Red calendar days presentation for elementary school. Red calendar days - universe, time, calendar
Target: introduce the most important holidays of the modern Russian civil calendar.
Planned results: Students will learn to briefly characterize the content of general civil holidays of the modern Russian calendar, describe the celebration of one of these holidays in their city (village), answer reasonably, prove their opinion, analyze, draw conclusions, and compare.
Equipment: textbook, workbook, Boy and Girl dolls, signs with the names of the months, attributes of public holidays (Russian flag, military cap, textbook, St. George ribbon, audio recording of the Jingle Bells melody), blue, green, red chips.
Note: Pupils prepared in advance talk about the holidays.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment
II. Updating knowledge
1. Checking homework
2. Frontal survey
What is the calendar used for?
What types of calendars are there?
Where and when did the first calendars appear?
Why can the New Year begin not only in winter?
List the birth dates of your family and friends.
(Next, students answer questions in the “Remember” section on p. 40 of the textbook. The teacher asks questions on behalf of the Boy doll. Students answer them on behalf of the Girl doll. Then the teacher calls 12 students, gives them signs with the names of the months and asks them to line up according to the order they appear in the calendar. The teacher asks the other group to arrange the order of the months according to the seasons: winter, spring, summer, autumn.)
Game “Name Your Neighbor”
I name the month, and you name its neighbors.
February. (January March.)
June. (May, July.)
III. Self-determination for activity
Do you know what our assistants talked about today? They recalled how in the last lesson we became acquainted with the holiday of Eid al-Fitr, which is celebrated in those families where the Muslim faith is professed. But what our assistants could not decide was whether there were any holidays that were celebrated by the whole country, by all the people living in the Russian Federation.
What holidays are common to all Russian citizens, regardless of faith, nationality, or place of residence? (Students' answers.)
And how will all residents of our country learn about these holidays? (Students' answers.)
Today in class we will talk about national holidays.
IV. Work on the topic of the lesson
1. Conversation
Now that we have remembered the order of the months, we can go on a journey through the calendar. Look, the calendar dates are marked in different colors. Some are printed in black ink, others in red! Why? (Students' answers.)
Why are holidays and weekends highlighted in red? (Red means celebration. Red means beautiful. Red color is easy to see.)
(Pre-prepared students talk about the holidays.)
2. Student messages
International Women's Day. In the 19th century There was no question that women had any rights. Women were prohibited from participating in elections and holding leadership positions. Women's labor was considered less skilled; they sometimes worked 16 hours a day, while receiving pennies.
In 1908, the first March demonstration of women took place in New York, demanding equal rights with men. The inspirer and ideologist of this movement was the German communist Clara Zetkin. The decision to celebrate International Women's Day annually was made in 1910 at the 11th International Conference of Women Activists of the Socialist Movement in Copenhagen.
In America and some European countries, this day was first celebrated on March 19, 1911. The exact date was not established then. And only three years later they decided to celebrate this holiday on March 8th. This proposal sounded like a call to all women in the world to join the fight for equality.
In Russia, International Women's Day was celebrated for the first time in 1913 in St. Petersburg. On March 2, 1913, one and a half thousand people gathered in the building of the Kalashnikov Bread Exchange on Poltavskaya Street. The agenda of the scientific readings included the following issues: the right to vote for women; state provision of maternity; high cost of living. The following year, in many European countries, on March 8 and other days close to this date, women organized marches to protest against the war.
In 1917, women in Russia took to the streets on the last Sunday of February with the slogan “Bread and Peace.” This demonstration preceded a change of power in the country - after 4 days, Emperor Nicholas II abdicated the throne. The Provisional Government that came to power guaranteed women the right to vote. This historical day fell on February 23rd according to the Julian calendar, which was used in Russia at that time, and on March 8th according to the Gregorian calendar.
International Women's Day on March 8 has become a public holiday since the first years of Soviet power. Since 1965, this day has been declared a non-working day. There was also a festive ritual for him. On this day, at ceremonial events, the state reported to society on the implementation of state policy towards women.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, March 8 remained on the list of public holidays in the Russian Federation. It is also celebrated in many CIS countries. True, in Uzbekistan, for example, it is now called Mother’s Day, and in Armenia - Motherhood and Beauty Day. But the names do not change the essence. Gradually, International Women's Day in the country lost its political overtones. On this holiday, a tradition arose to congratulate all women in the country: wives, girlfriends, mothers, sisters, colleagues. March 8 remains one of the most joyful spring holidays. The traditional flower on this day in many countries is the mimosa, as delicate and beautiful as women. March 8 is that rare day when men do not want to hide their feelings of gratitude and love for a woman.
