Siberian Khanate. Capital of the Siberian Khanate
Siberian Khanate history, culture and annexation to Russia
The Siberian Khanate is a state in Western Siberia, which was formed at the end of the 15th century during the collapse of the Golden Horde.
Its center was originally Chimga-Tura (now the city of Tyumen), another capital was the city of Isker (aka Siber, Siberia, Siberia), which was located on the right steep bank of the Irtysh.
The khanate got its name from the second capital, which in the 15th century was also called Kashlyk.
History of education
Some researchers believe that during the formation and existence of the Golden Horde, the lands of the future Khanate were ruled by the descendants of the Tatar prince Taibug. It was he who formed the Taibuga yurt, on the territory of which the Siberian Khanate was later formed. But not all historians support this version, since there are no documents confirming or refuting this theory.
Others, citing the description of the uluses as evidence, believe that the territory of the Khanate was under the control of the Sheibanids.
Rulers
The first ruler of the ulus was Taibuga, followed by Khoja, Makhmet, Angish, Kasim, the brothers Bek-Bulat and Ediger (who occupied the throne almost simultaneously), Senbakta, Sauskan. All of them were descendants of the first prince and were called Taibugids. Almost nothing is known about them, since information has reached us only orally.
Khan Kuchum photo
Further, more accurate information appears, which is based on reliable written sources, from which it is known that from 1396 to 1406 Khan Tokhtamysh took the throne. The greatest contribution to the development of the Khanate was made by Khan Ibak, who initially ruled the Nogai Horde, and Kuchum. Under their rule, it becomes a powerful state.
Heyday
Ibak is considered the founder of the independent Siberian Khanate with its capital Chimga-Tura. Its territory extended from the Barabinsk steppe to the shores of the Arctic Ocean. How is Khan Ibak remembered in history?
- He defeated the Great Horde, killing its last ruler, Ahmad;
- He united two thrones - the Siberian yurt and the Nogai Horde; He actively intervened in the affairs of the Kazan Khanate (in some sources he is called the “Kazan Khan,” although he not only never occupied the Kazan throne, but never even visited it).
Ibak was a strong ruler, which could not irritate his Nogai patrons. They even removed him from the throne, but under the pressure of the backlerbeks - the highest dignitaries - they returned the Nogai throne to him. Nevertheless, he had enough enemies, and in 1495 he died at the hands of Muhammad from the Taibugid clan. After committing the murder, Muhammad becomes khan and moves the capital to the city of Isker. From this moment on, the state formally becomes the Siberian Khanate with its capital Siberia.
After Muhammad, the throne was occupied by two brothers - Ediger and Bek Bulat, who restored friendly relations with the Nogais. During their reign, a historical event occurred - Ivan the Terrible conquered the Kazan and Astrakhan Khanates. This made a strong impression on Ediger, he hastened to congratulate the Russian Tsar and offered to pay tribute to Muscovy, which Ivan IV did not fail to take advantage of. Why did Ediger do this?
He was well aware that the Shaybanids, sooner or later, having united with the Nogais, would want to regain power in Siberia. Counting on the help of Moscow, he thought to defend the throne, but the calculations turned out to be incorrect, the Russian Tsar was not going to help him. In 1557, the Shaybanids began to act, deciding to restore their power everywhere where they had ruled before.
Very soon they occupied Kyzyl-Tura (the very first capital of the Taibugid state). Having not yet occupied Isker, they first proclaimed Murtaza ben Ibak khan, but since he was old and could not bear the campaign against the capital of the Siberian Khanate, they pinned their hopes on Kuchum ben Murtaza. He managed to capture Isker only in 1563. He executed the Taibugids, brothers Ediger and Bek Bulat. From that moment on, Sheybanid again stood at the head of the Khanate and the era of Kuchum began.
