Statistical observation plan and population census data. Statistical observation Quality of statistical observation results and its control
Home > Document3. Statistical observations
Topic study plan
| List of questions | Literature | |
| The student must know: | ||
| - definition of statistical observation; - forms, types of statistical observation; - principles of statistical observation; - methods of observation; - types of errors and control over them; | L-1 L-2 L-4 L-5 | 19-36 12-18 15-22 14-24 |
| - tasks to improve statistical observation; | ||
| be able to: | ||
| - develop a plan for conducting statistical observation | ||
Guidelines When studying the topic, it should be understood that observation is the first and initial stage of statistical research. It is necessary to understand the basic principles of organizing and conducting observation, and learn to solve practical problems facing the observer. Clearly understand that statistical observation is a purposeful, scientifically organized process. This is expressed in the fact that it is carried out with a specific, pre-established goal and is organized according to a plan. Preparation for observation includes a wide range of different types of work. First, it is necessary to solve programmatic and methodological issues of its implementation, then to solve problems of an organizational nature, and then to conduct a mass collection of data directly related to filling out statistical forms. It is necessary to understand the basic organizational forms, types and methods of statistical observation, the principles of classification of forms, types and methods of observation and their application in solving problems. The most important task of observation is to obtain high-quality, reliable data. Its solution depends on the successful fulfillment of the requirements for the observer. However, it must be borne in mind that errors may occur during observation. Errors that appear during the observation process are called observation errors. All errors that arise during continuous observation are called registration errors. To prevent or reduce the size of these errors, the organizational plans for observation should provide for special control measures (for example, conducting repeated observations of observation units, etc.). With incomplete observation, in particular selective observation, specific errors may arise, called errors of representativeness. They appear due to the fact that observation is not continuous. After receiving the statistical forms, the completeness and quality of the collected data should be checked. Key issues are outlined in the diagram.
3.1. Formulate the definition of the object of observation:
a), census of post offices; b), census of commercial enterprises; c), census of scientific institutions; d), census of hospitals, clinics and other health care institutions; d). school census. 3.2. Make a list of the most significant features of the following:
main units of statistical observation: a), farms; c), university; b), residential building; d), joint venture.
- It is planned to conduct a census of livestock on households. What method and type of observation (according to the source of information) would you prefer for this census? Motivate your choice. In 1994, the State Statistics Committee of Russia conducted (through its bodies) a one-time survey of organizations on the composition of labor costs. What type of statistical observation by time does this survey belong to?
Practical lesson 1
Familiarization with the forms of statistical reporting of agricultural enterprises. 4. Summary and grouping of statistical data
Topic study plan
| List of questions | Literature | |
| The student must know: | ||
| - the concept of summary and grouping, their meaning and | L-1 | |
| application; | L-2 | |
| - the essence of the statistical summary and grouping; | L-4 | |
| - the concept of a grouping characteristic; | L-5 | |
| - concept of interval; | ||
| - the concept of distribution series and their application | ||
| when solving problems; | ||
| be able to: | ||
| - correctly identify grouping characteristics; | ||
| - select statistical grouping intervals; | ||
| - form groups. |
Guidelines
When studying this topic, it should be understood that the most important stage in the study of socio-economic phenomena and processes is the systematization of primary data and, on this basis, obtaining a summary characteristic of the object as a whole using general indicators, which is achieved by summarizing and grouping primary statistical material. It should be understood that according to the depth and accuracy of processing the material, a distinction is made between simple and complex reports. The summary must be carried out in the following stages:
- selection of grouping characteristics; determining the order of group formation;
- development of a system of statistical indicators to characterize groups and the object as a whole; development of statistical table layouts for presenting summary results.
- identification of socio-economic types of phenomena;
- studying the structure of the phenomenon and structural shifts occurring in it;
- identifying connections and dependencies between phenomena.
- typological; structural;
Once the number of groups is determined, the grouping intervals, which can be equal or unequal, should be determined.
The value of the equal interval can be determined by the following formula: 
where: I – interval, X mas and X min – maximum and minimum values of the population characteristics, n – number of groups. When grouping statistical data, each group can be characterized by several statistical indicators. If we characterize groups with only one indicator, namely the number of units included in the group, we will obtain distribution series that can be compiled according to quantitative and qualitative (attributive) criteria. Hence they are called variational and attributive series. The distribution series can be represented by the following diagram. 
