See what "academicians of the USSR" are in other dictionaries. Academy of Sciences of the USSR Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR

Sergei Lebedev is rightfully considered the leading designer and developer of domestic electronic computers. His contribution to this branch of science is compared to the role of Korolev in rocket science and Kurchatov in the creation of nuclear weapons. In addition to scientific work, he was active in teaching and trained many young world-famous scientists.

Childhood and youth

Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev was born on November 2, 1902. His father, Alexey Ivanovich, having graduated with honors from a school for orphans and a teacher's institute, taught in the village of Rodniki, Ivanovo-Voznesensk province. Sergei Lebedev's mother, Anastasia Petrovna, was a hereditary noblewoman. She left her rich estate to also become a teacher.

Sergei had three sisters, one of whom, Tatyana, is a world-famous artist. The parents of the future scientist tried to be a model for their students and children. Such qualities as hard work, decency and honesty were put at the forefront of education. There were a lot of books in the Lebedev house, and the children were instilled with a love of theater, music and folklore.

Sergei's favorite activities as a child were swimming, music, reading, chess and carpentry, which his uncle taught him. Even then he was interested in electrical engineering - he made a dynamo, an electric bell, and a Leyden jar.

After the revolution in 1917, a family of teachers was transferred from one city to another. In 1919, Sergei moved to Moscow with his father, who was entrusted with organizing the production of transparencies for educational and propaganda purposes. In 1921, S. A. Lebedev passed the school exams and was admitted to the Moscow Higher Technical School. N. E. Bauman.

Studying at the institute

During his student years, the young scientist was fond of sports: he went to the mountains, skied, and kayaked. An active lifestyle did not prevent him from doing science - in his graduation project he developed the problem of the stability of the operation of large power plants in a system where consumers and electricity producers were located at long distances.

This was his first serious scientific work, work on which took 2 years. At the age of 26, having defended his diploma at the Moscow Higher Technical University, he became the most competent specialist in this matter.

Work in the pre-war years

The work biography of Sergei Lebedev begins with teaching at the Moscow Higher Technical School. At the same time, he was on the staff of the All-Union Electrotechnical Institute (VEI). Under his leadership, a special laboratory was created, in which the scientist continued to work on his chosen topic. Its difficulty lay in the fact that when designing main power networks it was necessary to make very complex calculations. This prompted the young scientist to develop models of electrical networks and search for new methods for calculating their operating modes.

In 1935, Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev was awarded the title of professor. The basis of his dissertation for the title of Doctor of Science, which he defended in 1939, was a new theory of the stability of energy systems. In 1939-1940 he participated in the design of the Kuibyshev hydroelectric complex. In addition, he was involved in the creation of a device for solving differential equations, and then began to develop an electronic computer based on the binary number system.

The Great Patriotic War

In 1941, Lebedev enlisted in the people's militia, since he was no longer subject to military conscription due to his age. He was not allowed to go to the front, and VEI was evacuated to Sverdlovsk. Work switched to defense topics. In a short time, the scientist mastered aerodynamics and began developing homing aircraft torpedoes, as well as a system for stabilizing a tank gun during aiming.

Like all VEI employees, Sergei Alekseevich worked in logging in the winter. During the evacuation, the Lebedev family was in poverty: they had to live in a dressing room, the children were often sick. In 1943, when the threat of a Nazi attack on Moscow had passed, the institute was transferred back to the capital.

There Lebedev continued his teaching and scientific activities. In 1943, he was appointed head of the Department of Automation of Electrical Systems at the Moscow Energy Institute, and in 1944 - head of the Central Design Bureau for Electric Drives and Automation. In 1945, the scientist was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR.

On the way to the computer

In 1945, the scientist made the first attempt to organize work on the design of digital machines. But the leadership of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks did not take Sergei Lebedev’s idea seriously. Through the patronage of his acquaintances, he was offered to move to Kyiv and head the Institute of Energy, which made it possible to expand this work.