Culture
By the middle of the 16th century, the Khanate entered into relations with Russia. By this time, it occupied a vast territory, almost the entire Western Siberia - from the Ural Mountains to the Nadym and Pima rivers. It bordered on the Perm lands, the Kazan Khanate, the Nogai and “Pieto Horde”. However, it was extremely sparsely populated; during this period, 30.5 thousand people lived in it. The population consisted mainly of Turkic-speaking peoples, more often called “Siberian Tatars,” who led a semi-sedentary lifestyle.
The population was engaged in nomadic cattle breeding - raising horses and sheep, hunting fur-bearing animals, fishing and beekeeping. In settled settlements, pottery production, agriculture, weaving, and metal smelting developed. The state had a feudal system and consisted of numerous small uluses, headed by beks and murzas. The lowest stratum of society - the “black” ulus people were obliged to pay taxes every year and perform military service in the detachments of the nobility. Islam spread among the latter and became the official religion.
Under Kuchum, the state reached economic and political prosperity. 15 cities were formed, which were powerful fortifications.
Wars
The Siberian khans managed to subjugate the Finno-Ugric tribes in the Urals and force them to pay tribute. Kuchum conquered some Bashkir tribes and the Barabins. The army of the Khanate consisted of Tatar detachments, as well as detachments of conquered peoples. It is difficult to talk about the size of the army, but it is known for certain that during the battle on Lake Abalatskoye Mametkul commanded a tumen, that is, an army consisting of 10 thousand soldiers. However, despite the impressive numbers, the detachments were unorganized, which is why Kuchum was unable to stop the Russian invasion.
Warrior of the Siberian Khanate photo
The Tatars' weapons primarily consisted of bows and arrows and edged weapons - broadswords, sabers, and darts. Their strong point in military art was intelligence. They had no equal in setting up ambushes and surprise attacks.
Joining Russia
“To impose tribute on the Khanate, which is headed by Genghisid, and Kuchum is a real Genghisid, is much more prestigious than taking tribute from the Taibugids, but if, like Kazan, you manage to take it, it will be a victory,” so thought the Russian Tsar. While Kuchum was solving internal problems, he regularly paid tribute to Moscow so as not to cause displeasure. But once he had dealt with all internal enemies, he stopped paying tribute and broke off diplomatic relations in 1572. An equally daring act was his expedition to the lands owned by the Stroganovs, where the Tatars killed the Permians - the main tax-paying population.
In 1574, he gave a “letter” to the Stroganovs for the territory where he was allowed to build towns, but at that time it belonged to the Khanate. In 1582, the Cossacks, led by Ermak, a squad organized with the money of the Stroganovs, took possession of Kashlyk, where they behaved like a ruler, imposing tribute and accepting the loyalty of the conquered local princes. However, despite the successful capture, the Cossacks suffered from hunger.
The country's economy was destroyed, food supplies were quickly depleted. The morale of the Cossacks was also undermined by the death of the ataman, who was ambushed by Kuchum and drowned in the river. They fled from conquered Siberia, leaving the country to the mercy of fate. But Khan Kuchum could not take advantage of the happy opportunity that turned up to take the throne again.
At first, Kuchum’s son Ali sat on the throne of Isker, but Ediger’s nephew Seydyak did not sleep, he kicked Ali out and proclaimed himself the new prince. On the other hand, the Russians were not going to abandon the rich lands of Siberia. At the end of 1585, the Russian army advanced to the Ob, set up a town and spent the winter there. At the beginning of 1586, a detachment of archers occupied Chimgi-Tura, and not far from the fortress they founded the city of Tyumen. And in the spring of 1587, Tobolsk was founded near Isker.
Conquest of Siberia by Ermak photo
At this time, Seydyak spent time falconry, having received an invitation from the Russians to a feast, he, suspecting nothing, came, where he was captured. However, Kuchum did not give up and took up guerrilla warfare. Until 1598, he carried out raids on Russian cities, until he died in 1601 at the hands of the Nogais. But even after his death, the war against the Russians did not end. Kuchum's son Ali declared himself khan again.
