Presentation on the topic "formation of the ancient Russian state." The formation of the Old Russian state The formation of the Old Russian state
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Get acquainted with various theories about the emergence of the state among the Eastern Slavs. Find out the prerequisites and stages of the formation of the Old Russian state. Find out the management system of the Old Russian state. Lesson Objectives
Slide 3
“The Tale of Bygone Years” (working with the document) “In the year 6370 (862). They drove the Varangians overseas, and did not give them tribute, and began to control themselves. And there was no truth among them, and generation after generation rose up, and there was strife among them, and they began to fight with themselves. And they said to themselves: “Let’s look for a prince who would rule over us and judge us by right.” And they went overseas to the Varangians, to Rus'. Those Varangians were called Rus, just as others are called Swedes, and others are Normans and Angles, and still others are Gotlanders. That's what these guys were called. The Chud, Slavs, Krivichi and everyone said: “Our land is great and abundant, but there is no order in it. Come reign and rule over us." And three brothers volunteered with their clans, and took all of Rus' with them, and came to the Slavs, and the eldest, Rurik, sat down in Novgorod, and the other, Sineus, on Belozero, and the third, Truvor, in Izborsk. And from those Varangians the Russian land was nicknamed... Two years later, Sineus and his brother Truvor died. And Rurik took possession of all the power and began to distribute cities to his husbands - to one Polotsk, to this Rostov, to another - White Lake... And he had two husbands, not his relatives, but boyars, and they asked to go to Constantinople with their family. And they set off along the Dnieper, and when they sailed past, they saw a small city on the mountain. And they asked: “Whose town is this?” The local residents answered: “There were three brothers: Kiy, Shchek and Khoriv, who built this town and disappeared, and we sit here, their descendants, and pay tribute to the Khazars.” Askold and Dir remained in this city, gathered many Varangians and began to own the land of the glades. Rurik then reigned in Novgorod.”
Slide 4
RURIK (? - d. 879) - Varangian, Novgorod prince (862-879) and the founder of the princely, which later became the royal, Rurik dynasty in the Russian state. The chronicle founder of the statehood of Rus', Rurik, is one of the most mysterious figures in ancient Russian history. For a long time he was, as it were, a symbol of Normanism, which denied the organizational abilities of the Slavs. Norman historians considered him the Scandinavian king Rorik, who allegedly managed to establish order in the region of the “wild” Slavic tribes and give them state organization.
Slide 5
According to another version, Rurik is a Slavic generic name associated with a falcon, which in Slavic languages was also called rarog. There are also attempts to prove the legendary status of Rurik.
Slide 6
Theories of the emergence of the state among the Eastern Slavs Norman Centrist Slavic The Old Russian state was created by the Varangians with the voluntary consent of the Slavs. The Varangians are more educated and organized than the Slavs: they are recognized as representatives of a more developed world. Foreign princes were indeed invited to Rus' as a “third”, reconciling force. But! The Old Russian state arose as a result of the long independent development of Slavic society. The presence of the Varangians in Rus' and their role in the formation of the Old Russian state are denied. The Varangian origin of the first Russian princes is denied.
Slide 7
Representatives of the main theories of the emergence of the state among the Eastern Slavs (continuation of the table) Norman Centrist Slavic M.V. Lomonosov, B.A. Rybakov A.L. Yurganov, L.A. Katswai and most modern historians G. Bayer, 18th century. G. Milleri A. L. Shlyotser N. M. Karamzin, 19th century CM. Soloviev
Slide 8
Slide 9
Prerequisites and stages of the formation of the Old Russian state The Eastern Slavs experienced the decomposition of the tribal system. The community had already changed and was not tribal, but neighboring. Private property existed. Improvement in land cultivation led to the emergence of surpluses. The beginning of inequality. Tribal nobility (princes and elders) stood out. They surrounded themselves with warriors, i.e. armed force, independent of the will of the people's assembly and capable of forcing the community members to obey. Each Slavic tribe had its own prince. Thus, Slavic society was already approaching the emergence of statehood.
Slide 10
Slide 11
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Prince Oleg (Prophetic Oleg, d. 912) - Varangian, prince of Novgorod (from 879) and Kiev (from 882). Often considered as the founder of the state of Kievan Rus. In Russian chronicles there are two versions of Oleg’s biography. According to the traditional one, set out in the Tale of Bygone Years, he was a relative (tribesman) of Rurik, possibly his brother-in-law (according to the Joachim Chronicle). After Rurik's death in 879, he began to reign in Novgorod, since Rurik's son Igor was still a child.
Slide 13
In 882, Oleg undertook successful campaigns against Smolensk and Lyubech. After that, he went down the Dnieper to Kyiv, where the princes were Rurik’s fellow tribesmen, the Varangians Askold and Dir. Oleg lured them to his boats and, declaring to them: “You are not a prince nor a princely family, but I am a princely family,” and, presenting Rurik’s heir, young Igor (“You are not princes and not a princely family, but I am a princely family. And this is the son of Rurik") and ordered to kill Askold and Dir. Kyiv seemed to Oleg to be a convenient location, and he moved there with his squad, declaring: “Let Kyiv be the mother of Russian cities.” Thus, he united the two main centers of the Eastern Slavs (northern and southern). For this reason, it is Oleg, and not Rurik, who is sometimes considered the creator of the Old Russian state (Kievan Rus).
Slide 14
Over the next 25 years, Oleg’s activities were associated with the expansion of the state. He subjugated the Drevlyans, Northerners, and Radimichi to Kyiv. The last two tribal unions were tributaries of the Khazar Khaganate. According to legend, Oleg allegedly said: “I am their enemy, but I have no enmity with you. Don’t give to the Khazars, but pay me.” Then Oleg fought with the southernmost East Slavic tribes of the Ulichs and Tivertsi. In 907, Oleg went on a large military campaign to Constantinople (Constantinople). According to the Tale of Bygone Years, 2,000 rooks of 40 warriors each took part in the campaign. The Byzantine Emperor Leo the Philosopher gave the order to close the gates of the city and block the harbor with chains, thus giving the Varangians the opportunity to rob and plunder the suburbs of Constantinople. However, Oleg launched an assault in an unusual way: “And Oleg ordered his soldiers to make wheels and put ships on wheels. And when a fair wind blew, they raised sails in the field and went to the city.” The frightened Greeks offered Oleg peace and tribute. According to the agreement, Oleg received 12 hryvnia for each rowlock, in addition, Constantinople promised to pay tribute to Russian cities. As a sign of victory, Oleg nailed his shield to the gates of Constantinople. The main result of the campaign was the conclusion of a trade agreement that ensured freedom of duty-free trade for Russian merchants.
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In 912, Oleg sent an embassy to Constantinople, which confirmed the “many years” of peace and concluded a new treaty. Compared to the 907 treaty, the mention of duty-free trade disappeared from it. Oleg is referred to in the treaty as the “Grand Duke of Russia.” The authenticity of this agreement is confirmed by a mention from the Byzantine side, and is not subject to doubt by linguistic analysis. According to the PVL version, in the same year, 912, Prince Oleg dies from a snake bite.
