What functions does the union perform? Classes of unions by function

Zheleznodorozhny district

Preparation for the Unified State Exam in Russian in 11th grade.

Class: Grade 11
Teacher: Koshchina Tatyana Vasilievna
Item: Russian language and literature
2003-2004 academic year.
Topic: Function of the union I.

Punctuation in sentences with the conjunction I.

2) features of the structure of a simple sentence with homogeneous members;

3) functions of the union I.
Be able to: 1) correctly place punctuation marks in sentences with the conjunction I;

2) construct sentences with the conjunction AND, which performs different functions;

3) correctly determine the semantic relationships between the parts of a complex sentence.
During the classes.
I. Frontal survey with elements of note-taking.
a) Let us remember in what sentences the conjunction AND can be used?
The conjunction I is used both in simple sentences and in complex ones. He can stand between

1. 
   homogeneous members, connecting them with each other;
2. 
   between two PP, forming one complex;
3. 
   between two subordinate clauses;
4. 
   can be part of a complex conjunction (both...so and; but and; yes and).

b) In sentences with a conjunction, can a comma be...?

1. 
   before I;
2. 
   after I;
3. 
   simultaneously before I and after I;
4. 
   be completely absent.

1. 
   The piano was completely open, and the strings were trembling (card No. 2).
2. 
   I was thirsty all day, so Sergei offered the children mineral water. (No. 1)
3. 
   It smells like something unfamiliar and it’s very hot. (No. 3)
4. 
   The snow kept falling, and every day the bushes became fluffier. (No. 2)
5. 
   The treatment has been correct so far, and I do not see the need to change the doctor. (No. 2)
6. 
   The dead night deepens the colors, and inevitably we are afraid. (No. 4)

P. Work in pairs. Algorithm on the board:

• 
  Write P, add punctuation marks, explain graphically.
• 
  Tell your partner the rule you came up with.
• 
  Listen to your partner, ask each other questions if they arise.
• 
  Thank each other.

1. 
   He [Chekhov] knew where the road to human happiness lay and left us signs.
2. 
   We saw something rare in this silent fog smoking over the pond and in the fog of a moonless night.
3. 
   He stretched, yawning sweetly and turning his head to look at the owner.
4. 
   He walked slowly, shielding himself from the wind, and thought about something.

Student’s message (I received a preliminary assignment on the eve of the lesson on the topic “Punctuation in P with homogeneous members connected by the conjunction I”).

The student explains using the diagrams on the poster.

Union And homogeneous members can connect:

• 
  in pairs O and O, O and O;

• 
  the conjunction AND can be used before each homogeneous member (repeating conjunction AND):

The sea trembled, and groaned, and cried, and roared.

• 
  The conjunction And can be omitted before the first homogeneous term:

The sea thundered, and shuddered, and cried.

Write down the sentences, check the punctuation marks with the self-control card prepared in advance by the teacher.

1. The proud verse, and in a modest translation, served and serves truth and freedom.

amplify.particle.

The conjunction I connects homogeneous predicates into a pair; we do not put a comma in front of it. The remaining conjunctions AND are repeating; we put a comma before the second homogeneous addition, since the conjunction AND is repeating, i.e. scheme

Connects homogeneous members into a pair.

3. Winter crept up unnoticed and hit the city with loud snowstorms, filling the streets with sugary hills of snow and freezing the houses.
Sh. At the end of the lesson, the teacher explains cases where there is no comma before I, and writes down an assistant rule on the board under No. 3.

1. 
   The soul must work day and night, day and night. And day and night - that is, always.
2. 
   Some people were running around, chatting merrily and constantly opening and closing doors.
3. 
   In the morning, the noise of engines was heard from the direction of the forest and German tanks appeared.

1. 
   At the hour when the owl begins to go blind and the cheerful fireflies extinguish their mischievous lanterns, Rose was born in the flower garden. (Connects subordinate clauses that have a common secondary member in the main one).