This holiday has long ago lost its political connotation, and we celebrate it as a holiday of Spring, Love, and Beauty. Women on this day are somehow especially cheerful, beautiful, and elegant. Men are gallant and courageous. There are many flowers on the streets and in houses. In the family, according to tradition, women are relieved of household duties, surprises are prepared, and gifts are presented. At work, men congratulate all the women of the enterprise. In schools, boys prepare a holiday for girls.
Defender of the Fatherland Day. On February 23, Russia celebrates Defender of the Fatherland Day. This holiday is considered a holiday for warriors - veterans, current and future military personnel. In 1995, the State Duma of Russia adopted the Federal Law “On the Days of Military Glory of Russia,” in which this day was named Defender of the Fatherland Day.
The date was justified by the battle of Narva and Pskov in February 1918, in which the soldiers of the young Soviet Republic (as our country was called in those years) adequately resisted German troops. In honor of that battle, February 23 became a holiday, which was first called Red Army Day, then Soviet Army and Navy Day, and finally Defender of the Fatherland Day.
But whatever the history of the holiday, first of all in the minds of our compatriots it is associated with the glorious exploits of our ancestors in the struggle for the independence of our homeland and the integrity of its borders.
For many centuries, Rus' repelled endless attacks from enemies from all directions of the world. At first, nomads - the Pechenegs and Polovtsians - rushed to Rus' from the steppe. For three hundred years our land was under the yoke of the Mongol-Tatar horde. Crusader knights threatened us from the West. During the Time of Troubles in the 17th century. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth troops - the Poles - tried to enslave the Russians and take control of Moscow. And during the Patriotic War of 1812, Napoleon was stopped in Moscow by Russian soldiers with his army that conquered all of Europe. And everywhere along the enemy’s path - on Lake Peipsi, and on the Kulikovo Field, and near Borodino, and on the nameless fields of the Great Patriotic War of 1941 - 1945. - the staunch and courageous defenders of the Fatherland stood up.
The honorable duty of men at different times and in different countries was the duty, if necessary, to defend the Fatherland with arms in hand. In Rus', those for whom this responsibility became a matter of duty and honor eventually received the title of noble nobility. They formed the backbone of the Russian officers. Following the military oath once given was the norm for a Russian nobleman and a matter of honor. Many poems and songs have been written about Russian officers, films have been made, and books have been written. The country is proud of its heroes and remembers their exploits.
Therefore, first of all, this day is a tribute to our respect to all generations of the heroic Russian army.
Our army has an ancient and glorious history. The Russians - as our ancestors were called in ancient times - were brave and fearless warriors. At the end of the 6th century. The Byzantine emperor wrote about the Russians this way: “... they love freedom and are not inclined towards slavery or obedience. The brave, especially in their own land, are hardy, easily endure cold and heat, and lack of clothing and food. Their young men skillfully wield weapons.”
The pride of the Russian military are such Russian commanders as Alexander Nevsky, Dmitry Donskoy, Alexander Suvorov, Mikhail Kutuzov, and during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. - Zhukov, Konev, Rokossovsky and others.
Victory Day. On May 9, 1945, at 2 a.m. Moscow time, Moscow radio, in the voice of announcer I. Levitan, announced the surrender of Nazi Germany. Four long years of the Patriotic War, full of losses, hardships, and grief, have ended.
And indeed, on this day joy and sorrow are nearby. There is no family in Russia that was spared by the war. Therefore, on this day, every family remembers those who remained on the battlefields, those who worked in the rear for the victory of our country, those who died in the territory occupied by the fascist army, who died of hunger and torture in concentration camps and fascist dungeons, those who established a peaceful life after the war.
Our compatriots stood to the last - in Brest and Stalingrad, near Kursk and in besieged Leningrad. They stood and survived. And those who were not taken to the front forged Victory in the rear. Women and teenagers, replacing the departed men, built tanks and airplanes, railways and bridges, plowed and sowed. That is why Victory Day is truly a national holiday.
