Karakozov Dmitry Vladimirovich: regicide or romantic of the revolution? Attempts on Alexander II Karakozov committed an attempt on Alexander II.

On April 4, 1866, in St. Petersburg, a member of the revolutionary organization “Hell” D.V. Karakozov shot at Emperor Alexander II. The consequences of the assassination attempt were catastrophic for Russia. Alexander's reforms were curtailed, and gendarmerie terror began in the country. And society, in bewilderment, awaited an answer to the question: who really organized this “Hell”?

"Almost point blank"

Almost the same thing was said in different printed publications about what happened on April 4, 1866 in the capital of the Russian Empire:

“On Monday, April 4th, at the time when His Majesty deigned to stroll in the Summer Garden, the people, in anticipation of the Emperor’s exit from the garden, gathered at His carriage. At that moment, when the Sovereign Emperor, accompanied by Duke Nicholas Maximilianovich of Leuchtenberg and his sister, Princess Maria Maximilianovna of Baden, was leaving the gates of the Summer Garden near the Neva, an unknown man, in a simple dress, pointed a pistol at His Majesty and was preparing to shoot, almost point-blank. This was noticed by a policeman who was nearby; he screamed, and the peasant Osip Komissarov, "who happened next to the criminal, pushed his hand. A shot rang out, but the bullet flew out without causing any harm to the Emperor."

Judging by the recollections of contemporaries about those events, after receiving the news of the attempted regicide, disputes immediately arose - were the landowners or the Poles behind the attempt? It was no secret to anyone that after the abolition of serfdom by Alexander II, many nobles lost all means of livelihood, and among the dissatisfied there were many hotheads. But most ordinary people were inclined to the Polish version, since everyone still remembered the Polish uprising of 1863, suppressed by order of the emperor. Alexander II himself, after the assassin was captured, asked him: “Are you a Pole?” And he was surprised that a Russian shot at him.

Neither society nor the investigative commission appointed by the emperor believed that a lone criminal had attempted to do so. Newspapers that reported the arrest of the shooter’s accomplices added fuel to the fire:

“At the same time as the Emperor, Adjutant General Totleben was walking with his wife in the Summer Garden: both husband and wife were surprised by the remarkably bad expression on the face of some man, pale, with disheveled hair, who rushed to run on the other side of the embankment as soon as Adjutant General Totleben, rushing to the scene, immediately stopped this young man, who was then recognized by the people who witnessed the event as a comrade of the attacker. It turned out that these two persons, and a third one who had not been captured, were all. While the Tsar was walking in the Summer Garden, people jostled at the entrance, all three held arm in arm, and hid their free hands in the pockets of their trousers.”

However, the detainees had nothing to do with the crime. And the arrested shooter not only did not name his accomplices, but even refused to give his name or invented fictitious names for himself. But the investigative commission resorted to the latest identification technique for that time. The criminal was photographed and many photographs were taken, with which the police began to go around all the places where he could stop or eat. His hotel room was quickly found. And in the issue there is a fragment of a letter addressed to Moscow, to a certain Ishutin.

“He began to flaunt his sheepskin coat”

Monarchists called Osip Komissarov the savior of the Fatherland, equal to Ivan Susanin, revolutionaries - a pickpocket who reached into Karakozov’s pocket at the wrong time

The search for Moscow University volunteer N.A. Ishutin in Moscow did not last long. He was quite a prominent figure among students and young people of all ranks who tried to live by their labor. To make life easier, they formed unofficial mutual aid societies and communes. E. I. Kozlinina, who lived in one of these communes, wrote in her memoirs:

“Ishutin is gloomy and embittered, not so much a misanthrope as he wanted to seem, but essentially an envious person, an extremely poorly gifted person both morally and physically, he passionately dreamed of popularity, no matter how it was achieved. ..

And whatever he did to somehow attract attention to himself. Very ugly, pimply, with sparse facial hair, he himself was aware of the unattractiveness of his appearance and, not possessing any other advantages, hoped to attract attention to himself at least with his originality.

But for this, some data was needed, and in the absence of it, he settled on the idea of using what he had...

Being very poor (which was mainly the source of his deep hatred for the rich, with whom, however, he would not even for a minute think of changing positions), he worked in one of the bookbinding communes, with great difficulty producing what was necessary in order to don't die of hunger. Thus, he was unable to spend anything on a dress.

