Examples of ready-made social studies essays. Ready-made mini-essays on social studies

The essay is a unique literary genre. Essentially, this is any short work written privately on any issue. The key feature of the essay is its author’s design - in contrast to scientific and journalistic styles, which have strict stylistic specifications. At the same time, essays are ranked lower than works of art.

Terminology

We can briefly formulate the following definition of an essay: it is a substantiation of a person’s personal point of view in writing. Nevertheless, it is worth considering that a work of this literary genre does not pretend to be the basis of the issue under consideration or its exhaustive information source. Such an essay contains the author's conclusions and conclusions. Therefore, the sample of its writing and requirements are only recommendations or a set of rules (applies to the latter), and the main part should be occupied by your thoughts.

Historical reference

Essay comes from the French "attempt", "trial", "essay". And this genre also originated in this beautiful country, back in the Renaissance. The French writer and philosopher first tried to write “about everything and nothing, without having a preliminary topic or plan of action.” He claimed that he liked to temper the boldness of his thoughts by adding mildly questioning "maybes" and "probably" to his sentences. So “possibly” became an expression of the formula of essay writing in principle. Epstein, in turn, defined this genre as a kind of meta-hypothesis, with its own original reality and way of depicting this reality.

Differences from the novel

The essay genre developed in parallel with the novel genre. The latter, however, is more familiar to Russian literature, especially classical literature. The essay, in turn, had a huge influence on Western prose.

Unlike a novel, an essay is monologue and represents the individuality of the author. This narrows its scope as a genre, and the picture of the world is presented in an extremely subjective way. At the same time, the essay is inevitably interesting because it reveals the inner world of a specific person, not fictional, but entirely real - with his advantages and disadvantages. The style of such a literary work always contains the imprint of the human soul. The novel reveals the characters of all the characters and heroes who came from the pen of the author, no less interesting, but virtual, unreal.

Why write essays?

On the eve of exams, students and applicants often have the question of how to write an essay. A sample of writing this type of work is also often searched for, and it is worth saying that finding it is not difficult. But why write it in principle? There is also an answer to this question.

Essay writing develops creative thinking and written expression skills. A person learns to identify cause-and-effect relationships, structure information, formulate what he would like to express, argue his point of view, illustrating it with various examples, and summarize the material presented.

Typically, essays are devoted to philosophical, intellectual, moral and ethical issues. The latter is often used to assign essays to schoolchildren - they are not subject to strict requirements, citing insufficient erudition and unofficial presentation of the work.

Classification

Conventionally, essays are divided according to the following criteria:

• By content. This includes artistic and artistic-publicistic, historical and philosophical, spiritual and religious, etc.
• According to literary form. Among them may be letters or a diary, notes or reviews, lyrical miniatures.
• According to the form. Such as: descriptive, narrative, reflective, analytical, compositional and critical.
• According to the form of description, they distinguish between subjective and objective. The first reflect the personality characteristics of the author, the second are aimed at describing an object, phenomenon, process, and so on.

Distinctive features

An essay can be “identified” by the following characteristics:

• Small volume. Typically up to seven pages of printed text, although different schools may have their own requirements for this. In some universities, an essay is a full-fledged work of 10 pages, while others value a brief summary of all your thoughts on two pages.
• Specifics. An essay usually answers one specific question, which is often formulated in the topic of the assignment. The interpretation of the answer is subjective and contains the author’s conclusions. Again, depending on the specification of the essay, it may be necessary to consider the issue from all angles, even if half of the opinions described are in no way directly related to the author.
• Free composition. The essay is distinguished by its associative narrative. The author thinks through logical connections, following his own thinking. Let us remember that the essay reveals his inner world.
• Paradoxes. Moreover, the phenomenon of paradoxes takes place not only in the text itself, but also in the principles of the essay itself: after all, this literary genre, although presented in a free narrative, must have semantic integrity.
• The consistency of the author's theses and statements. Even if the author is a contradictory person, he is obliged to explain why he cannot choose one point of view, and not lose the thread of the narrative, either breaking it off or starting again. Ultimately, even diary pages converted into essays are framed by literary norms. After all, the final essay will be read not only by the author himself.

How to write an essay?

A sample of work can be confusing to a beginner: one or a couple of examples will be of little help to the author who cannot understand what is actually required of him.

First of all, it is worth mentioning that to write a so-called essay, you must be fluent in the topic. If, when writing, you have to turn to many sources for information, the essay ceases to be such. This rule comes from the fact that in his “test” the author expresses his true point of view, although, of course, he can emphasize it with quotes from great people, etc. Of course, for the data to be reliable, it is necessary to check it. But the essay is written not on the basis of the material, but starting from it, arriving at its own conclusions and results.

Why do you have problems with writing?

Many students struggle to find a sample essay due to the fact that schools do not devote enough time to writing this type of work. School essays, although classified as this genre, and some teachers formulate assignments using this particular terminology, still do not have a specific specification. As mentioned earlier, school essays are not even always labeled as such. In secondary schools, children are just beginning to learn to formulate their thoughts in a literary format. This is why many people come to take the test with fear - they have to express their point of view in a short time, while they are completely unable to do so.

Essay structure

Essay topics are usually presented in the form of quotes from famous people, with whom the writer can agree or disagree, arguing his opinion.

That is why it is recommended to start an essay with the words “I agree with this opinion” or “I cannot say that I think the same as the author”, or “this statement seems controversial to me, although on some points I join this opinion” .

The second sentence should contain an explanation of how the statement was understood. You need to write from yourself - what, in the opinion of the writer, the author wanted to say and why he thinks so.

The main part of the essay is a detailed presentation of the author’s point of view, according to the principle “I think so because...”. You can seek help from other quotes and aphorisms with which the writer agrees.

Conclusion of the essay - results of the work. This is a mandatory item that makes the work complete.

Let's look at the main subjects on which essays are written.

Social science

Social science - the subject of study of which is a complex of social sciences. The close relationship of social teachings is considered, and not each of them separately.

So, a social studies course may include:

• sociology;
• political science;
• philosophy;
• psychology;
• economy.

The basics of these disciplines are studied.

A sample essay on social studies is often necessary for graduates when writing the Unified State Examination. The structure of this essay fully corresponds to the structure given above. When testing their knowledge, students can be given as a topic statements by famous philosophers, sociologists and other figures in the social sciences.

Below is a sample essay on social studies (in brief).

Topic: "Laws are silent during war. Lucan"

“After reading this statement for the first time, I decided that I absolutely agreed with this statement. But a little later it occurred to me that this quote, like almost everything in our world, is not so simple.

I associate with Lucan’s statement another well-known aphorism - “In love and in war, all means are fair.” Probably because many unconditionally follow this rule, considering it true, and it turns out that in wartime all laws prefer to remain silent.

But there is another side to the coin: during war, the very law of war applies. "Kill or be killed." And glorious heroes follow the laws that their hearts tell them. In the name of loved ones, relatives and friends.

So it turns out that war creates new laws. Tougher and more uncompromising than peacetime.

Of course, I can understand Lucan: all his quotes suggest that this man had a pacifist point of view. I also consider myself peace-loving. But this particular statement does not pass logical verification on my part, so I cannot say that I agree with it."

On the Unified State Examination itself there is a limit on the number of words in interval form. It is very important to adhere to them, otherwise even a clearly verified essay structure will not pass the examiner’s verification.

Story

History is considered one of the sciences about society and nature. Despite the fact that they adhere to the division of this discipline into two separate ones: the world one and the country in which they are studying, the basics of writing essays for both subjects are similar to each other.