Suggestions for independent work.

1. 
   Punctuation marks exist to highlight the idea, bring words into the correct relationship and give the phrase ease and correct sound.
2. 
   Having rested and drunk tea, at exactly noon we again got into the boat and it carried us along a long straight stretch.
3. 
   A caravan of barges loaded with timber became confused and the yellow-painted steamship “Dekabrist” angrily puffed between the barges and dragged them into the lock chamber.
4. 
   The train went out into the meadows and a quiet sunset became visible in full view.
5. 
   The sun was setting in the grass, fog and dew, and the noise of the train could not drown out the birds' clicking and shimmering.
6. 
   My father said that he had never seen such grain and that the current harvest was excellent.
7. 
   Just yesterday, in the sunshine, the last forest was trembling with leaves and the winter, lushly green, lay like a velvet carpet.
8. 
   And the shepherd driving the cows and the land surveyor riding in a chaise across the dam and the gentlemen walking all look at the sunset and every single one of them finds that it is beautiful.
9. 
   The air is completely transparent and the naked eye can see how it trembles and shimmers in the bright morning light of the sun.

IV. Summarize. The student assistant summarizes the results at the board.

The comma is placed:

a) if the conjunction AND connects parts of the joint venture and

b) if the conjunction AND is repeating.

There is no comma:

a) if the union And is repeated, but homogeneous members form a close semantic unity or

b) one complete expression,

c) with a single I,

D) with a common term.

Unions are function words that perform a connecting function in a sentence. They can connect both parts of complex sentences and members of simple sentences. Conjunctions in English are somewhat different from Russian conjunctions. The difference is that conjunctions in English do not depend on the characteristics of the words that connect, they are unchanged and any grammatical categories are alien to them. And although they perform certain functions in sentences, they are not their members. Conjunctions are function words that perform a connecting function in a sentence

The following table presents the classification of conjunctions in the English language, according to their syntactic roles.

Coordinating conjunctions and their types

Coordinating conjunctions are used to link into one complex sentence:

• homogeneous members of sentences
• independent proposals

Coordinating connectives

The water is clear and cold. — The water is clean and cold.
There is a chair as well as an armchair in the room. — In addition to the armchair, there is also a chair in the room.
Both the mother and the father were invited for dinner. - Both mother and father were invited to dinner.
I was neither in the shop nor in the cafe. — I was neither in the store nor in the cafe.

Coordinating adversatives

I want to travel, but I haven’t free time at all. - I want to travel, but I don't have any free time.

Coordinating separators

You may come Monday or Wednesday. — You can come on Monday or Wednesday.

Coordinating cause and effect

You were not at school thus you must learn this topic off your own bat. — You haven't been to school, so you have to learn this topic on your own.

The role of subordinating conjunctions in complex exercises

This type of conjunction in English is used when connecting a subordinate clause to the main clause. The most used among these conjunctions in English is that (What). It is worth noting that “that” is often left out in spoken language.

• She said that I could go. — She said I could leave

Depending on what type of subordinate clauses are connected by conjunctions, they can be divided into groups.

First group- these are conjunctions connecting subordinate clauses - subjects, predicates and additional clauses with the main clauses:

Second group consists of conjunctions connecting adverbial clauses with main clauses, which, according to the “circumstance”, are tense, reason, condition, etc. They are divided in the following tables, according to the possible “circumstances”.
Classification of conjunctions according to their role in complex sentences Time

Causes

Conditions

Goals

Mode of action

Comparisons

Consequences

Classification of English conjunctions by form

According to their structure, conjunctions of the English language can be divided into the following types:

