Naval His Imperial Highness the heir to the Tsarevich Cadet Corps. History of the creation of the naval cadet corps Educated in the naval cadet corps
Chronological table of the history of the Naval Corps
· 1701 - School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences
· 1715 - Academy of the Naval Guard
· 1752 - Naval Gentry Corps
· 1802 - Naval Cadet Corps
· 1867 - Naval School
· 1891 - Naval Cadet Corps
· 1906 - Marine Corps
· 1914 - Marine E.I.V. Heir to the Tsarevich Corps
· 1916 - Marine E.I.V. Heir to the Tsarevich School
The history of the creation of the Naval Cadet Corps dates back to the first years of the existence of the Russian regular fleet, founded by Peter I in 1969. To staff the fleet with national command personnel, on January 14, 1701, Peter the Great issued the Highest Decree on the establishment in Moscow of a school of “mathematics and navigation, i.e. nautical and cunning arts of teaching.” The school was ordered to be under the jurisdiction of the Armory Chamber, and to enroll in training “those who voluntarily want to, and others, even more so, under compulsion.” Since June 1701, the school was located in Moscow, in the Sretenskaya (Sukharev) tower. It had 200 students and trained specialists not only for the navy, but also for the army, as well as for the civilian public service. Since 1713, 22,456 rubles were allocated for the maintenance of the school. in year.
On October 1, 1715, the school was transferred from Moscow to St. Petersburg, located on the banks of the Neva in Kisin’s house, where the Winter Palace was later located, and was named the Academy of the Naval Guard. Peter the Great personally monitored the progress of the training of his “sea guards” and with his own hand wrote a list of sciences that should have been “taught to children.” The first director was a Frenchman, Baron Saint-Hilaire. With the establishment of the academy, only 5,600 rubles were left for the maintenance of the Moscow Navigation School, and the rest of the amount was used for the maintenance of the academy. The school existed until 1752.
In 1752, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna renamed the Academy into the Marine Noble Corps with three classes: senior - midshipman (midshipman - French - naval guard), and two cadets on the model of the land corps, and the allocation of money for its maintenance was more than doubled. The number of students is determined to be 360 people, including 120 midshipmen. After the approval of the staff of the Naval Corps, it was necessary to expand the Minich house; by the end of 1755, the main building with stone outbuildings was rebuilt and 7 wooden outbuildings, a cookhouse and a grain store were built again. The Moscow Naval Academy or Navigation School of the Admiralty board decided to close in 1752, transfer the children of the nobility to the Naval Corps, and send the children of commoners to study in port workshops to staff a navigator company.
In 1771, all the buildings of the building burned down, and it was transferred to Kronstadt, where it remained until 1796. Paul I, who retained the rank of admiral general upon his accession to the throne, in November 1796 expressed the desire that the cradle of the Russian fleet, the Naval Cadet Corps, “be close to the admiral general,” and ordered the corps to be transferred to St. Petersburg.
In 1826, the number of students in the corps was increased to 505, and the allowance was increased to 341,565 rubles. In general, the reign of Emperor Pavel Petrovich was one of the happiest years of its existence for the Naval Corps. In 1802, Emperor Alexander I reorganized the Naval Gentry Corps and named it the Naval Corps. In 1827, an officer class was established within the corps.
In 1848, Emperor Nicholas I gave the corps the First Chief of the Grand Duke, Admiral General Konstantin Nikolaevich, and Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich was appointed among the cadets.
In 1861, new admission rules were established in the Marine Corps, which for the first time provided for competitive exams and so-called trial voyages for preliminary acquaintance with maritime affairs. The corps accepted young men aged 14 to 17 years, and in addition to noble children, children of “hereditary honorary citizens”, honored army and naval officers, and civil officials enjoyed the right to admission.
June 2, 1867 Under Emperor Alexander II and the general reform of military educational institutions, the Naval Corps was renamed the Naval School and received a new Charter. According to the Charter of the Naval School, classified as a higher educational institution, young men at the age of 16 were admitted to it.
In 1891, Emperor Alexander III renamed it again the Naval Cadet Corps. The number of students is 320. There are a total of 6 classes with a one-year course in each. The three younger ones were called general, and the three older ones were called special. Admission to the corps was carried out according to a competitive exam, with preference given to children of military ranks of the Naval Department. Those who satisfactorily complete the full course are promoted to midshipman in the fall at the end of the campaign, and those who are incapable of naval service are awarded civilian ranks of the X or XII class.
From 1867 to 1900, the corps trained 2,392 officers.
In 1906, Emperor Nicholas II gave the Corps the name of the Naval Corps. Subsequently, it was decided to transport the junior cadet classes from St. Petersburg to Sevastopol, where it was ordered to build a proper building on the Black Sea coast.
The war with Japan revealed many shortcomings in the training of fleet command personnel. The main ones were insufficient knowledge of naval technology and weak tactical training. All this required a revision of teaching methods. In the new curriculum and programs of 1908, the main attention was paid to the study of special (naval) subjects and artillery training. The numerical composition of the corps was determined by the approved staff of 740 people. Annual graduations before 1910 amounted to 80-90 people. In 1911-1913, an average of 119 people were released.