When choosing topics for writing an essay on history, they can often deviate from aphorisms and quotes. With equal success, this could be reflections on the global consequences of wars, an assessment of the actions of the notorious Decembrists or dissidents, or the author’s opinion on any historical figure or phenomenon. To write an essay on history, a student (or applicant, or student) must have solid knowledge on a given topic. At the same time, a sample essay on social studies is not suitable as an example, because this discipline often examines moral and ethical issues. Although writing an essay on this subject requires sufficient erudition in many areas.

But an important question is how to format the essay. A sample historical essay in its structure, again, does not deviate from the given rules. However, additional requirements may be imposed on it in the form of a list of references and a title page.

Writing an essay on history

Even if a sample history essay is not at hand at the moment, you can write an excellent essay by following these rules:

• To begin with, information is sought on a given topic: even if it is familiar, it does not hurt to repeat the material.
• Next, you need to structure it, identify cause-and-effect relationships, and roughly outline a plan according to which the reasoning will move forward.
• It is important to think through arguments and counterarguments.
• Regarding the style: it is better to ask the teacher which one is recommended to use. In rare but possible cases, it is necessary to write in a scientific style.
• Do not forget about the conclusion (the importance of the results of the work is described in the description of the essay structure).

Russian language

An essay in the Russian language is somewhat similar to a school argumentative essay, but on knowledge tests such as the Unified State Exam, it includes a larger number of writing rules. This is where its complexity lies.

The essay must be written according to the text proposed by the examiners, therefore it is necessary:

• Identify the problems of this text.
• Describe aspects of this problem.
• Argue your point of view about what the author wanted to say.
• Draw conclusions.

As you can see, a clarification is added to the usual structure of the essay: the topic (in this case, the problematic) is identified by the writer and formulated by him. In addition, when checking an essay in the Russian language, more attention is paid to speech, grammatical and punctuation errors. Additional points in favor of the author in the eyes of the examiner are added when using literary arguments, well-known examples, and so on. Consistency also plays an important role in this case. The Russian language essay sample must strictly follow all the above requirements.

English language

In the language in post-Soviet countries where it is not native, they completely deviate from the rule of giving a statement or quotation as a topic. When translated into Russian, they are often very simple, and the writing of the essay itself is aimed at testing the use of a foreign language when expressing your thoughts.

Much attention should be paid to grammar, different tenses, complex constructions, and synonymization of simple words.

Essay in English: classification

Essays in English are usually divided into three types:

• “for” and “against” any phenomenon that represents the topic of the essay;
• an opinion essay, in which it is very important to look at the topic from different angles;
• proposal for a solution to a problem (often they give something global).

Writing an essay in English

And so I was given a specific task: to write an essay in English. An example of how this can be done is provided below.

• Use introductory words: moreover, indeed, generally, mostly, usually, recently, besides.
• Insert template phrases with which you can start a paragraph: to begin with, doubtless, one argument is support of.
• Use English clichés, set phrases, idioms, phraseological units and sayings: long story short, one cannot deny, one does not simply, nail drives out nail.
• Don’t forget how you can formulate a conclusion in English: in conclusion, I can say that although , so it’s up to everyone to decide whether … or not.

Decor

Above we outlined in detail how to write an essay correctly. The sample, although formally only one was provided, reflects the essence of what is happening and what the inspector wants to see in the opus handed over to him.

But after the essay has been written, a problem arises with its design.

Typically, this specification is clarified by the teacher. And the obstacle lies specifically in how to design the title page of the essay.

A sample is presented below.

At the top of the page, in the middle, line by line:

Ministry of Education and Science (country name),

full name of the higher educational institution,

faculty,

In the center of the sheet:

discipline,

essay topic.

On the right side of the page:

student(s) of the group (group name),

Full Name.

Bottom of the page, middle:

city, year the work was written.

From which it follows that it is not difficult to design a title page in an essay (the sample shows this very well). The requirements are close to the same abstract specification.

For example, if you look at a sample history essay, you can make sure that in this case the work is written on the basis of the sources used. So sometimes a bibliography is required. But even this does not bring particularly difficulties in the way the essay is formatted. The sample for writing a list of used literature is the same as for reports, abstracts and other similar works.

For example:

Ratus L. G. "Philosophy in the New Age." - 1980, No. 3. - P. 19-26.

Mishevsky M. O. "Historical influence of psychology." - P.: Mysl, 1965. - 776 p.

Kegor S. M. "Horror and Awe." - K.: Republic, 1983 - 183 p.

Yarosh D. "Personality in the concept of society." - M.: Roslit, 1983. - 343 p. (All sources provided are fictitious and represent only an example of their design.)

Conclusion

At the beginning of the article, a detailed classification of essay types was provided. To summarize, we can identify its simplified section, taking into account all those mentioned here. So, let’s conditionally highlight:

• Essays that are written when passing the Unified State Exam (have clear boundaries of volume, up to the number of words, are written within a strictly specified time frame, measured in hours or even minutes, do not have a specification in the form of a title page and bibliography, in turn, are divided by subject, depending from the academic discipline).
• Essays written by students of various universities (the volume is determined in pages, from two to seven, the deadlines are allocated based on the frequency of classes, seminars, lectures, and are drawn up in accordance with the above information along with a title page and a list of sources used).

The article contains: terminology, history, essay design, sample work, structure and requirements. All this will help you successfully write and format this work.

Indeed, not every applicant has literary talents and can fully demonstrate their creative abilities in a limited time in the right place - here and now! See our sample social studies essay.

Let us remember that, according to the Unified State Examination in social studies, almost four hours. We take at least 0.5 hours to work on the final draft of Part 1, at least 1 hour to work on the draft, and at least 1 hour to work on Part 2. What remains? Just 1.5 hours for CREATIVITY. Therefore, having received a quote, you need to work accurately and clearly, fulfilling the verification CRITERIA!

Just 1 hour for creativity!
Knowing the pattern and real-life examples is the key to success!Get ready today!

Those who know different approaches to essays win!

Criterion 1 (K1) – The meaning of the statement is revealed. The expert sees your understanding of the thoughts expressed by the author. If this criterion is not met, your essay will not be reviewed!

Criterion 2 (K2) – The selected topic is revealed based on relevant concepts, theoretical principles and conclusions. In your essay you use

Criterion 3 (K3) – Quality of argumentation of one’s point of view. You have a point of view on the problem raised by the author, and justify it with the help of examples from your life, social facts, media information, knowledge from

We have already covered one of the essay writing templates in. Today we will bring you another one. The more templates you have in stock, the greater your chances of successfully completing this Unified State Exam task! Let's look at another example of a social studies essay.

Here is the problematic statement being discussed today:

If a person has a “why” to live, he can withstand any “how” (F. Nietzsche)

We fulfill the criteria immediately!

Criterion 1 (K1) – The meaning of the statement is revealed:

The great German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche in his statement expresses his attitude towards the value of human life. He believes that living conditions are secondary, the main thing is the pursuit of the goal.

We show our INTELLIGENCE. This is one of those thinkers whose phrases are most often presented for discussion (along with Churchill, Aristotle, Voltaire, Franklin, Pushkin). I think you need to know some information about this figure.

The great German philosopher, composer of the 19th century, author of the works “Thus Spoke Zarathustra”, “Human, All Too Human”, and the theory of SUPERMAN.
One of the most controversial thinkers in history.