• Simple
• Derivatives
• Complex
• Composite
• Doubles

1. Simple are conjunctions that cannot be broken down into their component parts.
   • If- If
   • or- or
   • but- but, etc.
2. Derivatives are conjunctions whose structure is as follows: root + prefix or root + suffix.
   • Unless- if not
   • because- because
3. Complex ones are either conjunctions containing the word “never”, or conjunctions formed by merging two or three simple conjunctions (the merging of three roots is less common).
   • Nevertheless- nevertheless
   • whеreas- whereas
4. Compounds are conjunctions that contain several words.
   • In order to- to
   • as long as- until
5. Doubles
   • Either… or- or or;
   • neither... nor- no no
6. In the English language there are a small number of conjunctions that are derived from participles and have retained their form.
   • providing- provided that
   • seeing- because the
   • supposing- if

Conjunctive words and their features

The concept of “conjunctive word” differs from the similar concept of “union” in that the conjunctive word is included in the subordinate clause as its member, and not only as a link between the subordinate clause and the main part of the phrase.

The role of allied words can be:

1. Relative pronouns
   

   My home is a place where I feel comfortable. — My home is a place where I feel comfortable.

Coincidence of conjunctions with other parts of speech

Due to the fact that many conjunctions in the English language coincide in form with pronouns, adverbs and prepositions, doubts often arise as to which part of speech a particular word belongs to.

• That — What(union)
• That — That(demonstrative pronoun)

The essence of such words can be determined by their contextual meaning.

• I notify my teacher of my absence before I miss lessons. — I notify my teacher of my absence before I miss class. (before- union)
• I have to go to the store before supper. — I have to go shopping before dinner (before- preposition)

If you have an interest in this part of speech, you can find out many interesting details about it in the following video:

Conjunctions form two types of syntactic connections - coordinating and subordinating, depending on which they are divided into coordinating and subordinating.

Coordinating conjunctions bring together homogeneous members of a sentence or parts of a complex sentence. According to the nature of the expression of semantic relations between homogeneous members of a sentence or parts of a complex sentence, adjective conjunctions are divided into connective, adversative and disjunctive.

1. Connectors /, and, yes (meaning i), neither... nor, nor... nor: Generously washed with songs, the snow fell into memory, and the summer stopped, and the shadows lie with fatigue(L. Talalay); Shanuymosya, friends, for a long time and generous we will always be in love, let the children smile at us in the sky, flying in dreams at dawn(G. Tkach).

2. Nasty ah, but, yes(meaning but), however, but, however: Love for the people - this is service to the people, not the idea of ​​service(A. Dovzhenko); “It’s a lie,” people say, “ You’ll go through the world, but you won’t come back” (G. Kvitka-Osnovyanenko).

3. Dividers or, or, or... or, whether..., That ... then, at least. .. although, not that... neither this nor that ... then: Here are the creeping, branched green levadas, like a tablecloth. Here and there, dark green willow bushes are scattered across the yellow-green tablecloth, sometimes round, like balls, sometimes pointed, like poplar(I. Nechuy-Levitsky); My son is a robber: either a cat or a dog - he is not afraid of anything - climbs to fight (O. Oles).

Subordinating conjunctions connect the contract part of a folding sentence with the main one, and according to their meaning they are divided into:

a) from "yasuvalni" (what, in order, whether, as, as if, as if, as if): Don't you see that the sky is turning blue, the sun is smiling below in the morning, that the whole earth, in some kind of expectation, is glimmering in wonder and breathing easier, and looks brighter (A. Oles); Having had the courage to ask Vovka Lev to serve as a foreman before the sheep... (L. Glebov);

b) temporary (as, after, as soon as, only...how, barely, soon, when, while, bye): As she walked home in a rye wreath, everyone joyfully congratulated the slender girl (P. Voronko); When do blueberries ripen? - start mowing the rye(Born creative);

c) goals (so that, in order to, in order to): Great self-sacrificing efforts should be made by the creative intelligentsia in order to raise the self-awareness of our contemporaries, to awaken the deep life of the soul, national dignity and honor (A. Gonchar);