On July 19, 1914, Germany declared war on Russia. The corps, like all of Russia, was overcome by a feeling of indescribable patriotism. On November 6, 1914, the Tsar personally received a parade in the Corps and appointed the Heir to the Tsarevich as Chief, after which the Corps began to be called the “Marine Corps of His Imperial Highness the Heir to the Tsarevich.”
Soon a decision was made to open the Naval Cadet Corps in Sevastopol. The highest regulations on the opening of the Corps were approved on October 26, 1915. The building was opened in 1916. It included general classes allocated from the Petrograd Maritime School. It was assumed that the Corps would consist of four classes, each with a one-year training period. But, unfortunately, it did not manage to produce a single issue, since it was abolished on July 22, 1917 by a resolution of the Admiralty Council. The corps was reopened in October 1919, and in November of the following year it was evacuated along with the Black Sea Fleet and continued its activities in exile.
In 1916, the Marine Corps was again renamed the Marine E.I.V. Heir to the Tsarevich School.
In 1917, after the communist coup on October 25, the Naval School ceased to exist.
On April 25, 1995, by order of the Mayor of St. Petersburg A. Sobchak, in pursuance of the order of the President of the Russian Federation dated April 3, 1995 No. 155_rp and the joint decision of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation and the Mayor of St. Petersburg dated March 31, 1995, a state educational institution of secondary (full) general education - “First Cadet Naval Corps”. On October 1, 1995, 75 students from grades 5 to 7 were gathered for the first time in St. Petersburg. After three weeks of training in the village. Komarov's first training company arrived in Kronstadt. On October 25, 1995, classes began in the renovated premises of the building on the street. Zosimova, 15.
On November 22, 1995, the Cadet Corps was solemnly presented with the Corps Banner by the First Deputy of the Navy Civil Code, Admiral I. Kasatonov. This day became the Birthday of the Naval Cadet Corps. On February 19, 1996, the President of the Russian Federation issued an Order “On the creation of the Kronstadt Naval Cadet Corps.” This document determined that KMKK is being created in the Russian Defense Ministry system and is an educational institution of secondary (complete) general education with additional educational programs aimed at military training of minor male citizens. The planned recruitment of KMKK began to the number specified in Order of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation No. 310 of August 27, 1996 - 700 students.
Today, about 700 students from all regions of Russia study at KMKK. Most of them bear the high rank of Naval Corps cadet with honor: they study well and conscientiously fulfill their duties
Thus, Russia is a maritime power. And therefore, it is no coincidence that its first educational institution, founded by Peter the Great, was the school of mathematical and navigational sciences... It changed many names: maritime academy, naval gentry cadet corps, naval cadet corps, naval corps, naval school, All this time the fate of the Naval Cadet Corps is closely connected with the fate of our country and the Russian Imperial Navy. From the walls of the Corps came many people who became the glory of Russia in the military, scientific, and political fields. Many events happened within the walls of the Naval Cadet Corps, there were ups and downs, the status of the cadets and the teaching staff of the corps changed. In 1917, the Naval Cadet Corps ceased to exist.
In modern conditions, when the country is updating all spheres of human life, the relevance of reforms in the system of training and education of military personnel does not raise any doubts. Now in our society there is an urgent need to turn to the experience accumulated in our country on this extremely important issue in the distant and not so distant, by historical standards, past. The re-establishment of the Naval Cadet Corps in modern Russia clearly confirms the indisputable fact that for quite a long period in the history of our country and the system of training and education of future officers, sons devoted soul and body to their native Fatherland, there was a rather serious flaw, which must be eliminated became possible only at the stage of democratization of our society. The updates caused by the reforms carried out in the country, including in the military field, required a radical revision of the entire system of training and education of military personnel, reorienting them to life in fundamentally new conditions. This fully applies to serving in the qualitatively updated Armed Forces. The lag in this area is fraught with the fact that those who have not understood the changes that have taken place in Russian society over the past decade will serve in the new fleet, which means that again theory and practice will not correspond to each other. What all this entails is well known. The 21st century, unlike the past century, replete with bloody wars, will not give us the opportunity to make miscalculations, since the new millennium will be predominantly man-made and humane. To ensure reliable military security for Russia in the new conditions, the country needs well-trained and educated military personnel. They must meet modern military requirements and be prepared to operate in any conditions and circumstances, as required by the new Military Doctrine.
This publication is one of the first studies on the history of the Russian Navy, which goes far beyond the description of only this military educational institution and belongs to the pen of the outstanding Russian historiographer F.F. Veselago. He himself graduated from the Naval Corps in 1834 and, as one of the best midshipman graduates, was enrolled in the Officer Class to continue his education, in which he was retained for further service.