In light of Nietzsche's conditions of life, his influence on modern philosophical and political thought, as well as the historical events of the 19th century, this phrase seems very relevant to me.

We demonstrate our attention to history and interest in the quote. Then, we go through knowledge of the author’s personality:

Nietzsche entered the history of philosophy as the great Blind Man. All his life he suffered from gradual loss of vision. He ended his life in terrible pain, completely blind. This did not stop him from writing a number of outstanding philosophical works, for example, Thus Spoke Zarathustra.

From the course of social studies we know that a person is a biosocial being with thinking and speech. Life is a form of activity of any creature, which in humans manifests itself in activity. Human activity, unlike other animals, is goal-oriented, not instinctive. Therefore, when asking the question “why” a person should live, he means the purpose of his life.

We reveal the meaning of the quote using a historical example - living conditions are terrible (pain, blindness), but the goal has been achieved! We demonstrate knowledge of the basic social science terms necessary for reasoning on this quote - (proceed to criterion 2).

The key idea of ​​Nietzsche's works is the idea of ​​the “superman”. This is a political giant, a leader who challenges the base interests of the crowd. He sets high spiritual ideals before her, subjugates her, and leads her along. Many see in the works of Nietzsche a philosophical justification for the formation of totalitarian ideologies and statesXX century, fascism.

Once again about mini-essays. Social studies assignment 29.

Essay As a genre, the essay began to spread relatively recently, but it has already firmly established itself as a form of passing the final exam: essays are written on the Unified State Examination in Russian, in social studies; in the form of an essay, a historical portrait is written on history. What is an essay , what are the features of this genre, by what rules is it written? Let's try to figure this out.

“Essay” is a foreign word. It came to us in Russian from French and translated means “attempt, trial, sketch.” As you can see, the meaning of the word is quite broad - this is just a test of the pen, and at the same time already an essay. So the word itself contains so much that is complex and unpredictable, the features of an essay can be interpreted in so many different ways, that students sometimes simply do not know what the teachers require of them, or how to write this very essay.

And yet it’s not all that scary. The very meaning of the word already contains some help to our graduates. And no matter how you paint everything in detail, how an essay should be written on a particular subject, we must not forget that the essence of the essay is freedom of creativity . Yes, exactly freedom. Of course, the graduate must write an essay in such a way that the testing teacher sees all the reasons for assigning points according to one or another criterion. However according to form essays can be very different. And here no one can shorten the flight of creativity in children! Be creative, express your thoughts, show what interesting people you are, what a huge amount of knowledge you have!

An essay on a specific subject has its own characteristics. On the pages devoted to essays in Russian language and social studies, I note what they are. Now I want to dwell on the general features of the essay.

Features of the essay as a genre of writing

The main thing in the essay - these are transmissions of the author’s thoughts, feelings, his attitude towards what he writes about.

Free composition and presentation . However, we must remember that freedom of composition is necessarily combined with internal logic and subordination to the general idea.

Peculiarities style : imagery (that is, the widespread use of artistic means of expression), aphorism (the use of quotes, famous expressions, proverbs, sayings, phraseological units)

To support his thoughts, the author of the essay gives vivid examples, uses various associations, and selects analogies.

For an essay, interesting conclusions, non-standard approaches to solving a problem, and unpredictability are desirable.

The essay is dominated by author's assessment the subject of discussion, emotion, how it differs from an essay, in which the foreground is a combination of analysis of the work and the author’s reasoning on this matter.

Individuality should be manifested in everything in the essay: in the approach to the problem, the author’s position, presentation style, and form. This is the main essence of the essay - to show your vision of the problem, your view of the world in general, to show your creativity.

Essay , Thus , this is a small prose work of the journalistic genre, characterized by the author’s clearly expressed position on the issue under consideration; in the essay, the author does not pretend to exhaustively disclose this issue.

29.3. Economy.

“The main use of capital is not to make more money, but to make money for a better life.”

(Henry Ford)

Sample answer.

So, money is a commodity of a special nature, which is a universal equivalent for purchase and sale. We all know this well. But let's pay attention to the key word - “product”. Yes, this is just a product, and it should be treated as such.

Money performs important functions in the economic life of society: it is both a measure of value and a means of circulation, payment for accumulation, and it is also the function of world money. Today there are different types of money: cash and non-cash, full-fledged and full-fledged. Money can be electronic, stored not only, as before, in wallets and savings banks, but also on smart cards. In general, humanity, developing all spheres of society, is improving money itself. But their main role remains unchanged - to contribute to the development of society and people, to create a comfortable life. The main thing is not to cross the line beyond which a person becomes a slave to money.

Arguments.

1. Money, if it becomes the goal of a person’s life, destroys him as a person. A striking example of this is the landowner Plyushkin from the story by N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls". Getting rich became his goal in itself. He lost his family, loved ones, turned his back on everyone. And what is the result: “it’s either a man or a woman” - that’s how Chichikov saw him. His estate is desolate. The peasants are on the verge of survival, and he himself has lost the concept of the value of things - for him a piece of paper, a stale piece of bread, a barn full of rotting grain - everything is important and expensive. But Plyushkin is one of the richest landowners to whom the hero went, and he lives like a beggar. This is a vivid example of how money takes power over a person’s soul, turning him into its slave. Is it necessary to save up and “make” them for such a life?

2. Today everyone strives to be a financially secure person. The main thing is that you need to clearly understand what capital is needed for: for personal development, for creating decent conditions for life and rest for a person and his family, for the benefit of the state - each of us must work for this. How many millionaires today are charitable, allocating a sufficient part of their capital to help those in need!

An example is the charitable activities of billionaire A.B. Usmanov, founder of the Metalloinvest holding. A.B Usmanov ranks fifth in the list of rich and influential businessmen in Russia at the end of 2017.

Thus, he personally and his companies donated about $120 million for the development of the Thousand Cities of Russia project. Usmanov’s charitable foundation “Art, Science and Sports” was created specifically to support talented young people, giving them the opportunity to conquer heights in science, sports, and art. More than $30 million was spent on the purchase of Mstislav Rostropovich’s collection alone, so that it would remain in Russia. Yes, you can make a lot of money, be a wealthy and influential person, and at the same time be respected in the country for your good deeds.

Conclusion.

Thus, G. Ford was right when he raised one of the most important problems of the time - the role of money in the lives of individuals and society as a whole. It is necessary for money to serve people, to be the material, economic basis that would allow them to create decent living conditions, satisfy needs, develop, and move forward. By the way, Henry Ford himself made the words “A car for everyone” his company motto; his factories produced the cheapest and most accessible cars at the beginning of the 20th century.

29.1.Philosophy.

“The value of a religion is determined by the quality of the morality embedded in it.”

The main idea of ​​the quote.

Michel Houellebecq's statement contains an idea about the moral basis of religion. The author notes that religion should be built on high moral principles, serve the formation of human morality, only then will it be valuable to society. I agree with the author's statement. Indeed, religion should form the best qualities of an individual, unite the people, serve goodness and justice, and not create enmity between peoples. I will prove what has been said.

Terms. Theoretical background.

Religion is a belief in the supernatural, in God or gods. The religious views of people over the period of historical development have undergone changes - from paganism to monotheism, that is, faith in the One God. Some religions are national, since their believers are either the population of one state (Confucianism - China) or representatives of one nationality (Judaism - Jews). Other world religions (their tri-Buddhism, Christianity, Islam) are not associated with a specific state or nationality. They are spread all over the world and have a large number of believers. All religions are united by their functions, the main of which are educational, ideological, socializing and regulating. Religions help in the formation of high moral qualities of an individual: kindness, compassion, mercy, decency and many others. However, some people and groups are trying to use religion as a means for national hatred, chauvinism, reaching the point of religious fanaticism and terrorism. Society and the state are fighting such manifestations.