They received parents who came to send their children to school, wearing only their dirty underwear, with pipes in their teeth

At that time, there were already a lot of poor people at the university, dressed no better than him, but they at least had torn coats, and he only had a sheepskin coat, and with his help he decided to be original. He started showing off his sheepskin coat...

In order for any stranger to realize that he was a student who, on principle, did not want to be different from a peasant, Ishutin had to stop on the street either with a friend or with someone he knew and talk noisily about issues of a higher order.”

However, it was precisely these questions that Ishutin succeeded in quite well. With several like-minded people, he managed to agitate the members of the communes in such a way that those who advocated their purely economic character, including Kozlinina, were forced to leave these communities, but maintained comradely relations.

“In the fall of 1865,” Kozlinina recalled, “the company that pushed us away from the “mutual aid society” and renamed it a “political organization” finally opened a school, authorized in the name of the candidate of philological sciences P. A. Musatovsky... The school opened in his name was extremely poorly organized. It was supposed to admit 200 free students, but despite the fact that a considerable sum had already been collected for its needs, it was more than sparsely furnished and there was no order in it. established completely intolerant.

The cohabitants Ishutina, Yurasov, Stranden and Ermolov took on teaching at this school, and they received parents who came to send their children to school, wearing only their dirty underwear, with pipes in their teeth.

Such unceremoniousness outraged the women who came there, and this alone prompted many of them to refuse to place their children there. The internal contents of the school were no better than its external environment, since the children were not so much taught as they tried to propagate them, instilling in them disrespect and dislike for elders, relatives and the church... But even under such conditions, the school still eked out its existence , until finally its founders had the blessed idea of using the money raised for the school on a completely different enterprise.”

Ishutin notified all his acquaintances about the new undertaking.

“For the new year,” Kozlinina wrote, “they decided to open a factory on a social basis, so that every worker would be an equal shareholder in the business. The idea is, of course, wonderful, and if only it could be realized without the admixture of any political tendencies , then nothing better could have been desired. But to realize such a golden dream, first of all, large and large means were needed, but they had only dreams and no real hopes.

True, one of their company, Nikolaev, very transparently hinted to them that the money would be there, but when it would be there, he could not guarantee with certainty, and where it would come from, for the time being, he did not want to explain, he only said that in this direction he worked and hopes for success.

And so, in anticipation of these benefits, they decided to look for a factory that would be leased to them. Their search consisted in the fact that with the money collected for the school they hired two, three or more triplets, took several baskets of beer and in groups of 10-15 people scoured the outskirts of Moscow, without, of course, finding anything. In the end, the factory was never found, and the school money was spent, and there was neither desire nor energy to run it without money.”

"Greyer and even more embittered"

Torture of Karakozov by insomnia did not help to clarify the truth, and his execution completely hid it (in the drawing by I. E. Repin - Karakozov before his execution)

In Moscow, the photograph immediately identified the man who shot the emperor. It was Ishutin’s cousin, D.V. Karakozov, whom Kozlinina recalled:

“Karakozov was grayer and even more embittered than Ishutin; although he somehow crawled from the Bursa to the university, he was positively unable to study and, due to his lack of development, being unable to adapt to anything, he migrated from one university to another, not getting along anywhere for a long time. Having entered his third year, he managed to visit first Moscow, then St. Petersburg, Kazan and, finally, again at Moscow University, and everywhere he was oppressed by the same hopeless, humiliating need. This made him a misanthrope, always ready for any evil deed. , in revenge for all my failures."

Arrests began of everyone who was not only involved in the “Political Organization”, but also simply knew Karakozov and Ishutin, and not only in Moscow. In total, about two thousand people were arrested at that time.