After the “Essay on the history of the Naval Cadet Corps with the appendix of a list of students for 100 years” was published in 1852, F.F. Veselago was deservedly awarded the Demidov Prize of the Imperial Academy of Sciences for this work and was given the “highest assignment” to process the materials he had collected on the history of the Russian fleet. Later, in the 1860s. Veselago, having taken the position of educator of the future Admiral General of the Fleet, Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich, actually supervised the compilation of the history of the Russian Fleet at the Ministry of the Navy, continuing the titanic research work begun by S.I. Elagin, who died untimely. In 1869, he was elected a member of the Naval Scientific Committee, and in 1873 he was appointed chairman of the Commission for the analysis, description and publication of files from the archives of the Naval Ministry for the period before 1805; embarking on in-depth research into Russian naval history. He was the first to publish unique materials confirming the advanced and independent path of development of Russian naval art. In his works, he described in detail naval battles and battles, introducing many previously unknown historical facts into scientific circulation and significantly expanding the source base for research on this topic.
An anniversary publication detailing the main milestones in the creation and development of the Naval Cadet Corps over a century, the predecessors of which were the famous Peter the Great “Navigation School”, located in the Sukharev Tower in Moscow, and then the Naval Academy or the Academy of the Naval Guard. In fact, the Naval Gentry Cadet Corps as an elite naval educational institution, located in a new building (the former Minich Palace) on Vasilyevsky Island in St. Petersburg, was established during the reign of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna on December 15, 1752. The newly formed military educational institution united under one roof the abolished Moscow Navigation School, the Naval Academy (Naval Guard), a midshipman company and a naval artillery school.
The essay, mainly using materials from the journals of the Admiralty Board, tells in detail about the organization and activities of the Navigation School, the personal participation of Peter the Great in the training of its students, the class schedules and curriculum for the first Russian military sailors, the role of the first Russian emperor and subsequent monarchs in the creation of the Russian naval officer corps. The most recent period in the history of the Naval Cadet Corps and the activities of its directors, first of all Admiral I.L., are spoken about especially warmly. Golenishchev-Kutuzov, who devoted 40 years of his service to the leadership of the corps. On the eve of the Patriotic War, in 1811, first as an inspector, and from 1827 until his death, as the director of the Naval Cadet Corps, Admiral I.F. was an outstanding navigator and head of the first round-the-world expedition. Krusenstern.
A significant place in the book is devoted to the appendix - a complete list of students of the Naval Cadet Corps, graduated as midshipmen over the entire 100 years of its existence.
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In the middle of the 18th century in Russia there were three educational institutions that trained specialists for the fleet: the Moscow Navigation School, the Naval Academy and the Midshipman Company. Vice Admiral V. Ya. Rimsky-Korsakov proposed leaving one educational institution with an expanded program following the example of the Land Cadet Corps, but preserving elements of higher education. After discussing his note by decree of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna on December 15 (26) at the base Maritime Academy was created Naval Cadet Noble Corps for 360 students; Navigation school And Midshipman Company were abolished. The name indicated that the educational institution was intended for persons of noble origin.
46,561 rubles were allocated annually for the maintenance of the building. A house, the former Minikha, on Vasilyevsky Island, on the corner of the Bolshaya Neva embankment and the 12th line, has been allocated for the premises.
In military terms, students were divided into three companies, in educational terms - into three classes. Pupils of the first graduating class were called midshipmen, the second and third - cadets.
In 1762, the Naval Cadet Corps of the Gentry was renamed the Naval Cadet Corps. In 1771, all the buildings of the building burned down, and it was transferred to Kronstadt. The Naval Cadet Corps was located in the building of the Italian Palace, where it remained until December 1796, after which it was returned to St. Petersburg.
19th century
XX century
On November 1, 1998, as a result of the merger of the Higher Naval School named after M.V. Frunze and the Higher Naval School of Diving named after Leninsky Komsomol, it was created.
XXI Century
The history of the Naval Cadet Corps now continues in three educational institutions: Peter the Great Naval Corps - St. Petersburg Naval Institute, Kronstadt Naval Cadet Corps and the Naval Academy named after Admiral of the Soviet Union N. G. Kuznetsov.
Directors of the Naval Cadet Corps
Famous students
Notes
Literature
- Belyavsky K.V. To the centenary of the Church of the Naval Cadet Corps. - St. Petersburg. , 1897.
- Belyavsky K.V. Essay on the history of the Church of the Naval Cadet Corps. - St. Petersburg. , 1900.
- Veselago F. F. Essay on the history of the Naval Cadet Corps. - St. Petersburg. , 1852.
- Golenishchev-Kutuzov L. I. About the Naval Cadet Corps. Additions to the article on military educational institutions in the reign of Paul I included in the Notes of the Fatherland - St. Petersburg. , 1840.
- Korguev N.A. Review of the transformations of the Naval Cadet Corps in 1852, with an appendix of a list of graduating students of 1753-1896 - St. Petersburg. , 1897.
- Krotkov A. S.