Scheme4. Distribution series
Practical lesson 2
ILo materials from agricultural enterprises carry out simple and combined grouping. Present the grouping results in a statistical table and do an analysis.
Tasks and exercises for self-control
4.1. Which grouping characteristics - attributive or quantitative?
honest – include: a) the age of the person; b) nationality; c) grade point; d) income of a company employee; d) form of ownership? 4.2. Which of the following groupings are typological: a) grouping of the population by gender; b) grouping of the population by industry employed in the national economy; c) grouping of capital investments for the construction of facilities
industrial and non-productive purposes; d) grouping of public catering enterprises according to forms of ownership
property? 4.3. The following data on the main performance indicators is known:
of the largest banks in one of the regions of Russia (conditional data)
(thousand roubles.)
| No. | Amount of assets | Equity | Attracted resources | Balance sheet profit | Volume of investments in government securities | Loan debt |
| 1 | 2 | 5 | 7 | |||
| 1 | 645,6 | 8,1 | 30,8 | |||
| 2 | 636,9 | 9,5 | 25,7 | |||
| 3 | 629,0 | 38,4 | 26,4 | |||
| 4 | 619,6 | 38,4 | 25,3 | |||
| 5 | 616,4 | 13,4 | 20,9 | |||
| 6 | 614,4 |
2. The 2002 All-Russian Population Census was conducted from October 9 to October 16, 2002, as of 0 o’clock from October 8 to October 9. The counter arrived:
a) to family No. 1 - October 10. A child was born into this family on October 9. Should the census taker enter information about the newborn child on the census form?
b) to family No. 2 - October 15. In this family, a family member died on October 14th. Should the enumerator enter information about the deceased on the census form?
c) to family No. 3 - October 16. In this family, on October 12, the newlyweds registered their marriage at the registry office. What answer should the enumerator record to the question on the census form "Marriage Status"
3. Using logical control, check the following answers to the questions on the population census questionnaire:
Using counting (arithmetic) control, check the following data received from kindergarten. Draw a conclusion.
A) Total number of children in kindergarten - 133
b) Including: in senior groups – 37,
in the middle – 43,
in juniors – 58
V) Of the total number of children: boys – 72,
girls – 66
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5. Formulate the definition of the object of observation, the unit of observation:
Homework
on the topic "Statistical observation"
1. Give examples of various types of statistical observation based on media data (over the last 5-7 years)
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2. Develop program and methodological questions of statistical observation on the topic of your choice, format it in the form of a table:
Organizational plan for statistical observation
| Event | Dates | Responsible |
Terminological dictionary
Statistical observation- mass, systematic, scientifically organized observation of the phenomena of social and economic life, which consists of recording the characteristics selected by each unit of the population.
Purpose of observation- obtaining reliable information to identify patterns of development of phenomena and processes.
Observation object- statistical aggregate in which the studied socio-economic phenomena and processes occur.
Unit of observation- a component element of an object that is a carrier of characteristics subject to registration.
Reporting unit- the subject from which data about the observation unit comes.
Surveillance program- a list of signs (or questions) to be recorded during the observation process.
Statistical form- a uniform document containing the program and observation results.
Critical moment (date)- day of the year, hour of the day, as of which the registration of characteristics should be carried out for each unit of the population under study.
Duration (period) of observation- the time during which statistical forms are filled out.
Reporting- the main form of statistical observation, with the help of which statistical authorities, within a certain period of time, receive from enterprises, institutions and organizations the necessary data in the form of legally established reporting documents, sealed with the signatures of persons responsible for their provision and the reliability of the collected information.
Census- specially organized observation, repeated, as a rule, at regular intervals, in order to obtain data on the number, composition and condition of the object of statistical observation for a number of characteristics.
Register surveillance- a form of continuous statistical observation of long-term processes that have a fixed beginning, a stage of development and a fixed end.
Direct observation- recorders, by directly measuring, weighing, counting or checking work, etc., establish the fact to be recorded, and on this basis make entries in the observation form.
Documentary method of observation- is based on the use of various types of documents, usually of an accounting nature, as a source of statistical information.
Survey- a method of observation in which the observed information is obtained from the words of the respondent.