Slide 17
The main moments of Oleg's reign Mastered Kiev by cunning, conquered Smolensk, Lyubech. Ruled Northern Russia after the death of Rurik for 3 years. 3. United two super-unions: Novgorod and Kiev into one state. 4. Went on campaigns against Constantinople, established peace with Byzantium (907, 911) 5. In the Russian-Byzantine treaty of 912. Oleg is called the “Russian Grand Duke,” that is, in the documentary source he was not considered a regent under Igor, but a sovereign ruler.
Slavs in ancient times
Mid-1st millennium ADGreat Migration
Height
number
Slavs
from the Oder to the middle reaches of the Dnieper
Western
Southern
Settlement IV-VIII centuries.
Balkans
Eastern
Military
democracy
Appearance
nobility Slavs
moved
to Eastern Europe
two ways -
northern and southern.
Northern route:
Pomorie –
Ilmen-lake
and Volkhov,
upper reaches of the Dnieper,
Oka
Southern route: Danube –
Carpathians - Dniester,
Southern Bug, middle
Dnieper, Pripyat.
Interaction of the Slavs with the indigenous population of Eastern Europe
Agriculturalskills
Baltic
tribes
?
Slavic
tribes
Experience
existence
in taiga conditions
Agricultural
skills
Finno-Ugric
tribes
Why didn’t the Slavic aliens meet
fierce resistance from the indigenous people?
The settlement of the Slavs took place peacefully, because population density
It was low, there was a lot of free land and there was enough for everyone.
East Slavs -
these are 12 tribal unions.
Find them on the map
Tribal unions wore
not consanguineous
but territorial-political in nature.
NORTH
Slovenian Ilmenskie
Krivichi
WEST
Volynians
white
Croats
CENTER
clearing
Drevlyans
Dregovichi
northerners
SOUTH
Tivertsy
incriminate
EAST
Radimichi
Vyatichi
Agriculture among the Eastern Slavs
AgricultureSlash and burn
Shifting
1. Cut down trees
2. Burn the trees
3. Uproot the roots
4. Loose the soil
5. Sow grain in ashes
6. Use the site
until exhaustion 6–8 years
7. The site is abandoned
for 15–20 years
1. Burn the grass
2. Loose the soil
3. Sow grain in ashes
4. Use the site
until exhaustion 3–4 years
5. The site is abandoned
until recovery
fertility
(from 2 to 8 years)
1–2. Solid wood shovel
3. Shovel with iron blade
4. Solid wood hoe
5. Iron hoe
6. Iron frame for
wooden shovels
7. Double-pronged wooden fork
Farming tools of the Eastern Slavs
Knot harrow.This harrow was used to loosen the top layer
soil fertilized with ash after
burning grass or trees.
Novgorod rake XII–XV centuries.
Old Russian sickles of the 10th–13th centuries.
Scythe with hilt, 13th century.
Braids X–XIII centuries.
The beginning of the transition to two-field
In the 8th century in the forest-steppe zonethe transition to double-field begins.
Sokhi
The earth is plowed with a plow and harrowed
wooden harrow.
After 1 year of sowing the field 1 year
resting under the steam for
restoration of soil fertility.
The site is in constant use.
?
Ralo
What caused the transition to double-field?
The main occupation of the Slavs
Agriculture
Clearing the land from underneath
forests: individual families
or the whole community?
The whole community
Plots of cleared land
processed jointly
or individual families?
Individual families
Who owns the harvest?
Individual families
Dwellings are designed for the entire
clan or for individual families?
For individual families
Social system of the Slavs in the 8th–9th centuries.
Is there a difference in wealthbetween dwellings?
All dwellings are approximately
are the same
Who owns the hunting
and fishing grounds?
The whole community
Do the Slavs have
in the 8th–9th centuries. private
own?
What kind of community exists
among the Slavs in the 8th–9th centuries: ancestral
or the neighbor's?
Private property
exists
Is there inequality?
within the community?
Inequalities within the community
Not yet
There is a transition from
tribal community to the neighboring one
Eastern Slavs in the VI-VIII centuries.
The basis of the economy is agricultureThe lowest level of social
organizations - rope (neighborhood
community)
People's Assembly - veche.
The basis of the dominant layer is
squad (military service
nobility, subordinate to the prince)
To support your squad
the princes collected tribute from
free community members
Slash and burn
system
Shifting
system
+ cattle breeding
+ hunting
+ fishing
+ beekeeping
+ crafts
+ trade
Baltic
sea
Constantinople
What was the name
this trade route?
Black
sea
Trade on the way from the Varangians to the Greeks
Slaves, leather, fish,metals, amber
Scandinavia
?
What did they trade?
on the way from Varyag
to the Greeks?
Rus
Honey, wax, fur, salt,
wines, jewelry,
silk, brocade
Honey, wax,
fur, leather,
slaves
Byzantine
empire
Weapons, wines,
jewelry,
silk, brocade
Paganism
Religion based on the deification of the forces of naturePaganism
Basic gods
Perun - god of thunder and war
Veles - god of cattle
Dazhdbog - sun god
Svarog - god of sky and fire
Stribog - god of the wind
Rod - god of fertility
Mokosh - goddess of the feminine
handicrafts
Magi?
Temple?
Skate amulets
The state is power,
protecting public interests
and regulating relationships between people,
relying on armed force
Signs of the state:
Territory
Sovereignty
(independent exercise of power)
Public power
(power separated from the people)
Taxation Improving tools
and production skills, transition
to the producing farm
Transition
to individual
labor
Appearance
surplus
Emergence
private
property
Opportunity
operation
Transition
from ancestral
communities
to the neighbor's
Emergence
inequalities
Appearance
in society
conflict
interests
Necessity
maintaining
order
Predatory
hikes
to foreign lands
Necessity
protection from
enemy raids
The emergence of leaders
and squads
The appearance of people
capable of supporting
your power by force
Education
states
Signs of the state in Rus'
?What prerequisites for the emergence of the state existed
among the Eastern Slavs by the end of the 9th century?
The squad is the simplest apparatus of state power
(combatants are both advisers and warriors).
Tribute - primitive taxation
The territory subject to tribute is the territory of the state,
over which its sovereignty extends.
In the middle of the 9th century. among the Eastern Slavs arise
tribal principalities - “pre-states”
Formation of the Old Russian State
The Varangian prince Rurik reigned in Novgorod in 862.Education
Old Russian state
In the 9th century. there were two main centers
education of Old Russian
state - Novgorod (capital
Slovenia, Krivichi, Chud and Vesi) and
Kyiv (capital of the glades).
In 882, Novgorod Prince Oleg
captured Kyiv and united
East Slavic lands in
single state.
Norman theory?
Rurik (862-882)
Oleg (882-912)
Against the Norman theory
The Eastern Slavs alreadythere were bodies that were
prototype of state
institutions (prince, squad, veche).
Prerequisites
Inviting a foreigner to
as ruler is
emergence of the state
indicator of readiness for
formation of the state.
Private property
Large breeding super-unions
Property
Eastern Slavs had already formed in
inequality
VIII-IX centuries (around Novgorod and Kyiv).