Victory Day over fascism in Russia falls on May 9. May 9th is a national holiday in Russia. Every year there are fewer and fewer war veterans. But those who are alive gather on Victory Day in the central squares of cities, meet with fellow soldiers, and remember their fallen comrades. On this day, it is customary to visit battlefields, monuments of military glory, and the graves of fallen soldiers. Traditionally, the laying of wreaths and flowers, rallies, and ceremonial passages of military units are held here. In Moscow, a military parade is taking place on Red Square in honor of the victory over Nazi Germany.
Labour Day. This holiday for many children in Russia had political overtones. It was called International Workers' Day and was celebrated with demonstrations and parades. The history of the holiday is as follows.
The Industrial Revolution radically changed the lives of millions of people. It began in England around 1750 and spread to Europe and North America in the next century.
Before the Industrial Revolution, most people lived in villages and practiced agriculture. There were few inhabitants in the cities at that time. People made the most necessary things, such as fabrics or tools, on their own or turned to artisans who worked in small workshops. Life was governed by the cycle of agricultural work, and festivals marked key points in this cycle, such as the May Thai and autumn harvest festivals.
The Industrial Revolution transformed European countries from agricultural to industrial. Machines were invented that produced cloth and many other goods much faster than before.
New equipment required factories, and there was a need for people to work with the mechanisms. And people began to leave the villages, and large and small cities grew up around the factories. Life changed, but not always for the better. The workers generally lived in poverty and overcrowding. The working day was very long, but people were paid extremely little, and there were no vacations.
In the 19th century workers began to organize into trade unions, seeking higher pay and better working conditions. The owners of industrial enterprises were forced to gradually increase wages
and reduce working hours. Working holiday. International Workers' Day has been celebrated in Europe since 1890. May 1 was declared International Workers' Day, or Labor Day. In many countries, this day is still a non-working day and is celebrated with festive demonstrations.
In the Russian Empire, this day was first celebrated in 1891 in St. Petersburg.
May Day was considered one of the most important holidays in the former Soviet Union and other socialist countries. Crowded demonstrations took place on Red Square. In China's capital, Beijing, the day is still marked with lavish celebrations, with parades, ganzas and fireworks.
In England, Labor Day is celebrated on the first Monday in May. In the USA and Canada, this day is celebrated on the first Monday of September. In New Zealand, Labor Day is celebrated in October, and in Jamaica it is celebrated on May 23.
For all European peoples, the First of May is a favorite holiday of spring, greenery and flowers. On this day, cheerful festivities were held everywhere, the townspeople “went out into nature.” The main ritual action was the decoration of the “Maypole”, which was installed in the central square. The whole village took part in this. “Tree” is a pine or birch trunk with a crossbar at the top. Garlands of greenery and flowers were hung at the end of such a pole.
New Year. New Year celebrations have a long and interesting history.
Our ancestors, the ancient Slavs, celebrated the New Year on March 1 - with the onset of warmth and the beginning of field work.
At the end of the 10th century. With the adoption of Christianity in Rus', the Julian calendar was introduced. The counting of years in it was carried out from the “creation of the world,” which, according to the church, occurred 5508 years before our chronology.
In 1492, the beginning of the year in Rus' was officially moved to September 1st.
And in 1699, a few months after the Russians had already celebrated the New Year on September 1, they had to repeat the celebration. Because on December 19, Peter I issued a decree on calendar reform in Russia. According to the decree of Emperor Peter I, on January 1, 1700, “... as a sign of a good undertaking and the new century, in the joy of congratulating each other on the New Year... along noble and thoroughfares, at the gates and houses, make some decorations from trees and branches pine, spruce and juniper... to fire small cannons and rifles, fire rockets, as many as anyone can, and light fires.”
According to this document, the New Year began to be celebrated on January 1, and the Christian calendar was adopted - from the Nativity of Christ.
On New Year's Eve, 1700, Peter 1 himself lit the first rocket on Red Square. The streets were illuminated. The ringing of bells and cannon fire began, and the sounds of trumpets and timpani were heard. The festivities continued all night.
