Presentation-project in physics on the topic "K.E. Tsiolkovsky"

TSIOLKOVSKY Konstantin Eduardovich (1857-1935). Russian Soviet scientist and inventor in the field of aerodynamics, rocket dynamics, aircraft and airship theory; founder of modern cosmonautics.

Born into the family of a forester. After suffering from scarlet fever in childhood, he almost completely lost his hearing; deafness did not allow him to continue his studies at school.

From the age of 14 he studied independently. From 16 to 19 years old he lived in Moscow, studied sections of physical and mathematical science in the cycle of secondary and high school. In 1879 passed exams for the title of teacher as an external student.

K.E. Tsiolkovsky with his family.

In 1880 appointed teacher of arithmetic and geometry at the Vorovskoe district school of the Kaluga province. Tsiolkovsky's first scientific research dates back to this time.

The first printed work on airships was “Metal Aerostat Controlled” (1892), which provided scientific and technical justification for the design of an airship with a metal shell. .

Printed works of K.E. Tsiolkovsky.

The most important scientific results were obtained by Tsiolkovsky in the theory of rocket motion (rocket dynamics). He was the first to solve the problem of landing a spacecraft on the surface of planets without an atmosphere.

In 1926-29 Tsiolkovsky developed the theory of multistage rockets.

Many years later, already in Soviet times, in 1932. he developed the theory of the flight of jet aircraft in the stratosphere and the design of aircraft for flight at hypersonic speeds.

Tsiolkovsky is the founder of the theory of interplanetary communications. His research was the first to show the possibility of reaching cosmic speeds, proving the feasibility of interplanetary flights. He was the first to study the issue of a rocket - an artificial satellite of the Earth and expressed the idea of ​​​​creating near-Earth stations as artificial settlements using solar energy and intermediate bases for interplanetary communications; examined medical and biological problems arising during long-term space flights. Tsiolkovsky wrote a number of works in which he paid attention to the use of satellites (artificial Earth satellites) in the national economy.

Tsiolkovsky is the author of a number of science fiction works, as well as research in other fields of knowledge: linguistics, biology, etc. His works significantly contributed to the development of rocket and space technology in the USSR and other countries.

Monuments to the scientist were erected in Kaluga and Moscow.

The State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics and the Pedagogical Institute, a school in Kaluga, and the Moscow Aviation Technology Institute are named after K.E. Tsiolkovsky. A crater on the Moon is named after Tsiolkovsky. .

State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics.

Memorial house-museum in Kaluga.

The presentation was prepared by I.A. Kozina. Teacher of the preschool department "Umka" GBOU secondary school No. 830. Moscow, 2014

Tsiolkovsky
Konstantin Mikhailovich1857-1935

"The planet is the cradle of reason,
but you can’t live forever in a cradle.” Russian and Soviet self-taught scientist, researcher, school teacher. The founder of modern astronautics. He substantiated the derivation of the jet propulsion equation and came to the conclusion about the need to use “rocket trains” - prototypes of multi-stage rockets. Author of works on aerodynamics, aeronautics and other sciences.

He was born into the family of a forester. After suffering from scarlet fever in childhood, he almost completely lost his hearing; Deafness did not allow him to continue his studies at school, and from the age of 14 he studied independently.

From 16 to 19 years old he lived in Moscow, studied physical and mathematical sciences in secondary and high school. In 1879, he passed the exams for the title of teacher as an external student and in 1880 was appointed teacher of arithmetic and geometry at the Borovsk district school in the Kaluga province.

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky lived and taught in Borovsk for 12 years, started a family, made several friends, and wrote his first scientific papers. At this time, his contacts with the Russian scientific community began, and his first publications were published.

After classes at the school and on weekends, Tsiolkovsky continued his research at home: he worked on manuscripts, made drawings, and performed experiments. In his house, electric lightning flashes, thunder rumbles, bells ring, paper dolls dance.