During the first interrogations, Ishutin held firm; instead of testifying about the case, he wrote detailed accusatory texts about the monarchy. But then, after reading the confessions of his comrades, he followed their example. On May 29, 1866, he reported on the methods by which the “Political Organization” was going to raise money: “This meant acquiring money by dishonest means, even theft and murder.” But he denied that they had already prepared a specific plan to rob the post office. And during the same interrogation he spoke about the organization, which he decided to call “Hell”:

A member of “Hell” must sacrifice the lives of others who slow down the matter and interfere with their influence

“It was intended to organize a circle of “Hell”. The purpose of this circle was regicide, if the government did not agree with the demands. Members of “Hell” should alienate themselves from all decent people and, in order to divert the suspicions of the government from themselves, become absolute scoundrels (as in the text. — "Story"), a bribe-taker and generally surround himself with the most disgusting environment. When the number of members of “Hell” was large enough, about 30 people, it was planned that, to test the character and moral strength of the members, a third of the members would be chosen by lot as informers; members of "Hell" through their agents would know about the actions of all circles; in case of abuse or inactivity of these circles, they must warn and oblige them to constant activity. In the event of a revolution, members of “Hell” should not become leaders and not occupy any high position, because high positions lull a person’s energy and activity; The goal of the members of “Hell” in this case is to vigilantly monitor the actions of the leaders and in no case allow the popularity of the leaders to such an extent and in a direction that the basic principles of the revolution could be forgotten. A member of “Hell” had to, if necessary, sacrifice his life without hesitation. Sacrifice the lives of others who slow things down and interfere with their influence. In the event of the murder of someone, a member of the "Hell" must carry with him proclamations explaining the reason for the murder; a member of “Hell” has with him a ball of fulminate of mercury, holding it in his teeth during the murder, after which he must squeeze this ball with his teeth, and from the pressure the fulminate of mercury produces an explosion, and therefore death, and, moreover, disfigures the face so that it will not be possible later recognize the killer's face. This would be done for the safety of other members. A member of "Hell" must live under a false name and abandon family ties; I shouldn’t marry and leave my old friends.”

But only one member of “Hell,” as stated in Ishutin’s testimony, decided to immediately apply these principles in practice:

“Karakozov... often pestered us with the demand to start the work of “Hell” as soon as possible, saying that he felt sick and thought that he would soon die, and therefore did not want to die in vain. We objected to him and tried to convince him that he is not as sick as he seems to be, that we need to wait 3-4 years until we are convinced of both our safety and the gain from such a thing. Our horror is understandable when we learned from Khudyakov that Karakozov is in St. Petersburg ". I turned to Ermolov and Stranden with a request to go to St. Petersburg as soon as possible and find Karakozov. They found him, having met him by chance, I don’t remember where exactly - it seems, near the Summer Garden or near the Winter Palace. They ordered him to give up the thought of regicide ".

"They'll give you a lot of money"

However, as Ishutin argued, he could no longer influence his cousin, since he met and became acquainted with a person from the entourage of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich, the emperor’s brother:

“Upon his arrival in Moscow, Karakozov told me that... he had invited one of us to St. Petersburg, and immediately added that it would be possible to meet very strong people of the Konstantinovsky party and that they would give a lot of money to anyone who decided to kill the sovereign; Constantine would have taken advantage of the death of the sovereign and, with the help of the resulting panic both in society and in the heir, would have ascended the throne, for the heir would have abandoned the throne. And that he, Karakozov, wants to offer services.”

Who was that person and did he even exist? Karakozov, who suffered from a nervous disorder, especially after torture - he was not allowed to sleep for weeks - gave extremely contradictory testimony. On September 3, 1866, he was hanged on the Smolensk field of St. Petersburg's Vasilyevsky Island. Some of those arrested in his case were released in peace, others, including Ishutin, who was pardoned on the scaffold, were sent for a long time to very remote places.

But what was this attempt actually? It is reminiscent of many other actions of this kind, when intelligence services used easily suggestible people as killers. After all, who was the winner as a result of Karakozov’s shot? Guardians of the throne who were able to manipulate the emperor using his fear of assassination. Moreover, as memories and documents testify, they then used it for many years. And if Karakozov had hit the target, the next emperor would have ruled. As, in fact, it happened after the assassination of Alexander II in 1881. And therefore it did not matter who exactly created “Hell”. What mattered was who used it correctly.

Evgeny Zhirnov

April 4, 1866 assassination attempt by D.V. Karakozov on Emperor Alexander II. The tsar survived, but Karakozov was sentenced to hanging.

On April 4, 1866, at four o'clock in the afternoon, Emperor Alexander II was walking in the Summer Garden, accompanied by his nephew and niece. When the walk ended and the emperor headed to the carriage that was waiting for him outside the gate, an unknown person standing in the crowd at the garden railing tried to shoot at the king. The bullet flew past because someone managed to hit the killer in the arm. The attacker was captured, and the emperor, who quickly gained control of himself, went to the Kazan Cathedral to serve a thanksgiving prayer for the happy salvation. Then he returned to the Winter Palace, where his frightened relatives were already waiting for him, and calmed them down.