And in the 20th century, in the first years after the revolution, the New Year holiday was abolished as a religious holiday and a new calendar was introduced, a new style that differed from the old one by 13 days.
Since then, New Year celebrations begin 13 days earlier. However, the old New Year has been preserved in people's memory. Therefore, today our compatriots celebrate the New Year on January 1 and the old New Year on January 13.
However, it should be noted that the coming of the New Year was not always given such great importance as it is now. This was due to religious traditions and rules. Orthodox Christians celebrate the Nativity Fast at this time. And during Lent, as is known, believers must abstain from certain types of food, lead a modest lifestyle, take care of their souls, and avoid fun. Catholics, for “calendar” reasons, celebrate their main religious holiday - the Nativity of Christ - on December 25th. Therefore, because of the Christmas holidays, the beginning of the new calendar year is an insignificant event for them.
Today, this holiday has become one of the most beloved, fun, magical not only for children, but also for adults. The beginning of a new year is the best time to start a “new life”, to realize new plans, dreams, hopes. That’s why everyone loves and celebrates this holiday. And New Year's traditions become important and significant for every person these days.
3. Work according to the textbook
Look at the photographs in the “Look into the Family Album” section. What holidays are captured in the photographs? (Students' answers.)
How did you guess? Name the signs of these holidays. (Students' answers.)
What is your family's favorite holiday? How do you celebrate it? (Students' answers.)
Each holiday has its own decorations, its own symbolism, and its own music.
Game “Find out the holiday”
(The teacher shows attributes, symbols, includes excerpts from musical works, and the children must guess what holiday it is.)
It is important to remember that what is suitable for the celebration of the New Year may be unsuccessful for the celebration of Victory Day, Defender of the Fatherland Day, and may even upset veterans and seem disrespectful to them.
V. Physical education minute
Between soft spruce paws
The rain is quietly drip, drip, drip!
(Raise and lower your hands
in front of you, palms up.)
Where the twig has long since dried up,
Gray moss, moss, moss has grown!
(Slowly squat with lowered, pressed
to the body with your hands. The hands are slightly abducted
to the sides, palms down.)
Where leaf sticks to leaf,
A mushroom appeared, a mushroom, a mushroom!
(Rise up slowly, holding on with your hands
by the head, like a hat.)
Who found it, friends?
(Shrug.)
It's me, it's me, it's me!
(Press your hands to your chest,
nodding his head affirmatively.)
VI. Reinforcing the material learned
Completing tasks in the workbook
Exercise 1(p. 28)
(Work in pairs.)
Read, complete the task.
Justify your choice.
VII. Reflection
Listen to the poems and cover the symbol of the corresponding holiday with a counter in the workbooks (pp. 28-29). Cover the picture with the image of the first holiday with a blue counter.
(The teacher distributes colorful chips to the students.)
Month March, number eight -
There is no peace for me and dad.
What should we give mom?
What should I buy her for the holiday?
We bought her some sweets
And a bouquet of snowdrops.
We came home with a bouquet.
We laughed and drank tea.
Sweets with mom
We ate casually.
Cover the picture depicting this holiday with a green chip.
Winter evening,
Wonderful evening.
The snow sparkles blue.
We will light candles on the Christmas tree.
Let's get together with the whole family
At a table where it will be crowded
From smiles, pie...
Oh, how wonderfully decorated
Our Christmas tree is made of pearls!
N. Krasilnikov
Cover the picture with a red chip.
Have you heard the good news?
I'll be exactly six soon!
And if a person is six
And he has notebooks,
And there is a backpack, and there is a uniform,
And you can’t count the counting sticks,
That means he (or rather, me).
That means he (or rather, I),
He's going to school.
I. Tokmakova
Cover the picture with a blue chip.
There are orders and there are medals,
And the river is full of glory...
Have you all seen this sign?
On a front-line soldier's jacket.
No silver, no gilding,
There is no sparkle of glory on him -
An infantry fighter is depicted,
He holds the Banner under fire.
They shoot at him, hit him with buckshot,
And he stands, he won’t fall...
Now he's coming towards me
And he leads his grandson by the hand...
And I walk, half a step before them,
I look at the sign and the face -
So it was he who was at the Reichstag,
So he was the fighter
Which all the battles gave
Passed under the fury of attacks!..
There are orders and there are medals,
And there is a simple soldier's badge.