In 1947, this institution was divided into two institutes - thermal power engineering and electrical engineering. S. A. Lebedev became the director of the latter. Here he finally created a laboratory for solving problems related to electronic computer technology.

Even during the design of the Kuibyshev power line, the scientist was simultaneously developing the foundations of the binary number system, but because of the war he had to interrupt his research. At that time, there were no computers in the world. Only in 1942, Atanasov’s computer was assembled in the USA, designed to solve systems of simple linear equations. Lebedev came to his technical solution on his own, so he can be called a pioneer of domestic computer technology. If not for the war, the first computer could have been created in Russia.

BESM and MESM - large and small electronic counting machine

In 1949, S. A. Lebedev began work on designing the MESM. It was conceived as a layout with fixed-point rather than floating-point representation, since the latter option led to a 30% increase in hardware volume. Initially, it was decided to stop at 17 binary digits, then they were increased to 21.

The first circuits were cumbersome, and many components had to be reinvented, since standard reference books on the circuitry of digital devices simply did not exist at that time. Suitable schemes were recorded in a journal. Due to a lack of financial resources, household electronic lamps were installed in the car. Debugging of the MESM went on around the clock, and Lebedev himself worked continuously for 20 hours. In 1951, the first working computer in the USSR and Europe was built. It could perform 3,000 operations per minute, and data was read from a punched card. The area occupied by the machine was 60 m2.

Since 1951, MESM has been used to solve important defense and theoretical problems in the fields of space flight, mechanics and thermonuclear processes. For Lebedev, the creation of this machine was only a step towards the development of BESM. Its performance was 2-3 times higher than that of the MESM, and in 1953 it became the most productive computer in Europe. BESM could work with floating point numbers, and the number of digits was 39.

In 1953, Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev was elected academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and then he was appointed head of the ITMiVT (Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Technology), where he worked almost until his death.

Further developments

Following MESM and BESM Lebedev, more advanced electronic computers were designed (BESM-2 - BESM-6, M-20, M-40, M-50, 5E92b, 5E51, 5E26). Some of them were used in the defense and space industries. The M-20, built using semiconductors, became the prototype for the commercially produced BESM-4.

In 1969, Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev, an academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, was given a very difficult task for those times: to create a computer with a productivity of 100 million operations per second. There were no analogues with such characteristics even abroad. The scientist named his project to create a super-productive computer “Elbrus”, in memory of the peak he conquered in his youth.

The first step towards this goal was the Elbrus-1 computer, which was put into operation after the scientist’s death in 1979. Its performance was still far from necessary - almost 7 times less. The second modification that followed demonstrated 1.25 times greater operating speed than required. The Elbrus computer, a development of Soviet engineers, was 14 years ahead of the first superscalar computer Pentium-I.

Personal qualities

Relatives and colleagues of Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev noted his kindness, modesty, directness and integrity in everything: from everyday trifles to work. He easily found a common language with young people and was respected among students and graduate students.

The scientist never fawned over the authorities, and one of the indicative facts is that when receiving the Order of Lenin in 1962, he sat next to None of the invitees wanted to compromise themselves by communicating with the church leader.

Many friends always came to the Lebedevs’ house, including famous actors and musicians. He never retired to work in his office, but studied in the common room, while talking with the children.

Sergei Alekseevich met his future wife, 16-year-old cellist Alisa Steinberg, in 1927, and 2 years later they got married. The scientist treated his wife with respect and addressed her informally. After the birth of her first child - Seryozha's son - Alisa Grigorievna fell ill and was admitted to the hospital. Lebedev himself cared for the baby and took him to his wife twice a day so that she could breastfeed the child. In 1939, twins Katya and Natasha were born into the Lebedev family, and in 1950 an adopted son, Yakov, appeared.

Lebedev Sergey Alekseevich: awards

For his fruitful work, the scientist received many awards, including the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, the Lenin and State Prizes of the USSR and others.

For his services in the development of Soviet electronic computing technology, Lebedev was awarded the Order of Lenin 4 times during his lifetime, and in 1996 (posthumously) he was awarded the “Pioneer of Computer Technology” medal.