Current observation- observation, when changes in relation to the phenomena being studied are recorded as they occur.
One-time examination- information is given about the quantitative characteristics of any phenomenon or process at the time of its study.
Continuous observation- obtaining information about all units of the population under study.
Partial observation- only part of the units of the population being studied is subject to examination.
Accuracy of statistical observation- the degree of correspondence of the value of any indicator, determined from statistical observation materials, to its actual value.
Observation error- discrepancy between the calculated and actual values of the studied quantities.
Additional material
| Concepts related to the formation of an information base | |
| Concepts | Characteristics |
| Information | Derived from the Latin word “explanation, exposition.” This is a general scientific concept that includes the exchange of information between people, man and machine, the exchange of signals in the animal and plant world. |
| Statistical information | A set of information of a social and economic nature, on the basis of which functions such as accounting and control, planning, management and statistical analysis are carried out. |
| Sources of statistical information | These are state statistics bodies, organizations conducting sociological surveys, etc. |
| Requirements for statistical information | These are: 1) accuracy, completeness and representativeness of the information received about socio-economic processes and phenomena; 2) compliance with the research objectives (the same information is adequate for solving some problems and is not adequate for others); 3) reliability of information as the degree of correspondence of statistical information to the displayed reality; 4) mass scale, obtaining a sufficient volume of the population under study for analysis; 5) systematic collection and processing of information; 6) a scientific approach to information based on methods of knowledge of reality and the general provisions of statistics as a science; 7) adequacy of information to the essence and nature of the phenomena being studied. |
| Other types of information (besides statistical) that a statistician should use | These are: 1) accounting data (that is, continuous recording of the presence and movement of material and financial assets of the organization); 2) data from operational and technical reporting (that is, a set of recorded individual events and facts immediately at the time of their occurrence), reflecting the technological state of the object at a particular point in time; 3) data from sociological research, which is characterized by the influence of the subjective factor, the need to take into account group, class, social motives, interests, etc. |
Section 3. Summary and grouping of statistics
| Lesson topic | Methodological support for the lesson | Literature | Note (independent work) |
| Tasks and types of statistical summary. Grouping method in statistics | Visual aid - Distribution series | Ch. 3. Paragraphs 3.1-3.2, 3.5 | - |
| Distribution series in statistics | Ch. 3. Paragraphs 3.1-3.2, 3.5 Textbook, ed. I.G. Small Theory of Statistics p.78-109 | 3 hours Solving problems on grouping statistical data. Performing tasks on constructing distribution series and their graphical representation. Select examples of distribution series and tables from newspapers and magazines | |
| Construction of distribution series and their graphical representation. | Collection of problems | Ch. 3 Paragraphs 3.1-3.2, 3.4 | - |
The student should know:
ü main methods of collecting, processing, analyzing and visually presenting information
ü concepts: statistical summary, grouping of statistical data, distribution series.
ü types of reports
ü types of groups
ü grouping characteristics.
ü Sturgess formula
The student must be able to:
ü collect and register statistical information;
ü build attribute and variation distribution series, simple and complex groupings.
ü determine the elements of the variation series.
ü determine the size of the interval.
ü perform regrouping of statistical data.
ü build graphs of distribution series
Section plan:
Topic 3.1. Objectives and types of statistical summary
1. Concept of statistical summary
2. Methodological issues of statistical groupings, their significance in economic research
3. Tasks of statistical groupings, their types
Topic 3.2. Distribution series in statistics
5. Statistical distribution series
6. Statistical tables
7. Development of predicate statistical tables
8. Basic rules for compiling tables
Questions for self-control
1. What are the first and second stages of statistical research and what is their significance?
2. What types of reports do you know? Give them a brief description.
3. What is called statistical grouping and grouping characteristics?
4. What types of groups do you know? Give them a brief description.
5. What is the significance of the grouping method in the analysis of statistical data?
6. What main problems are solved by the researcher using the grouping method?
7. What is the role and significance of classifications? Give examples of the most important classifications?
8. What groups are called combinational? Give an example?
9. What is the difference between a combinational grouping and a multidimensional one?
10. How is grouping performed if the grouping characteristic is discrete?
11. In what cases is it necessary to determine grouping intervals based on quantitative characteristics?
12. How is the number of groups and the boundaries of the intervals between them determined?
13. What are the grouping intervals and how to accurately define their boundaries. Give examples.
14. What is called secondary grouping, in what cases do you have to resort to it and how to get new groups based on existing ones?
