Presentation on the topic "James Cook". Presentation on the topic "James Cook" which are installed in different countries

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Presentation on the topic: James Cook Svetlana Nikolaevna Kuznetsova, geography teacher, MBOU "Secondary School No. 2", Salekhard

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On October 27, 1728, James Cook, the fifth child in the family, was born into the family of a Scottish worker living in the village of Marton. When James was 8 years old, his parents sent him to school, where he studied the basics of writing and reading for five years. After completing his studies, he took a job as a farmer, whose boss was his father. And in mid-1746, his maritime career began - James Cook became a cabin boy on a coal ship.

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After working for almost 2 years on a coal ship, the future famous navigator is transferred to another ship, which belongs to the same shipowners - the Walker brothers. As the sailors noted, during his voyages Cook devoted a lot of time to studying geography, mathematics and navigation. In 1755, the shipowner brothers invited the young navigator to become the head of one of their ships, to which James refused. Instead, he becomes a sailor on one of the British warships of the line, and after a month of service he seizes the next rank of boatswain.

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During the Seven Years' War, in the second half of 1757, Cook confidently passed the master's exam, and soon received an appointment to the next warship, the Pembroke. During the capture of Quebec, he needed in practice all the knowledge that he acquired during long voyages on a coal ship. He had to build a fairway line in the St. Lawrence River that would allow English warships to pass through to attack the enemy. James Cook copes with this rather responsible and complex task perfectly, thus attracting the interest of the Admiralty in his person.

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It was this interest that played a fatal role in his future fate: after reviewing a bunch of candidates and numerous disputes, it was decided to appoint James Cook as head of the astronomical expedition. Cook received the ship Endeavor at his disposal, and in 1768 he set off on a long voyage, later referred to as Cook's first expedition. From this moment his direct ascent to fame and recognition begins.

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Under the leadership of James Cook, three expeditions were made that significantly expanded people's understanding of our world. (First (red), second (green) and third (blue) Cook expeditions)

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The first circumnavigation of the world, on the ship "Endeavor" It is proven that New Zealand. consists of two islands, the strait between which is now called Cook Strait (first passed on March 9, 1770) Cook was the first to study the nature of New Zealand and concluded that if the Europeans established a colony there, then in this fertile country they would be able to grow everything without much effort and care. , what do you need. Cook explored and mapped the east coast of Australia. On August 21, 1770, the Endeavor rounded the northern tip of Australia, Cape York. On the east coast, Cook discovered a large bay, the shores of which he recommended as the best place for a large port; the city of Sydney now stands on this site.

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Second voyage around the world, on the ships "Resolution" "Adventure" Cook was the first in history to cross the Antarctic Circle (January 17, 1773) and on February 17, 1773, the first European to observe the southern aurora. Discovery of the Niuz Islands on June 20, New Hebrides on August 21, 1774, New Caledonia on September 4, 1774, South Georgia on January 14, 1775, the South Sandwich Islands archipelago in February 1775. Cook showed that all oceans are connected at latitudes south of Africa and America into one Southern Ocean, according to to which he was the first to complete a full circle. When asked about the presence of a continent near the South Pole of the Earth, Cook replied that if this continent exists, it is inaccessible due to ice fields and cannot be of particular benefit

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"Resolution" and "Adventure" in Matavai Bay (Tahiti). Painting.

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Third voyage, on the ships "Resolution" and "Discovery" Discovery (re-) of the Hawaiian Islands (January 18, 1778), surveying the northwestern coast of America from 54º north latitude. up to 70º20´ N Cook managed to pass through the Bering Strait into the Chukchi Sea, but he was unable to overcome the ice fields north of 74º41´N.