Argument No. 1.

Faith in God can cleanse a person’s soul, help him understand himself, realize his mistakes and start life anew. This happened with the hero of the novel F.M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment” by Rodion Raskolnikov. Having committed a terrible crime, killing an old pawnbroker and her sister, it was through faith in God, through the love in him of Sonya Marmeladova, who helped him in this, that he realized how monstrous his crime was and the very theory according to which a strong personality can kill others for the sake of high goals. Faith helped the hero become purer, repent of his deeds, and believe in himself again.

Argument No. 2.

In many sources, including the textbook “History of Russia” for grade 10, edited by A.N. Sakharov, contains information about how Christianity was adopted in Rus' in 988 under Prince Vladimir, what changes took place in the life of the country and in the minds of people. One of the many positive consequences of this event was a change in moral laws. The way of life began to change. The concept of family as a lifelong union of husband and family appeared, and polygamy was condemned. The role of the family has increased and it has become the basis of society. The concept of sin appeared, Christian commandments taught a person to live by them - not to steal, not to kill, not to commit adultery, not to bear false witness, to honor mother and father. All this became the basis of human upbringing. In addition, people began to feel that they belonged to the same religion and country, and the ancient Russian nationality began to form. Christianity has played and continues to play an important role in the formation of personality on high moral principles.

Thus, Michel Houellebecq is right when he touches on the most important problem of the time - the role of religion in the life of society, its influence on the spiritual development of the individual, the formation of the foundations of morality. Only a religion that can positively influence the spiritual life of society is valuable to it.

29.1 .Philosophy.

“To take over a country, it is enough to subjugate the connection.”

The main idea of ​​the quote.

Robert Heinlein's statement contains an idea about the role of communications in society. The author meant that the one in whose hands the connection is able to “take over the country” both in the political sense and figuratively - to take possession of the consciousness, the souls of the people. It’s hard to disagree with R. Heinlein’s opinion. Indeed, any means of communication (and today they are very diverse - telephone, electronic communications, Internet capabilities, media) are capable of influencing public opinion on certain issues, which is why the author writes about the need to subordinate communication in order to influence society. It is no coincidence that, for example, the media are called the “fourth estate.” I will prove what has been said.

Terms. Theoretical justification of the point of view.

The media perform many functions in modern society. Among them are informational, broadcasting, mobilization, educational, educational, socializing. There is no doubt that one of the leading ones is ideological, because the media are capable of promoting certain ideas, views, and forming points of view on certain issues. In this sense, their influence can be both positive, aimed at creation and consolidation, and negative, causing discontent in society, a clash of interests, which can develop into serious unrest. This should be taken into account by everyone involved in the media, feeling their responsibility to society.

Arguments.

1. In the history textbook for grade 11, edited by A.N. Sakharov, in paragraphs dedicated to the October Revolution, the authors, noting the main tasks of the Bolshevik Party in this period, emphasize that one of the leading tasks was to seize the telegraph, which made it possible to keep the situation under control, suppressed the possibility of information leakage, communication between enemies of the revolution with each other to provide joint resistance. This fact testifies to V.I.’s understanding. Lenin and other Bolsheviks emphasized the importance of having means of communication.

2. In the modern world, the role of the media is invaluable, especially with the advent of the Boarding School, when the capabilities of new information technologies have expanded significantly. In the book by I.N. Panarin “Media, Propaganda and Information Wars” noted that the capabilities of the Internet are widely used in all spheres of society. Thus, in education in the Russian Federation today, almost all schools have access to this network, which makes it possible to modernize teaching methods. Of course, as the author notes, there are also negative consequences of Boarding School, like any technical invention. Here the problem of education and training in the correct use of the capabilities of the World Information Network arises.

Conclusion.

Thus, the author of the statement correctly noted the important role of communications in society. To “take over” a country, you need to have such an important tool in your hands as the media. This should force society to increase demands on them and prevent their negative influence.

29.3. Economy.

“An entrepreneur always looks for change, reacts to it and uses it as an opportunity.”

Peter Drucker

The statement of the 20th century management theorist Peter Drucker contains an idea about the essence of successful entrepreneurial activity. The author emphasized one of the prerequisites for the effectiveness of entrepreneurship - the desire to study the market situation, a quick response to them, and the ability to adapt to the needs of the market. It is difficult to disagree with the opinion of P. Drucker. Indeed, only knowledge of the market situation, skillful study of consumer demand and the desire to satisfy it can lead to profit - the ultimate goal of entrepreneurial activity.

Terms. Theoretical substantiation of the position.

Entrepreneurial activity is an activity whose goal is to make a profit. There are many ways to achieve a goal. One of them is taking into account the laws of the market - supply and demand . Demand, that is, the quantity of goods and services that a consumer is willing and able to purchase at a given price at a given time, can rise and fall. An entrepreneur must be able to see fluctuations in demand, understand that it depends on many factors: consumer income, their tastes, seasonal needs, market size, etc. Knowing your competitors and what their products are is also important. The stimulating function of the market is to arouse the desire of entrepreneurs to improve their products using the latest achievements of science and technology. Thus, business requires not only investment of capital, but also knowledge of the market and the processes of the economy as a whole. Argument 1.

The hero of the poem N.V. was very well versed in the needs of his classmates. Gogol's "Dead Souls" by P. Chichikov. His entrepreneurial abilities were already evident in school, when the hero sold his comrades treats that they had previously offered to him. He understood well that the time would come when his classmates would be hungry. That's when he'll sell them food. And how cleverly he painted the bullfinch, also selling it, realizing that something unusual will always interest others. Isn't this a sign of an entrepreneurial spirit - knowing what to make, sell, to whom it needs and at a convenient time, in order to benefit. It is no coincidence that in the future he grew into a real businessman, stopping at nothing to achieve well-being, even before selling dead souls.

Argument 2.

Many economists write about the components of success in entrepreneurship. One of them is called market knowledge. So in the book “Organization of Entrepreneurial Activities” the author is Professor A.S. Pelikh writes that market orientation and the need to study it are very important. An entrepreneur, especially in the initial period of his activity, must also be a marketing specialist. Subsequently, he will turn to professionals to obtain marketing information and conclusions, but he must have knowledge in the field of marketing in any case. Representatives of the Eldorado company and its leader Igor Yakovlev began their activities by studying the needs of the market. The first electronics and household appliances store was opened in 1994 in Samara, and today the Eldorado chain of stores occupies about 30% of the market for this type of goods. Every third washing machine or TV is purchased in these stores. The buyer is becoming more and more demanding of the range, quality of goods, and level of service. All this is studied and taken into account in the company’s work.

Conclusion. Thus, Pieter Drucker raised one of the pressing problems of entrepreneurial activity - the study of market needs. It is necessary to constantly be aware of the changing situation on the market, strive to keep up with the times, and be aware of the latest technical developments in the area in which an individual entrepreneur or firm or company is engaged. The result will be making a profit and satisfaction from your activities. We need to use any changes as opportunities to move forward.

Example of an essay on the topic:
A political party is a union of people who united in order to
to achieve the laws they all need. (Ilyin).