External threats (Scandinavia,
Tribal community
Khazaria) pushed towards unity.
replaced by the neighbor's
The Varangians, having given a ruling dynasty,
The need to fight back
quickly merged with the Slavs.
external enemies
Nevertheless, the Varangians played a significant role
in the formation of the ancient Russian state
Tribute
Until 945, tribute from the conqueredtribal unions gathered
through polyudya (with
November to April).
In 945 after the death of the prince
Igor (912-945) his widow,
Princess Olga (945-964)
introduced lessons (tribute size) and
established graveyards (places
collection of tribute).
Polyudye
Carriage
K.V. Lebedev.
Polyudye
Polyudye
What is the meaning of polyudya from the pointin terms of strengthening power?
?
Polyudye –
demonstration to tributaries
the forces of the princely squad.
Collecting tribute is the most
frank expression
domination of the Kyiv princes
over subject tribes.
The main directions of the foreign policy of Kievan Rus
?With which countries and peoples
was Kievan Rus neighboring?
The neighbors of Kievan Rus were: from the north-west - the Normans
and Lithuanian tribes (Yatvingians, Samogitians and Aukstaites),
from the west - Poland (Poles),
from the southeast - the Khazar Kaganate and nomads (Pechenegs),
from the south - the Byzantine Empire.
The most important in the 9th – early 10th centuries. there was a relationship
with the Khazars, steppe nomads and especially Byzantium.
Slavs and the Khazar Khaganate
?How the relationship developed
Slavs with the Khazar Khaganate
in the 8th–9th centuries?
The Khazars took tribute from the Slavs,
living east of the Dnieper:
Vyatichi, Radimichi, Northerners.
At the end of the 9th century. Oleg conquered
northerners and Radimichi, and they became
tributaries of the Kyiv princes (“Not
give it to the Khazars, but give it to me!”).
Border of the Khazar Khaganate.
The border of the settlement of the Slavs.
Rus' and nomads
From the east and southeastRus' was constantly threatened
nomad raids.
In the lower reaches of the Dnieper
merchant caravans
the Pechenegs threatened
wandering in one day
horse trail from Kyiv.
Nomad raid.
Modern drawing.
Rus' and Byzantium
?Byzantine
jewelry
products
What attracted the Varangians
and Slavs in Byzantium?
Varangians and Slavs were
barbarians, they were struck
unprecedented wealth
Byzantium.
The desire to capture these
wealth motivated them
raid
the same for Byzantium,
as in the 3rd–5th centuries. Germans
raided
to the Roman Empire.
Byzantine
jewelry
products
Rus' and Byzantium
Slavic boat.?
What is Slavic like?
battle boat?
On the drakar - a Viking ship.
On such boats the Varangians
and the Slavs descended
along the path “From the Varangians to the Greeks”
and robbed the Black Sea
coast of Byzantium.
In 860, according to testimony
Byzantine chroniclers,
the Russians besieged
Constantinople.
The siege continued
a week, after which the Russians,
taking rich gifts,
retreated from the city walls
and sailed north.
Russians - most likely
not Slavs, but Normans.
Oleg's campaign against Constantinople
Slavs on the march.Hood V.A. Nagornov.
?
In 907 Oleg committed
hike to Constantinople
(Constantinople).
The chronicle says
what's on the hike
everyone participated
Slavic tribes,
including the streets,
Tivertsi and Vyatichi,
and Oleg's flotilla
numbered
2 thousand ships.
Think about what historical information
can be extracted from the chronicle story,
and what is clearly unreliable about it?
Oleg's campaign against Constantinople
Oleg chose the right timefor raid: Byzantine
the fleet fought the Arabs
away from Constantinople.
As the Russians approach
the Greeks closed the entrance
to the Golden Horn Bay
massive chain,
making it inaccessible
for enemy ships.
Plan of Constantinople.
Oleg's campaign against Constantinople
Walls of Constantinople. Reconstruction.Apparently the Russians used
portage technique: placed the rooks
onto the rollers and rolled them up to the walls,
surprising and frightening the unfamiliar
to such a spectacle of the Greeks.
Chronicle
says that
by order of Oleg
his soldiers pulled him out
boats ashore,
put them
on wheels and lifting
the sails are moving
to the walls of Constantinople.
?
How do you think,
what happened
In fact?
Oleg's campaign against Constantinople
The boats of Prince Oleg at the walls of Constantinople.The Byzantines, seeing
that they can't
stand against
Oleg's troops,
agreed
pay him tribute:
12 hryvnia each
on the oar
for 2000 ships.
After this, peace was concluded between the Russians and Byzantium.
The Empire pledged to send tribute to the largest Russian
cities: Kyiv, Chernigov, Pereyaslavl, Lubeck, Rostov.
Russian ambassadors received the right to live in Byzantium at the expense of
imperial treasury indefinitely.
Oleg's campaign against Constantinople
Russian merchantscould live
in Byzantium at the expense
treasury for six months.
Empire
obliged
supply the Russians
on the way back,
food, sails,
The boats of Prince Oleg at the walls of Constantinople.
anchors and
Miniature from the Radziwill Chronicle of the 13th century.
ropes.
Russian merchants received the right to trade in Byzantium,
“I’m no worse for wear than anything.”
?
What did the last clause of the contract mean?
and what was its significance?
Oleg's treaty with Byzantium
Upon conclusiontreaty of the Byzantines
kissed the cross, and Oleg
and his vigilantes
swore by Perun,
Veles and weapons.
Oleg nails the shield to the gates of Constantinople.
Hood. I.K. Bodarevsky.
Last quarter of the 19th century
?
What does this mean?
taking an oath?
About Russian paganism.
Leaving Constantinople, Oleg nailed his shield to the gate
the Byzantine capital as a sign of reconciliation and friendship.
Oleg's treaty with Byzantium
In 911 arrived in ConstantinopleOleg's embassy, which signed
a new agreement that supplemented
agreement of 907
The parties proclaimed: “Yes, we love
each other with all our hearts and will.”
The treaty provided for penalties
for the crimes of the Greeks against
Russians and Russians against the Greeks,
help with shipwrecks,
mutual ransom of captives,
mutual return
runaway slaves.
Why is it particularly interesting?
Liszt Radziwillowska
the last point of the contract?
chronicles, telling
about Oleg's campaign against Constantinople.
?
Oleg's treaty with Byzantium
The treaty of 911 includedarticle on allied assistance
Byzantium from Rus'
and about the Russian service
in the Byzantine troops.
?
Vikings in service in Byzantium.
Modern drawing.
What kind of relationship?
Empire with Russia does this mean?
The Byzantines hired Russians
(Varangians) for service
in the imperial troops.
It was typical
for empire interaction
with barbarian peoples.
Igor's campaign against Constantinople.
In 941, 30 years later
after Oleg's agreement
with Byzantium,
Kyiv Prince Igor
went on a hike
to Constantinople.
The trip failed:
near the capital
Byzantine fleet
burned Russian boats
"Greek fire"
“Greek fire” is a flammable mixture based on petroleum, sulfur,
saltpeter, resin and possibly oil, which was not quenched with water.
Barrels and vessels with the mixture set on fire were thrown onto enemy
ships or in a fortress using throwing weapons.
Igor's campaign against Constantinople
Flames engulfing the boatsand throwing themselves into the sea
people, inspired the Russians
the warriors are so terrified,
that upon returning home,
they said that
the Greeks attacked them
lightning from heaven.