15. What are statistical distribution series and by what criteria can they be formed?
16. How are variational distribution series divided and on what features are they based?
17. What is the methodology for constructing discrete and interval distribution series? Give examples.
18. What are the functions of statistical tables?
19. What types of tables exist for constructing the subject?
20. List the basic requirements for the design of tables.
Practice test
on the topic “Summary and grouping of statistical data”
1. Students of higher educational institutions are divided into correspondence, full-time and evening students. This grouping is:
a) typological:
b) structural;
c) analytical.
2. In order to study the relationship between students’ performance and their age, an analytical grouping is carried out. Data should be grouped by:
a) student performance;
b) age of students.
3. The population living in any territory is divided into groups according to social status. The resulting series is called:
a) variational;
b) attributive;
c) alternative;
d) discrete;
e) interval.
4. A summary in statistical observation is called:
a) combining population units into certain groups that have their own characteristic features, common features and similar dimensions of the characteristic being studied;
b) a special stage of statistical research, during which primary materials of statistical observation are systematized;
c) an object characterized by numbers.
5. Grouping is:
a) ordering of population units according to a selected characteristic;
b) breakdown of population units into groups according to essential characteristics;
c) generalization of individual facts.
6. A grouping that reveals the relationships between phenomena and their characteristics is called:
a) analytical;
b) structural;
c) typological.
7. A grouping in which a heterogeneous population is divided into homogeneous groups is called:
a) analytical;
b) structural;
c) typological.
8. A group built according to three characteristics is called:
a) near the distribution;
b) simple;
c) combinational.
9. The grouping feature when constructing an analytical group is:
a) factorial;
b) effective;
c) factorial and effective.
10. The basis of the grouping may be:
a) attributive feature;
b) quantitative trait;
c) both attributive and quantitative characteristics.
11. Groups are distinguished by:
a) organizing data collection;
b) by the number of grouping characteristics;
c) according to the depth of material processing.
12. A distribution series constructed on a qualitative basis is called:
a) attributive;
b) continuous;
c) numerical.
13. Variational distribution series is a series constructed:
a) by attribute;
b) on a quantitative basis;
c) both attributively and quantitatively.
14. In the theory of statistics, using the grouping method, they study:
a) statistical dependencies between phenomena;
b) regression dependencies;
c) dynamics of processes.
15. In the theory of statistics, the statistical summary program includes the formation of:
a) objects of observation;
b) reporting units;
c) groups and subgroups.
16. A discrete variation series is graphically depicted using:
a) landfill;
b) histograms;
c) cumulates.
17. Accumulated frequencies are used when constructing:
a) landfill;
b) histograms;
c) cumulates.
18. Interval is:
a) the difference between the maximum and minimum values of the characteristic in the aggregate;
b) the difference between the upper and lower limits of the characteristic values for one group;
c) the difference between the number of units (frequencies) of neighboring groups.
19. The distribution series is:
a) a set of features arranged in a certain order;
b) differentiation of population units according to one of the characteristics;
c) units of the population, arranged in order of age or decreasing values of the characteristic.
20. Ranking means:
a) determining the limit (interval) of changes in the values of a varying characteristic;
b) quantitative assessment of the degree of variation of the characteristic being studied,
c) arrangement of all values in ascending (or descending) order.
Practical tasks
on the topic “Summary and grouping of statistical data”
Related information.
BASIC CONCEPTS AND CATEGORIES OF STATISTICS
Topic 1. SUBJECT AND OBJECTIVES OF STATISTICS.
Statistics– is a social science that studies the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of mass phenomena and processes occurring in society, as well as the economic and social conditions of society.
Objects statistical research – phenomena and processes occurring in society.
Item statistics - quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the studied mass phenomena and processes in their mutual connection and continuous development.
Theoretical basis statistics – economic theory.
Global challenge statistics – preparation and presentation to the government of the country of scientifically based and reliable information on the state and development of the country’s economy.
Main accounting and statistical center of the country– Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation (FSGS RF).
Statistical population– the mass phenomenon or process being studied.