The first half of the 17th century took place in the struggle for the return of the throne of the Siberian Khanate by the numerous sons of Kuchum. One of the last and serious uprisings occurred in 1662-1664, when Tsarevich Davlet Giray raised the Bashkirs with the goal of capturing all Russian cities, making Tobolsk the capital and taking the throne. This uprising was suppressed with difficulty and harshly. With this, the history of the Siberian Khanate was completed. Soon Siberia was populated by Russians. A stream of servicemen and merchants rushed to the Siberian lands; peasants and Cossacks fled there from serfdom.
Detailed solution to paragraph § 6 on history for 7th grade students, authors N.M. Arsentiev, A.A. Danilov, I.V. Kurukin. 2016
- Gdz workbook on History for grade 7 can be found
Page 42
What were the goals of the reforms carried out in Russia in the mid-16th century?
Reforms carried out in Russia in the middle of the 16th century. were aimed at centralizing the country. During their implementation, the authorities sought to achieve agreement between the interests of the state and the population. The reforms outlined the path for the development of the Russian state as an estate-representative monarchy.
Page 43
How could the situation at the beginning of the reign of Ivan IV influence the formation of his personality?
The situation at the beginning of the reign of Ivan IV could have affected the formation of his personality in a negative way. The war, the cruel actions of the boyars, and murders at the Moscow court formed cruelty, painful suspicion and vindictiveness in Ivan IV himself, despite his education and broad outlook.
Page 43
Which personality traits of Ivan IV do you like and which do you not?
The personality traits of Ivan IV are attractive: the desire for knowledge, education, responsibility as a sovereign. Negative qualities: cruelty, suspicion, vindictiveness.
Page 44
What was the significance of Ivan IV's crowning of the kingdom?
The crowning of Ivan IV was of great importance for strengthening the supreme power. In Rus', the Horde khans and Byzantine emperors, who had unlimited power, were called tsars.
Page 44
What are the reasons for the Moscow uprising of 1547?
Causes of the Moscow Uprising of 1547
The arbitrariness and lawlessness of the boyars fighting for power
Deterioration of the situation of the general population
The rise of the Glinsky family
Fire in Moscow
Page 45
What were the main directions of reforms of the Elected Rada?
The main directions of reforms of the Elected Rada:
Tax policy (increasing the size of the elderly when peasants move from one landowner to another on St. George's Day)
Law and order (tougher penalties for robbers, penalties for bribes)
Limitation of the rights of governors
Administrative and management policy:
The Boyar Duma is the highest authority in the country, all laws are approved by the Boyar Duma,
Final design of the system of central governing bodies - orders: Ambassadorial, Petition, Discharge, Local, etc.
Page 47
Remember what feeding is. Who paid them and in what form?
“Feeding” is the maintenance of the sovereign’s governors by the local population with money and products from this governor and his court.
Page 47. Questions and tasks for working with the text of the paragraph
1. Why, in your opinion, after the death of Vasily III, boyar rule was established in Russia? What consequences did it have?
After the death of Vasily III, boyar rule was established in Russia because his son was only three years old and a guardian council of seven influential boyars was appointed. The consequences of this rule were disappointing: the lives of large sections of the population worsened, leading to the Moscow Uprising.
2. What significance did Elena Glinskaya’s reforms have for the centralization of the country?
Elena's reforms were of great importance for the centralization of the country, especially the monetary reform. As a result of this reform, the Moscow ruble became the only monetary unit for the entire country. In addition, uniform measures of weight and length were introduced.
3. How did Ivan IV spend his childhood? How do you think the struggle of boyar groups for power could have affected the personality of the tsar?
The childhood years of Ivan IV passed in a turbulent environment amid the struggle of boyar factions. This struggle could have had a negative impact on the formation of his personality. The war, the cruel actions of the boyars, and murders at the Moscow court formed cruelty, painful suspicion and vindictiveness in Ivan IV himself, despite his education and broad outlook.