Battle of Igor with the Byzantines.
Hood. V. Ivanov.
Three years later, in 944,
hiring additional
Varangian army and
Pecheneg army,
Igor undertook again
trip to Constantinople.
Igor's campaign against Constantinople
Byzantine ambassadors ask for peace.Miniature from the Radziwill Chronicle.
The Emperor sent
ambassadors to Igor
with words:
"Don't go to the city,
but take the tribute
to the south was Oleg,
I'll give you more
to that tribute."
The prince turned
to the squad
for advice.
The squad replied: “What more do you want - without fighting, take
gold, and silver, and pavolok? Who knows who will win, is it us?
are they? We are not walking on earth, but in the depths of the sea.”
Having taken the tribute, Igor returned to Kyiv.
Treaty of Igor with Byzantium
Conclusion of a peace treaty.Miniature from the Radziwill Chronicle.
?
What does the exchange indicate?
embassies and signing
agreements not only in Constantinople,
but also in Kyiv?
In 944 the Byzantine
ambassadors arrived in Kyiv
to conclude a new
peace treaty.
After that the Russians
the ambassadors set off
to Constantinople,
where the contract was approved
emperor and then
arrived in Kyiv
second Byzantine
embassy and treaty
has been approved
Kyiv prince.
Treaty of Igor with Byzantium
In Igor's agreementwith Byzantium
many were confirmed
agreement conditions
Oleg 907–911
However, Russian ambassadors
and the merchants could not
now to spend the winter
in Byzantium, but they should
Release of Russian ambassadors from Constantinople.
Miniature from the Radziwill Chronicle.
were returning
home within
one navigation.
Quantity was limited
fabrics bought by Russian merchants.
Russian merchants lost their right
duty-free trade in Byzantium.
Treaty of Igor with Byzantium
Rus' pledged notattack Chersonesus,
don't seize land
at the mouth of the Dnieper,
defend Chersonesus
from the attack of nomads
- “Black Bulgarians”.
Conclusion of a peace treaty
between Russia and Byzantium.
Miniature from the Radziwill Chronicle.
Rus' pledged to help
Byzantine troops:
“Do we really want to start our kingdom from you warriors?
against those who oppose us, let us write to your Grand Duke,
and he will send it to us as much as we want.”
?
What do these articles of the agreement indicate?
Diplomacy of Princess Olga
HolyEqual to the Apostles
Duchess Olga
(baptism).
Hood. S.A. Kirillov.
A new stage of relations between Russia
and Byzantium came
with Princess Olga.
In 957 (according to other sources in 955)
Olga went herself
to Constantinople on a visit.
There she was baptized, and
she was baptized by the patriarch, and by her godfather
The emperor himself spoke.
The princess was received in Constantinople
with great honor,
which indicated
about the growth of the prestige of Rus'.
The Russian-Byzantine alliance established in 944 strengthened.
Foreign policy (IX-X centuries)
Main directionsDefence from
Pecheneg raids
and other nomadic
peoples
Hiking:
to Byzantium (907,
911 (Oleg), 941, 944 (Igor), 970-971. (Svyatoslav)
to Bulgaria (967, Svyatoslav)
to Khazaria (964-965, Svyatoslav)
Russian-Byzantine
treaties 907, 911 and
944 1. Which of the named persons did the Russian princes consider
the founder of his dynasty?
1) Askold
3) Rurik
2) Dira
4) Oleg 2. The activities of Prince Oleg include
1) education
Old Russian
center in Kyiv
states
With
2) the adoption of Christianity by Russia
3) creation of the first set of laws of Ancient Rus' -
"Russian Truth"
4) introduction of lessons and graveyards Review the diagram and
complete the tasks.
3. Write the name
detour
lands,
undertaken
princes
With
purpose
collection
tribute
By
route,
depicted
on
scheme.
Answer: Review the diagram and
complete the tasks.
4. Write the title
city designated
on the diagram with the number “1”.
Answer:
5. Write the title
Union of Slavic
tribes living
on the lands
indicated on the diagram
number "2".
Answer: 6. What judgments related to this scheme
are they true? Specify three judgments out of six
proposed.
1) for the first time, a detour along the route indicated on
scheme,
committed
prince
Rurik
2) Prince Igor was killed during a similar detour in
earth,
designated
on
map
number
"3"
3) the prince’s detour of possessions along this route,
was committed
With
November
By
April
4) an attempt to collect additional tribute during such
detour in 945, led to an uprising and the murder of the prince
5) the tribute collected during the detour included
furs, honey, wax, flax
6) the unit of tribute was a certain
arable land area
Homework
1. When did the Slavs appear in Eastern Europe? WITHwhat peoples and tribes are they there?
met?
2. What were the most important activities of the eastern
Slavs in the VI-VIII centuries? Why these classes?
formed the basis of the Slavic economy?
3. Describe
essence
And
peculiarities
ancient Russian statehood.
4. Tell us about the activities of the first Russians
princes (Oleg, Igor, Olga, Svyatoslav).
Prince Vladimir (980-1015)
AdoptionChristianity
(988)
Gain
southern
borders
(Pechenegs)
Lestrichnaya
transmission system
authorities
(started to take shape
under Svyatoslav,
has taken shape
under Yaroslavich)
Novgorod, Polotsk,
Turov, Vladimir Volynsky, Smolensk,
Rostov, Murom,
Tmutarakan,
land of the Drevlyans
The meaning of accepting Christianity
Strengthening the unity of the country andcentral government
Elimination of separatism
individual lands and addition
all-Russian self-awareness
Development of feudal
relations
Growing international prestige
Development of culture
(writing, icon painting,
frescoes, stone architecture,
schools...)
V. Vasnetsov
Vladimir's baptism
Patriarch of Constantinople
Church
hierarchy
Metropolitan of Kyiv
Bishops
Tithe
Hilarion is the first
Russian (1051)
The heyday of Kievan Rus (late 10th – mid 12th centuries)
Compilation of the first collectionlaws (Russian Truth)
Interstate dynastic
marriages
In 1054 the Cumans appeared
Defeat of the Pechenegs (1037)
The flourishing of culture (St. Sophia Cathedrals
in Kyiv and Novgorod, Spassky Cathedral in
Chernigov, "Golden Gate" in
Kyiv...)
Yaroslav the Wise
(1019-1054)
Reconstruction
MM. Gerasimova
Russian Truth - the first set of laws of the Old Russian state
BriefIs it true
Yaroslav's truth
1016
vv.1-18
Truth Yaroslavich
1072
vv.19-41
God's judgment?
Yaroslav's truth and
Yaroslavich
vv.1-52
Extensive
Is it true
beginning XII century
Charter
Vladimir Monomakh
Art.53-121
Protection of the property of the inhabitants of Rus', especially the property of princes
Vira - fine
Verv - community
for a crime
replacement of blood feud
Outcasts - kicked out
from the community
Rumors –
witnesses
Social structure of Kievan Rus
ownedNobility (feudal lords): princes, boyars (combatants), church
People – free rural and urban population
Smerdas were semi-free community members who carried out duties
in relation to the prince (?)