The news of the assassination attempt on the Tsar quickly spread throughout the capital. For the residents of St. Petersburg, for the residents of all of Russia, what happened was a real shock, because for the first time in Russian history, someone dared to shoot at the Tsar!

Dmitry Karakozov. Photo from 1866

An investigation began, and the identity of the criminal was quickly established: he turned out to be Dmitry Karakozov, a former student who was expelled from Kazan University, and then from Moscow University. In Moscow, he joined the underground group "Organization", led by Nikolai Ishutin (according to some information, Ishutin was Karakozov's cousin). This secret group claimed as its ultimate goal the introduction of socialism in Russia through revolution, and to achieve the goal, according to the Ishutinites, all means should be used, including terror. Karakozov considered the tsar to be the true culprit of all Russia’s misfortunes, and, despite the dissuasions of his comrades in the secret society, he came to St. Petersburg with the obsessive idea of killing Alexander II.

Medal of Osip Komisarov, obverse.

They also established the identity of the person who prevented the killer and actually saved the tsar’s life - he turned out to be the peasant Osip Komissarov. In gratitude, Alexander II granted him the title of nobility and ordered the payment of a significant amount of money.

Medal of Osip Komisarov, reverse.

About two thousand people were under investigation in the Karakozov case, 35 of them were convicted. Most of the convicts went to hard labor and settlement; Karakozov and Ishutin were sentenced to death by hanging. Karakozov's sentence was carried out on the glacis of the Peter and Paul Fortress in September 1866. Ishutin was pardoned, and this was announced to him when a noose was already placed around the condemned man’s neck. Ishutin could not recover from what happened: he went crazy in the prison of the Shlisselburg fortress.

Equestrian portrait of Alexander II

As you know, Alexander II ascended the throne in 1855. During his reign, a number of reforms were carried out, including the peasant reform, which resulted in the abolition of serfdom. For this, the emperor began to be called the Liberator.

Meanwhile, several attempts were made on his life. For what? The sovereign himself asked the same question: “ What do they have against me, these unfortunate people? Why are they chasing me like a wild animal? After all, I have always strived to do everything in my power for the good of the people!”

First attempt

It happened on April 4, 1866. This day and this attempt are considered the beginning of terrorism in Russia. The first attempt was made by Dmitry Karakozov, a former student, a native of the Saratov province. He shot at the emperor almost point-blank at the moment when Alexander II was getting into his carriage after a walk. Suddenly, the shooter was pushed by a person nearby (later it turned out that it was the peasant O. Komissarov), and the bullet flew above the emperor’s head. The people standing around rushed at Karakozov and, quite likely, would have torn him to pieces on the spot if the police had not arrived in time.

The detainee shouted: “ Fools! After all, I am for you, but you don’t understand!” Karakozov was brought to the emperor, and he himself explained the motive for his action: “Your Majesty, you offended the peasants.”

Shot by Karakozov

The court decided to execute Karakozov by hanging. The sentence was carried out on September 3, 1866.

Second attempt

It happened on May 25, 1867, when the Russian emperor was in Paris on an official visit. He was returning from a military review at the hippodrome in an open carriage with children and the French Emperor Napoleon III. Near the Bois de Boulogne, a young man, a Pole by origin, emerged from the crowd and, when the carriage with the emperors caught up with him, he fired a pistol twice at point-blank range at the Russian emperor. And here Alexander was saved by an accident: one of Napoleon III’s security officers pushed away the shooter’s hand. The bullets hit the horse.

Second attempt on Alexander II

The terrorist was detained; he turned out to be a Pole, Berezovsky. The motive for his actions was the desire for revenge for Russia’s suppression of the Polish uprising of 1863. Berezovsky said during his arrest: “... two weeks ago I had the idea of regicide, however, or rather, I have nurtured this thought since I began to recognize myself, meaning the liberation of my homeland.”

Terrorist Berezovsky

On July 15, as a result of the trial of Berezovsky by a jury, he was sentenced to life in hard labor in New Caledonia (a large island of the same name and a group of small islands in the southwestern part of the Pacific Ocean, in Melanesia. This is an overseas special administrative-territorial entity of France). Later hard labor was replaced by lifelong exile. But 40 years later, in 1906, Berezovsky was granted amnesty. But he remained to live in New Caledonia until his death.

