Scientific style of modern Russian language presentation. "Scientific style of speech"
- Slide 1. Scientific style. Analysis of style features. The scientific style of speech is one of the functional varieties of literary language, serving the sphere of science and production; it is implemented in specialized book texts of various genres.
- Slide 2. Science and scientific texts. Science is a unique sphere of human activity. It is designed to provide true information about the world around us. And although it is possible to comprehend the laws of the surrounding world in other (not only scientific) ways, it is science that is addressed to the intellect, to logic. Scientific texts are associated with a focus on the professional reader. So, the main features of the language of science are accuracy and objectivity.
- Slide 3. Composition of a scientific text. The composition of a typical scientific text reflects the sequence of phases of scientific research: awareness of the problem (question, task) and goal setting - “introduction”, search for ways to solve the problem, enumeration of possible options and putting forward a hypothesis, proof of the idea (hypothesis) - “main part”, solution of the research tasks, getting an answer - “conclusion”.
- Slide 4. Language means. In a scientific text in any specialty, one can easily identify the linguistic means with the help of which this logical framework is constructed. These are, for example, verbs: we will designate, we will set, we will compose, we will determine, we will find, we will choose, we will consider.
- Slide 5. Metatext. Scientific text has a complex organization. It can be conditionally distinguished into two layers from the point of view of what information the reader receives: factual, directly about the object of study; information about how the author organizes this factual information. Information of the second type (and the elements that introduce it) is usually called metatext. The presence of metatext is one of the essential properties of a scientific text.
- Slide 6. Objectivity and accuracy. The patterns of use of linguistic means in a scientific style are determined by the factors that have already been mentioned - objectivity and accuracy.
- Slide 7. Objectivity. Objectivity implies that information does not depend on the whim of a particular person and is not the result of his feelings and emotions. In the text of a scientific work, it manifests itself both in the presence of some mandatory components of content and in form - in the manner of narration.
- Slide 8. “Objectivity of form” of the scientific style. The “objectivity of form” of the scientific style involves the rejection of linguistic means that are associated with the transmission of emotions: interjections and particles that convey emotions and feelings, emotionally charged vocabulary and expressive sentence models are not used; a clear preference is given to neutral word order; Exclamatory intonation is not typical for scientific speech; interrogative intonation is used to a limited extent.
- Slide 9. Accuracy. An important feature of science is precision. The scientific style in the minds of the average person is, of course, primarily associated with terms.
- Slide 10. Terms. Terms do not exist alone: by establishing connections with each other - by type general/particular, genus/species, species/varieties, whole/part, identity, similarity, opposites, etc. - they form terminological systems.
- Slide 11. Variations of scientific style. Depending on how the author determines for himself the capabilities and needs of his “interlocutor,” he can use one of the variations of the scientific style: the actual scientific, scientific-educational or popular science substyle. The main variety is the scientific substyle itself. On its basis, a lightweight version arises, intended for those who are just comprehending a new field of knowledge, a scientific and educational substyle. A low degree of competence of the reader or listener leads to the appearance of a popular science text.
- Slide 12. Basic written genres. In the field of science, the main written genres are thesis, article and monograph, since it is with their help that new scientific information is transmitted; other genres represent either the processing of this information that they provide, presenting the information in an adapted, compressed form (abstract, abstract), or give it an assessment (review, review).
- Slide 13. The rigor of scientific style. The rigor of the scientific style reaches its apogee in genres that are documents, and therefore are influenced by the official business style. Strict requirements are imposed on final student works: the composition of the work is regulated (division into chapters or paragraphs, the presence of an outline (table of contents), sections “Introduction”, “Conclusion” (or “Conclusions”), “Bibliography”, and often “Appendix”) , its design (indication on the title page of the details “Scientific supervisor”, “Genre” (coursework, diploma work, etc.), “Year”, “Educational institution”.
Scientific style of speech- style of scientific communications.
Scope of use
- Scientific reports and lectures, speeches at scientific conferences and meetings are examples of the scientific style of speech.
- Also articles in scientific journals and collections, monographs, dissertations, encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books, educational literature.
Features of the scientific style:
- Logical presentation
- Accuracy
- Abstraction and generalization
- Objectivity
- Termination of speech
- Conciseness in expressing thoughts
- Strict standardization
Substyles of scientific style
Scientific - dissertations, monographs,
- Scientific - dissertations, monographs,
- Scientific - dissertations, monographs,
scientific journal articles, instructions,
GOSTs, encyclopedias.
- articles of scientific journals, instructions, GOSTs, encyclopedias.