Continuation. The history of the dear to me Higher Naval School of the VVMU named after M.V. Frunze
On December 15, 7254 or 1752 according to the new style, Empress Elizabeth Petrovna signed a decree, according to which the Naval Academy was transformed into the “Naval Gentry Cadet Corps”
The Naval Cadet Corps was staffed by students exclusively of noble origin. The staffing level was set at 360 people, in combat terms distributed into three companies, and in training - into three classes. Pupils of the senior class studied the highest maritime disciplines and were called midshipmen. Pupils of the second class studied navigation and other disciplines and were called cadets. Pupils of the third class took trigonometry and other disciplines and were also called cadets. The composition of the mouth was mixed. Each company consisted of a midshipman class, 2nd and 3rd cadet classes. The company consisted of 40 midshipmen, 40 second class cadets and 40 third class cadets. The transition from class to class was carried out based on academic performance and if there were vacancies in the corresponding classes. All midshipmen and cadets had guns and ammunition. Of the well-performing midshipmen, the following were appointed: captain, ensign, fourier, four sergeants, four corporals and eight corporals; the company commander was a captain of the 3rd rank. The company also included a lieutenant captain, a non-commissioned lieutenant and a warrant officer.
Upon admission to the corps, entrance exams were held, but children of naval department officials had priority for admission, as they do now. The bulk of the students were preparing for combat officer service, 30 people each. trained as naval gunners and surveyors. The corps was headed by the director and his combat assistant. In 1762, for the first time, students received uniform uniforms, small arms and bladed weapons (cleavers). At the same time, the training of surveyors ceased, and the number of artillery students was doubled.
The training program included 28 academic disciplines, including mathematics with its various sections, mechanics, navigation, geography, artillery, fortification, genealogy, history, politics, rhetoric, one of the main European languages of the student’s choice, maritime evolutions (tactical maneuvering) , maritime practice, rigging, “architecture of canoes and drawings of ship and galley proportions,” fencing, dancing. The number of full-time teachers increased to 40 people, each of whom had an assistant. The general management of teaching activities was carried out by the professor. Company and class officers were invariably involved in conducting classes, including foreign languages. During the summer campaign, cadets and midshipmen underwent training on Baltic ships.
The location of the building in St. Petersburg was chosen on Vasilyevsky Island, the house of Minich, which had to be significantly expanded. All the worries about organizing a new military educational institution fell on the shoulders of a graduate of the Navigation School, Captain 1st Rank Alexei Ivanovich Nagaev, who commanded the Naval Academy for six years, and then the cadet corps for eight years. A.I. Nagaev was involved in the selection of teachers, preparation of furniture, clothing, dishes and provisions for the building. Despite all the efforts made by Nagaev to establish the Naval Corps, his activities did not always receive approval from the Admiralty Board, which interfered with almost every order of A.I. Nagaev on economic and educational matters. Friction between Nagaev and the Admiralty Board made it difficult to finance the activities planned by Nagaev and generally held back the development of the corps.
In April 1762, Emperor Peter Fedorovich, by his decree, ordered the establishment of a military educational institution, which united the land and naval cadet corps and the United Artillery and Engineering School and entrusted the organization and command of the new military educational institution to the chief chamberlain, Lieutenant General Ivan Ivanovich Shuvalov. However, already on August 8, 1762, thanks to the personal intervention of Empress Catherine II, who ascended the throne as a result of a coup, the Naval Cadet Corps retained its independence and received further development. From 1753 to 1763 The corps released 340 midshipmen into the fleet and 7 constables into the naval artillery. Over 10 graduates of this time reached the rank of admiral. Many received the highest award for bravery shown in battles and were awarded the Order of St. George.
The legendary director of the cadet school is Golenishchev-Kutuzov, Ivan Logginovich, who himself was a graduate of the Naval Gentry Corps and was promoted to midshipman in 1743. On September 1, 1762, with the rank of captain 2nd rank, he was appointed director of the Naval Cadet Corps, serving in this position until his death, for which he earned the nickname “father of all Russian sailors.” The famous Field Marshal General M.I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov, commander-in-chief of the Russian army during the Patriotic War of 1812, being a distant relative of Ivan Loginovich, was brought up in his house. I.L. Golenishchev-Kutuzov had extensive maritime practice and was well acquainted with the difficulties of naval service; he saw shortcomings in the theoretical and practical training of graduates of the Maritime Academy. Under him, the corps became one of the best naval schools in Europe at that time. Over 2,000 Russian naval officers passed through his hands. He personally taught maritime science to the heir to the throne, the future Emperor Paul I, at that time admiral general of the fleet.
By the end of his career, Golenishchev-Kutuzov reached the rank of admiral and the rank of vice-president of the Admiralty Board; he invariably enjoyed the trust of Catherine II and the favor of the heir to the throne, Admiral General of the Fleet Pavel Petrovich.I.L. Golenishchev-Kutuzov managed to achieve expansion of his powers and independence from the Admiralty Board in making decisions regarding the Naval Cadet Corps. It retained the division into three companies, each of them was given banners: the first company - white, the second and third - yellow. The director attached great importance to teaching cadets the practice of maritime affairs, the art of navigation and maritime evolutions, and the study of French, English and German, since a naval officer needs to become familiar with books about navigation, of which there are practically no books left in Russian. I.L. Golenishchev-Kutuzov managed to open a printing house in the building for printing books and nautical maps and even restore a geodetic class necessary for an inventory of coasts and lands, taking plans, and an inventory of forests.