4. How do you evaluate the activities of the Chosen Rada? Do you agree with the opinion that it can be called the first government in Russian history?
The activities of the Elected Rada are assessed positively: the administrative and managerial apparatus has been formalized, punishments for crimes have been tightened, and an increase in the size of the elderly when peasants transfer from one landowner to another on St. George’s Day has been normatively enshrined.
The elected Rada can be called the first government in Russian history.
5. What facts indicate the formation of an estate-representative monarchy in Russia? How did Russian class representation bodies differ from Western European ones?
The formation of an estate-representative monarchy in Russia is evidenced by the following facts: the convening of the Zemsky Sobor - a meeting of representatives of all Russian lands, which was convened over the following years and representatives of almost all segments of the population were invited there. The most important issues for the country were decided at the Zemsky Sobor. In 1556, a reform of local government was carried out: local elected bodies of self-government appeared.
Russian bodies of class representation differed from Western European ones in their all-class nature.
6. Why do you think such an important place in the transformations of the 1550s? took military reform?
Important place in the transformations of the 1550s. Military reform took over because as a result of this reform a regular army appeared, the rights of patrimonial owners (boyars) and landowners (nobles) were equalized.
Page 48. Working with the map
Show on the map the territory that was part of Russia on the eve of Ivan IV’s accession to the throne.
Page 48. Studying documents
Page 48. Studying documents
He could have assessed the time of boyar rule as contrary to God and people.
Page 49. Studying documents
Do you agree with the historian's assessment? Give reasons for your answer.
It is impossible to agree with the historian’s assessment because representatives of all Russian lands, and later of almost all classes, participated in the work of the Chosen Rada.
Page 49. We think, compare, reflect
1. The Zemsky Sobor of 1549 is called by historians the Council of Reconciliation. Who “reconciled” with whom at this council? Why was it impossible to start reforms in the country without this “reconciliation”?
At the Zemsky Sobor of 1549 there was a “reconciliation” between the tsar and the boyar elite, as well as representatives of all classes. Without this “reconciliation” it was impossible to begin reforms in the country because without the approval and support of the majority of the population, the reforms would have been doomed to failure.
2. Historians are discussing the nature of popular representation in Zemsky Sobors, their role in the history of Russia. Below are the main points of view on this issue. Which one seems most correct to you? Give reasons for your answer.
3. What did the officials do in the orders? Write (in a notebook) a first-person story “One day in ... an order” (indicate the name of the order yourself). Conclude what was the role of officials in managing a centralized state.
One day in the Petition Order
I, Ivan Ryty, clerk of the Petition Order, have done such work today. From the beginning of the official hour, he accompanied Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich as he left the palace. Only 14 petitions were submitted. The king returned to the palace at lunchtime. And I am with him. After that he went to his order. I went to the clerk at the Local Order to find out how the petitions sent earlier to this order were considered. It turned out that answers had been prepared for 3 petitions, which I took away. Now we need to convene the petitioners and hand them the answers. Then he began to distribute the petitions submitted today during the king’s exit. It turned out that out of 14 petitions: 8 - to the Rank Order, 2 - to the Ambassadorial Order, 4 - to the Local Order. I wrote it off to the clerks to process the petitions and distribute them according to the orders that the petitioners were supposed to respond to. One petition cannot be considered without the participation of Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich regarding the issue of trade in the Hanseatic Sea.
Office hours are over. I looked at how the clerks wrote and checked the completed papers. After praying, he headed home.
The role of officials in managing the centralized state was very great.
What is common in the process of formation of unified states in Western Europe and Russia:
the need for a strong central government - the formation of a monarchy - autocratic power
STATES OF THE VOLGA REGION, NORTHERN BLACK SEA REGION, SIBERIA IN THE MIDDLE OF THE XVI century.
Materials for independent work and project activities of students
Page 51
Russia is a multinational state. What was the historical fate of the peoples who are now part of it?