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"The Death of Captain Cook." Painting. Author - Sean Linehan The death of James Cook, the legendary navigator, occurred at the hands of the natives, while on his third expedition. During the scuffle, the British quickly began to retreat to their boats, and Cook, covering his people, did not have time to dodge a stone and it hit him in the head. For several days the team did not know the fate of their commander. And then a group of natives on boats approached the ship and held out the remains of their captain. On February 21, 1779, at sunset, the ship Resolution, with flags at half-mast, saw off its commander on his last journey. The remains were given to the sea.

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Obelisk dedicated to James Cook Statue of James Cook in Carnel (a suburb of Sydney) in the Hawaiian Islands.

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Interesting Facts. The command module of the Apollo 15 spacecraft was named after Endeavor, the first ship commanded by James Cook. During his flight, the fourth landing of people on the Moon was carried out. One of the “space shuttles” received the same name. Regarding the popular myth associated with the death of James Cook, the Russian poet and singer Vladimir Vysotsky wrote a humorous song “One scientific riddle, or why the aborigines ate Cook.” An archipelago in the Pacific Ocean was named after the traveler; The archipelago received its name from the Russian navigator Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, since Cook himself stayed on the islands of the Southern Group in the period from 1773 to 1775.

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The famous English navigator Cook is a respected person in Australia. In the very center of Melbourne, in Fitzroy Park, stands the house of Captain James Cook - the only house museum in the whole country. Despite the fact that James Cook never lived in Australia - at least not in his own house. The house was purchased by Sir Russell Grimwade and gifted to the Australian people in 1934, when the state of Victoria celebrated its 100th anniversary. In England, the house was dismantled and transported to Melbourne, the capital of Victoria, where it was reassembled and carefully restored. Near it they set up exactly the same garden that existed in England in the 18th century.

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Song by Vladimir Vysotsky. And there was no catch or trick at all, They entered without knocking, almost without a sound, They launched a bamboo baton - Bale! - right into the crown of the head - and there was no Cook. But there is, however, another assumption that Cook was eaten out of great respect. What the sorcerer, the cunning and evil one, incited everyone: - Atu, guys! grab Cook! Whoever eats it without salt and without onions, He will be strong, brave, kind, like Cook! - Someone came across a stone, - Threw it, viper, and Cook is gone. And the savages are now wringing their hands, Breaking spears, breaking bows, Burning and throwing bamboo clubs, - Worried that they ate Cook. Don't grab other people's waists, breaking free from the hands of your friends. Remember how the late Cook swam to the shores of Australia. As if in a circle, sitting under the azaleas, We would eat from sunrise to dawn, Evil savages ate each other in this sunny Australia. But why did the Aborigines eat Cook? For what - it is unclear - science is silent. It seems to me a very simple thing: They wanted to eat - and ate Cook. There is an option that their leader is a big beech, - He shouted that the cook on Cook’s ship is very tasty. There was a mistake - that's what science is silent about - They wanted coke, but they ate cook.

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James Cook, born November 7, 1728 in the village of Marton, North Yorkshire, England - died February 14, 1779. on the island of Hawaii. British navigator, the largest explorer of Oceania, the first explorer of the Antarctic seas.

Captain James Cook sat for this portrait in London on May 25, 1776. Artist NathanielDance

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The son of a farm laborer, he rose from cabin boy to junior officer in the navy. He proved himself to be a first-class hydrographer during the war between Great Britain and France for the possession of Canada.

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MAP OF J. COOK'S AROUND THE WORLD EXPEDITIONS

Cook's first, second and third expeditions

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In 1769 - 1776 completed 2 voyages around the world, after which for outstanding discoveries he was promoted to captain of the 1st rank, from February 29, 1776, a member of the Royal Society of London. He received an appointment to the Greenwich Observatory, but agreed to take part in the third expedition. The purpose of this new voyage was to find a passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans from the Pacific side. On his way across the Pacific Ocean, Cook made his main discovery - the Hawaiian Islands - where he later met his death.