d) reasons (because, because, because, then that): As long as God gives me strength and as long as I live, I will do... Our destiny is to work, because then our rest will never end (A. Kobylyanskaya);

d) conditional (if, if, when, how, so that, if): If you successfully choose work and put your whole soul into it, then happiness will find you itself (Col. Ushinsky);

e) dopustovi (although, for nothing, despite the fact that): Although it was only the first half of May, the sun burned mercilessly, like a summer (V. Malik);

e) comparative (as if, as if, as if, as if, as if, as if, as if, as if, supposedly, as, what): My soul is open to love, like a field for sweet grain... (T. Severnyuk).

In the function of conjunctions, full-meaning words can be used, which are called connecting words: who, what, whose, which, where, where, from where. Unlike conjunctions, which do not act as members of a sentence, connecting words act as main or minor members of the subordinate part of a complex sentence. For example: / those disappeared at the dawn of spring; we were unable to erect crosses in due time. One evening greets their graves, one evening vitas their will(G. Filyansky); / she herself was angry, why never been with her before (A. Gonchar). In the first sentence, the highlighted conjunctive word is the subject, and in the second, it is the appendix.

Before we start studying the topic “Coordinating Conjunctions,” let’s consider in which section of the Russian language they are included. In the Russian language there are functional parts of speech, where particles, prepositions, conjunctions and connectives are studied. They do not have a nominative function, i.e. do not name objects, signs, phenomena, but help express the relationships between them. In a sentence they are not members and are used as a formal grammatical means of the language. They have no accent, they are unchangeable and morphologically indivisible.

Unions

Conjunctions connect homogeneous members of simple sentences and parts of a complex sentence. They are coordinating and subordinating.

Homogeneous members of a sentence and parts of a complex sentence can be connected by coordinating conjunctions.

Unions and their groups

According to their meaning, these unions are divided into the following groups:

1. Connecting: and, yes (and), neither...nor, and...and. For example: Write And read in Russian. It rained all day And the wind continued to whistle outside the window. And he listens to everything Yes shakes his head. Neither wind, neither storm, neither the thunder couldn't keep him from going. AND first, And second, And the third was served on the table without delay.

2. Opposite: a, but, yes (but), but, however, the same. For example: My father told me A the whole family listened attentively. Today is cloudy, But warm. Small, Yes remote. It was difficult there but very interesting. The officer approached the building, however I was in no hurry to enter the entrance.

3. Dividers: or, or...or, either, or...or, then...that, or...or, not that...not that. For example: Either Sun, either snow, either love you either No. Be or not to be? Wet dogs wandered around or sat waiting for food. Or I had to go forward or stay and wait. Sharp gusts of wind That plucked leaves from trees, That bent the branches to the ground.

4. Comparative: both...and; not only but). For example: Guests How arrived unexpectedly so and suddenly they left. They visited Not only in Moscow, But and in Kyiv.

5. Connecting: yes and, also, too. For example: We study, adults study Same. He laughed, we Also it became fun. We were praised for our work yes and for the children too

They differ:

Singles: But...

Recurring: and...and, or...or, either...either, neither...nor...

Double: both...and, not only..., but also...

Spelling coordinating conjunctions. Punctuation marks

A comma is placed before the conjunction And when it connects parts of a complex sentence.

Before the union And a comma is not used if it connects two parts of a sentence.

When repeating the union And a comma is placed after each part of the sentence it connects.

Before opposing alliances a, but, yes (but) is always put with a comma: The sky was cloudy, But there was no rain anymore. We went to the commandant, A the son went into the room. Small spool Yes expensive

The conjunctions are written together: too, also, but. To make sure that too, also, but unions are needed instead too, also substitute an alliance And, and instead but- union But. If such a stand is possible, then these are conjunctions and they need to be written together.