Borovsk School

Tsiolkovsky's very first work was devoted to mechanics in biology. It was the article “Graphic representation of sensations” written in 1880. In it, Tsiolkovsky developed the pessimistic theory of “turbulent zero”, characteristic of him at that time, and mathematically substantiated the idea of ​​the meaninglessness of human life. This theory, as the scientist later admitted, was destined to play a fatal role in his life and in the life of his family.

The second scientific work was the 1882 article “Mechanics is like a variable organism. Professor Anatoly Bogdanov called studying the “mechanics of the animal body” “madness.” The review was generally favorable, but the work was not allowed to be published.

The third work written in Borovsk and presented to the scientific community was the article “Duration of Radiation of the Sun,” in which Tsiolkovsky described the mechanism of action of the star. He considered the Sun as an ideal gas ball, tried to determine the temperature and pressure at its center, and the lifetime of the Sun.

“It is very likely that the balloons will be metal.
Still, it is still very difficult to arrange metal balloons. A balloon is a toy of the wind, and metal material is useless and inapplicable...
Provide moral support to Mr. Tsiolkovsky by informing him of the Department's opinion on his project. Reject the request for support for conducting experiments.” One of the main problems that occupied Tsiolkovsky almost from the time of his arrival in Borovsk was the theory of balloons.
Tsiolkovsky developed a balloon of his own design, which resulted in a voluminous essay “Theory and experience of a balloon having an elongated shape in the horizontal direction.
Tsiolkovsky writes a new article “On the possibility of building a metal balloon.”
In 1891, Tsiolkovsky made one last attempt to protect his airship in the eyes of the scientific community. He wrote a large work, “Controllable Metal Balloon.”

In 1887, Tsiolkovsky wrote a short story “On the Moon” - his first science fiction work.

In 1903, he published the article “Exploration of World Spaces by Jet Instruments,” where he was the first to prove that a rocket was a device capable of space flight. In this article and its subsequent sequels, he developed some ideas about the theory of rockets and the use of liquid rocket engines.

Tsiolkovsky solves a practical question: how much fuel needs to be taken into the rocket in order to obtain the take-off speed and leave the Earth. It turned out that the final speed of the rocket depends on the speed of the gases flowing out of it and on how many times the weight of the fuel exceeds the weight of the empty rocket. Tsiolkovsky put forward a number of ideas that found application in rocket science.

As one of the ideas, Tsiolkovsky proposed launching a rocket from an overpass. Currently, this method of launching a rocket is not used: the rocket starts strictly vertically and enters an inclined trajectory during the flight.

Slide No. 10

“Humanity will not remain forever on Earth, but in pursuit of light and space, it will first timidly penetrate beyond the atmosphere, and then conquer the entire circumsolar space.”

There is his own philosophical concept, which Tsiolkovsky published in a series of brochures published at his own expense. According to this concept, the future of humanity directly depended on the number of geniuses born, and in order to increase the birth rate of the latter, Tsiolkovsky comes up with, in his opinion, a perfect program of eugenics. In his opinion, the best houses had to be built in every locality, where the best brilliant representatives of both sexes should live, for whose marriage and subsequent childbearing it was necessary to obtain permission from above. Thus, after a few generations, the proportion of gifted people and geniuses in each city would increase rapidly.

Tsiolkovsky Konstantin Eduardovich 1.Biography:

• "The earth is the cradle of reason,
• but you can’t live forever in a cradle.”
• K.E. Tsiolkovsky

• Konstantin Eduardovich was born on September 5 (17), 1857 in the village of Izhevskoye, Ryazan province, in the family of forester Eduard Ignatievich Tsiolkovsky.

• In 1870, Tsiolkovsky’s mother, Maria Ivanovna Tsiolkovskaya, died.

• In 1880, Tsiolkovsky’s father, Eduard Ignatievich Tsiolkovsky, died.

• In 1918, Tsiolkovsky was elected a member of the Socialist Academy. In 1921, Tsiolkovsky was assigned an increased personal pension.