Scientific and educational -
Popular science
- Scientific and educational - educational literature on various subjects for different types of educational institutions; reference books, manuals Popular science - scientific articles in newspapers, popular science magazines, popular science books; This includes public speeches on radio and television on scientific topics, speeches by scientists and specialists before mass audiences
- Scientific and educational - educational literature on various subjects for different types of educational institutions; reference books, manuals Popular science - scientific articles in newspapers, popular science magazines, popular science books; This includes public speeches on radio and television on scientific topics, speeches by scientists and specialists before mass audiences
The main type of speech in a scientific style:
- Reasoning
- Description
In the scientific style, conjunctions, prepositions and prepositional combinations are active, the role of which can be full words, primarily nouns:
with the help, with the help,
in accordance, in quality,
as a result, due to
based on, in relation to,
depending on..., in moderation,
compared with..., in connection with... etc.
Lexical features of scientific style of speech
- Using words in their literal meaning;
- Lack of figurative means: epithets, metaphors, artistic comparisons, poetic symbols, hyperboles;
- Wide use of abstract vocabulary and terms.
Term - This is a word or phrase that denotes the concept of a special field of knowledge or activity and is an element of a certain system of terms. Terms, a significant part of which are international words, are the conventional language of science.
The scientific style has various kinds of clichés:
consists in..., represents...,
comprises …,
it is applied for …
etc.
Morphological features of the scientific style of speech
- The verb is specifically used in scientific style .
- Short passive participles are widespread in scientific texts.
- In scientific speech, short adjectives are used more often than in other styles of speech.
- The category of person manifests itself in a unique way in the language of science (in scientific speech it is not customary to use the 1st person singular pronoun. I . It is replaced by a pronoun WE )
- In scientific speech there are often plural forms of nouns that do not occur in other types of speech
Syntactic features of the scientific style of speech
- Sentences more complex than in artistic speech predominate indefinitely - personal and impersonal sentences;
- Participial and adverbial phrases are widely used, serving as a means of logical clarification or highlighting of a particular subject;
- Introductory words more often express a logical connection between parts of the text;
- Direct word order predominates;
- There are practically no turns of colloquial speech
In Russia, a scientific language and style began to take shape in the first decades of the 18th century, when authors of scientific books and translators began to create Russian scientific terminology.
In the second half of this century, thanks to the work of M.V. Lomonosov and his students, the formation of a scientific style took a step forward, but it finally took shape in the second half of the 19th century, together with the scientific activities of the largest scientists of that time.
Slide 1
Slide 2
Scientific style is a system of speech means serving the field of science and education.
Slide 3
Slide 4
Characteristic features: logicality, objectivity, semantic accuracy, unambiguity, standardization, brevity, clarity, rigor, abstraction, generality, impersonality, non-categoricalness.
Slide 5
Features of the style: Use of terms and unambiguous words, repetition of key words, direct word order, predominance of indefinite personal and impersonal sentences, abundance of complex sentences, participial and adverbial phrases.
Slide 6
Terms are one of two groups of special vocabulary - words and combinations of words, used primarily by people of a certain branch of knowledge or profession. Each science has its own system of terms called terminology.
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Three substyles are distinguished: proper scientific (monographs, articles, dissertations, speeches in scientific debates, scientific reports), scientific and educational (textbooks, lectures), popular science (popular science messages, articles, essays).
Slide 8
The actual scientific substyle Immigration is becoming one of the most important components of the life of Spanish society these days. Since the beginning of the new millennium, the country has demonstrated one of the fastest growth rates in the world. Since 2000, 500–600 thousand people enter Spain annually. Currently, the country ranks second in the world (after the United States) and first in Europe in terms of the influx of immigrants. According to the Ministry of Labor and Immigration at the beginning of 2008, the number of officially registered immigrants is 4.5 million people, and their total number (including illegal immigrants) is estimated at 6 million people. At the same time, the share of immigrants in its population reached almost 10%. According to this indicator, Spain also leads among the EU countries. Ph.D., senior researcher Center for Iberian Studies I.G. Sinelshchikov Immigration and immigration policy in Spain: solutions, problems
Slide 9
Scientific and educational substyle In the phonetic literature one can find mention of 50 orthoepic and orthophonic features of Leningrad pronunciation, relating to individual vowels and consonants, combinations of consonants and individual words. 39 of them are features of the Leningrad version of the norm and will be discussed below, 11 are features of Leningrad vernacular, and therefore will not be analyzed. L.A. Verbitskaya “Let’s speak correctly”
Slide 10
Popular science substyle Since the time of A.M. Peshkovsky, our linguistic science has come a long way. Rapidly developing, it sought mainly to create rigorous models and theories of language that could be used in various computer text processing systems. But it is precisely this focus on solving applied goals not directly related to humans that has alienated modern linguistics from everyday life, from the interests of the common man. Elsa Florenskaya “On the style of a scientist”
Content
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Scientific style concept
History of scientific style
Features of the scientific style
Features of the scientific style
Conjunctions, prepositions in scientific style
Lexical features of scientific style p
eat
7. Lexical unit in scientific style
8. A special lexical unit - term
9. Compound terms
10.Morphological features
11.Syntactic features
12.Scientific style substyles
13. Genres of scientific style
scientific communication style.