A political party is a public organization fighting for power or for participation in the exercise of power, the goal of which is ultimately to occupy seats in parliament and pass laws,
determining the country's policy.
In addition to the struggle for power, any political party also performs a number of other functions: expressing the interests of certain segments of the population, training and promoting political personnel, participating in election campaigns, nurturing loyal members, and shaping the political culture of citizens.
A characteristic feature of a democratic state is a multi-party system. There can be two parties, as in England or America, or many, as in Russia. This is determined by the traditions of the country. Parties can differ in organizational principles, in ideology, in relation to power, in the type of membership, in the method of activity and in the scale of the political spectrum. The party is a union of like-minded people, which is the bearer of a certain ideology and which is aimed at gaining power. In order to express the interests of as many voters as possible, parties form factions. The backbone of a party is the electorate - voters who regularly cast their votes for a given party in elections.
As a result of the elections, the party receives a certain number of seats in the country's parliament. The more seats in parliament, the greater the opportunity for a party to justify the trust of its voters and influence the adoption of laws in the country. The personality of the party leader plays a big role for voters, because many voters, when voting, are guided not only by the party program, but also associate their expectations with the charisma of a certain leader. Representatives of political parties constitute the country's political elite - a group of people with influence, prestige, and directly involved in decision-making related to political power.
With the collapse of the totalitarian regime in the USSR and the abolition of Article 6 of the Constitution in the Russian Federation, a multi-party system began to take shape. The Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993 proclaimed ideological diversity.
Modern political parties in Russia are United Russia, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, the Liberal Democratic Party, Patriots of Russia, A Just Russia, Right Cause, and the Russian Democratic Party Yabloko. The ruling party is United Russia, which for a number of years has been passing laws in parliament that, in my opinion, contribute to the stabilization of the state and the consolidation of democratic social forces.
Extremist political parties are prohibited in our state.
I am not yet a member of any political party, but I like the program of the United Russia party, so I am going to support this organization in the elections.
A political party, having come to power, adopts the laws it needs, but ordinary voters help the party come to power, so everyone must take an active position in life.

Example of an essay on the topic:
Progress is movement in a circle, but increasingly faster. L. Levinson.

Humanity is in constant motion. Science, technology, and the human mind are developing, and if we compare primitive times and our days, we can see that human society is progressing.
From the primitive herd we came to the state, from primitive tools to perfect technology, and if earlier man could not explain such natural phenomena as a thunderstorm or the change of year, by now he has already mastered space. Based on these considerations, I cannot agree with L. Levinson’s point of view on progress as a cyclical movement. In my opinion, such an understanding of history means marking time without moving forward, constant repetition.
Time will never turn back, no matter what factors contribute to regression. A person will always solve any problem and prevent the extinction of his kind.
Of course, history has always had ups and downs, and therefore I believe that the graph of human progress is an upward broken line, in which the ups prevail in magnitude over the downs, but not a straight line or a circle. You can verify this by remembering some historical or life facts.
First of all, dips in the progress chart create wars. For example, Rus' began its history as a powerful state, capable of outstripping any other in its development. But as a result of the Tatar-Mongol invasion, it fell behind for many years, and there was a decline in culture and the development of life in the country. But, despite everything, Rus' stood up and continued to move forward.
Secondly, the progress of society is hampered by such a form of organization of power as dictatorship. In the absence of freedom, society cannot progress; a person turns from a thinking being into a tool in the hands of a dictator. This can be seen in the example of fascist Germany: Hitler’s regime slowed down political progress, the development of freedom and human rights, and democratic institutions for decades.
Thirdly, oddly enough, sometimes declines in the development of society occur through the fault of the person himself, i.e. associated with scientific and technological progress. Many people now prefer communication with machines to human communication.
As a result, the level of humanity drops. The invention of nuclear reactors is, of course, a great discovery that allows us to save natural energy resources, but in addition to nuclear power plants, nuclear weapons were also created, which brought untold harm to people and nature. An example of this is the nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the explosion in Chernobyl. But nevertheless, humanity came to its senses, realizing the real threat of such weapons: in many countries there is now a moratorium on the production of nuclear weapons.
Thus, the progress of the human mind and society as a whole and the predominance in history of the positive actions of people over their mistakes are obvious. It is also obvious that social progress is not an endless movement in a circle, which, in principle, cannot be considered progress,
but movement forward and only forward.

Example of an essay on the topic:
There is one religion, but in a hundred guises. B. Shaw.

Among the proposed statements, I drew attention to the words of B. Shaw that “There is one religion, but in a hundred guises.” In understanding this issue, I agree with the author.
It is impossible to give an exact definition of religion. There are many such formulations in science.
They depend on the worldview (idea of ​​the world) of the scientists who form them.
If you ask any person what religion is, in most cases he will answer: “faith in God.”
The word "religion" literally means binding, re-turning (to something). Religion can be viewed from different angles: from the side of human psychology, historical, social, but the definition of this concept depends decisively on the recognition of the existence or non-existence of higher powers,
that is, God and the Gods.
Man is a spiritual being, therefore era occupies a very important place in his life. Since ancient times, man has deified the forces of nature, plants and animals surrounding him, believing that through them higher forces influence his life. A magical attitude towards words and movement forced a person to strive to develop his aesthetic (sensual) perception.
Over time, human society developed, and paganism (hetonic faith) was replaced by more developed forms of beliefs. There are many religions in the world. The question arises: why are there so many of them? And who to believe in?
The answer to this question is obvious: people are different, they live in different conditions and different parts of the planet, and perceive their surroundings differently. So different are their ideas about God or Gods, about what a cult (religious veneration of any objects) should be; many provisions of different beliefs, moral norms and rules of worship among different peoples are somewhat similar. I think this is caused by peoples borrowing cultures from each other.
If we consider the historical path of mankind, we can classify religions into: ancient tribal beliefs, national-state ones (they form the basis of the religious life of individual peoples and nations) and world ones (which have gone beyond the borders of nations and states, but have a huge number of followers in the world).
These are the three religions: Buddhism, Islam and Christianity. Also, beliefs can be divided into monotheistic (belief in one God) and polytheistic (worship of many gods).
Drawing a conclusion from the above, faith has always been needed by man as that spiritual principle that allowed him to rise above everyday life. The choice of faith should be free and conscious for every person, since, no matter how different religions are from each other, they are all simply different forms of one thing - the elevation of the human soul.

Block "ECONOMY"

“Entrepreneurial activity serves not only the interests of the individual, but also of society as a whole”

(S. Kanareikin)

Many people have talked, written, and spoken out about entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship in general. This topic is relevant at all times, since entrepreneurial activity has been one of the main sources of income for the population for a long time. But there are very important things you need to know when doing business.

First of all, let's understand the concepts. Entrepreneurial activity or entrepreneurship (now most often called business) is an economic activity aimed at systematically generating profit (for example, by providing services or selling goods). By the word individual, the author means one person. It is compared to the whole society.

It is impossible not to agree with S. Kanareikin’s statement that entrepreneurial activity serves not only the interests of the individual, but also of society as a whole. The author wants to say that entrepreneurship cannot exist without society, it is dependent on it, it exists at the expense of society. The more interest the entrepreneur’s activities attracts among consumers, the greater the profit the enterprise receives. This can be seen using the example of the Russian energy company Gazprom. There is probably no person who has never heard of it. The services of this company are used by millions of people around the world, that is, their activities are in great demand. You can also consider an ice cream stand on the street. Ice cream is a seasonal product; it is popular only during the hot season. Naturally, Gazprom's profits will be greater. An endless number of such examples can be given. The success of an enterprise depends on the number of consumers. That is why, before organizing his entrepreneurial activity, a person must be sure of the demand for the services provided so that the profit is maximized.