Ryadovich - a person obliged to perform work on
agreement (“row”) with his master
Zakup - a person working on a feudal lord's farm for a loan
(“kupu”)
Serf - slave
Servants - slave prisoners of war
Vladimir Monomakh (1113-1125)
1097 – Lyubech Congress: “Let everyone keep his fatherland”Vladimir Monomakh (1113-1125)
The final
editorial office of Russian Pravda
Victory over the Cumans
Strengthening the central
authorities
After Mstislav's death
Vladimirovich (1125-1132)
“The whole Russian land was in rage”
Monomakh's hat
Homework
1.What arewere
causes
acceptance
Russia
Christianity? What is the significance of this event?
2. Tell us about the reign of Yaroslav the Wise.
3. Describe
Monomakh.
governing body
Vladimir
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
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Periodization of the Old Russian state (Kievan Rus): 1) IX - mid-X century. - the time of the first Kyiv princes; 2) second half of the X - first half of the XI century. – the time of the principality of Vladimir I the Saint and Yaroslav the Wise, the era of the heyday of the Kyiv state; 3) second half of the 11th – second half of the 12th century. – transition to territorial and political fragmentation, or to appanage orders. The reasons for the emergence of the state among the Eastern Slavs: economic social political 1. production and use of iron tools 2. separation of agriculture from animal husbandry 3. development of trade and expansion of the internal and external markets 1. emergence of the rich and poor 2. separation of the tribal nobility 3. appearance of foreigners 1 . contradictions between different social groups 2. protecting the territory from external interference 3. waging wars of conquest
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Theories of the emergence of the state among the Eastern Slavs: Norman Centrist Slavic The Old Russian state was created by the Varangians with the voluntary consent of the Slavs. The Varangians are more educated and organized than the Slavs: they are recognized as representatives of the more developed world M.V. Lomonosov, B.A. Rybakov Foreign princes were indeed invited to Rus' as a “third”, reconciling force. But! The Old Russian state arose as a result of the long independent development of Slavic society. A.L. Yurganov, L.A. Katsva Denies the presence of the Varangians in Rus' and their role in the formation of the Old Russian state. The Varangian origin of the first Russian princes is denied. G. Bayer, XVIII century. G. Miller and A.L. Shlotzer N.M. Karamzin, XIX century. CM. Soloviev
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At the end of the 8th-9th centuries, armed Norman troops carried out trade and conquest campaigns in different countries of Europe. They also invaded the northwestern lands of the Eastern Slavs. The Russes are that part of the Normans who settled in the lands of the Eastern Slavs. Some East Slavic cities began to invite armed detachments of Rus, led by military leaders - princes, for a small fee. They obliged the population to pay them a constant and higher payment - tribute - instead of a salary for fulfilling their duties. According to the Tale of Bygone Years, in 862, the East Slavic and Finnish-speaking tribes living in the northwest stopped paying tribute to the Varangians and expelled them “overseas the sea,” that is, to the land from which they came. However, very soon the tribes quarreled, and it came to armed clashes. And at this time other enemies began to attack their lands.
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And then representatives of all the tribes gathered at the meeting and decided to send their ambassadors “overseas” to their familiar Varangians with the words: “Our land is great and abundant, but there is no order [government] in it. Yes, go [come] reign and rule over us.” Prince Rurik responded to the invitation. He settled with his squad in the city of Ladoga. Thus, a large unification (principality) arose in the northwestern lands, the center of which became the new city built by Rurik - Novgorod. Rurik began to be called Gostomyslom (d. ca. 860) - the legendary elder of the Ilmen Slovenes.
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In the first third of the 9th century, detachments of Rus appeared in the south. The noble warriors of Rurik, Askold and Dir, traveled along the Great Trade Route to the capital of Byzantium, Constantinople. Going down the Dnieper, they saw a city spread out on three hills. This was the center of the Kyiv glades, which, according to legend, was founded by three brothers: Kiy, Shchek and Khoriv. Residents of Kyiv paid tribute to the Khazars, and they were also “offended” by the Drevlyans and other tribes. The Polyans invited the Varangian squads to the city (perhaps Askold arrived here first, and Dir a little later). The Rus liberated the glades from Khazar dependence. Thus, in the 9th century, two large East Slavic associations emerged, in which invited princes ruled.
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In 879, Rurik died in Novgorod. His relative Oleg became the prince of Novgorod. In 882, having gathered a large army, he set off on a campaign to the south. Along the way, Oleg subjugated the land of the Krivichi, which was claimed by the southern princes. Approaching Kyiv, he cunningly lured princes Askold and Dir out of the city and killed them. Oleg declared Kyiv “the mother of Russian cities,” the capital of his lands. Subsequently, he defeated the nearest neighbors of the glades - the Drevlyans. Then the prince defeated the Khazars and freed the northerners and Radimichi from their dependence. As a result of the unification of the two main centers of the Eastern Slavs - the southern one, led by Kiev, and the northern one, led by Novgorod - a state was formed, called Rus'. Since it was the first, most ancient state of the Eastern Slavs, historians call it the Old Russian state or Kievan Rus.
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System of state authorities of Kievan Rus: Signs of state power in Kievan Rus:
Slide 9
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The first prince of the Old Russian state, Oleg, gradually annexed most of the East Slavic lands to Kyiv. The path “from the Varangians to the Greeks” came under his authority. In 907, Oleg made a grandiose campaign against Constantinople. It involved 2 thousand ships, which housed 80 thousand soldiers. The Byzantines, having learned about the approach of the Russian army, closed the harbor of Constantinople with a huge chain and took refuge behind the walls of the city. Then Oleg ordered to pull the ships ashore and put them on wheels. A fair wind drove the Rus' sailing ships to the walls of the Byzantine capital. The frightened Greeks asked for peace. Prince Oleg nailed his shield to the gates of Constantinople as a sign of victory. The result of the campaign was a trade agreement with Byzantium that was beneficial for Russian merchants, which Oleg concluded in 911.
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After Oleg's death, Rurik's son Igor became the prince of Kyiv. He began his activities by returning the Drevlyans, who had seceded taking advantage of Oleg’s death, to the rule of Kyiv. The reign of Prince Igor is characterized as a cruel, bloody era: constant skirmishes, wars, internecine turmoil. In 912, Prince Igor began his independent reign on the Kiev throne after the death of Prince Oleg. The Drevlyans (a tribe living in Ukrainian Polesie) had previously been subjugated by Prince Oleg and were required to pay tribute to Kyiv. With Oleg's death, they tried to free themselves and refuse to pay. Igor defeated them and imposed a greater tribute than before. In 915, the Pechenegs came to Russian soil for the first time. Igor’s diplomacy turned the conflict towards a peace treaty, but in 920 the Russian army went on a campaign against the Pechenegs, which speaks of Igor’s warlike policy. The result of this campaign is unknown, but we can assume its successful completion, since nowhere in the chronicles is there any mention of losses and Prince Igor returned home alive, the Pechenegs did not disturb Russian soil for a long time and were even hired to attack Byzantium in 944.