Since 1764, the position of chief class inspector was established in the corps, who was responsible for the organization of educational affairs. The first inspector was appointed one of the most educated people of his time, Grigory Andreevich Poletika, who carried out important changes aimed at streamlining the educational process and regulating the scope of taught disciplines. It was clearly established which subjects and to what extent should be studied in a particular class, and the textbooks and teaching aids that should be used during the educational process were determined. Semi-annual exams and independent preparation for lessons were introduced. In 1769, the library of the building was founded, which became one of the most complete in the country in terms of the volume of original and translated literature. More attention began to be paid to the education of young sailors based on historical experience, the so-called. “mathematics classes” for training teachers. The best specialists of the fleet and scientists from the Academy of Sciences were widely involved in the work in the corps. The training system introduced by Poletika was maintained in its main features for many years in the Marine Corps.
Of the class inspectors who served under Golenishchev-Kutuzov, it should be noted the graduate of the Maritime Academy Nikolai Gavrilovich Kurganov and the graduate of the Naval Corps Platon Yakovlevich Gamaley, who had extensive knowledge, pedagogical tact and energy in their time. N.G. Kurganov became the author of a large number of textbooks and manuals that were used in training cadets. P.Ya. Gamaleya brought the scientific training of students to an exceptional level, thanks to which the fleet received a large number of well-educated sailors, who were later known for their scientific research and participation in significant expeditions.
On May 23, 1771, a strong fire occurred on Vasilyevsky Island, as a result of which the building in which the Naval Corps was located burned down. The corps was transferred from St. Petersburg to Kronstadt and placed in the Italian Palace.
During the years of command of the corps by I.L. Golenishchev-Kutuzov, many traditions associated with the rudeness of cadets, promiscuity, and antics that caused indignation among the population of St. Petersburg began to become a thing of the past. The corps has practically abandoned exorbitant corporal punishment. In the orders on punishment of pupils, the main place was occupied by the wording: leave without lunch, do not fire “for the corps”, put in “empty”, i.e. to a punishment cell, put on a gray jacket, demoted from midshipman to cadet. For serious offenses there were corporal punishments, but not as severe as before, and exclusion from the corps.
Order in the companies was mainly maintained by senior midshipmen, who sought to arrogate to themselves the right to command not only the cadets, but also the junior midshipmen. The resolution of many issues ended in brawls, and sometimes serious fights that took place in the backyard of the building. Corps poets tried to capture these battles in their epoch-making poems. The harsh conditions of corps life fostered extreme cohesion among the cadets. Corps officer N. Bestuzhev gave advice to his brother, a midshipman: “Don’t let yourself be offended if you can beat yourself, and don’t dare complain to me about the offenders. Most of all, beware of washing dirty linen in public, otherwise you will be called fiscals and then your fate will be bitter.” In the corps it was considered brave to endure the most severe punishment in silence. Such pupils were called “cast irons” and “old men”. The last nickname was especially honorable.
For naval practice, midshipmen and artillery cadets sailed on ships and frigates of the Baltic Fleet. During the years of the existence of the Corps of Foreign Fellow Religionists, students of this corps, mainly Greeks, were sent to the Naval Gentry Cadet Corps for training.
In 1783, in connection with the fleet's needs for officer personnel, the staff size of the Naval Gentry Cadet Corps doubled and reached 600 people. 5 companies were formed in the corps. During all the years of her reign, Catherine II treated the Naval Corps with special respect, “bearing in mind the services rendered to Her and the Fatherland by the students of the Naval Cadet Corps, who served with praise everywhere.” In this regard, the corps was given a palace in Oranienbaum by the empress. However, for a number of reasons, the move there from Kronstadt did not take place.During the reign of Catherine II, 2,063 people were released from the Naval Corps, of which 1,960 Naval Officers entered the fleet. During the war with Sweden, several accelerated releases were made in the corps. Of the students released during the reign of Catherine II, 16 people rose to the ranks of admiral, 26 vice admiral, 14 lieutenant general, 16 rear admiral, 20 major general. The Russian fleet was glorified by the graduates of the corps of this period, admirals F.F. .Ushakov, D.N.Senyavin, I.F.Kruzenshtern, V.M.Golovnin, who circumnavigated the world on the sloops “Diana” and “Kamchatka”, Yu.F. Lisyansky, who circumnavigated the world and discovered several new islands in the Pacific ocean, the first maritime minister of Russia N.S. Mordvinov, his successor G.A. Sarychev, President of the Academy of Sciences, famous poet and philologist A.S. Shishkov.