Memory of Sergei Alekseevich

In 1974, after a long illness, the scientist died. Sergei Alekseevich was buried at the Moscow Novodevichy cemetery. Now the ashes of his wife, who survived her husband by only 5 years, and his son also rest there.

The Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Science named after S. A. Lebedev still operates and trains specialists in Moscow. RAS (Russian Academy of Sciences) awards prizes to them every year. Lebedev for the developments of domestic scientists in the field of information systems. Streets in his hometown - Nizhny Novgorod and in Kyiv, where he worked, were also named in honor of Sergei Alekseevich.

The USSR Academy of Sciences was formed by a decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated July 27, 1925, on the basis of the Russian Academy of Sciences (before the February Revolution - the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences). In the first years of Soviet Russia, the Institute of the Academy of Sciences was perceived very ambiguously, as a closed and elitist scientific education. However, in 1918, after negotiations with the then leadership of the Academy of Sciences, which had already been renamed from “imperial” to “Russian,” cooperation with the new government began. Funding for the Academy was entrusted to the People's Commissariat for Education and the Central Commission for the Improvement of the Living Life of Scientists (CEKUB). In 1925, its 200th anniversary was solemnly celebrated. By this date, a new charter was adopted.

Graftio Genrikh Osipovich (1869, (Dinaburg) - 1949, Leningrad) - Russian energy engineer, specialist in the electrification of railways, builder of the first hydroelectric power stations in the USSR, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1932).

Derzhavin Nikolai Sevastyanovich (December 3, 1877, Preslav, now Zaporozhye region of Ukraine - February 26, 1953, Leningrad) - Soviet Slavic philologist and historian, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1931).

Kistyakovsky Vladimir Aleksandrovich (September 30 (October 12) 1865, Kyiv - October 19, 1952, Moscow) - Russian and Soviet physical chemist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1929, corresponding member since 1925).

Lukin Nikolai Mikhailovich (pseudonym - N. Antonov; 07/20/1885, village of Kuskovo, Spasskaya volost, Moscow province (now within the city of Moscow) - 07/19/1940) - Soviet Marxist historian, publicist. He was a leader among Soviet historians in the 1930s.

Mitkevich Vladimir Fedorovich (1872-1951) - an outstanding Russian and Soviet electrical engineer, Doctor of Science, professor, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1929). Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the RSFSR (1938), laureate of the Stalin Prize (1943).

Petrushevsky Dmitry Moiseevich (September 1, 1863, Kobrinovo, Kiev province - December 12, 1942, Kazan) - Russian, Soviet medievalist historian, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1929).

Sukachev Vladimir Nikolaevich (May 26 (June 7) 1880, village of Aleksandrovka, Kharkov province - February 9, 1967, Moscow) - Russian, Soviet geobotanist, forestry specialist, geographer, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1920; since 1925 - USSR Academy of Sciences) .

Fok Vladimir Aleksandrovich (1898 - 1974) - Soviet theoretical physicist. Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1939; corresponding member since 1932).

Chelomey Vladimir Nikolaevich (Ukrainian Volodymyr Mikolayovich Chelomey; June 17 (30), 1914, Sedlec, Russian Empire (now the territory of Poland) - December 8, 1984, Moscow, USSR) - Soviet scientist in the field of mechanics and control processes, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1962 ).

Anichkov Nikolai Nikolaevich (October 21 (November 3) 1885, St. Petersburg, Russian Empire - December 7, 1964, Leningrad, USSR), lieutenant general of the medical service, doctor of medical sciences, professor, academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences and Academy of Medical Sciences, president of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences.

Bakh Alexey Nikolaevich (before baptism - Abram Lipmanovich Bak; March 5, 1857, Laizhevo, Shavelsky district, Kovno province, or according to other sources - Zolotonosha, Poltava province - May 13, 1946, Moscow) - Soviet biochemist and plant physiologist.

Britske Ergard Viktorovich (or Edgard (January 20, 1877 - September 28, 1953, Moscow) - Russian and Soviet chemist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1932), academician of the All-Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (1934).