All the days of war and all the losses
And all the victories came together in it...
If you see a sign, recognize a soldier,
Bow low to the hero.
A. Alexandrov
Cover the picture with a green chip.
The birds fell asleep on the branches,
The stars don't shine in the sky.
Hidden by the border
Border guard detachment.
Border guards are not asleep
At the native border.
Our sea
Our land
Our sky is being guarded.
S. Marshak
Let's check our work. What trick did you use to cover the spring holidays? (Blue.)
What trick did you cover the winter holidays with? (Green.)
What holidays are these? (New Year, Defender of the Fatherland Day.)
What trick did you cover the autumn holiday? (Red.)
VIII. Summing up the lesson
The Girl doll will ask questions, the Boy doll will answer them.
(The teacher hands over the doll to those who wish.)
What holidays did we talk about in class?
What holiday do you especially love?
Let's draw a conclusion. The calendar reminds us of the most important events in the life of our Fatherland, helps us feel like citizens of a single country - Russia.
2. Complete task 4 (p. 29) in your workbook.
3. Observe the weather in October for one week. Enter the result in the table in the workbook on p. 39, using the symbols on p. 25.
1. What is a calendar
2. What kind of calendars are there in countries: Ancient, Pocket, Calendar of significant dates, Church, Fisherman's calendar, Fan's calendar, Astrological calendar.
3. Types of calendars: Table calendar, Tear-off calendar, Desk calendar, Book type calendar.
What is a calendar?
- Days turn into weeks, weeks into months, and months into years - this is how time flows.
- Without a calendar, it would be difficult to determine what day or month it is. It lists the days of the week and months sequentially throughout the year.
- The word “calendar” translated from Latin literally means the following: “record of loans”, “debt book”. The fact is that in Ancient Rome, debtors paid debts or interest on them on the days of the Kalends - in the first days of the month. Hence the name. But the Greeks did not have calends. Therefore, the Romans ironically said about inveterate defaulters that they would repay the debt in Greek calendars, that is, it is not known when. This expression has become popular in many languages of the world.
The priests also noted that every year, approximately simultaneously with the beginning of the flood, a bright star appeared in the sky before sunrise. We counted the days between these events - it turned out to be 365 days. This was 6,000 years ago, and before that no one knew that there are 365 days in a year. The Egyptians divided the year into 12 months of 30 days, adding 5 additional days at the end of the year.
Ancient calendar
What types of calendars are there?
The modern 12-month calendar appeared thanks to the Roman Emperor Gaius Julius Caesar. Before this, a calendar of 10 months was in use. In a four-year cycle, three years have 365 days, and the fourth has 366 days. Thus, it was possible to achieve correspondence between the calendar and the time of the Earth’s revolution around the Sun.
There are many more ways to count dates: Muslim, Israeli, Chinese, Indian and Buddhist calendars, which are still used today.
Pocket calendar
- The word “calendar” (we are talking about single-sheet pocket calendars, which have a picture on one side and a table of the days of the year on the other) appeared in Russia in 1780. However, they had to wait another hundred years for their printed embodiment.
- Such calendars were first printed in Russia in the mid-1880s in Moscow. And the first calendars with a new style were published in St. Petersburg at the beginning of 1918, immediately after the signing of the decree on the introduction of the Western European calendar in our country.
Time sheet calendar
- Time sheet calendar, in the form of a sheet publication containing a list of days of the year arranged by month in table form
Tear-off calendar
- Tear-off calendar, in which separate tear-off sheets are allocated for each day (week, month)
Desk calendar
Desk calendar, in which separate flip sheets are allocated for each day (week, month)
Book type calendar
- Book type calendar, published in the form of a book publication containing materials selected in accordance with a specific topic and (or address)
Calendar of significant dates
- Calendar of significant dates, including a selective list of days of the year associated with any memorable events, and information about these events
Church calendar
Calendar of church holidays and fasts, dictionary of names, lives of saints. List of troparia; prayers and gospel readings for every day.
Astrological calendar
When compiling horoscopes, astrologers rely on the lunar calendar
Mayan calendar
A system of calendars created in the pre-Columbian era by the Mayan civilization. This calendar was also used by other Central American peoples - the Aztecs, Toltecs, etc.
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