After the collapse of the Golden Horde, new states arose in the vast territories it occupied. All of them were at different levels of economic and cultural development. However, what these states had in common was their multinational composition and the desire to preserve the historical traditions of the peoples living in them.
The historical fate of the peoples that are now part of Russia was different, but they all retained their national origin.
Page 57. Questions and assignments to the text of the material intended for independent work and project activities of students
1. What relation did the Kazan khans have to the rulers of the Golden Horde? Were they related?
The Kazan khans had a direct relationship with the rulers of the Golden Horde: these were rulers from the Genghisid dynasty and, of course, they were relatives.
2. What features of the military and economic organization of the Crimean Khanate made it a strong and dangerous adversary?
Features of the military organization of the Crimean Khanate:
defense from land – Or (Perekop) fortress,
protection from the sea - fortresses of Kerch and Arabat,
location of military garrisons in Balaklava and Sudak,
the defense system eliminated the need for a regular army,
military training of boys from childhood,
men from the foothills and steppe regions were drafted into the army in case of war, conducting combat operations in small detachments, suddenly and with lightning speed.
Features of the economic organization of the Crimean Khanate:
Land owned by the khan and his entourage, which was cultivated by dependent peasants
Developed trade due to favorable geographical location
A special tax to the khan's treasury for residents of mountainous regions and trading cities instead of participating in military campaigns
1/5 of the military booty was contributed to the khan's treasury
3. What peoples influenced the culture of the Kazan Khanate? How did this influence manifest itself?
The culture of the Kazan Khanate was influenced by the peoples of the Golden Horde and Volga Bulgaria. This influence was manifested in construction, stone carving, and jewelry. Writing based on slave graphics from Volga Bulgaria.
4. Why did the Astrakhan Khanate experience great external dependence? How did it manifest itself?
The Astrakhan Khanate experienced great external dependence because it was small and squeezed on both sides by two strong neighbors - the Crimean Khanate and the Nogai Horde. It manifested itself in the fact that the khans of Astrakhan were proteges of the Crimea. The main occupation of Astrakhan residents is intermediary trade.
5. What was the peculiarity of the development of the economy of the Nogai Horde? How did this affect the development of its economy?
A feature of the development of the economy of the Nogai Horde was nomadic cattle breeding and transit trade. This had a negative impact on the development of its economy and led to the decline of the Nogai Horde.
6. What was the peculiarity of the state organization of the Siberian Khanate? How did it influence the development of the state?
A peculiarity of the state organization of the Siberian Khanate: it consisted of uluses, which depended little on the khan. This weakened the state.
Page 57. Working with the map
1. Show on the map the borders of the Crimean Khanate by the middle of the 16th century.
2. Using a map, prove that intermediary trade was an advantage of the Kazan Khanate.
3. Find a modern administrative-territorial map of Russia in additional literature or the Internet. Using the map, name the regions of Russia that today are located in the territories of the former Astrakhan Khanate.
Regions of Russia, which today are located in the territories of the former Astrakhan Khanate: the republics of Kalmykia, Stavropol Territory, Krasnodar Territory, the republics of Chechnya, Volgograd Region, Rostov Region, Kabardino-Balkaria, Adygea, Dagestan.
Page 57. Studying documents
Page 58. Studying documents
Name the products included in the Tatar diet. Why do you think they ate a lot of meat?
Products included in the Tatar diet: horse meat, camel meat, beef and lamb, bread, wine, and the common people - crushed millet diluted with water, mare's milk. They ate a lot of meat because they did not engage in farming or gardening, but raised livestock and there was a lot of meat.
Page 58. We think, compare, reflect
2. List the names of the peoples that you came across in the text of the materials for independent work. Think about the importance for these peoples of mutual influence on each other's culture.
Names of peoples that appeared in the text of materials for independent work: Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvash, Mari, Udmurts, Mordovians, Greeks, Armenians, Jews, Karaites, Turks, Nogais, Kazakhs.
For these peoples, mutual influence on each other's culture is of great importance. There is a mutual enrichment of cultures, development of the economy and the state.