Emperor Paul I, on the fourth day after ascending the throne, announced by decree that he retained the rank of admiral general of the fleet, and informed the director of the corps, I.L. Golenishchev-Kutuzov, about his decision to transfer the corps from Kronstadt to St. Petersburg, to Vasilyevsky Island , in a complex of buildings built by the architect F.I. Volkov. Paul I constantly showed signs of attention to the corps, often visited it, attended lectures, and talked with cadets. Sometimes, for good teaching right in the classroom, he could assign the teacher the next rank, and promote a cadet to non-commissioned officer for a good answer. The Emperor repeatedly tried to find at least some kind of disorder in the building, but he could not do this, despite his unexpected appearance in the building at very different times of the day. And then he asked the empress to unexpectedly inspect the building. To the delight of the director, officers and teachers, she remained satisfied with the order.
According to historians, the time of Emperor Paul I on the throne was one of the most favorable for the Naval Corps. Under him, a new uniform was approved: green double-breasted uniforms and trousers, the same color with the uniform in winter, white in summer; boots, triangular hat, dirk. After the reconstruction of the building buildings was carried out on the instructions of the emperor, 600 students transferred from Kronstadt were comfortably accommodated in new buildings. Historians have different assessments of Paul I's tenure on the throne, but everyone agrees that the emperor constantly treated the fleet with favor. During the reign of Paul I, 468 people were released from the Naval Corps: 243 as midshipmen into the fleet, 42 into naval artillery, 181 into the ground forces. Among the graduates of the corps of this period, the most famous were Thaddeus Faddeevich Bellingshausen (1797), who sailed to the South Pole; Admiral L.F. Bogdanovich, who distinguished himself in the Battle of Navarino, M.F. Garkovenko, future class inspector under 6 corps directors, who served in the Naval Corps for 50 years.
Under Paul I, a corps holiday was established - November 6. In 1797, a corps church was built in the name of St. Paul the Confessor, whose memory was celebrated on November 6, the day of the accession to the throne of Emperor Paul I.
Since 1802, the educational institution received a new name - the Naval Cadet Corps (the word gentry was removed from the name), and its director was a veteran of battles with the Turks, Swedes and French, a graduate of the Naval Corps, Rear Admiral P.K. Kartsov. P.Ya. Gamaleya, who was appointed back in 1795, remained the class inspector. At the same time, the practice began to send the best midshipmen to practice as volunteers in the fleets of England and France. Pyotr Kondratyevich Kartsov served as director for 24 years. During this period, more than two thousand students were released from the corps.
P.K. Kartsov was one of the closest associates of Admiral F.F. Ushakov and a battle-tested sailor; in the corps he turned out to be an energetic and enlightened educator and administrator. With the help of corps inspectors P.Ya. Gamaleya and M.F. Garkovenko, he managed to raise the scientific training of students to an exceptional level and the Russian fleet owes him a whole galaxy of educated and talented sailors. Witnesses of that era recalled the zeal with which the students studied at that time. The best students enjoyed the deep respect of their comrades, who called them by name and patronymic. The honorary cadet nickname “Zeiman” (from the English seaman-sailor), which was given to the first students, was more honorable for ambitious teenagers than any diploma. From these “Zeymans” came the famous scientific hydrographers, sailors who circumnavigated the world, and military admirals.
In 1812, during the Patriotic War, students of all cadet corps were evacuated to the city of Sveaborg in Finland, where they stayed for four months. In 1817, the staff of students of the Naval Corps was increased to 700 people, distributed among 5 companies. In 1825, Vice Admiral P.M. Rozhnov, who was considered one of the experienced and combative sailors, was appointed director of the corps. At this time, fencing, towns, and skating flourished in the corps. At the end of the school year, midshipmen were required to go on a training voyage. While at sea, the midshipmen performed all the sailor's work and tried to show recklessness in order to gain authority among their comrades.
During the reign of Alexander I, 2,019 people were released from the corps. Of the 1,783 midshipman graduates, 35 graduated as admirals, 33 as vice admirals, 40 as rear admirals, 3 as full generals, 21 as lieutenant generals, 54 as major generals, etc. Among the graduates of this period are outstanding admirals and naval commanders: Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev (1805), Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov (1818), Vladimir Alekseevich Kornilov (1823). P.S. Nakhimov and V.A. Kornilov were mortally wounded during the heroic defense of Sevastopol during the Crimean War of 1853-1856. Admiral F.M. Novosilsky (1823), holder of the Order of St. George, 3rd degree for the Battle of Sinop, awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 1st degree for the defense of Sevastopol; Admiral E.V. Putyatin (1822) showed great diplomatic abilities to establish diplomatic relations with Japan; Baron F.P. Wrangel (1815) made a description of the northern shores of Siberia (one of the islands in the Arctic Ocean was named after him). Graduates of this period were awarded: the orders of St. Andrew the First-Called - 3 people, Alexander Nevsky - 12, Vladimir 1st degree - 3, White Eagle - 20, Vladimir 2nd degree - 28, Anna 1st degree - 44, Stanislav 1st degree - 54. Circumnavigated the world - 96 people, 12 people were on the voyage twice. Graduates of the corps F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev have the honor of discovering Antarctica. Count F.P. Tolstoy (1802) became a famous Russian artist, was the president of the Academy of Arts, M.F. Reinecke (1818) became a famous Russian hydrographer who did a lot to compile maps of the White and Baltic Seas; Vladimir Ivanovich Dal (1819) became the author of the Explanatory Russian Dictionary.