• On November 27, 1932, the Order of the Red Banner of Labor was awarded in the Kremlin

• On September 13, 1935, Konstantin Eduardovich dictated his will.

• On September 19, 1935, Tsiolkovsky passed away. He was buried in Kaluga in the Country Garden (now a park named after him).

• Commemorative medal of the State Order of the Red Banner of Labor of the Museum of the History of Cosmonautics named after K. E. Tsiolkovsky
• View of the State Order of the Red Banner of Labor Museum of the History of Cosmonautics named after K. E. Tsiolkovsky

• Fragment of the introductory hall of the Museum.
• There is a mosaic panel on the wall.

• Model of K. E. Tsiolkovsky’s space rocket
• Hall “Scientific biography of K. E. Tsiolkovsky”
• Portrait of K. E. Tsiolkovsky

• Hall “Implementation of K. E. Tsiolkovsky’s ideas by Soviet science and technology”
• Descent module of the Soyuz-3N spacecraft

• Model of a gelnoraketoplan designed by V.P. Glushko. Model of the automatic interplanetary station "Luna-16"
• Model of the automatic interplanetary station "Mars-3"

• Commemorative medal in honor of the 40th anniversary of the opening of the Memorial House-Museum of K. E. Tsiolkovsky.
• Memorial House-Museum of K. E. Tsiolkovsky

• Personal belongings of K. E. Tsiolkovsky
• Study - scientist's bedroom

• Desk in the office of K. E. Tsiolkovsky
• Scientist's Spyglass

• Veranda-workshop

• Dining room
• Kitchen

• "The man will fly,
• relying not on the strength of your muscles,
• but on the power of the mind"
• NOT. Zhukovsky

• In 1903, Tsiolkovsky’s first article on rocket technology, “Exploration of world spaces using rocket instruments,” appeared in the journal “Scientific Review” No. 5.

• The second part, published in the journal "Bulletin of Aeronautics", was published in 1911-1912 and caused a great resonance.

• In 1914, Tsiolkovsky published a separate brochure, “Addition to the Study of World Spaces with Reactive Instruments.”

• On September 17, 2007, the country celebrated the 150th anniversary of Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky. This same year is an anniversary year for the Museum of the History of Cosmonautics named after the great scientist in Kaluga.

• On the day of the celebration of the memorable anniversary, the museum opened the exhibition "Order to the Universe" about the works of Tsiolkovsky and - for the first time in Kaluga - the All-Russian philatelic exhibition "To the Stars-2007".

• On March 29, 2007, as part of his visit to Kaluga, the State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics named after K.E. Tsiolkovsky was visited by Russian President Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin.

KONSTANTIN EDUARDOVICH TSIOLKOVSKY () 160 years since the birth of MBOU Secondary School 103

IN 1869, KOSTA, TOGETHER WITH HIS YOUNGER BROTHER IGNATIY, ENTERED THE FIRST CLASS OF THE MEN'S VYATKA GYMNASIUM. STUDYING WAS WITH GREAT DIFFICULTY, THERE WERE MANY SUBJECTS, AND THE TEACHERS WERE STRICT. THE DEAFNESS WAS VERY INTERFERRED: “I COULD NOT HEAR THE TEACHERS AT ALL OR HEARD ONLY UNCLEAR SOUNDS.” 1869 THE YEAR OF THE VYATKA MEN'S GYMNASIUM. In the second grade, Kostya stayed for the second year, and from the third (in 1873) he was expelled with the characteristic “... for admission to a technical school.” After this, Konstantin never studied anywhere and studied exclusively on his own; During these classes, he used his father's small library (which contained books on science and mathematics). Unlike gymnasium teachers, books generously endowed him with knowledge and never made the slightest reproach. 1873

ASTROLABE - (GREEK “STAR TAKER”) A DEVICE FOR DETERMINING LATITUDE, ONE OF THE OLDEST ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTS. THE BASIS OF THE CLASSIC ASTROLABE IS A “PLATE”, A ROUND PART WITH A HIGH BOARD AND A HANGING RING FOR PRECISION LEVELING OF THE DEVICE RELATIVE TO THE HORIZON. THE EXTERNAL LIMB OF THE PLATE HAS A SCALE DIGITIZED IN DEGREES AND HOURS OF THE GREEK HORIZON Crinoline is initially a rigid linen or cotton fabric with a base of horsehair (crinis+flax, hair+linen), later a rigid structure designed to give the skirt the required shape.