The system of government of the Kazan Khanate was more perfect.
Due to historical events over the centuries, Kazan has become the most multinational administrative center in Russia. More than 115 nationalities live in the city alone. Among them, the majority of the population of Kazan are Russians (49%) and Tatars (47.5%), the rest, making up high population figures, are immigrants from Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Chuvashia and other countries.
Bakhchisarai / Crimea
The largest national group is Russians - 68% of the population
In second place in the national composition are Ukrainians, 15.7% of them in Crimea.
The third largest group is the Crimean Tatars, 10.6% of the population.
Other nationalities in Crimea make up up to 4% of the population. Of these, the most numerous are Belarusians 1% and Armenians 0.5% of the population.
From 1 to 5 thousand people in Crimea are such national groups as Azerbaijanis, Uzbeks, Moldovans, Jews, Koreans, Greeks, Poles, Gypsies, Chuvashs, Bulgarians, Germans, Mordovians, Georgians and Turks.
Siberian
The most numerous were Russians (83.8% of the total census population, indicating nationality), the second largest were Tatars, their share in the total population was 8.1%. More than 1% of the total population are Ukrainians and Kazakhs. Less than 1% were Germans, Chuvashs and Azerbaijanis, Armenians, Belarusians, Tajiks, Bashkirs and Uzbeks.
SARAICHIK - the capital of the Nogai Horde
In the center is a palace surrounded by high walls. Its outlines resemble... the Moscow Kremlin. Looking at the plan of the medieval Saraichik, it is impossible not to ask yourself: was it not he who inspired the builders of Belokamennaya?
This city seems to be woven from legends. And, of course, the version that Saraichik became the prototype of the Moscow Kremlin, built much later, is just one of them. However, who knows, who knows...
With Saraichik, you can’t be completely sure that you know where the fairy tale ends and the story begins.
STORY ONE: “Tell me, birds”
One of the khans who ruled in Saraichik had an only beloved daughter. She had an amazing gift - she understood bird language, could talk to birds, and she herself sang no worse than a nightingale. When she sang, migratory birds flocked to her from everywhere. They say that it was then that the first swans and flamingos, pelicans and herons settled on the banks of the Ural River in Western Kazakhstan.
Now the Saraichik settlement is a small museum and historical ruins, some of which will disappear in a couple of years. The fact is that in 1943 the course of the Urals changed so much that most of the settlement was flooded. Now, day after day, the river washes away the banks, the settlement “slides” into the water, taking with it many mysteries, and simply a huge number of artifacts.
STORY TWO: “Treasures of the Princess”
Ancient Saraichik was located at the crossroads of caravan routes; traders from all over the world, knowing the special love of Khan Saraichik for his daughter, brought the best jewelry as a gift to the princess. One day, travelers from a distant country presented her with a golden boat decorated with precious stones.
But soon a terrible grief fell on the khan’s family. The young princess fell ill and died. In desperation, the father ordered seven of his most faithful servants to bury his daughter secretly - in her golden boat, with all the decorations, in a place where no one could find her grave. The servants fulfilled the will of the master, and the khan executed them so that not a single witness to this secret would remain. So the father saved his daughter’s grave from being robbed.
Five centuries have passed, and no one has found that burial. Although many have tried. For example, in 1929 even scientists from London came here. Thanks to an old map, they found a boat... but only nails turned out to be gold - this boat once belonged to Khan Zhanibek.
STORY THREE: “The Celadon Bowl”
In 2007, during excavations carried out on the territory of Saraichik, archaeologists discovered a well dug six centuries ago. And in his wall there is a box with a letter in Arabic. Following it, a jug with coins and a cunning Chinese celadon bowl were found: they say that if poison gets into it, the contents instantly turn red. A real treasure! But not by the standards of Saraichik in its heyday. After all, it was a real rich, developed metropolis.
