On the problem of interaction between man and the technosphere. Interaction between man and the technosphere What will we do with the received material?

Man and his environment (natural, industrial, urban, household, etc.) constantly interact with each other in the process of life. Moreover, “life can only exist in the process of movement of flows of matter, energy and information through a living body” (Law of Conservation of Life, Yu.N. Kurazhkovsky).

In the technosphere, negative impacts are caused by elements of the technosphere (machines, structures, etc.) and human actions. By changing the value of any flow from the minimum significant to the maximum possible, you can go through a number of characteristic states of interaction in the “person - environment” system:

Comfortable (optimal), when flows correspond to optimal conditions of interaction: create optimal conditions for activity and rest; prerequisites for the manifestation of the highest performance and, as a consequence, productivity; guarantee the preservation of human health and the integrity of the components of the habitat;

It is acceptable when flows, affecting humans and the environment, do not have a negative impact on health, but lead to discomfort, reducing the efficiency of human activity. Compliance with the conditions of permissible interaction guarantees the impossibility of the emergence and development of irreversible negative processes in humans and in the environment;

Dangerous when flows exceed permissible levels and have a negative impact on human health, causing disease during prolonged exposure, and/or lead to degradation of the natural environment;

It is extremely dangerous when flows of high levels in a short period of time can cause injury, lead to death, and cause destruction in the natural environment.

Of the four characteristic states of human interaction with the environment, only the first two (comfortable and acceptable) correspond to the positive conditions of everyday life, while the other two (dangerous and extremely dangerous) are unacceptable for human life processes, conservation and development of the natural environment.

Human interaction with the environment can be positive or negative; the nature of the interaction is determined by the flow of substances, energies and information.

Dangers, harmful and traumatic factors

The result of human interaction with the environment can vary over a very wide range: from positive to catastrophic, accompanied by the death of people and destruction of components of the environment. The negative result of the interaction of danger is determined - negative impacts that suddenly arise, periodically or constantly act in the “person - environment” system.

Danger is a negative property of living and inanimate matter that can cause damage to the matter itself: people, the natural environment, and material values.

When identifying hazards, it is necessary to proceed from the principle “everything affects everything.” In other words, everything living and non-living can be a source of danger, and everything living and non-living can also be endangered. Hazards do not have a selective property; when they arise, they negatively affect the entire material environment surrounding them. People, the natural environment, and material values are exposed to the influence of hazards. Sources (carriers) of dangers are natural processes and phenomena, the technogenic environment and human actions. Hazards are realized in the form of energy, matter and information; they exist in space and time.

Danger is a central concept in life safety.

There are hazards of natural and anthropogenic origin. Natural hazards are caused by natural phenomena, climatic conditions, terrain, etc. Every year, natural disasters endanger the lives of about 25 million people. For example, in 1990, more than 52 thousand people died as a result of earthquakes around the world. This year was the most tragic in the past decade, given that during the period 1980...1990. 57 thousand people became victims of earthquakes.

The negative impact on humans and the environment, unfortunately, is not limited to natural hazards. A person, solving the problems of his material support, continuously influences the habitat with his activities and products of activity (technical means, emissions from various industries, etc.), generating anthropogenic hazards in the environment. The higher the transformative activity of a person, the higher the level and number of anthropogenic hazards, harmful and traumatic factors that negatively affect people and their environment.

A harmful factor is a negative impact on a person that leads to deterioration of health or illness.

A traumatic (traumatic) factor is a negative impact on a person that leads to injury or death.

To paraphrase the axiom about potential danger, we can state:

Human activity is potentially dangerous

The axiom predetermines that all human actions and all components of the living environment, primarily technical means and technologies, in addition to positive properties and results, have the ability to generate traumatic and harmful factors. Moreover, any new positive action or result is inevitably accompanied by the emergence of new negative factors.