1. I Same wrote, but also in Same(pronoun That and particle or) listened carefully for a while.

2. Poet Also sang well. They all Also(adverb So and particle or) every day they wait for letters from children.

3. Hide for that(pretext behind and demonstrative pronoun That) tree. We worked a lot but everyone's finished.

Conclusion

Sentences with coordinating conjunctions are very widely used in scientific, colloquial, and official vocabulary of the Russian language. They make our speech rich and interesting.

Coordinating conjunctions connect components on the basis of their equality, without indicating the dependence of one of the components. According to the relationships expressed, coordinating conjunctions are divided into groups:

1) connectives, which express enumeration relations: and, and., and, neither... nor, yes (=and), etc.;

2) adversatives, expressing relations of opposition, inconsistency, difference: a, but, yes (= but), however, same, but, etc.;

3) dividing, expressing relations of mutual exclusion, alternation: either, either, whether... or, then... then, or... or, not that... not that, etc.;

4) explanatory, explanatory relationships: somehow, exactly, namely, that is;

5) adjuncts, used to attach words, phrases, sentences containing additional remarks: yes and, and, also, also, and also, etc.

Subordinating conjunctions serve to connect syntactically unequal units, most often parts of NGN, and indicate the dependence of one of the components on the other: The apartment is comfortable, although small. Subordinating conjunctions are distinguished by meaning:

1) explanatory (showing that the part attached with their help reveals the specific content of the individual words of the other part): what, what if (as if);

2) temporary: when, while, while, after, barely, until, before and etc.;

3) comparative: than, rather than, as if, as if, as if, exactly and etc.;

4) consequences: so;

5) causal: because, since, for, because, in view of the fact that and etc.;

6) target: to; then to; so that;

7) conditions: if, once, if only, if;

8) concessional: although, despite the fact that and etc.

SPELLING CONJUNCTIONS

1. The conjunction so should be distinguished from the pronoun that with the particle would: the conjunction so is written in one word, and the pronoun with a particle - in two words: that would, the particle from the pronoun can be separated and transferred to another place, for example: I came to the reading room to read the book I need. What should I read on this issue? What should I read on this issue?

2. An adverbial expression by all means consists of six parts, which are written separately.

3. Conjunctions are also written in one word, and the pronoun and adverb are written separately with the particle; in the latter case, the particle can be omitted. Very often, with the pronoun then and the particle there is the pronoun that, and with the adverb so with the particle there is the adverb how.

4. Union Same equal in meaning to the union Also, and both are equal to the union And , replacing each other, for example:

1) I Same read this book. - I Also read this book. - AND I read this

book.

2) I read Same , as are you. - I have Same the gray coat you're wearing

I saw you last year. - I have That the grayest coat.

3) I know Also , just like you. - I know So , just like you.

5. The word so, meaning “therefore,” acts as a conjunction. It must be distinguished from the combination of a conjunction and an adverb, which is written in two words, for example: So, it’s all over. (Hence, it's over.) I fell and hurt my leg so badly that I had to see a doctor.

6. The conjunction is close in meaning to the union but is also written in one word; the preposition for with a demonstrative pronoun is written separately, for example:

1) It was getting colder, but the rain stopped (but = but).

2) Hide behind that tree.

7. Unions and And besides are close in meaning to the expression at the same time and are written in one word; pretext at with pronouns volume And how written separately, for example: The students were given sheets of paper with tasks and besides They warned that they would have two hours to solve them. - The students were given sheets of paper with tasks. and warned... - The students were given leaflets and at the same time warned... But: Moreover The application is accompanied by the necessary documents. What does it have to do with will you stay?

8. Conjunctions are written separately as if, because, because, since, so, as soon as, not that... not that, that is.

THE DIFFERENCE OF CONJUNCTIONS IS ALSO, AS WELL AS, BUT FROM HOMONYMOUS WORDS

USING CONJUNCTIONS IN SIMPLE AND COMPLEX SENTENCES

General rule for using prepositions V And on

Using prepositions V And on