It is not surprising that it was in Saraichik that copper, silver and gold coins of the Crimea, Northern Iran, the Volga region, Khorezm, as well as medieval states - the Golden Horde, the Crimean Khanate, etc. were discovered. The earliest Sarai coins date back to 1320. Some of them show the ancient Turkic greeting “Kutlug bulsun”.
STORY FOUR: “Pirates of the Caspian Sea, or... the end of the legend”
One of the research groups found an incendiary shell in Saraichik. Right on the roof of the hut. What was it made of? Most likely made of clay and oil. Scientists had seen such clay and ceramic incendiary balls before, but could not figure out their purpose. And then the burnt roof itself “prompted.” Perhaps this is exactly how Saraichik burned down in the 16th century. After all, catapults were known long before the last arson of Saraichik, and pirates could easily bombard the city from the shore.
Yes, yes, pirates. If you believe the records of the chroniclers, not only the Volga Cossacks-ushkuiniki ruled here, but also the Genoese pirates. In general, Saraichik was often robbed: young people were taken into slavery, girls and women into harems, and they did not disdain the destruction of graves. And finally, the traces of the crime were erased with fire. And one day they burned the city to the ground. This was in 1583.
Helpful information
Saraydzhuk, Saraychik, Sarayshyk... It is believed that the city was founded in the 10th-11th centuries by Batu Khan and his brother Bereke. The findings of recent expeditions have shown that in this area traces of the Kipchak period (X-XI centuries) have been preserved - the pre-Mongol “cultural layer”. Located 50 km from the city of Atyrau (Kazakhstan). According to legend, Khan Bereke converted to Islam in Saraichik, after which Islam became the state religion of the Golden Horde. Another legend says that it was here that the epic warriors Er Targyn and Kambar were buried.
According to the all-knowing Wikipedia, the Siberian Khanate is a feudal state that was located in the middle. The indigenous people of the Khanate were the Turks. It bordered with the Perm land, the Nogai Horde and the Irtysh Teleuts. The northern borders of the Siberian Khanate reached the lower reaches of the Ob, and the eastern borders were adjacent to the Piebald Horde.
Is everything so clear?
Oddly enough, there is practically no information about this state formation. All written sources that have survived to this day date back to the period when the Siberian Khanate was annexed. They are mainly memoirs of the Cossacks, collected together by Archbishop Cyprian in 1622. The reliability of this information leaves much to be desired. All subsequent chronicles were compiled to please the Christian church and the ruling dynasty. Any documents that contradicted the official theory were simply destroyed. What is most interesting is that not even a single coin of the Siberian Khanate has survived to this day (apparently, they were hastily collected and melted down, since they went against the generally accepted version). In fact, very cynical manipulations with the history of our state are not new, it happens all the time, and there is no need to look into its depths, just look at how the events of the Second World War are distorted, and this despite the fact that many eyewitnesses of that period are still alive .
And the indigenous peoples of Siberia are against...
When compiling a chronology of the development of our state, historians rely exclusively on written documents. For comparison: when describing the ancient civilizations of the world, scientists often used oral traditions of peoples, their legends, fairy tales and others as sources, and only when it comes to Russia, they stand up and demand irrefutable written documents, and all other artifacts: architecture, They refuse to accept precious jewelry, weapons, not to mention the huge layer of oral information passed down from generation to generation. Why is that? The fact is that all these sources sharply contradict the officially recognized version of history. We will not even take Russian fairy tales, epics and legends as a basis. Let's turn to an independent source - the indigenous people of the Far East and the Russian North. It turns out that they keep information in their legends about who inhabited these territories in ancient times. According to the keepers of ancient culture: Evenks, Chukchi, Yakuts, Khanty, Mansey and many others - bearded white people with eyes the color of the sky used to live here, they taught the ancestors of modern indigenous peoples to hunt, fish, breed deer and other wisdom that allowed them to survive in difficult natural conditions of the north. And there are a lot of similar stories, but scientists prefer not to notice them. As a result, a lot of questions arise, including who populated the so-called Turkic states? Is everything clear about this? It’s not without reason that there is not a single written source of that time.