The validity of the axiom can be traced at all stages of the development of the “man-environment” system. Thus, in the early stages of his development, even in the absence of technical means, man continuously experienced the impact of negative factors of natural origin: low and high air temperatures, precipitation, contacts with wild animals, natural phenomena, etc. In the modern world, numerous factors of technogenic origin have been added to the natural ones: vibrations, noise, increased concentrations of toxic substances in the air, water bodies, and soil; electromagnetic fields, ionizing radiation, etc.

Anthropogenic hazards are largely determined by the presence of waste that inevitably arises from any type of human activity in accordance with the law on the inevitability of waste or side effects of production: “In any economic cycle, waste and side effects are generated, they are not eliminated and can be transferred from one physico-chemical forms to another or moved in space.” Waste accompanies the work of industrial and agricultural production, means of transport, the use of various types of fuel to produce energy, the life of animals and people, etc. They enter the environment in the form of emissions into the atmosphere, discharges into water bodies, industrial and household waste, flows of mechanical, thermal and electromagnetic energy, etc. Quantitative and qualitative indicators of waste, as well as regulations for their handling, determine the levels and zones of the dangers that arise.

A person is exposed to significant man-made dangers when they enter the area of operation of technical systems: transport highways; radiation zones of radio and television transmission systems, industrial zones, etc. The levels of hazardous exposure to humans in this case are determined by the characteristics of technical systems and the duration of a person’s stay in the hazardous area. Danger is also likely to occur when a person uses technical devices at work and at home; electrical networks and instruments, machine tools, hand tools, gas cylinders and networks, weapons, etc. The occurrence of such dangers is associated both with the presence of malfunctions in technical devices and with incorrect human actions when using them. The levels of hazards arising in this case are determined by the Energy Indicators of technical devices.

Currently, the list of actually operating negative factors is significant and includes more than 100 types. The most common and having fairly high concentrations or energy levels include harmful production factors: dust and air pollution, noise, vibration, electromagnetic fields, ionizing radiation, increased or decreased atmospheric air parameters (temperature, humidity, air mobility, pressure), insufficient and improper lighting, monotony of activity, heavy physical labor, etc.

Even in everyday life we are accompanied by a wide range of negative factors. These include: air polluted by natural gas combustion products, emissions from thermal power plants, industrial enterprises, vehicles and waste incinerators; water with excessive levels of harmful impurities; poor quality food; noise, infrasound; vibrations; electromagnetic fields from household appliances, televisions, displays, power lines, radio relay devices; ionizing radiation (natural background, medical examinations, background from building materials, radiation from devices, household items); medications for excessive and improper consumption; alcohol; tobacco smoke; bacteria, allergens, etc.

The world of dangers threatening the individual is very wide and constantly growing. In industrial, urban, and domestic conditions, a person is usually affected by several negative factors. The complex of negative factors operating at a particular point in time depends on the current state of the “person - environment” system.

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Introduction

Life safety as a system of legislative, socio-economic, organizational, technical and sanitary-hygienic measures aimed at preserving health, ensuring labor safety and human performance in the process of work is reflected in the relevant laws and regulations of the Russian Federation [federal law “On sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population" (1999)].

Life safety is a complex, multidimensional system that has its own specific goals, objectives and means of achieving them. One of the most important principles is the creation of safe and harmless working conditions at all stages of the production process. Therefore, the main goal of life safety management should be considered to be the improvement of the organization of work to ensure safety, reduce injuries and accidents based on solving a set of tasks to create safe and harmless working conditions, medical, preventive and sanitary services for people.

It is necessary to predict negative impacts and ensure the safety of decisions made at the stage of their development, and to protect against existing negative factors, create and actively use protective equipment and measures, limiting in every possible way the areas of action and levels of negative factors. Life safety problems must be solved on a scientific basis.

The main goal of life safety is to study the hazards operating in the human environment, to develop systems and methods for protecting people from hazards. Life safety studies dangers both in everyday life and in emergency situations of man-made and natural origin.