Vedeneev Boris Evgenievich (December 21, 1885 (January 2, 1884), Tiflis, - September 29, 1946, Moscow) - Russian and Soviet scientist, power engineer and hydraulic engineer. Winner of the Stalin Prize, first degree (1943).

Galerkin Boris Grigorievich (February 20 (March 4) 1871, Polotsk - July 12, 1945, Leningrad) - Russian and Soviet mechanic and mathematician (best known for his results in the field of elasticity theory); Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1935; corresponding member since 1928).

Gamaleya Nikolai Fedorovich (February 5 (17), 1859, Odessa - March 29, 1949, Moscow) - Russian and Soviet doctor, microbiologist and epidemiologist, honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1940), academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1945). Winner of the Stalin Prize (1943).

Nazarov Ivan Nikolaevich (May 30 (June 12) 1906, Koshelevo village - July 30, 1957, Avignon) - Soviet organic chemist.

Nikitin Vasily Petrovich (August 2, 1893, St. Petersburg - March 16, 1956, Moscow) - an outstanding scientist in the field of electrical engineering, welding and electromechanics.

Obraztsov Vladimir Nikolaevich (1874 - 1949) - Russian and Soviet scientist in the field of transport. Winner of two Stalin Prizes (1942, 1943). Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1939.

Obruchev Vladimir Afanasyevich (1863-1956) - Russian geologist, paleontologist, geomorphologist, geographer, prose writer and science fiction writer, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1929). Hero of Socialist Labor (1945). Winner of two Stalin Prizes of the First degree (1941 and 1950).

Orbeli Joseph Abgarovich (Arm. Հովսեփ օրբելի օրբելի օրբելի, March 8, 1887, Kutaisi - February 2, 1961, Leningrad) - Russian and Soviet orientalist and public figure, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1935), Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR and its first president.

Petrovsky Ivan Georgievich (January 5 (18), 1901, Sevsk, Oryol province (now Bryansk region) - January 15, 1973, Moscow) - an outstanding Soviet mathematician and figure in national education. From 1951 to 1973 - Rector of Moscow State University.

Shenfer Klavdiy Ippolitovich (1885 - 1946) - an outstanding Russian and Soviet electrical engineer, inventor in the field of electrical machines, one of the founders of the school of domestic electrical engineers. Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1932; corresponding member since 1931).

Schmidt Otto Yulievich (September 18 (30), 1891, Mogilev - September 7, 1956, Moscow) - Soviet mathematician, geographer, geophysicist, astronomer. Explorer of the Pamirs (1928), explorer of the North. Professor (1924). Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (06/01/1935, corresponding member since 02/01).

Shukhov Vladimir Grigorievich (1853-1939) - Russian engineer, architect, inventor, scientist; corresponding member (1928) and honorary member (1929) of the USSR Academy of Sciences, laureate of the Lenin Prize (1929), Hero of Labor (1932).

Aristarkh Apollonovich Belopolsky (July 1, 1854, Moscow - May 16, 1934, Pulkovo) - Russian and Soviet astronomer and astrophysicist.

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (Russian doref. Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky), (February 28 (March 12) 1863, St. Petersburg, Russian Empire - January 6, 1945, Moscow, USSR) - Russian and Soviet natural scientist, thinker and public figure of the end XIX century and the first half of the XX century. Academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences, USSR Academy of Sciences, one of the founders and first president of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Creator of scientific schools. One of the representatives of Russian cosmism; creator of the science of biogeochemistry.

Ivan Parfenevich Borodin (January 18, 1847 - March 5, 1930) - Russian botanist, popularizer of science, founder of the Russian environmental movement, one of the founders of the ethical and aesthetic approach to conservation and wildlife conservation. He developed the ideas of Hugo Convention on the cultural and moral component of environmental protection. He studied the physiology (mainly respiration) and anatomy of plants, including the distribution of chlorophyll in their green parts.