Well, let’s end our lyrical digression here and get acquainted with the official version of the history of that period and find out how the annexation of the Siberian Khanate took place. Moreover, a literate person himself will catch the inconsistencies and obvious falsifications in this theory.
Türks of Western Siberia: before the Mongol conquest
It is believed that these are the same Huns who originally lived in the China region and subsequently migrated first to Siberia in the 90s BC, and then some of them further west in the 150s AD. This second wave in the fourth century terrified all of Europe. There is practically no information about what the Siberian Khanate was like at the dawn of civilization (the time of its emergence is unknown). However, the historian G. Faizrakhmanov gives a list of the first rulers of this state (Ishim Khanate): Kyzyl-tin, Devlet-Yuvash, Ishim, Mamet, Kutash, Allagul, Kuzey, Ebardul, Bakhmur, Yakhshimet, Yurak, Munchak, Yuzak, Munchak and On- dream. The scientist refers to a certain chronicle that he was lucky enough to study, but there is no reliable data about this document anywhere. Assuming that this list is real, it appears that the rulers held power from the late eleventh century until the 1230s. The last khan on the list submitted to Genghis Khan.
after the Tatar-Mongol conquest
Here again we are faced with limited information. Almost nothing is known about what happened to the Mongols. We can assume that everything was done with little effort. Therefore, the campaign of a small detachment was simply not included in the official Mongolian chronicles. Although the name “Siberia” is mentioned in their documents, it means that Genghis Khan still conquered this state. Official chronicles (for example, Peter Godunov) say that after Genghis Khan conquered Bukhara, Taibuga begged him for an inheritance along the Ture, Irtysh and Ishim rivers. The descendants of this Taybugi continued to own these lands. According to the chronicle, Taibuga was the khan of a small nomadic detachment that joined the army of Genghis Khan.
New dynasty
So the old dynasty of the Ishim Khanate was interrupted, and a new ruler appeared. At this time, a new capital of the Siberian Khanate arose - Tyumen, which can be interpreted as “tumen”, that is, “ten thousand”. Apparently, Taibuga undertook to deploy an army of ten thousand from his possessions. This is where the information about the Khanate ends. True, the historian G. Faizrakhmanov, again referring to an unknown chronicle, gives a new list of rulers of this state: Taibuga, Khoja, Mar (or Umar), Ader (Obder) and Yabalak (Eblak), Muhammad, Angish (Agai), Kazy (Kasim ), Ediger and Bek Bulat (brothers), Senbakta, Sauskan.
Tokhtamysh and the Siberian Khanate
The Great Khan of the Golden Horde came from the Blue Horde, which was adjacent to the Tyumen yurt. After defeat in the Battle of Vorskla, he fled to Western Siberia. There is no information about what he was doing here; most likely, he headed the Siberian Khanate. What happened next, one can only guess; for two hundred years, rulers replaced each other. More or less reliable information appears with the coming to power of Khan Kuchum in 1563.
Conquest of the Siberian Khanate
On May 30, 1574, the prototype of a modern geopolitical mission was born in the capital of the Russian state. Ivan IV issues a charter to the Stroganov clan (within the framework of this article we will not consider the political reasons and behind-the-scenes games preceding these events) for possession of lands that must first be conquered. And so begins the epic of Ermak Timofeevich, who led military campaigns in these lands. We will not describe this company; it is well described in the traditional version of the history of our country. Let's just say that the Siberian Khanate was officially conquered in 1583. However, he goes underground and continues to wage a guerrilla war against the invaders, as a result of which Ermak dies after being ambushed by the khan’s troops in 1584. But this can no longer save the Khanate. In 1586, a detachment of archers sent from the metropolis completed the work begun by Ermak.
Peoples of the Siberian Khanate
To summarize, we should once again ask ourselves about the peoples who inhabited this state. Was it a Turkic population? Maybe the official version is hiding the truth from us?..