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In 941, Igor made a great campaign against Constantinople. But he was unsuccessful. The Byzantines burned the Rus' boats with a special flammable mixture - “Greek fire”. This defeat did not stop Igor. In 944 he again went to Byzantium. Having learned about this, the Greeks sent an embassy to the prince with rich gifts. Igor turned his squads back. While the Kiev prince was making military campaigns, the governor collected tribute from the Russian lands. But, returning home, in 945, Igor, at the insistence of his squad, himself went to the Drevlyans for tribute. The Drevlyans did not contradict the prince. However, upon returning, it seemed to Igor that the payment was not great. The prince released most of the squad and returned to the Drevlyans with a new demand for tribute.
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This time the Drevlyans were indignant - after all, the prince grossly violated the agreement on polyudye. The Drevlyansk veche decided: “If a wolf gets into the habit of the sheep, he will carry away the entire flock until they kill him.” The Drevlyans killed the prince's warriors and brutally dealt with the prince. After Igor's death, his widow Princess Olga (945-957) began to rule the state. She took revenge on the Drevlyans for the death of her husband. And in order to further exclude events similar to the massacre of Igor, the princess established the exact amount of the tribute - lessons and places for its collection - churchyards. Tribute was now collected not by the princes themselves, but by people specially appointed by them. This was the first government reform - an important change in people's lives. In 957, Olga with a magnificent retinue went to distant Constantinople. Here she converted to Christianity.
Slide 13
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Upon returning from Byzantium, Olga handed over the reign to her son Svyatoslav (957-972). Svyatoslav annexed to Rus' the last East Slavic union of tribes - the Vyatichi, who had previously paid tribute to the Khazars. From the land of the Vyatichi he moved to the Volga. Having ravaged the lands of the Volga Bulgars, Svyatoslav rushed to Khazaria, which created obstacles for Russian merchants on the Volga trade route leading through the Caspian Sea to the rich countries of the East. During two campaigns against the Khazar Kaganate (965-969), Svyatoslav’s troops defeated the main Khazar cities - Itil, Semender and Sarkel. Then the Russian prince captured the mouth of the Kuban River and the coast of the Azov Sea. The Tmutparakan principality, dependent on Rus', was formed on the Taman Peninsula. The Khazar Khaganate, soon after Svyatoslav’s campaigns, ceased to exist as an independent state.
Slide 14
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In 968, the Kiev flotilla entered the mouth of the Danube. Svyatoslav captured a number of Bulgarian settlements, and declared the city of Pereyaslavets his new capital. Such a turn of events was not included in the plans of Byzantium. A new strong enemy appeared at its borders. The Emperor persuaded his Pecheneg allies to attack Kyiv, where the elderly Princess Olga and her grandchildren were staying. Svyatoslav and part of his squad hurried home and drove the Pechenegs away from the capital. But the prince told his mother and the boyars: “I don’t like Kiev, I want to live in Pereyaslavets on the Danube: there is the middle of my land, everything good is brought there from all sides: from the Greeks gold, fabrics, wines, various fruits, from the Czechs and Hungarians silver and horses, furs from Rus', honey, wax and slaves.” But the old princess Olga did not want to let the prince go on a new campaign. Soon she died. In the spring of 971, the best troops of Byzantium moved against Svyatoslav. Fierce fighting ensued, during which the opponents suffered heavy losses. This forced them to start negotiations. The Byzantine emperor agreed to let Svyatoslav's warriors go home in exchange for the prince's promise to renounce Bulgaria. In 972, when Svyatoslav was returning to Kyiv with a small detachment, the Pechenegs ambushed him at the Dnieper rapids (stone piles blocking the river) and killed him.
15 slide
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The Pechenezh Khan ordered Svyatoslav's skull to be inserted into a gold frame and used it at feasts as a bowl.
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After the death of Svyatoslav, a struggle for power began between his sons. Vladimir Svyatoslavich (980-1015) won this fight. During his reign, a defensive system was created for the southeastern borders of Rus' against the Pechenegs (zaseks and watchtowers). Vladimir began his reign by establishing order in his own state. As a result of the two-year war, Vladimir returned the Vyatichi “under the arm” of Kyiv. In 984, the prince defeated the Radimichi militia. Even earlier, he conquered the Principality of Polotsk on the Western Dvina. After this, Vladimir led a campaign to Volga Bulgaria, which began to obstruct Russian trade. Having won the victory, Vladimir made peace with the Bulgars on terms favorable to Rus'.
Slide 17
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Under Vladimir, the first clash between Rus' and Poland, the newly emerged state of the Western Slavs, took place. In 981, Vladimir conquered the Polish cities of Cherven, Przemysl and others, significantly expanding the territory of his state. In 988, Rus' was baptized according to the Byzantine model. The adoption of Christianity was of great importance for the further development of Rus': 1) Christianity affirmed the idea of equality of people before God, which helped soften the cruel morals of the former pagans; 2) the adoption of Christianity strengthened state power and territorial unity of Kievan Rus; 3) Rus' strengthened its international authority by the fact that it was now becoming equal to other Christian countries, ties with which had expanded significantly; 4) the adoption of Christianity played a big role in the development of Russian culture, serving as a bridge for the penetration of Byzantine, and through it, ancient culture into Rus'.
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Russian Orthodox Church. Some time after the adoption of Christianity in Rus', a clear church organization developed. The head of the church was the Kiev Metropolitan, sent from Constantinople. Rus' was divided into church districts headed by bishops subordinate to the metropolitan. The clergy was divided into white and black. White priests served in urban and rural churches. The black clergy lived in monasteries. The monks renounced worldly pleasures and lived very poorly, in labor and prayer. Under Vladimir, the church charter was adopted. He gave the church broad rights. She had her own court. Church courts tried for crimes against faith - heresies, pagan prayers, as well as for all offenses of a moral nature.
Slide 19
Slide description:
Vladimir, following the example of his father, sent 12 of his sons to different lands of Rus' so that they would carry out his policies there. In this way, he hoped to strengthen his power and strengthen the unity of the state. Vladimir's favorite sons were Boris and Gleb. Prince Vladimir clearly wanted to transfer the Principality of Kiev to Boris after himself. The prince’s two eldest sons, Svyatopolk and Yaroslav, did not like this very much. When Vladimir died, Boris was not in Kyiv: he went on a campaign against the Pechenegs. Svyatopolk had many supporters among the people of Kiev, and they recognized him as their prince. But, knowing about the love of many in Rus' for Boris, Svyatopolk decided to get rid of his dangerous rival, as well as his brother Gleb, by sending secret assassins to them (Boris and Gleb were subsequently canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church). Later, Svyatopolk organized the murder of another brother, Svyatoslav, who ruled in the Drevlyan land. For his terrible crimes, Svyatopolk was popularly nicknamed the Damned.