The scope of use of this style is
the science.
Its main function is message
information as well as proof
its truth.
It is characterized by the presence of small
terms, general scientific words,
abstract vocabulary.
Content History of scientific style
The emergence of scientific
style is associated with the development
different fields of scientific
knowledge, different areas
human activity.
At first, style
scientific presentation was close
to artistic style
narratives.
It is known that too
"artistic" character
Galileo's presentation was annoying
Kepler. Further
became a model of scientific language
Newton's logical presentation.
Galileo Galilei
Content In Russia, scientific language and
style began to take shape
first decades of the 18th century,
when the authors of scientific books and
translators began to create
Russian scientific terminology.
In the second half of this
century thanks to the works of M.V.
Lomonosov and his students
formation of scientific style
took a step forward, but
it finally took shape in
second half of the 19th century
together with scientific
activities of the largest
scientists of this time.
Content Features of the scientific style
The scientific style has a number of common
traits that appear regardless of
the nature of certain sciences and
differences between genres
statements.
Content Features of scientific
style
Logic
Subsequence
Clarity
Content Active in scientific style
conjunctions, prepositions and prepositional clauses
combinations in which they can
to speak full words,
first of all nouns:
with the help of, with the help of, in
compliance, quality,
as a result, due to
based on, in relation to,
depending on..., in moderation,
compared with..., in connection with... and
other
Content Lexical features of scientific
speech style
1.
2.
3.
4.
Abstract, generalized nature of scientific
text manifests itself at the lexical level in
that it widely uses words with
abstract meaning: function, disposition,
sequestration
A characteristic feature of the scientific style is
its high termination
The language of science is characterized by the use
borrowed
And
international
models (macro, micro, meter, inter, graph, etc.)
In scientific style, nouns and
adjectives
With
certain
type
lexical meaning and morphological
characteristics.
Content Almost every lexical item
in scientific style denotes a concept or
abstract object. Exactly and
are definitely called special
concepts of the scientific sphere of communication and
reveal their special content
lexical units - terms.
Content A term is a word or
phrase denoting a concept
special field of knowledge or
activity and being an element
a certain system of terms.
Terms, a significant part of which
are international words,
- this is the conventional language of science.
Content The scientific style also has its own
phraseology, including components
terms:
right angle, inclined plane;
participial turnover,
complex sentence,
as well as various kinds of clichés:
consists in..., represents
..., consists of ... and others.
Content Morphological features
scientific style of speech
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Content
Specifically used in scientific style
verb.
Widespread in scientific texts
have short passive participles.
In scientific speech more often than in other styles
speech, short adjectives are used.
Manifests itself in the language of science
category of person (not accepted in scientific speech
use the 1st person singular pronoun. Part I
It is replaced by the pronoun WE)
In scientific speech there are often forms
plural nouns
which are not found in other types of speech Abstraction and generalization
scientific speech manifests itself in
features of use
Verb type categories:
about 80% are forms
imperfect form, being more
abstractly generalized.
Content Syntactic features of scientific
speech style
Modern scientific style
characterized by a desire for
syntactic compression.
Typical for this style is
use of a nominal predicate.
Widely used in scientific
syntax are sentences with
short participles.
Interrogative sentences do
in scientific speech specific functions.
Content Scientific texts are characterized by
complex sentences with different
types of unions.
For the style in question
characterized by widespread
impersonal offers.
Used in scientific speech and group
introductory words and phrases,
containing an indication of the source
messages.
Content For scientific style syntax
speech tends to be complex
constructions. For this purpose
sentences with
homogeneous members and generalizing
words.
Content Substyles of scientific style
Scientific.
Scientific and educational.
Popular science.
Depending on how the author
determines opportunities for oneself and
the needs of his “interlocutor”, he
can use one of the variations
scientific style: actually scientific,
scientific-educational or popular science substyle.
Content Genres of scientific style of speech
The following genres can be distinguished
scientific prose:
monograph, journal article,
review, textbook, lecture, report,
information message, oral
speech, dissertation, scientific
report.
Content