Third attempt

On April 2, 1879, Alexander Solovyov made the third attempt on the life of the emperor. A. Solovyov was a member of the “Land and Freedom” society. He shot at the sovereign while he was on a walk near the Winter Palace. Soloviev was quickly approaching the emperor; he guessed the danger and dodged to the side. And, although the terrorist fired five times, not a single bullet hit the target. There is an opinion that the terrorist was simply poor at wielding a weapon and had never used it before the assassination attempt.

At the trial, A. Solovyov said: “ The idea of an attempt on His Majesty’s life came to me after becoming acquainted with the teachings of the Socialist Revolutionaries. I belong to the Russian section of this party, which believes that the majority suffers so that the minority can enjoy the fruits of the people’s labor and all the benefits of civilization that are inaccessible to the majority.”

Terrorist A. Soloviev

Soloviev, like Karakozov, was sentenced to death by hanging, which took place in front of a huge crowd of people.

Fourth assassination attempt

In 1979, the People's Will organization was created, which broke away from Land and Freedom. The main goal of this organization was to kill the king. He was blamed for the incomplete nature of the reforms carried out, the repression carried out against dissidents, and the impossibility of democratic reforms. Members of the organization concluded that the actions of lone terrorists cannot lead to their goal, so they must act together. They decided to destroy the tsar in another way: by blowing up the train in which he and his family were returning from their vacation in Crimea. An attempt to blow up a train carrying the royal family took place on November 19, 1879.

Baggage train crash

One group of terrorists operated near Odessa (V. Figner, N. Kibalchich, then they were joined by N. Kolodkevich, M. Frolenko and T. Lebedeva): a mine was planted there, but the royal train changed the route and went through Aleksandrovsk. But the Narodnaya Volya members also provided for this option; the Narodnaya Volya member A. Zhelyabov (under the name Cheremisov) was there, as well as A. Yakimova and I. Okladsky. Not far from the railway, he bought a plot of land and there, working at night, he laid a mine. But the train did not explode, because... Zhelyabov failed to detonate the mine; there was some technical error. But the Narodnaya Volya members also had a third group of terrorists, led by Sofia Perovskaya (Lev Hartmann and Sofia Perovskaya, under the guise of a married couple, the Sukhorukovs, purchased a house next to the railway) not far from Moscow, at the Rogozhsko-Simonova outpost. And although this section of the railway was especially guarded, they managed to plant a mine. However, fate protected the emperor this time too. The royal train consisted of two trains: one was passenger and the other was luggage. The terrorists knew that the luggage train was coming first - and they let it through, hoping that the next one would be the royal family. But in Kharkov the locomotive of the baggage train broke down, and the royal train moved first. The Narodnaya Volya blew up the second train. Those accompanying the king were injured.

After this assassination attempt, the emperor said his bitter words: “ Why are they chasing me like a wild animal?

Fifth assassination attempt

Sofya Perovskaya, the daughter of the St. Petersburg Governor-General, learned that the Winter Palace was renovating the basements, including the wine cellar. The Narodnaya Volya found this place convenient for placing explosives. The peasant Stepan Khalturin was appointed to implement the plan. He recently joined the People's Will organization. Working in the basement (he was covering the walls of a wine cellar), he had to place the bags of dynamite given to him (2 pounds in total were prepared) among the building material. Sofia Perovskaya received information that on February 5, 1880, a dinner would be held in the Winter Palace in honor of the Prince of Hesse, which would be attended by the entire royal family. The explosion was scheduled for 6 p.m. 20 minutes, but due to the delay of the prince's train, dinner was moved. The explosion occurred - none of the senior officials were injured, but 10 guard soldiers were killed and 80 were wounded.

The dining room of the Winter Palace after the assassination attempt in 1879

After this assassination attempt, the dictatorship of M. T. Loris-Melikov was established with unlimited powers, because the government understood that it would be very difficult to stop the wave of terrorism that had begun. Loris-Melikov provided the emperor with a program whose goal was to “complete the great work of state reforms.” According to the project, the monarchy should not have been limited. It was planned to create preparatory commissions, which would include representatives of zemstvos and urban estates. These commissions were supposed to develop bills on the following issues: peasant, zemstvo, and city management. Loris-Melikov pursued a so-called “flirting” policy: he softened censorship and allowed the publication of new printed publications. He met with their editors and hinted at the possibility of new reforms. And he convinced them that terrorists and radically minded individuals were interfering with their implementation.