Tsiolkovsky developed a balloon of his own design, which resulted in the voluminous essay “Theory and experience of a balloon having an elongated shape in the horizontal direction” (). It provided scientific and technical justification for the creation of a completely new and original design of an airship with a thin metal shell

THEORY OF “ROCKET TRAINS” OR MULTISTAGE ROCKET He was the first to solve the problem of the movement of a rocket in a non-uniform gravitational field, considered the influence of the atmosphere on the flight of a rocket, and calculated the necessary fuel reserves to overcome the resistance forces of the Earth’s air shell

MEMORIALIZATION In 2015, the name of Tsiolkovsky was given to a city built near the Vostochny cosmodrome. On the eve of the 100th anniversary of Tsiolkovsky’s birth in 1954, the USSR Academy of Sciences established a gold medal named after. K. E. Tsiolkovsky “For outstanding work in the field of interplanetary communications” Monuments to the scientist were erected in Kaluga, Moscow, Ryazan, Dolgoprudny, St. Petersburg; a memorial house-museum was created in Kaluga, a house-museum in Borovsk and a house-museum in Kirov (formerly Vyatka); The State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics located in Kaluga, Kaluga State University, a school in Kaluga, and the Moscow Aviation Technological Institute are named after K. E. Tsiolkovsky. A crater on the Moon and the minor planet 1590 “Tsiolkovskaja” are named after Tsiolkovsky. In Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Irkutsk, Lipetsk, Tyumen, Kirov, Ryazan, Voronezh, as well as in many other settlements there are streets. In Kaluga, since 1966, Scientific readings. K. E. Tsiolkovsky. In 1991, the Academy of Cosmonautics named after. K. E. Tsiolkovsky. On June 16, 1999, the Academy was given the name “Russian”. The Tsiolkovsky Badge was established as the highest departmental award of the Federal Space Agency on January 31, 2002. In the year of the 150th anniversary of the birth of K. E. Tsiolkovsky, the Progress-61 cargo ship was given the name “Konstantin Tsiolkovsky”, and a portrait of the scientist was placed on the head fairing. The launch took place on August 2, 2007. In the late 1980s and early 1990s. a project was developed for the Soviet automatic interplanetary station “Tsiolkovsky” for the study of the Sun and Jupiter, planned for launch in the 1990s, but unrealized due to the collapse of the USSR. In February 2008, K. E. Tsiolkovsky was awarded the public award “Symbol of Science” medal, “for creating the source of all projects for human exploration of new spaces in Space.” The USSR issued many badges dedicated to Tsiolkovsky. One of the Aeroflot Airbus aircraft is named after K. E. Tsiolkovsky. Traditional motocross competitions dedicated to the memory of Tsiolkovsky are held annually in Kaluga.

The presentation tells the story of a Soviet scientist, a genius who became the founder and legislator of the current cosmonautics. Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky is considered not only a Soviet scientist. This is also our teacher. The most important discovery of the scientist is considered to be the scientific substantiation of the derivation of the jet propulsion equation. His research allowed the world to fly to the stars, since without Tsiolkovsky the rocket would hardly have been created.

The scientist and founder of space is the author of a huge number of scientific works that promoted the USSR to a leading position in the field of astronautics. Thanks to this, Gagarin was the first to go into space. The development tells in detail about the life and achievements of K. E. Tsiolkovsky, about important points in his biography.

Schoolchildren learn that the result of his illness was lifelong deafness, but this did not in any way impede the development of his scientific activity. Konstantin Eduardovich is called a genius because, due to deafness, this genius could not attend school and learned science on his own.