From left to right: Daniel Solander, Joseph Banks, James Cook, John Hawksford and Lord Sandwich. Painting. Author - John Hamilton Mortimer, 1771

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"The Death of Captain Cook"

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All of Cook's voyages were aimed not only at the subjugation of new lands to the British crown, but at their full scientific description: astronomical and hydrographic measurements, ethnographic, botanical and zoological research. From Cook's journals, Europeans first learned the words "kangaroo" and "taboo".

In the publication of the journal of James Cook's second voyage, European readers saw the image of a kangaroo for the first time

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First circumnavigation of the world on the ship Endeavor

It has been proven that New Zealand consists of two islands, the strait between which is now called Cook Strait (first passed on March 9, 1770)

Cook was the first to study the nature of New Zealand and concluded that if Europeans set up a colony there, then in this fertile country they would be able to grow everything they needed without much work or worry.

Cook explored and mapped the east coast of Australia. On August 21, 1770, the Endeavor rounded the northern tip of Australia, Cape York. On the east coast, Cook discovered a large bay, the shores of which he recommended as the best place for a large port; the city of Sydney now stands on this site.

Reconstruction of the Endeavor.

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Second circumnavigation of the world on the ships "Resolution" and "Adventure"

Cook was the first in history to cross the Antarctic Circle (January 17, 1773), and on February 17, 1773. was the first European to observe the southern aurora.

Discovery of the islands of Niue on June 20, New Hebrides on August 21, 1774, New Caledonia on September 4, 1774, South Georgia on January 14, 1775, the South Sandwich Islands archipelago in February 1775.

Cook showed that all the oceans unite at latitudes south of Africa and America into one Southern Ocean, along which he was the first to complete a full circle. When asked about the presence of a continent in the region of the Earth's South Pole, Cook replied that if this continent exists, it is inaccessible due to ice fields and cannot be of much use.

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Third voyage, on the ships "Resolution" and "Discovery"

Discovery (re-discovery) of the Hawaiian Islands (January 18, 1778), survey of the northwestern coast of America from 54º north latitude. up to 70º20´ N

Cook managed to pass through the Bering Strait into the Chukchi Sea, but he was unable to overcome the ice fields north of 74º41´N.

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Historical reference

James Cook is a famous English sailor, explorer, cartographer and discoverer. Born in 1728 in Marton (Yorkshire) in the family of a hired worker. He died in 1779 during a battle with the Hawaiian islanders. He led three round-the-world expeditions to explore the World Ocean. During these expeditions he made a number of geographical discoveries. Surveyed and mapped:

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• Canada
• Australia
• New Zealand
• Coast
• North America
• Pacific Ocean
• Atlantic Ocean
• Indian Ocean

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Childhood and youth

The future navigator spent his entire childhood and youth in a cozy peasant house. However, at the time when little James went to a rural school, nothing foreshadowed that he would someday become a great navigator.

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The father wanted to see his son as a businessman and apprenticed him to a haberdasher. Thirteen-year-old James showed character, left his owner and became a cabin boy on the coal ship Free-Love. But after some time he chose to leave the merchant navy and became a sailor in the Royal Navy. And two years later he became the captain of his own ship, which plied the waters around America.

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First expedition

The expeditionary voyage of the ship Endeavor lasted three years from 1768 to 1771. Astronomical observations were carried out from the island of Tahiti and were successful. In 1768, the Royal Society of London decided to send an astronomical expedition to the Pacific Ocean to observe the passage of the planet Venus through the disk of the Sun. After much debate, Royal Navy Lieutenant James Cook was appointed head of the expedition.

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Observations of Venus were the main, but not the only task of the expedition. The English government was interested in the unknown “Southern Continent,” where it was expected to discover unusually rich deposits of gold, silver and other minerals. Alas, Cook was unable to find anything like this.

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But the captain found something completely different - real Australia. He discovered and mapped the Great Barrier Reef and determined the island position of New Zealand. All this made it possible to clarify the map of the oceans and significantly expanded the geographical understanding of this part of the globe. Cook refuted claims that New Zealand is the northern tip of the “Southern Continent” and suggested that this continent is located in close proximity to the South Pole and is covered with ice. Now it is called Antarctica.