The Loris-Melikov transformation project was approved. On March 4, its discussion and approval was supposed to take place. But on March 1, history took a different turn.

Sixth and seventh attempts

It seems that the Narodnaya Volya (daughter of the governor of St. Petersburg, and subsequently a member of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Sofya Perovskaya, her common-law husband, law student Andrei Zhelyabov, inventor Nikolai Kibalchich, worker Timofey Mikhailov, Nikolai Rysakov, Vera Figner, Stepan Khalturin, etc.) failure brought excitement. They were preparing a new assassination attempt. This time the Stone Bridge on the Catherine Canal, through which the emperor usually passed, was chosen. The terrorists abandoned their original plan to blow up the bridge, and a new one emerged - to lay a mine on Malaya Sadovaya. Perovskaya “noticed that at the turn from the Mikhailovsky Theater to the Catherine Canal, the coachman was holding back the horses, and the carriage was moving almost at a walk.” Here it was decided to strike. In case of failure, if the mine did not explode, it was envisaged to throw a bomb at the Tsar’s carriage, but if this did not work, then Zhelyabov had to jump into the carriage and stab the Emperor with a dagger. But this preparation for the assassination attempt was complicated by the arrests of Narodnaya Volya members: first Mikhailov, and then Zhelyabov.

Assassination of Alexander II. Chromolithography performed by F. Morozov

Increased arrests led to a shortage of experienced terrorists. A group of young revolutionaries was organized: student E. Sidorenko, student I. Grinevitsky, former student N. Rysakov, workers T. Mikhailov and I. Emelyanov. The technical part was headed by Kibalchich, who manufactured 4 bombs. But on February 27, Zhelyabov was arrested. Then Perovskaya took over the leadership. At the meeting of the Executive Committee, the throwers were determined: Grinevitsky, Mikhailov, Rysakov and Emelyanov. They “had to throw their bombs from two opposite sides at both ends of Malaya Sadovaya.” On March 1, they were given bombs. “They had to go to the Catherine Canal at a certain hour and appear in a certain order.” On the night of March 1, Isaev laid a mine near Malaya Sadovaya. The terrorists decided to speed up the implementation of their plans. The emperor was warned about the danger that threatened him, but he replied that God was protecting him. On March 1, 1881, Alexander II left the Winter Palace for Manezh, attended the changing of the guards and returned to the Winter Palace through the Catherine Canal. This broke the plans of the Narodnaya Volya members; Sofya Perovskaya urgently restructured the assassination plan. Grinevitsky, Emelyanov, Rysakov, Mikhailov stood along the embankment of the Catherine Canal and waited for Perovskaya’s conditioned signal (wave of a scarf), according to which they were to throw bombs at the royal carriage. The plan worked out, but the emperor was not harmed again. But he did not hastily leave the scene of the assassination attempt, but wanted to approach the wounded. The anarchist Prince Kropotkin wrote about this: “He felt that military dignity required him to look at the wounded Circassians and say a few words to them.” And then Grinevitsky threw a second bomb at the Tsar’s feet. The explosion threw Alexander II to the ground, blood poured from his crushed legs. The Emperor whispered: " Take me to the palace... I want to die there..."

Grinevitsky, like Alexander II, died an hour and a half later in the prison hospital, and the rest of the terrorists (Perovskaya, Zhelyabov, Kibalchich, Mikhailov, Rysakov) were hanged on April 3, 1881.

The “hunt” for Emperor Alexander II was over.

Mournful commemorative medal commemorating the death of Emperor Alexander II

This medal was awarded to persons who accompanied Emperor Alexander II during the assassination attempt on him on March 1, 1881, and to eyewitnesses who were wounded during the explosion. A total of 200 medals were issued.

Dmitry Karakozov. Photo from 1866

Chapel of St. Alexander Nevsky, built into the lattice of the Summer Garden at the site of the assassination attempt on Alexander II

In the fence of the Summer Garden, in memory of the miraculous deliverance of Emperor Alexander II, a chapel was built in the name of the holy noble prince Alexander Nevsky, on the pediment of which there was an inscription: “Do not touch My Anointed One.” The chapel was demolished in 1930.