Abram Fedorovich Ioffe (October 17 (29), 1880, Romny, Poltava province - October 14, 1960, Leningrad) - Russian and Soviet physicist, organizer of science, usually called the “father of Soviet physics”, academician (1920), vice-president of the USSR Academy of Sciences ( 1942-1945), creator of a scientific school that produced many outstanding Soviet physicists, such as A. Alexandrov, M. Bronstein, J. Dorfman, P. Kapitsa, I. Kikoin, B. Konstantinov, I. Kurchatov, N. Semenov, Ya Frenkel, G. B. Abdullaev and others. Hero of Socialist Labor. Lenin Prize laureate.

Vladimir Nikolaevich Ipatiev (November 9 (21), 1867, Moscow - November 29, 1952, Chicago) - Russian-American chemist, lieutenant general, Doctor of Chemical Sciences, professor, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences / Russian Academy of Sciences / Academy of Sciences USSR (1916).

Vladimir Leontievich Komarov (1869-1945) - Russian Soviet botanist and geographer, teacher and public figure.
Corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences (1914), full member (1920), vice-president (1930-1936) and president (1936-1945) of the USSR Academy of Sciences, organizer of numerous branches, botanical gardens and bases of the Academy of Sciences.

Nikolai Semenovich Kurnakov (November 24, 1860, Nolinsk - March 19, 1941, Barvikha) - Russian physical chemist, professor (1893), emeritus professor (1907), Doctor of Chemical Sciences (1909), academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences / Russian Academy of Sciences / USSR Academy of Sciences (1913), winner of the Stalin Prize, creator of physical and chemical analysis.

Alexander Petrovich Karpinsky (December 26, 1846, Turinsky mines, Perm province - July 15, 1936, Udelnoye village near Moscow) - Russian geologist, academician, from May 1917 until the end of his life, the first elected president of the Russian Academy of Sciences (USSR Academy of Sciences from July 1925).

Alexey Nikolaevich Krylov (August 3, 1863, Visyaga, Alatyr district, Simbirsk province - October 26, 1945, Leningrad) - Russian and Soviet mathematician, mechanic and shipbuilder; Academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences / RAS / USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1916; corresponding member since 1914); Professor of the Maritime Academy; General of the Fleet (12/06/1916), General for special assignments under the Minister of Naval Affairs of the Russian Empire (1911). Honorary member of foreign scientific and engineering societies. The founder of the modern Russian school of shipbuilding, later developed by P. F. Papkovich, V. L. Pozdyunin, Yu. A. Shimansky and others.

Author of classic works on the theory of vibration of a ship in waves, on the structural mechanics of a ship, the theory of vibration of ships and their unsinkability, on the theory of gyroscopes, external ballistics, mathematical analysis and mechanics as applied to shipbuilding, on the history of physical, mathematical and technical sciences, etc. Honored worker of science and technology of the RSFSR. Laureate of the Stalin Prize (1941), Hero of Socialist Labor (1943).

Vasily Vladimirovich Bartold (November 3 (15), 1869, St. Petersburg - August 19, 1930, Leningrad) - Russian and Soviet orientalist, Turkologist, Arabist, Islamic scholar, historian, archivist, philologist, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1913), member Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society. One of the authors of the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary and the first edition of the Encyclopedia of Islam.

Pavel Konstantinovich Kokovtsov (June 19 (July 1) 1861 - January 1, 1942) - Russian and Soviet orientalist-Semitic scholar, member of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society.

31.08.1942

Ukhtomsky Alexey Alekseevich

Soviet Physiologist

Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences

Alexey Ukhtomsky was born on June 25, 1875 in the Yaroslavl region. He was the fourth child in the family, and in early childhood he was given to be raised by his father’s lonely sister, Anna Ukhtomskaya.

At the age of 13, Alexey entered the Nizhny Novgorod Cadet Corps, where he became interested in philosophy, psychology, ethics and literature. Later, while studying at the verbal department of the Moscow Theological Academy, his interests included physiology. After graduating from the academy, he abandoned his church career, planning to further study physiology. But the law that existed at that time prohibited graduates of theological academies from entering the natural sciences departments of universities. Ukhtomsky bypassed him by entering the Eastern Faculty of St. Petersburg University as a volunteer student, and a year later he transferred to the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the same university to study physiology.