Strict innovations in the organization of service and disciplinary practice, implemented by Emperor Nicholas I, did not bypass the Naval Corps. In organizational terms, since 1826, the corps was equated to a battalion naval crew, which had a midshipman, three cadets and a newly established reserve, or juvenile, company (for students admitted for the first time 10-12 years old). The staff of each company was 101 people. In accordance with the new instructions, students began to be transferred from class to class not individually, but in entire classes. Much attention was paid to drill training and “company front-line exercises,” and corporal punishment was introduced. To familiarize themselves with the procedure for serving in the ground corps, three junior officers of the Naval Corps were assigned to the 2nd Cadet Corps.
On October 14, 1827, Rear Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern was appointed director of the Naval Corps. The appointment of the outstanding navigator, explorer and naval commander Admiral I.F. Kruzenshtern (inspector of classes of the Naval Corps in 1811-1827, director in 1828-1842) to the position of director contributed to the humanization of training and education in the corps. Possessing an extremely delicate character, Kruzenshtern did not forget about the rude morals that reigned in the corps during his stay there and demanded that officers and teachers behave morally towards the cadets. He reserved the right to corporal punishment.
New subjects were introduced into the curriculum and the intensity of training increased. Military justice, chemistry, descriptive geometry, artillery, and fortification were introduced into the corps. The best specialists from various fields of science were invited to give lectures and conduct seminars. Kruzenshtern regularly attended classes and attended exams. A half life-size model of the heroic brig “Navarin” was installed in the Dining Hall, which made it possible to conduct naval training for cadets even in winter. At the same time, a collapsible model of the frigate “President” was built. For practical training, a special detachment of ships from training frigates was formed. For the first time, promotion to officers began to be carried out annually by the entire graduating class after passing the autumn exam.
On January 28, 1827, officer classes were organized at the Naval Corps to train officers from the “excellent cadets.” Staying in the officer class was designed for two years. During this time, cadets were encouraged to study higher mathematics, astronomy, and the theory of shipbuilding. Famous scientists and academicians of the time were invited to give lectures in officer classes. Two classes were established - lower and higher, transfer from lower to higher was carried out based on academic results and behavior. If a midshipman could not move from the lower class to the higher, he remained for another year. After the second year of training, graduates of the officer class were awarded the rank of lieutenant. Officers of the class were required to sail on admiral's ships. The future admirals G.I. Nevelskoy, A.I. Butakov, and K.N. Posyet graduated from the officer classes.
On December 15, 1852, the Naval Cadet Corps solemnly celebrated the centenary of the corps. Emperor Nicholas I granted the corps a banner, which was nailed to the pole on December 14 in the Winter Palace. The emperor drove the first copper nail from the top of the staff, the second nail was driven in by the empress, and the remaining nails by other members of the imperial family and representatives of the Naval Corps, after which the new banner was presented to the corps.
During the reign of Nicholas I, 1,883 people graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps. Of those released, 23 completed their service in the navy: admirals - 23, vice admirals - 73, rear admirals - 208, full generals - 2, lieutenant generals - 20, major generals - 65. The corps was glorified by admirals G.I. Butakov (1837), I.I. Butakov (1839), B.A. Glazenap (1826), A.A. Popov (1838), an outstanding shipbuilder. Admiral G.I. Nevelsky is credited with annexing the Amur Territory to Russia. Dozens of corps graduates distinguished themselves during the Crimean War.
With the beginning of the reign of Alexander II, certain changes occurred in the life of the corps. The created commission found that the number of students in the corps exceeds the actual need, students are accepted into the corps at too early an age, general education should be separated from special education, and too little time is devoted to practical maritime education. Already in 1856, changes in the life of the corps became noticeable: the most successful midshipmen began to be assigned to ships setting off on long voyages. In 1860, the midshipman company was liquidated, and the promotion from midshipman to lieutenant upon completion of the officer classes was abolished. The rank of midshipman was now awarded to students graduating from the corps upon completion of the course. To instill practical skills in future naval officers, there was a screw frigate “Dmitry Donskoy”, on which each midshipman was required to sail for two years.
Since 1861, new rules for admission to the corps have been put into effect - competitive exams in seven subjects and trial swimming. The trial voyage was introduced with the aim of giving young men who wish to become sailors the opportunity to test their capabilities for service at sea and get acquainted with maritime affairs. The corps began to accept young men aged 14-17 not only of noble origin, but also children of “hereditary honorary citizens”, honored officers, and officials of civil departments. To be admitted you had to be in good health. No more than 50 people were accepted into the corps annually. The strengthening of discipline was facilitated by the abolition of corporal punishment and a certain democratization of the internal life of the educational institution.