Economic competition is not war, but competition in each other's interests.

(Evin Cannan)

I agree with Alvin Cannan's statement that economic competition is not war, but competition in each other's interests. The word competition means competition, competition for the right to be the best at something, to have something special. That is, competition is a competition, the achievement of a goal by two or more contenders. Healthy competition exists in any society, in every area. And people do not view competition as a negative side of human relations. On the contrary, sometimes this type of rivalry is encouraged. So why shouldn't competition be considered war?

First you need to understand the difference between the concepts of war and competition. War implies a struggle, military actions directed against each other, to destroy the opponent. War is always negative, destruction. Competition is the same struggle, but not with the goal of destroying your opponent (both morally and physically), but a struggle to obtain some benefit, and by identifying the strongest of the rivals. Most often, competition occurs in the economic sphere. So, if two or more companies are competitors, then each of them tries to offer more favorable conditions for its customers, win their favor and gain markets. If it were not competition, but war, firms would not strive to improve their products, but to destroy their rival.

Why is competition mutually beneficial? Because competitors strive to become better, increase their potential, thereby promoting progress. Monopoly in any industry is destructive, as it does not stimulate growth and allows you to remain in place and not move forward.

A striking example of the lack of competition in the economy is the policy of “War Communism” pursued by Lenin at the beginning of the 20th century. The absence of small and large private owners, and, consequently, competition between them, led the Russian economy to decline.

Very often competition is used as a psychological factor. From a biological point of view, competition - as a driving form of evolution - is inherent in every person, that is, everyone has an inherent desire to prove themselves better than their opponent. Each of the competitors tries to master the best qualities, skills, and features. This has a positive effect on both the development of the personal qualities of one person and the improvement of production as a whole.

To summarize, I think we can say with confidence that competition is not only not a war, but even an engine of development. Largely thanks to this open type of competition, high labor indicators are observed in every sphere of society, and high quality production is achieved by organizations and individuals. That is, we can talk about the positive impact of competition on society.

“Every person should be given an equal right to pursue his own advantage, and the whole society benefits from this” (A. Smith)

I agree with this statement by A. Smith. It perfectly reflects the basic principle of a market economy. The main principle of a market economy is competition. And, as you know, competition is the engine of progress.

What do we mean by competition? Competition is rivalry between people to obtain their own benefit. Competition helps to establish order in the market, which guarantees the production of high-quality goods in large quantities. The higher the level of competition between sellers, the better and more profitable for us buyers.

For example, about fifteen years ago, cell phones appeared on the markets. At that time it seemed like an unimaginable luxury, and not everyone was able to afford it. But now almost everyone has a mobile phone. What is this connected with? Firstly, with the development of new technologies. Secondly, of course, the phenomenon of competition and, as a consequence of it, a decrease in prices for phones is clearly making itself felt. In this case, the buyer wins, which means the whole society benefits.

Only in conditions of equal competition can we talk about the benefits of society. After all, only if all members of society receive the benefit they strived for, then the wealth of society increases. The Italian economist Vilfred Pareto shared the same point of view.

The desire to “snatch” the best piece is at the forefront of competition. Both sellers and buyers strive to gain maximum benefit for themselves, and as a result of all these efforts, we receive benefits for society. This means that Adam Smith was absolutely right in his statement and I fully support it.

“Economic freedom, social responsibility and environmental stewardship are absolutely essential to prosperity.” (Paris Charter for a New Europe, 1990)

The first time I read this phrase, it was difficult for me to understand its essence. But as soon as I took it apart, I began to understand its meaning.

Let's start from the beginning: what is economic freedom? It can be described as a certain opportunity for a person to freely choose certain living conditions: choosing a life path and his goals, where to direct his knowledge and skills, opportunities; free choice of how to distribute your expenses, place of residence, place of work. True, he will be personally responsible for all these actions. And all this, of course, is controlled by law.

What is social responsibility? Having looked up the meaning of the word “responsibility” in the dictionary, we can see that the word is interpreted as a certain state in which there is a feeling of anxiety for what has been done. That is, in general, social responsibility can be considered as the action of any object that takes into account the interests of society, and at the same time assumes full responsibility for the impact of their activities on people and society.

And the final link is a responsible attitude towards environmental protection. I believe that any self-respecting person, and indeed any part of society, should be attentive to what surrounds us. Especially when it is dependent on this surrounding world.

Based on the above, it becomes clear that I completely agree with the author’s statement. I also believe that these three points are small but sure steps on a long and pleasant path to prosperity. After all, only when the understanding of preserving nature and all that majesty that we and nature have built reaches the mind of every person, only then can we boldly assert that we are on the right path, that we are moving towards meeting our goal. And until everyone understands the importance of the problem, we will not be able to begin to fight it. After all, as they say: one in the field is not a warrior.

“Bargaining is a great thing! Every kingdom is rich in merchants, and without merchants no small state can exist...” (I. T. Pososhkov)

I think everyone will agree with this expression. After all, trade in the modern world is one of the most popular areas of business. And not only in the modern world. She was popular before.

Crafts and trade have always developed primarily in cities. Even in ancient times, Russian lands established their relations with neighboring states through trade. Trade has always been a means of enrichment: states exchanged goods that they did not produce on their own land, which they could only obtain abroad. Such relationships are beneficial both for one party who purchases the product and for the other who sells it.

Trade is one of the surest ways to determine the level of culture of a people. If it occupies one of the most important places in the life of a people, then the level of its culture is quite high. In any country, trade plays a very important role - bringing goods to the buyer. It connects producers of goods from different countries, and shows that these countries are dependent on each other.

An example is the modern world. No person can do without trade even in everyday life. We go to grocery stores every day. Each of us buys new things in stores, be it clothes, electronics, or even simple household items. And it is even impossible to imagine what we would do if things could not be so easily purchased in stores. It is impossible to imagine our life without trade.

I. T. Pososhkov’s thought is certainly correct. States would not be so closely interconnected if they did not maintain economic relations. Trade is a great thing. Without it, countries and cities would not have the opportunity to develop.

Undoubtedly, trade is of great importance in the life of every person and in the life of every state.

“Economics is not just the science of using limited resources, but also the science of rational use of limited resources” (G. Simon)

I agree with G. Simon's statement. Economics is a truly important science about the rational use of limited resources, because it teaches us how to use our monetary resources, which are limited by many factors, more correctly, more accurately and more profitably. Economics tells us how to overcome these factors, reduce them, or live with them and find compromises.

Economics as a science is very important. If it were not for her, we would not be able and would not know how to profitably use our financial capabilities: how to increase our capital, increase its volume, how and in what situation to save.

For example, if you spend the financial resources of charitable foundations to solve the problem of malaria, then in three years (according to scientists’ estimates) you can save 500 thousand people and solve the problem. If you spend money on AIDS prevention, you can stop the epidemic and then save on costly, ineffective treatment for those affected. Or if we consider the rational use of monetary resources from an everyday point of view: a mother buys herself a jacket at a sale for half the amount from a new collection, and with the remaining money buys a shirt for her son. In such a situation, as they say, the wolves are fed and the sheep are safe.

Economics is a science that studies the use of various kinds of limited resources in order to meet people's needs and the relationships between various parties that arise in the economic process.

Economy is a set of production relations corresponding to a given stage of development of the productive forces of society, the dominant mode of production in society.