In 1902, the future scientist met Professor N.E. Vvedensky, with whom he later began working on antagonist reflexes.

In 1911 he defended his master's thesis and until 1917 he lectured at the Psychoneurological Institute. In December of the same year, he left for Rybinsk, to his home, to wait out the “time of troubles,” where he occupied himself with reading religious literature and gardening.

At the end of 1918, Ukhtomsky’s house was taken away by the Bolsheviks, leaving the scientist, at the request of the university and the Petrograd Soviet, only two rooms. At the same time, security documents from the Petrograd Soviet saved Ukhtomsky from execution: the execution was replaced by prison.

In January 1920, Ukhtomsky was released, and part of the house and some things were even returned to him, but he never came to Rybinsk again.

In 1920, he headed the laboratory of the Natural Science Institute.

In 1922, after the death of N.E. Vvedensky, became head of the department of human and animal physiology at Petrograd University. In subsequent years, he conducted active scientific work and gave lectures at a number of Leningrad universities.

Ukhtomsky met the Great Patriotic War in Leningrad: together with other scientists, he worked for defense needs and led wartime research on traumatic shock.

Ukhtomsky's main scientific discovery was the principle of dominance - a theory that explains a number of fundamental aspects of human behavior and mental processes. Thanks to his research, the doctrine of dominance went beyond the scope of physiology, becoming a separate direction in philosophical anthropology and psychology. For his scientific research, the scientist was awarded the Lenin Prize, elected a corresponding member, and later, in 1935, a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

In addition to his main scientific activities, he was also well versed in theology, philosophy, political economy, architecture, was a painter and icon painter, spoke seven languages and played the violin.

The outstanding scientist Alexey Alekseevich Ukhtomsky died on August 31, 1942 in Leningrad, besieged by the Nazis.

Message from I.M. Gelfand to the Jews
three years before his death.

Appeal to all Jews living in Russia
(excerpts)

I, Joseph Gelfand I have been living far from Russia for more than 16 years, but I am far from indifferent to everything that is happening there now.

Carefully observing from the outside the development of the situation in the country where I was born and raised, I involuntarily catch myself thinking that you are living on the verge of a major economic and socio-political explosion, which will inevitably lead to a new civil war.

Recently, my friends sent me an interesting article published in a Russian patriotic newspaper on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the formation of the State Duma, which gave a truly merciless analysis of the history of the Russian parliament. The author of the article shows very convincingly anti-people character of modern Russian government and its faithful assistant - the State Duma. Inhuman and reactionary even in comparison with pre-revolutionary laws, impunity plunder of national wealth, total embezzlement and corruption have already dropped Russia to one of the last places among countries with underdeveloped economies. For the first time in Russian history, the demographic threat of extinction of the indigenous population has become catastrophic. scale. And all this is called liberal reform?.. In my opinion, the people who govern Russia suffer from dangerous mental disorders.

After all, if everything is disgraceful, what my fellow tribesmen are doing in Russia, is not real fascism, then what other fascism do you need? should be afraid?

In my opinion, even Hitler could not have caused as much trouble to the Russian people as such “bad guys” as the Gaidars, Abramovichs, Chubais, Friedmans, Feldmans and others have already done. e our relatives, distraught from stolen money. Apparently, they have completely lost their minds and sense of proportion. These swindlers are leading both the country and you to certain destruction.

I lived in Russia for a long time and I can’t wrap my head around How come the Russians still tolerate all this?? I respect the Russian people for their patience and kindness, but every patience has its limit. You have probably already forgotten the horrors of fascist camps, gas chambers and the Holocaust and therefore hope that the Russians will continue to endure the abominations of these “democrats” with dual and triple citizenship. I very much doubt this.