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Second expedition

This time there were two ships - "Resolution" and "Adventure". The expedition included a group of scientists - Forster, Wells, Bailey and others, as well as the artist Hodges. In total, about 200 people set sail under Cook’s command. The path of his ships lay to the high Antarctic latitudes. On January 17, 1774, he crossed the Antarctic Circle and moved on. During this voyage, he practically circled the perimeter of Antarctica, with short visits to Tahiti and New Zealand for rest. He was unable to find anything except ice and icebergs. But this was precisely the answer to the main question - no unknown “southern continent” exists. No one had sailed so far into the polar latitudes of the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic oceans before him.

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Third expedition

The third expedition became fatal for the researcher. This time Cook tried to find out whether it was possible to reach China through the so-called northwest route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. It was supposed to pass through the seas and straits of the Canadian Arctic archipelago. Having passed the Bering Strait into the Arctic Ocean, Cook tried to go east along the coast of Alaska, but the path of his ships was blocked by solid ice.

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Alas, Cook was not destined to find out. In February 1779, he made a stop in the Hawaiian Islands. The islanders gave him royal honors. But later the relationship deteriorated greatly. What exactly happened between the Hawaiians and the team remains a mystery. It is believed that local residents stole one of the boats from the sailors. In response to this, Cook attempted to capture the local chief. According to other sources, Cook tried to negotiate with the savages, and the leader disappeared by himself. In general, the story is dark. All this infuriated the natives. As a result, an angry crowd attacked Cook and stabbed him to death in front of his own team. The only thing the crew members could do was bury the body of their illustrious captain at sea. As you can see, the aborigines did not eat Cook at all.

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Conclusion

Only after death did Cook find peace where he could not find it during his life - in the blue and distant ocean. In 1780 the expedition returned to England. In memory of the great navigator, the following are named after him:

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JAMES COOK

James Cook is born October 27, 1728 years in the village of Marton. His father, a poor Scottish farmhand, had four children in addition to James. In 1736, the family moved to the village of Great Ayton, where Cook was sent to a local school (now converted into a museum). After five years of study, James Cook begins working on the farm under the supervision of his father, who by that time had received the position of manager. At the age of eighteen, he is hired as a cabin boy on the Walkers' Hercules. Thus begins the sea life of James Cook.

1775

World Travel Map

J. COOK

Cook's first, second and third expeditions

The first circumnavigation of the world (1768-1771)

primary goal- observation of the passage of Venus through the disk of the Sun - was carried out, and the results of the experiment were subsequently used to accurately calculate the distance from the Earth to the Sun.

Second task- discovery of the Southern continent - was not completed.

The expedition also proved that New Zealand is two independent islands separated by a narrow strait (Cook Strait). Several hundred miles of the east coast of Australia were mapped. A strait was opened between Australia and New Guinea.

Cook himself, after returning home, was promoted to captain.

Second circumnavigation of the world (1772-1775)

Cook's second expedition was associated with geographical and political problems placed on the agenda at the initial stage in the seas of the southern hemisphere in search of the Southern continent. The Admiralty was in such a hurry with this matter that Cook was given, after compiling a detailed report on the first voyage, only three weeks of rest (in December 1771) - after a three-year voyage.

Third circumnavigation of the world (1776-1779)

The main goal of the expedition- opening of the Northwest Passage - was not achieved.

Were open Hawaiian Islands, Christmas Island and some other islands.

Memory of J. Cook

immortalized in coins of different countries

Memory of J. Cook

immortalized in stamps of different countries

J. Cook is immortalized in monuments,

which are installed in different countries

Obelisk dedicated to James Cook in Carnel (a suburb of Sydney)

Inscription on the back of the Captain James Cook Memorial, Waimia, Fr. Kauai (Hawaii Islands)