Economics is an art, and everyone tries to use the economy correctly and for good, but not everyone can master it. Mastery of economics is a talent given to man by nature. Not everyone can masterfully manipulate numbers, formulas, lay out and create logical chains to improve their financial picture, environment and situation; Only a smart and talented person can calculate actions several steps ahead in order to avoid mistakes and not lose everything that is available at this stage.

The goal of economics is to use resources in such a way as to obtain a positive or useful result: either an increase in these same resources, or the satisfaction of human needs in a rational and profitable way.

“Money either dominates its owner or serves him.” Horace.

The famous poet Horace in this statement raises the question of the influence and role of money in human life and society. The problem put forward by the author is relevant in the modern world. The meaning of Horace's statement is that money can both serve a person and dominate him. If a person manages them skillfully, then in the future he will be able to increase his capital. However, money can make a person greedy and greedy if it dominates him.

Money is a commodity of a special nature, playing the role of a universal equivalent. If a person wants money to serve him, then he must have a good understanding of economics, know the functions of money: it can be a measure of the value of goods, a means of circulation, a means of accumulation.

Many cases can be found in history when rich nobles brought their fortunes to bankruptcy, and peasants became wealthy thanks to their labor.

An example of the negative influence of money on a person is Chichikov from the work of N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls". All his life he earned money, this was the goal of his life, he destroyed himself because he could not manage it correctly.

To summarize, I would like to note that money should not influence a person, but on the contrary, a person should be able to influence money, be able to use it correctly.

“The welfare of the state is ensured not by the money it annually releases to officials, but by the money it annually leaves in the pockets of citizens.” (I. Eotvos)

I. Eotvos wanted to say that the well-being of the citizens of any country does not depend on how much it will allocate funds to officials, who in turn must monitor the appropriate distribution of these funds, but on how much of the allocated money reaches and remains in the pockets of citizens .

Having mentioned the expedient distribution, we would like to believe in the honesty of our officials, as the state apparatus of the executive branch. Let us remember that the state is an organization of sovereign power in society, which has a special coercive apparatus and the right to make laws. And the state apparatus is a system of special bodies and institutions through which the state administration of society and the protection of its basic interests are carried out. So, officials must monitor the rational distribution of funds allocated by the government. But very often, unfortunately, we are faced with what we see and hear in the media, how officials steal the very money whose task is to improve any area of ​​society. And therefore the statement that I. Eotvos made is very relevant today. Let's not forget about the funds themselves, or money. Money is a specific product that is a universal equivalent to the cost of other goods or services. Functions of money: 1. Measure of value, 2. Means of payment, 3. Medium of circulation, 4. World money, 5. Means of accumulation.
I agree with this quote, I. Eotvos very subtly emphasized that the state will prosper if the people prosper, but this cannot be achieved if such a thing as corruption occurs in modern society. Corruption (in the modern concept) is a term that usually denotes the use by an official of his powers and the rights entrusted to him for personal gain, contrary to the law and moral principles. What kind of welfare of an entire state can we talk about if each of us strives to profit at the expense of another person? We can never call this full-fledged, fortunately wealthy.
Let us turn to history and remember that the most striking example is the well-known country of Singapore, which occupies one of the leading positions in the ranking of countries with a minimal level of corruption. From 1959 to 1990, Singapore, deprived of rich natural resources, was able to solve many internal problems and made the leap from a third world country to a highly developed country with a high standard of living.
In the modern world, England tops this list, then New Zealand, etc.
We come to the conclusion that if the state wants to prosper, then it needs to take care of every citizen inhabiting this country, individually, it is necessary to fight corruption and all its manifestations. It is necessary to pursue a targeted policy towards the development of the country.

“Almost all taxes on production ultimately fall on the consumer.”

(David Ricardo)

I agree with the statement of David Ricardo, since I believe that taxes on producers of goods are those taxes that contribute to the high cost of goods produced.

The essence of taxes on production is that production pays taxes to finance the state budget. Mandatory payment of taxes consists of tax calculation and payment.

Article 52 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation establishes the procedure for calculating tax. How taxes are calculated depends on costs, expenses, losses, and economic rules that determine income, value, and taxation. The taxpayer bears full responsibility for timely and correct calculation of the amount. When calculating the amount of tax, the following elements of taxation must be taken into account:

Taxable period

Tax rate

Tax base

Tax benefits

Paying taxes requires that the taxpayer must pay the tax at a certain time, which is set by the state. The declaration must indicate information on income, expenses and all production information for a given period. Afterwards, a document confirming its payment is issued.

A tax is a payment that is mandatory and free of charge, with the help of which the state’s financial budget is provided.

Production is a type of activity of an individual or organization that produces material goods that are needed for the development of society.

A consumer is a person who wants to purchase a type of service to satisfy his needs.

Cost is the price of a product or service.

Payment is the amount that needs to be paid.

For example, VAT leads to an increase in prices for goods, and this leads to a decrease in the production program, profits, and because of this, the condition of the enterprise in the market worsens.

We have known since ancient times, for many years in history, that peasants, artisans, merchants and colonial residents had to pay taxes to the state.

Taxes take into account the characteristics of the country and the stage of economic development of the state.

“The surest profit is that which is the result of frugality.” (Publius Sir. Economics.)

Publius Sirus, a Roman poet of mimicry under Caesar and Augustus, a younger contemporary and rival of Laberius, wanted to say with this statement that only the person who carefully spends his wealth can make a good profit. After all, if a person throws away his wealth, he can very quickly fall down and not even notice that he has become poor. Therefore, everyone should be able to use wealth wisely.

I agree with the opinion of the author. The validity of Publius Sir's point of view is confirmed by numerous examples from public life, personal experience and economic theory. Firstly, in economic theory there is a definition that profit is the amount of income where revenue exceeds the costs of economic activity, the production of goods. And if this revenue is spent carefully, then there will be more profit and, as a result, an enterprising person will, at least slowly, get rich.

Secondly, I want to note that in the history of Russia in the 19th century there are cases where rich nobles brought their fortunes to bankruptcy through feasts and revelry, and some peasants, thanks to their hard work and, of course, thrift, could even buy themselves out of the nobles.

Thirdly, I would like to give an example from Dostoevsky’s work “Crime and Punishment”, where the heroine Alena Ivanovna, thanks to her entrepreneurial spirit, received a good profit, took care of it and met her old age comfortably.

I would also like to note that my mother is very careful about our family’s budget. Therefore, we have no shortage or problems in financial matters.

In modern life, people who save on needs they can live without also make a profit. These people, who do not throw money away, are rational consumers. If you are not a rational consumer, a situation may arise where expenses will exceed income.

I believe that the statement of Publius Sirus is relevant. I think that a thrifty person will always have wealth, that is, profit.

“He who buys what he needs ends up selling what he needs” (B. Franklin)

I completely agree with the words of one of the founding fathers of the United States, Benjamin Franklin. Considering that in the modern world in general there is no shortage of goods, and new ones are also appearing. Old goods of the same type become cheaper, and people have the opportunity to purchase not only what they need, but also additional goods.

But it often happens that when people spend money on unnecessary goods, they also spend funds that were allocated for necessary goods. To expand on this topic, you need to turn to the definition of rational buyer behavior. So, rational buyer behavior is behavior that involves first recognizing the need for a purchase, then searching for information about a product or service, then assessing possible purchase options, and finally making a decision to purchase. That is, if a consumer realizes that he needs to buy, for example, food, then he looks for a store with cheaper prices, inquires about discounts, and ultimately buys what he needs.