Imagine what will happen to the Jews if the anti-Semitic fire flares up again. After all, who, if not those close to us by blood, relatives "oligarchs" most provoke Russians to anti-Semitic sentiments? Recently, one of the television channels showed a speech by the Prime Minister Russia Fradkova at a government meeting, where the issue of withdrawing super-profits received from the sale of Russian oil from the country’s budget was seriously discussed, naturally, with the goal of filling their bottomless pockets, already bursting with money, even tighter. Even here we did not expect such open cynicism.

Sorry, but this is no longer a symptom, this is a real clinic. Here, abroad, for such a proposal, your prime minister would immediately fly out of his chair, or even end up behind bars.

In Russia, they don’t judge for this, and that’s why some of the Western tycoons are discussing with foam at the mouth plans for dividing Russian rivers, gold, oil and gas deposits, seizing land and industrial facilities. Dreaming is not harmful, as the Russians say. But the houses of these crazy dreamers are far from Russia, and you... what are you thinking about? Don't you have any sense either, or at least our innate Jewish instinct of self-preservation?

Greed will not lead to good. It's time to stop the presumptuous scum from the Jewish mafia, fed up division of Russian wealth, otherwise there will be trouble. I can smell this trouble from a distance.

You, exactly you are hostages of these notorious international criminals, because if something happens, you won’t have time to escape with them.

Don’t believe that nothing can help Russia and that it is doomed to destruction. I grew up in Russia and know its history well. This story suggests that very soon the Russian people will understand who is robbing them and then you will have to flee from warm and familiar places.

The myth of Russian fascism is outright nonsense, which is spread with stupid persistence by our own people.Jewish organizations. You can still change the situation.

Russians won't forgive you know what our common, but, unfortunately, lost sense of reality, relatives are doing to them.

It is difficult for me to understand the reasons that force pathologically gullible Russians to go to the polls and, with the persistence of a masochist, each time choose a new, even more sophisticated enemy and tormentor who strives to rip off their last shirt.

Most likely, simply put, they they make a big fool and in this deception the first violin is played again, our fellow tribesmen who head the press, radio and television.

Do not expect that this deception will last forever, but rather think about the possible consequences and how they can affect your destinies and the destinies of your children. Now the future of many millions of my fellow Jews is at stake, which is in the hands of Kremlin cheaters.

I know that many Jews are intoxicated by the delusional idea of Orthodox Jews about the coming of Moshiach and the world domination of the Jewish race.

Doesn’t the entire historical experience of previous generations tell you that such schizophrenic undertakings ended in only one thing: another mass persecution of the Jewish people? Do not be like the Old Testament Methuselah, carelessly eating fruits not grown by himself, because all this is for the time being!

You understand what I’m talking about now: after all, if the genocide and robbery of the Russian people continues, then sooner or later a new bloodbath may occur and this bath will be worse than everything that was done to the Jews throughout their centuries-old history.

Sincerely yours, I. Gelfand
04/13/2006

About the author:

Israel (Joseph) Moiseevich Gelfand(born September 2, 1913 in the present city of Krasnye Okny, Odessa region) - one of the largest mathematicians of the 20th century, biologist, teacher and organizer of mathematical education (before 1989 - in the Soviet Union, after 1989 - in the United States). Author of more than 800 scientific articles and about 30 monographs; founder of a large scientific school. Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (1940), Professor at Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosov (MSU) (1941–1990), Rutgers University (1990–2009). President of the Moscow Mathematical Society (MMS) in 1966–1970, foreign member of the US National Academy, the Royal Society of London, the French Academy of Sciences and many other academies of sciences around the world.

Honorary member of the Moscow Mathematical Society (1971), honorary doctor (Honoris Causa) of Oxford (1973), Sorbonne (1973), Harvard (1976), Princeton (1977), Uppsala (1977), Lyon (1984) and Pisa (1985) universities , honorary foreign member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1964), American Mathematical Society (AMS) (1966), London Mathematical Society (LMS) (1967), US National Academy of Sciences (NAS) (1970), Royal Irish Academy (1970), Royal Society of London (LSC) (1977), Royal Swedish Academy (1974), Academies of Sciences of France (Académie des Sciences, 1976), Italy (Academia dei Lincei, 1988) and Japan (1989), New York Academy of Sciences (honorary life member of the academy - since 1999), European Academy of Sciences (since 2004 - “fellow”), academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1984, since 1991 RAS; corresponding member since 1953) .

