, an educational institution aimed at providing students with systematized knowledge of the fundamentals of science, as well as the relevant skills and abilities that are necessary ...
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
States of America (USA). I. General information The USA is a state in North America. Area 9.4 million...
SEMITIC LANGUAGES in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
languages, one of the branches of the Afroasiatic, or Semito-Hamitic, family of languages. Distributed in Arab countries (Iraq, Kuwait, states on the southern coast of the Persian...
SELISH LANGUAGES in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
languages, Salish (Salish) languages, a group of closely related American Indian languages (Chehalis, Skomish, Kalispell, Bella Coola, Coeur d'Alene, etc. - about ...
RUSSIAN SOVIET FEDERAL SOCIALIST REPUBLIC, RSFSR in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
PRETEXT in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
a category of function words (or function part of speech) used in many languages (for example, Indo-European, Semitic) to express various relationships between dependent...
PEDAGOGY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(Greek paidagogike), the science of specially organized, purposeful and systematic activities for the formation of a person, about the content, forms and methods of upbringing, education...
MORPHOLOGY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(from the Greek morphe - form and...logy), part of the natural language system that ensures the construction and understanding of its word forms; ...
CHINA in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
HIGHER EDUCATION in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
education, a set of systematized knowledge and practical skills that allow solving theoretical and practical problems in the training profile, using and creatively developing...
ASSYRIAN (NEW SYRIAN) LANGUAGE in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(New Syriac) language, the general name of modern Eastern Aramaic dialects (Urmi, Salamas, Jilu, Tiari, Mosul, etc.), belonging to the family of Semitic-Hamitic languages. On the …
ELEMENTARY EDUCATION in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron.
PASSIVE VOICE
(gram.) - voice (see), indicating that the subject is the bearer of the action expressed by the verb, the starting point of which lies outside the subject. In S....
PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
This term was first used by the French Minister of Public Education Durui, who in a circular on the transformation of secondary education (1863) proposed two...
in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
I Contents: I. Primary public education in general. II. Primary public education abroad: Austria-Hungary, England, Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Holland, Denmark, ...
VERB in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
A verb is a part of speech in Indo-European languages that means a variable quality or property of an object (like an adjective and a noun), but, on the contrary, a known...
UNIVERSITY EXTENSION in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
this is the name of the movement towards democratization of higher education that began in the second half of the 19th century. in England and America and spread to...
ELEMENTARY EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron.
THERMOCHEMISTRY
? department of chemistry that deals with the transformation of the internal energy of bodies into heat during chemical processes. Almost every chemical reaction involves...
PASSIVE VOICE in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
(grams) ? voice (see), indicating that the subject is the bearer of the action expressed by the verb, the starting point of which lies outside the subject. In S....
PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron.
PRIMARY PUBLIC EDUCATION in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron.
ROCKS in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron.

, is a noun formed directly from the verb. Examples: walking(from walk), eating(from eat).

In many semantic and syntactic properties, the verbal noun is close to the gerund (although it is believed that, say, there is no gerund in the Russian language).

From one verbal stem it is possible to form two types of verbal nouns: deverbative of the action name - lat. nomen actionis ( sitting down, transformation, the rescue) and the name of the actor or sender of the action - lat. nomen agentis ( sower, converter, rescuer).

In German there are two types of verbal nouns: substantivized infinitive, or “process name” (examples: sein - das Sein, schwimmen - das Schwimmen etc.) and “result name” in -ung. Most verbs can form both the first and second forms; from “static” verbs, only the first form is usually formed; from “dynamic” verbs, both forms can be formed (the first has a more abstract meaning).

In relation to oriental languages, the verbal noun is traditionally called “masdar” (Arabic: مصدر‎). It is the source of word formation according to the opinion of scientists of the Basri school of morphology. They argue this by saying that it only points to a certain concept or state. It is simpler and more elementary than a verb, which is burdened with a connection with time and the person of the actor. For example: شُكْرٌ غُفْرَانٌ “gratitude” - “ShuKRun” (the concept is not associated with time or with the figure), “forgiveness” - GuFRaanun (also there is not even a hint of an answer to the questions: “when?” and “who?”)

Verbal nouns are widely used in different styles of language:

In socio-political and specialized literature as terms formed in various ways:
- using the suffix -ni-e (-ani-e, -eni-e), for example: concreting, loosening, denationalization, survey, subtraction, addition, coordination, control;
- using the suffix -k-a, for example: masonry, putty(process and result of the process); if there are options of both types ( engraving - engraving, marking - marking, pressing - pressing, grinding - grinding) the first option has a more bookish character;
- in a suffixless way, for example: departure, bench press, burning, measured, reset, if there are options ( heating - heating, roasting - roasting, drain - drain) the forms retain a high degree of bookishness.
In formal business speech, for example: Nomination of candidates has begun; The negotiations ended with the establishment of diplomatic relations; Agreement was reached to extend the agreement for the next five years; Request for leave granted.
In the headers, for example: Launch of the space complex; Showing new films; Presentation of orders and awards; Homecoming. The usual formulation of plan items is phrases with a verbal noun as the main word.

A verbal noun in Russian is the part of speech most similar to the English gerund. Despite the fact that there is no formal gerund in the Russian language, the verbal noun has many common features with it. Nevertheless, the main thing when studying such nouns is not to compare them with similar phenomena in other languages, but to “get to the bottom” of the matter. After all, their history of origin and application can shed light on many questions: not only philological, but also everyday, and even philosophical.