Text prepared by Galina Dregulas

For those who want to know more:
1. Lyashenko L. Alexander II. M., 2003

In 1978 he graduated from Novosibirsk State University (currently Novosibirsk National Research State University)
Diploma with honors in the specialty "Mathematics, Applied Mathematics"

Topic of the candidate's dissertation

REPRESENTATION OF SEMIGROUPS IN LOCALLY CONVEX SPACE

Doctoral dissertation topic

DEVELOPMENT OF SUBJECT TRAINING OF COMPUTER SCIENCE TEACHERS IN THE CONTEXT OF INFORMATIZATION OF EDUCATION

Publications

A total of 292 scientific and educational works have been published (including 10 monographs, 57 works in leading peer-reviewed journals and publications recommended by the List of Higher Attestation Commissions of the Russian Federation, 6 textbooks, a certificate of state registration of the database).

The Russian Science Citation Index lists 138 scientific papers with 1003 references. The H-index for these works is 15.

Training

"1. Program “Strategic objectives and directions for changes in the financial management system of a university”, 24 hours, Educational Center for the Training of Leaders of the National Research University Higher School of Economics, 2014.
2. Professional retraining under the program “Human Resource Management”, 252 hours, ANO DPO “TsRR”, 2015.
3. Professional retraining under the program “State and municipal management”, 252 hours, ANO DPO “TsRR”, 2016
4. Professional retraining under the “Project Management” program, 252 hours, ANO DPO “TsRR”, 2016.
5. Additional professional program “University Management: Social Aspects”, 16 hours, MISIS, 2016.
6. Professional retraining under the program “Economic foundations of activity and management of an educational organization”, 792 hours, Moscow Regional Institute for the Humanities, 2017.
7. Additional professional program “Management. Project management", 72 hours, AGGPU named after. V.M. Shukshina, 2017
"

State and departmental awards

Certificate of honor from the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation.
- Gratitude from the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation.
- Certificate of honor from the Altai Territory Administration Committee on Education.
- Certificate of Honor from the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation,
order No. 3878 dated October 13, 2003.
- Badge “Honored Worker of Higher Professional Education of the Russian Federation.”
- Gratitude from the Altai Territory Department of Education and Youth Affairs.
- Certificate of honor from the Barnaul City Administration.

Achievements and awards

Member of the Academy (academician) of the Academy of Informatization of Education.
- Corresponding Member of the International Academy of Sciences of Teacher Education.
- Member of the Expert Council on the development of information and communication technologies under the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Siberian Federal District.
- Member of the American Mathematical Society.
- Member of the World Computer Society.
- Expert of the National Personnel Training Foundation.
- Secretary of the Commission on Prizes of the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of education.
- Deputy Chairman of the Dissertation Council on Pedagogical Sciences.
- Member of the editorial board of various educational magazines.

Professional activity

Barnaul State Pedagogical Institute. (city of Barnaul, Altai Territory)
1981-1982 - assistant at the department of mathematical analysis
1982 -1985 - senior lecturer at the Department of Mathematical Analysis
1985-1986 - senior lecturer, acting Head of the Department of Algebra
1986-1995 - associate professor, acting Head of the Department of Computational Mathematics and Programming, Head of the Department of Mathematical Analysis
1995-1998 - full-time doctoral student, senior researcher at the Laboratory of Computers and Education
1998-2009 - Director of the Institute of Informatization of Education, Professor of the Department of Computational Mathematics and Programming, internal part-time
2009-2010 - Vice-Rector for Scientific Affairs
2010-2012 - first vice-rector
2012-2012 - Professor of the Department of Computational Mathematics and Programming
2012-2013 - acting Director of the Department of Research and Development of the St. Petersburg Humanitarian University of Trade Unions
2013-2013 - first vice-rector of the Moscow Institute of Open Education
2013-2015 - first vice-rector of Moscow Pedagogical State University
2015-2017 - Vice-Rector for Administrative Policy of Moscow Pedagogical State University
2017 - to present - Vice-Rector of Moscow Pedagogical State University

Participation in conferences

(Report at the international scientific and practical conference “From computer science in school to the technosphere of education” at the Russian Academy of Education on December 9, 2015)