First recipient of the Wolf Prize in Mathematics (1978), the Wigner Medal of the International Union for Group Theory in Physics (Wigner Medaille, 1980), the Kyoto Prize (Japan, 1989), and the Leroy P. Steele Prize for outstanding achievement throughout a career (Leroy P. Steele) Prize for Lifetime Achievement - the highest award of the American Mathematical Society, 2005). Winner of the MacArthur Fellowship (English, 1994). Laureate of the Stalin Prize (1951, 1953), the Lenin Prize (1961), holder of three Orders of Lenin (1954, 1956, 1973), two Orders of the Red Banner of Labor (1963, 1983), the Order of Friendship of Peoples (1975) and the Badge of Honor (1953) , State Prize of Russia (together with S. G. Gindikin and M. I. Graev, 1997).

The USSR Academy of Sciences was formed on the basis of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, which in May 1917 was transformed into the Russian Academy of Sciences. In the first years of Soviet Russia, the Institute of the Academy of Sciences was perceived very ambiguously, as a closed and elitist scientific education. However, in 1918, after negotiations with the then leadership of the Academy of Sciences, which had already been renamed from “imperial” to “Russian,” cooperation with the new government began. Funding for the Academy was entrusted to the People's Commissariat for Education and the Central Commission for the Improvement of the Living Life of Scientists (TsKUBU). In 1925, its 200th anniversary was solemnly celebrated. By this date, a new charter was adopted. The first president of the USSR Academy of Sciences was the famous scientist, geologist Karpinsky, who had previously served as president of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

On November 21, 1991, by decree of the President of Russia, the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) was recreated and the USSR Academy of Sciences actually ceased to exist.

Goals and objectives

Formally, the tasks of the USSR Academy of Sciences were considered to be to promote the full implementation of scientific achievements in the practice of communist construction in the USSR. Identification of the most important directions and fundamental development of science. Coordination of actions was also carried out through regional branches and republican academies of sciences.

In reality, the Academy of Sciences was a kind of elite closed scientific club, which was supported by government funds. Critics noted that, despite the broadest powers and responsibility for all domestic science, during its existence the Academy of Sciences did not come up with a single serious project to reform Soviet science.

The academy's research activities were carried out in a network of institutes, laboratories, and observatories. There were 295 scientific institutions in the network of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

The USSR Academy of Sciences had its own publishing house, a research fleet, and a network of libraries. The USSR Academy of Sciences awarded awards to scientists who made a significant contribution to the development of science. The highest award of the academy is the M.V. Lomonosov Gold Medal.

Composition and structure

The bodies of the USSR Academy of Sciences were formed exclusively on an elective basis. The supreme body is the General Meeting of Academicians and Corresponding Members. For the leadership of the Academy in the periods between sessions of the General Meeting, it elects the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences every 4 years.

The USSR Academy of Sciences had three regional branches: Siberian, Far Eastern and Ural.

Section of Physical, Technical and Mathematical Sciences. Departments: mathematics, general physics and astronomy, nuclear physics, physical and technical problems of energy, mechanics and control processes.

Section of Chemical, Technological and Biological Sciences. Departments: general and technical chemistry; physical chemistry and technology of inorganic materials; biochemistry, biophysics and chemistry of physiologically active compounds; physiology; general biology.

Section of Geosciences. Departments: Geology, Geophysics and Geochemistry; oceanology, atmospheric physics, geography.

Awards

Order of Lenin (1969,1974)

Notes

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Books

National Economy of the USSR for 70 Years, USSR State Committee on Statistics. The anniversary statistical yearbook The National Economy of the USSR for 70 Years contains data on the economic and social development of the USSR during the years of Soviet power. It contains comparisons with 1913,...