But if the consumer realizes that he does not yet need a product, for example a new TV, but at the moment he has extra money and he buys this TV, then his behavior will be irrational. Moreover, soon after buying a TV, he may need money, for example, for medicine, but he will not have it, and the person may go into debt.

Therefore, you need to make smart purchases. And if you buy something you don’t need today, then tomorrow you may have enough to buy something vital.

“Palaces cannot be safe where huts are unhappy.” (B. Disraeli)

I agree with the statement of Benjamin Disraeli, because the well-being of the “palaces” depends on the well-being of the “huts”.

In this quote, the role of rich people is represented by palaces, and the role of poor people is represented by huts. What is meant here is that when society is stratified into rich and poor, the rich cannot live peacefully in a world where the poor, from an unhappy life, can either rebel or simply cannot do their job efficiently. For example, if the working class rebels against the rich, a lot of people, both workers and rich, could die. And if the rich pay their workers little, then the workers, from exhaustion, will do their work poorly, as a result of which the rich will also receive little profit, which will affect their lives.

Benjamin Disraeli in this quote speaks of rich people as palaces, and compares poor people to huts. Rich people look just like palaces, they are as arrogant as palaces are tall, they are dressed just like palaces are decorated. Poor people look like huts: they are modest, like small huts, dressed as unremarkably as huts are inconspicuous.

There are many cases in history when the poor could not withstand the onslaught of the rich, and a rebellion broke out. An example of this is the many revolutions that occurred not only in Russia, but throughout the World. For example, the October Revolution of 1917, which began for reasons related to the deterioration of the situation of the people due to the long-lasting world war, the unresolved labor, agrarian and national issues and general dissatisfaction with the activities (rather inactivity) of the provisional government.

Conclusion:

This quote is typical not only for the time when Benjamin Disraeli lived, but it is also quite relevant now. Nowadays there are a lot of companies. Some of which quickly go out of business because the people who open them don't value the workers they hire and they leave them. Others, on the contrary, flourish and exist safely in the economic market, because employers do not allow their people to become completely impoverished.

Block "PHILOSOPHY"

“A child at the moment of birth is not a person, but only a candidate for a person” (A. Pieron).

It is necessary to understand what meaning A. Pieron put into the concept of man. At the moment of birth, the child is already a person. He is a representative of a special biological species, Homo Sapiens, who has the inherent specific features of this biological species: a large brain, upright posture, prehensile hands, etc. At the moment of birth, a child can be called an individual - a specific representative of the human race. From birth, he is endowed with individual traits and properties unique to him: eye color, body shape and structure, the design of his palm. This can already be defined as individuality. Why then does the author of the statement call the child only a candidate for a person? Apparently, the author had in mind the concept of “personality”. After all, man is a biosocial being. If a person is given biological traits from birth, then he acquires social ones only in a society of his own kind. And this happens in the process of socialization, when the child learns, through education and self-education, the values ​​of a particular society. Gradually he turns into a personality, i.e. becomes a subject of conscious activity and has a set of socially significant traits that are in demand and useful in society. It is then that he can fully be called a human being.

How can this assumption be confirmed? For example, on March 20, 1809, in Sorochintsy, a son was born into the family of the landowner Vasily Gogol - Yanovsky, baptized with the name Nikolai. This was one of the landowner's sons born on this day, named Nicholas, i.e. individual. If he had died on his birthday, he would have remained in the memory of his loved ones as an individual. The newborn was distinguished by characteristics characteristic only of him (height, hair color, eyes, body structure, etc.). According to the testimony of people who knew Gogol from birth, he was thin and weak. Later, he developed traits associated with growing up and an individual lifestyle - he began to read early, wrote poetry from the age of 5, studied diligently at the gymnasium, and became a writer whose work was followed by all of Russia. He showed a bright personality, i.e. those features and properties, signs that distinguished Gogol. Apparently, this is precisely the meaning that A. Pieron intended in his statement, and I completely agree with him. When a person is born, he must go through a long, thorny path in order to leave a mark on society, so that descendants will proudly say: “Yes, this man can be called great: our people can be proud of him.”

“The idea of ​​freedom is connected with the true essence of man” (K. Jaspers)

What is freedom? Independence from the powers that be that money and fame can give? Lack of bars or overseer's whip? Freedom to think, write, create without regard to generally accepted canons and public tastes?

This question can only be answered by trying to figure out what a person is. But here's the problem! Every culture, every era, every philosophical school gives its own answer to this question. Behind each answer is not only the level of a scientist who has comprehended the laws of the universe, the wisdom of a thinker who has penetrated the secrets of existence, the self-interest of a politician or the imagination of an artist, but there is also always hidden a certain position in life, a completely practical attitude towards the world. And yet. From all the various, contradictory ideas about man, one general conclusion follows: man is not free. He depends on anything: on the will of God or gods, on the laws of the Cosmos, the arrangement of stars and luminaries, on nature, society, but not on himself.

But the meaning of Jaspers’s expression, in my opinion, is that a person cannot imagine freedom and happiness without preserving his personality, his unique, inimitable “I”. He does not want to “become everything,” but “wants to be himself in spite of the universe,” as the author of the famous “Mowgli” R. Kipling wrote. A person cannot be happy and free at the cost of trampling on his personality, renouncing his individuality. Truly ineradicable in man is the desire to create the world and himself, to discover something new, unknown to anyone, even if this is achieved at the cost of his own life.

Becoming free is not an easy task. It requires from a person the maximum effort of all spiritual forces, deep thoughts about the fate of the world, people, about his own life; a critical attitude towards what is happening around and towards oneself; search for the ideal. The search for the meaning of freedom sometimes continues throughout life and is accompanied by internal struggle and conflicts with others. This is precisely where a person’s free will manifests itself, since from various life circumstances and options, he himself has to choose what to prefer and what to reject, what to do in this or that case. And the more complex the world around us, the more dramatic life is, the more effort is required from a person to determine his position and make this or that choice.

This means that K. Jaspers was right in considering the idea of ​​freedom to be the true essence of man. Freedom is a necessary condition for his activity. Freedom cannot be “gifted,” because unsought freedom turns out to be a heavy burden or turns into arbitrariness. Freedom, won in the fight against evil, vices and injustice in the name of affirming goodness, light, truth and beauty, can make every person free

“Science is merciless. She shamelessly refutes favorite and habitual misconceptions” (N.V. Karlov)

We can quite agree with this statement. After all, the main goal of scientific knowledge is the desire for objectivity, i.e. to study the world as it exists outside and independently of man. The result obtained should not depend on private opinions, preferences, or authorities. On the path to searching for objective truth, a person passes through relative truths and errors. There are many examples of this. Once upon a time, people were absolutely sure that the Earth was disk-shaped. But centuries passed, and the journey of Fernando Magellan refuted this misconception. People learned that the Earth is spherical. The geocentric system that existed for millennia was also a fallacy. The discovery of Copernicus debunked this myth. The heliocentric system he created explained to people that all the planets in our system revolve around the Sun. The Catholic Church forbade the recognition of this truth for more than two hundred years, but in this case, science really turned out to be merciless to people’s misconceptions.

Thus, on the way to absolute truth, which is final and will not change over time, science passes through the stage of relative truths. At first, these relative truths seem final to people, but time passes and with the emergence of new opportunities for a person to study a particular area, absolute truth appears. It refutes previously acquired knowledge, forcing people to reconsider their previous views and discoveries.