Unit of statistical population– a separate element that makes up a statistical aggregate.
Each unit of the statistical population has a certain value of the characteristic being studied.
Variation characteristic - a change in the value of a characteristic from one unit of the population to another.
Signs are divided into: quantitative and qualitative (attributive); primary and secondary; multiple and alternative; discontinuous and continuous; factorial and effective; essential and insignificant.
Statistical indicator– quantitative characteristics of the studied socio-economic phenomena and processes.
Statistical methodology- a set of techniques and methods with the help of which statistics studies its subject.
Main stages of statistical research:
1. Statistical observation.
2. Summary and grouping.
3. Calculation of general indicators and analysis of the data obtained.
Statistical observation consists in collecting complete and reliable primary information about the phenomenon (or process) being studied by registering individual values of a characteristic in individual units of the original population.
Organizational forms of statistical observation: statistical reporting and specially organized observation.
Types of statistical observation:
According to the coverage of units of the studied population: continuous and non-continuous;
According to the nature of registration of a sign in time: discontinuous and continuous.
Basic methods of conducting statistical observation: direct, documentary and survey.
Unit of statistical observation– the primary cell from which the necessary statistical data should be obtained.
Observation object– a set of units of the phenomenon being studied about which it is necessary to collect primary statistical data.
Critical moment of observation– the date on which the collected data is recorded.
Observation plan (program)– a document containing methodological and organizational issues of observation .
In order to identify possible registration errors and representativeness errors, logical and arithmetic data control is carried out.
Tasks for independent solution
1. The Ramstore supermarket instructs you to develop a customer survey form in order to study the satisfaction of demand and determine the time spent on purchasing the necessary goods. In addition, determine the type and method of observation.
2. Draft a program for statistical study:
a) time budget of a 1st year full-time student at the Russian Academy of Economics named after. G. V. Plekhanov;
b) provision of the Moscow population with motor vehicles;
c) the standard of living of students of REA named after. G. V. Plekhanov.
3. It is proposed to organize a statistical survey of tourists leaving the Russian Federation. What type of statistical observation is appropriate to choose?
4. The following types of statistical observation are given:
- population census;
– accounting of graduates of higher educational institutions;
– annual reporting on the activities of financial institutions;
– study of family time spent on cooking.
Determine how data collection can be organized.
5.Using logical control, determine the presence of errors and the possibility of correcting them in the following census form:
Last name, first name, patronymic – Ivanova Lidiya Sergeevna
Female gender
Age (number of years completed) – 48
Currently married – yes
Higher education
Source of livelihood - scholarship
Occupation at work – accountant
6. At your faculty, it is planned to conduct statistical observation to study the opinions of students about the organization of the educational process and about teachers in the disciplines being studied.
You need to determine programmatic, methodological and organizational issues of observation.
7. Define the object and unit of observation, as well as tasks:
– census of pensioners of the Russian Federation;
Create an observation program.
8. It is planned to conduct an observation to develop a program to provide assistance to young families. What type of statistical observation is appropriate to choose?
Formulate questions to include on the survey form.
9. Your participation is expected in conducting one of the following statistical observations in Moscow:
– census of students of higher educational institutions;
– census of industrial enterprises;
– census of theaters and museums;
– census of health care facilities;
– studying the population’s demand for cars;
– census of trade organizations;
– studying public opinion on certain issues.
For each observation, determine: purpose and objectives; object and unit; main characteristics subject to registration; type and method of observation.
10. Determine the object, unit and tasks of observation, and also draw up an observation program:
– census of pensioners of the Russian Federation;
– census of insurance organizations in the country;
– surveys of commercial enterprises in Moscow.
11. It is planned to conduct an observation to develop a program to provide assistance to young families. What type of statistical observation is appropriate to choose?
Formulate questions to include on the survey form.
12. Determine the object of observation and the population unit, and also draw up a survey program:
a) differentiation of wages for workers in economic sectors;
b) changes in the price level for food products in Moscow;
c) census of healthcare institutions in Moscow;
d) census of preschool institutions in Moscow.
Control questions
1. What is statistical observation?
2. Name two organizational forms of statistical observation. When are they used?
3. What is the unit of statistical observation?
4. Name the main methods and types of statistical observation.
5. Why is the statistical observation program approved?