Naval Cadet Corps Classicism
Pam. arch. classicism
emb. Lieutenant Schmidt, 17
Residential building (model project)
1717-1720 - project for eminent
Palace B.H. Minikha ("Minikhov's" house)(model house + neighboring Matveev property)
Naval Gentry Cadet Corps (Mininkh’s house + Baryatinsky’s neighboring house)
1753-1755 - adaptation for an academic institution
Corps of Foreign Co-religionists
1796-1799 - architect. Volkov Fedor Ivanovich - reconstruction or
1790s - according to the drawings of Schneider Ya. I. - reconstruction
Bakery, officers' quarters, dining room
1797 - architect. Ruska Luigi
Two outbuildings
1817-1825 - interior decoration of the main building
Naval Gentry Corps - Naval Cadet Corps
1840s, 1890s, 1930s - redevelopment
Photo from the 1900s. (?)
Old postcard.
Photo - Matveev N.G. 1900s
humus.livejournal.com
(added
.)photo-war.com
Magazine "World Illustration"
(added)Church in the name of St. Paul the Confessor
When the building was transferred from Kronstadt to St. Petersburg, on the left side of the building, under a flat dome, in the hall of the upper floor, designed according to the design of L. Ruska, in 1797, a church was consecrated in the name of St. Paul the Confessor.
The vaults were painted by the future architect A. N. Voronikhin. The altarpiece and two icons were painted by E.V. Moshkov.
Major renovation of the church began in the mid-19th century. according to the project of the corps architect. P. E. Antipov, ended in 1893. In 1913, a stained glass window “The Savior tames the storm at sea” was placed in the church.
The temple housed various shrines brought by sailors - graduates of the corps from different countries, including Palestine and Jerusalem. Relics related to the history of the Corps and the Russian Navy were collected. Since 1854, black marble boards (by 1900, 17 boards) with the names of Corps members killed in battles began to be installed on the walls of the church, and since 1892, gray marble boards (by 1900, 9 boards) with the names of sailors who died during shipwrecks and in the performance of their duties.
The banners of the Naval Corps were also stored in the church premises.
The church was closed in 1918, and later the premises were completely rebuilt.
In the 1840s, 1890s. The building underwent major alterations, which affected the interior layout and decoration of the premises.
In the 1930s a number of front rooms received new architectural design. This affected the Revolution Hall, covered with a flat suspended ceiling, and the art gallery.
Near the Neva there is a bronze monument to the navigator I. F. Krusenstern
(1870-1873, sketch by I. N. Schroeder, architect I. A. Monighetti.)Corpus Museum.
Dining room.
Dining room.
The conference room is located opposite
office of the head of the corps.Artillery class.
Electromechanical
cabinet.Revolution Hall
(in past
dining room)."Compass" hall.
Located at the intersection
educational and medical buildings.Art Gallery
with paintings by Aivazovsky,
Bogolyubova.Front yard.
View from the "art gallery".Anchor yard.
Mine yard.
Photo - , 2014.Transitions between
yards.Front yard
Graduates of the Cadet Corps were admirals P. S. Nakhimov, V. A. Kornilov, V. I. Istomin, as well as composer N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov.
Previously, in the dining hall of the Corps there were portraits of students awarded the Order of St. George.
Since 1926, the Higher Naval School named after M. V. Frunze.
In November 1998, VVMU named after. M.V. Frunze was united by VVMUPP named after. Lenin Komsomol, in January 2001 the school received the name Peter the Great Naval Corps - St. Petersburg Naval Institute.
(illustrations - Mary)
Navigation school (1701-1715). Moscow On October 1, 1715, in St. Petersburg, on the basis of the senior nautical classes of the Navigation School, the Naval Academy, or the Academy of the Naval Guard, was created on December 15, 1752. The Navigation School and the Midshipman Company were abolished, and the Naval Academy was transformed into the Naval Gentry Corps. Since 1802. the word “gentry” was excluded from the name of the educational institution. Naval Cadet Corps (1802-1867) On June 2, 1867, the Naval Cadet Corps was renamed the Naval School (1867-1891) In 1891, the Naval School was again renamed the Naval Cadet Corps (1891-1906) Naval Corps (1906-1916) Naval school (1916-1918) Fleet command courses (1918-1919) Fleet command school (1919-1922) Naval school (1922-1926) Naval school named after M.V. Frunze (1926-1939) Higher military -Naval Order of Lenin Red Banner School named after M.V. Frunze (1939-1998) By Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1009 of August 29, 1998 and Directive of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces No. 314/5/0478 of June 16, 1998, the Naval Institute was formed on the basis of the united Supreme Naval Order Lenin of the Red Banner Order of the Ushakov School. M.V. Frunze and the Higher Naval School of Underwater Diving named after. Lenin Komsomol. By Directive of the General Staff of the Navy No. 730/1/1096 dated June 24, 1999, the institute was renamed the St. Petersburg Naval Institute - Peter the Great Naval Corps Based on materials from the VUNTS Navy "Naval Academy named after Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union N.G. Kuznetsov" - collective monograph "... TO BE... SEAWITHING SCIENTIFICLY TEACHING SCIENCES." (added