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Yaroslav, having received news of the death of his father and the murder of his brothers, at the head of the hired Varangian squad and the Novgorod militia, opposed Svyatopolk. He called on the Pechenegs for help. The troops of the Kyiv and Novgorod princes met in the late autumn of 1016 near the town of Lyubech and stood for almost three months on different banks of the Dnieper, showering each other with ridicule. Yaroslav was the first to cross the Dnieper and defeated the Kievites with a sudden blow. Svyatopolk fled to his wife's father (father-in-law) - the Polish prince Boleslav the Brave. In 1017, Yaroslav entered Kyiv and took the princely throne. Svyatopolk the Accursed Yaroslav
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Boleslav the Brave, who sought to expand his possessions, saw a suitable opportunity for this. In 1018, he went with Svyatopolk against Yaroslav and defeated his army. Having captured Kiev, Boleslav did not return it to Svyatopolk, but began to rule himself. The humiliated prince began to incite the people of Kiev to oppose the Poles. Bolesław was forced to return to Poland. Svyatopolk re-established himself in Kyiv. In 1019, at the insistence of the Novgorodians, who did not want to pay tribute to Kyiv, Yaroslav again opposed Svyatopolk and defeated him. Svyatopolk tried to find shelter in Poland, but died on the way. Boleslav
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The reign of Yaroslav (1019-1054) became the heyday of the Old Russian state. The prince did a lot to spread Christianity in Rus'. He built new churches (including the outstanding Cathedrals of Hagia Sophia in Kyiv and Novgorod), opened schools in them, and encouraged the translation of church books from Greek into Slavic. Under him, the famous Kiev-Pechersk Monastery was founded. Yaroslav was a literate and educated person. He bought many books abroad, read them, according to the chronicle, “day and night,” and knew the Bible well. For this he received the popular nickname of the Wise. Hagia Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv Hagia Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod
Slide 23
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In an effort to establish order and legality in his state, Yaroslav the Wise began the creation in Rus' of a written code (collection) of laws, which was called Yaroslav's Truth. “Russian Truth” provided for punishments for beatings, mutilation, harboring a runaway slave, and damage to weapons and clothing. For criminal offenses, Russkaya Pravda provided for a fine (vira) in favor of the prince and a reward in favor of the victim (golovnichestvo). For serious crimes, according to the Russian Pravda set of rules, all the property of the perpetrator was taken away, expelled from the community or imprisoned.
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FROM THE TRUTH OF YAROSLAV 1. If a free man kills a free man, then brother for brother, or son for father, or father for son, or the sons of brother and sister, take revenge; if one of them does not want or cannot take revenge, then let him receive 40 hryvnia for the person killed... 13. If anyone discovers property stolen from him from another person, he should not take it away without permission, saying: “This is mine,” but let him say: “Go to the vault and show where you got it”; if a suspect of theft does not immediately go to the vault, then let him put up a guarantor for himself no later than five days... 16. If a slave hits a free husband and hides with his master, and he does not want to give him up, then he keeps the slave with him and pays to the insulted person 12 hryvnia; and then if he meets an offender [slave] somewhere, he has the right to beat him. What remnants of the clan system were preserved in the Old Russian state? What indicates the emergence of feudal relations?
Slide description:
Foreign policy of Yaroslav the Wise: in 1030 he established his power on the western shore of Lake Peipus and built the city of Yuryev there (the Kiev prince received his second name - Yuri) at baptism. In 1036, near Kiev, Russian troops led by the prince completely defeated the Pechenegs, after which the steppe people stopped raiding Rus'. 1041 treaty of alliance with the Polish king. 1046 Byzantium and Rus' concluded a peace treaty.
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With the death of the last of the sons of Yaroslav the Wise, strife began again. The most popular in Rus' at that time was Yaroslav’s grandson Vladimir Monomakh (1113–1125), who in 1097 took the initiative to convene a congress of princes in the city of Lyubech. It was decided to stop the strife and the principle “let everyone keep his fatherland” was proclaimed. The establishment of this principle consolidated the already begun division of the Russian land into separate principalities. However, strife continued after the Lyubech Congress. In 1113, Vladimir Monomakh was invited to the Kiev throne, temporarily restored the weakened power of the Grand Duke, and pacified the Polovtsians. Vladimir II was an enlightened ruler, the author of Instructions for Children. In 1132, under the sons and grandsons of Vladimir Monomakh, Rus' finally broke up into separate principalities. “... Let each one hold his Fatherland..” - the beginning of fragmentation in Rus'.
Slide 29
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A few days after his enthronement in Kyiv, Vladimir Monomakh gave Rus' a new set of laws - the “Charter of Vladimir Vsevolodovich”. The new law significantly eased the situation of various types of debtors. From now on, moneylenders had no right to demand more than 20% in excess of the borrowed amount. These provisions of the “Charter” freed many debtors from financial dependence and limited the arbitrariness of moneylenders. The sources of servitude were clearly defined: - self-selling into servitude, - the transformation into a slave of a person who married a servant without a corresponding contract, - entering the service of the master as a tiun without the freedom specifically stipulated in this case - a purchaser who ran away from the master also became a slave. If he left in search of money to repay the debt, then in this case he could not be turned into a slave. In all other cases, attempts to enslave free people were suppressed, which was certainly a progressive rule for that time. It was forbidden to turn into a slave a person who received a loan of bread.
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A crown (or hat) presented to the Grand Duke of Kyiv Vladimir Monomakh by the ambassadors of the Byzantine emperor in 1116. All Russian autocrats were crowned kings, wearing the Monomakh Cap on their heads. She was a symbol of royal power.
Slide 2
Prerequisites for the creation of the Old Russian state
State formation is a long process. The state arises as a result of the decomposition of the tribal system. The prerequisites for the emergence of the state among the Eastern Slavs occurred over several centuries.
Slide 3
In the 9th century, trade was of great importance in the life of the Slavs. The trade route from the Baltic and Northern Europe to Byzantium (“the path from the Varangians to the Greeks”) ran through the lands of the Slavs.
People appeared who purchased furs, honey, wax from the Slavs and exported them to the markets of Byzantium and Khazaria (merchants).
Slide 4
Trade was very profitable, but also very dangerous. The lower reaches of the Dnieper River were under the control of the nomadic Pecheneg people. They robbed passing merchant ships and sold the captured people into slavery.
Slide 5
Along the trade routes, settlements arose, gradually growing into cities (Kyiv - near the Polyans, Chernigov - among the northerners, Smolensk and Polotsk - among the Krivichi, Novgorod - among the Ilmen Slovenes).
Slide 6
Merchants traded in the cities, and artisans moved here. The cities subjugated the surrounding territories. People from various tribes settled in the cities. New orders, uniform for all, were established in the cities.
Slide 7
The emergence of princely power
Historians have different points of view about the emergence of princely power among the Slavs. In the 8th and 9th centuries, the Normans raided European countries. They invaded the northwestern territory of the Eastern Slavs and imposed tribute on the Chud and Meryu (Finno-Ugric) tribes, as well as the Krivichi and Ilmen Slovenes.
Slide 8
Some Slavic cities, for a small fee, began to invite armed detachments of Russians led by princes (konungs) for their defense. among the Slavs. The Slavs called their mercenary warriors Varangians. Kings began to be invited to resolve inter-tribal disputes.
Slide 9
Formation of government centers
The chronicle “The Tale of Bygone Years” reports that in 862 the Slavs and Finno-Ugrians expelled the Varangians, but discord and clashes began among them, and enemy attacks resumed. Then the representatives of the tribes at the meeting decided to invite the Varangians they knew to reign.
Slide 10
The calling of Rurik, from which the beginning of the statehood of the Eastern Slavs is traditionally counted, in historiography received the name “Calling of the Varangians.” Rurik laid the foundation for the Rurik dynasty, which ruled until the end of the 16th century.
Slide 11
The noble warriors of Rurik, Askold and Dir, went with their warriors on a raid on Constantinople, but along the way they stopped at Kyiv and, having captured it, remained to reign there.
Slide 12
The glades paid tribute to the Khazars. Askold and Dir freed the glades from this tribute. Askold took the title of Khakan. The Varangians entered into a fight with the Drevlyans, Pechenegs, and Bulgars.
Slide 13
In the 9th century, two large East Slavic associations emerged, ruled by invited princes. Novgorod was located in the north, Kyiv in the south.
Slide 14
Formation of the Old Russian State
After the death of Rurik in 879, his relative Oleg became the prince of Novgorod. In 882, having gathered a large army, he went on a campaign to the south. Along the way, the Krivichi were subjugated. After that, he went down the Dnieper to Kyiv, where Askold and Dir reigned. Oleg lured them to his boats.
Slide 15
After annexing Kyiv, Oleg subjugated the Drevlyans to his power, and having defeated the Khazars, he annexed the territories of the Northerners and Radimichi. A large East Slavic state of RUS was formed. Historians call this state the Old Russian State.
Slide 16
At the head of Rus' was the great prince of Kiev. His power rested on the warriors, with whom the prince consulted on the most important matters and divided tribute and military booty.
Slide 17
From November to April, the prince and his retinue traveled around the subject lands and collected the prepared tribute. This form of collecting tribute was called POLYUDYE. All tribes that recognized the power of the Kyiv prince entered into an agreement with him and agreed to pay tribute in furs, bread and others.
Slide 18
In case of war, all tribes were required to raise militia. The all-Russian militia was commanded by a voivode. In the cities, all major issues were decided by the veche. Some tribes retained the power of their princes. Local princes were ready to use any opportunity to free themselves from the power of Kyiv.
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Slide captions:
Education of the Old Russian State GBOU school No. 471 of the Vyborg district of St. Petersburg Shimolina T.V. history teacher 2012
1. Show the process of state formation among the Eastern Slavs. 2. Reveal the prerequisites for the creation of the Old Russian state. 3. To familiarize students with the internal organization of the Old Russian state. 4.Give an idea of the Norman and anti-Norman theories of state formation in Rus'. Lesson objectives:
1. State. 2.Prince. 3. Varangians. 4.Norman and anti-Norman theories. 5.polyudye. 6. merchants. 7. The path from the Varangians to the Greeks. New terms:
A state is an organization of life in which there is a unified system of managing people living in the same territory; relationships between them are regulated on the basis of common laws (or traditions), border protection is carried out; relationships with other states and peoples are regulated in one way or another.
Rus' in the 9th-12th centuries was an early feudal monarchy, which was based on a genealogical principle: the supreme power in the country belonged to the Rurik family (IX - late 12th centuries). The Grand Duke was traditionally considered the supreme ruler and owner of the land in Rus'. But his power was not personal; it was limited to the boyars and the veche. The path of state formation in Rus' was non-synthesis (independent). Old Russian state in the 9th - early 12th centuries
The state of Rus' was created by the Varangians. The word Rus is of Varangian origin. The Slavs were weak to create a state themselves. (the founders of this theory were the German scientists Bayer, Schlozer and Miller). Norman theory of the formation of the state of Kievan Rus
1. The word “Rus” is of Russian origin. Not a single Scandinavian chronicle contains any records of the formation of the Russian state by the Normans. In Rus', by the time the Varangians were called, there were already state formations: Kuyaba (Kyiv), Slavia (Novgorod) and Artania (presumably on the site of old Ryazan). Lomonosov (anti-Norman) theory of the formation of the state of Kievan Rus
The need to defend against external enemies: the Khazars, the Pechenegs. The need to keep the masses in obedience. Tasks promoting the formation of the Old Russian state
VII century - raids by neighbors, the need to unite tribal alliances - the embryo of statehood (VI-VIII centuries - military democracy). VII_IX century - unification of Slavic tribes into unions and super-unions - development of the institution of tribal system. The formation of two groups of East Slavic tribes: northern (center in Novgorod) and southern (center in Kyiv) is the final stage in the development of tribal political organization. 882 - Oleg's campaign against Kyiv and the unification of two groups of Eastern Slavs into a single state - Kievan Rus. stages of statehood formation in Rus'
Map of Ancient Rus'
The path from the Varangians to the Greeks In the 9th century, foreign trade began to play an increasingly important role in the life of the Eastern Slavs. People whose main occupation was trade were called merchants. The path from the Varangians to the Greeks: r. Neva-Lake Ladoga-r. Volkhov-lake Ilmen-r. Lovat - dragging to the tributaries of the Dnieper river. Dnieper - Black Sea. The final destination is rich Byzantium.
862 “Our land is great and abundant, but there is no order (government) in it. Yes, go (come) reign and rule over us.”
Aldagemor (old Ladoga) The Varangian prince Rurik responded to the invitation of the Slavs. He settled with his squad in the city of Ladoga. Thus, a large unification (principality) arose in the northwestern lands, the center of which would later become the one built by Rurik in 864. New city - Novgorod
Rurik, after the death of the brothers Sineus and Truvor, built a fortress on the site of modern Novgorod. And this was in 864. And in 2009, Veliky Novgorod celebrated 1150 years (according to the first mention of Novgorod in the Nikon Chronicle in 859)
882 Oleg, having gathered a large army, set off on a campaign to the south. Approaching Kyiv, he cunningly lured princes Askold and Dir out of the city and killed them. Oleg declared Kyiv “the mother of Russian cities,” the capital of his lands. As a result of the unification of the two main centers of the Eastern Slavs - the southern one led by Kiev and the northern one led by Novgorod - a state was formed, called Rus'
Formation of a state association in Kyiv In the first third of the 9th century, the Varangian princes Askold and Dir traveled along the great trade route to the capital of Byzantium, Constantinople. When they went down the Dnieper, they saw a city spread out on three hills. It was Kyiv. They liked the city and stayed to rule there. Thus, in the 9th century, a second state formation was formed in the Dnieper region with its center in Kyiv.
Polyudye From November to April, the Kiev prince and his retinue traveled around the lands under his rule, collecting the prepared tribute
Management system Grand Duke Druzhina (boyars, youths) Princes of tribal unions Druzhina Yaroslav the Wise. Kievan Rus under Yaroslav (1019-1054) reached its peak.
Ruling elite: Prince. Boyars. Junior warriors, clergy. Townspeople Craftsmen, merchants. Rural population: Free: community members (people), semi-dependent: stinkers, purchasers, ryadovichi. Dependents: slaves, servants. The main layers of the ancient Russian population
Vladimir Monomakh Vladimir Monomakh (1113-1125) and his son Mstislav (1125-1132) were the last princes of the state of a united Kievan Rus.
Monument dedicated to the millennium of Rus' in Novgorod
The state of the Eastern Slavs emerged at the end of the 9th century. The process of state formation was natural; it is the result of changes that took place in the internal life of the East Slavic tribes, accelerated by an external factor - the attack of the Varangians on the northwestern lands and the Khazars on the southern ones. Lesson summary
WWW.yandex.ru. A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the XYI century, 2006. Domestic Russia in diagrams and tables. Moscow 2010 Sources.