The implementation of life safety goals and objectives includes the following main stages:

identification and description of zones affected by hazards of the technosphere and its individual elements (machines, instruments, etc.);

development and implementation of the most effective systems and methods of protection against hazards;

formation of systems for monitoring hazards and managing the safety state of the technosphere;

development and implementation of measures to eliminate the consequences of hazards;

The main task of life safety science is to analyze the sources and causes of hazards, predict and assess their impact in space and time.

1. Relationships man and technosphere

1.1 Concept of the technosphere

Today, a huge number of anthropogenic sources cause flows of matter and energy of varying power that are not characteristic of nature. Man is increasingly turning the planet into a geotechnical system, changing natural ecological systems, which leads to the loss of the ability to self-heal the vital functions of biosphere objects. The negative impact on the environment is caused not only by the irrational structure of production, but also by the imperfection of technological processes. Of the huge amount of substances removed by people from the natural environment for production purposes, the bulk goes into industrial and household waste.

A sharp increase in anthropogenic pressure on nature has led to a disruption of the ecological balance and caused degradation not only of the environment, but also of human health. The biosphere gradually lost its dominant significance and in populated regions began to turn into the technosphere.

The biosphere is the area of distribution of life on Earth, including the lower layer of the atmosphere 12-15 km high, the entire aquatic environment of the planet (hydrosphere) and the upper part of the earth's crust (lithosphere 2-3 km deep). The upper boundary of the biosphere is located at an altitude of 15-20 km from the Earth's surface in the stratosphere. Active technogenic activity of humans has led to the destruction of the biosphere in many regions of the planet and the creation of a new type of habitat - the technosphere.

Technosphere is an object of planetary ecology, consisting of elements of the biosphere, hydrosphere, etc. (ecosphere) that have undergone anthropogenic changes or were created as a result of conscious human activity.

The technosphere is a region of the biosphere in the past, transformed by people into technical and man-made objects, i.e., the environment of populated areas.

Figure 1.1 - Interaction between man, technosphere and biosphere

In the process of his life, man has created conditions that his further existence, with current methods of exploitation of natural resources, exposes him to the danger of exposure to pollutants. The previously existing state characterizing the biosphere turned into a special, artificial habitat - the technosphere: to protect themselves from bad weather, they built houses, sewed clothes and shoes; protecting themselves from hunger, they developed agriculture and its basis - agricultural machinery; protecting themselves from diseases - they were looking for new, more effective medicines and treatment methods; protecting themselves from the effects of electric current - they came up with electrical safety; to protect themselves from devastating fires, they developed a fire safety system.

From his very appearance on earth, man was forced to fight external natural hazards, creating his own technosphere for this: industry, transport, energy, communications, etc. But the technosphere has its own laws of development, the action of which more and more often leads to undesirable results - to the defeat of people and material losses. The technosphere, originally created to protect people from external dangers, is itself becoming more and more a source of danger. To successfully combat the various dangers of the technosphere, a modern theory has been created, presented in the scientific discipline “Life Safety” (LS).

1.2 Classification of hazards

Danger is a central concept in the science of BJJ. This is a phenomenon, processes, objects that, under certain conditions, can cause damage to human health directly or indirectly. All systems containing energy, chemically or biologically active components, etc. are dangerous.

This definition of hazard in the BJD is the most general and includes such concepts as dangerous, harmful production factors, damaging factors, etc.

There are several ways to classify hazards:

By nature of origin:

a) natural;

b) technical;

c) anthropogenic;

d) environmental;

d) mixed.

By localization:

a) associated with the lithosphere;

b) related to the hydrosphere;

c) related to the atmosphere;

d) related to space.

According to the consequences caused:

a) fatigue;

b) disease;

c) injury;

d) death, etc.

According to the official standard, hazards are divided into physical, chemical, biological and psychophysical.

Rice. 1.2 Main physical hazards

2. Theoretical and practical foundations of security in the human system-habitat - cars - emergency situations"

At a certain stage of his development, in order to satisfy his ever-increasing material and spiritual needs, man begins to create artificial tools - “machines”. Having received energy reserves, new equipment and technologies at his disposal, he changed his life beyond recognition, but at the same time he faced the most difficult task - to ensure effective, sustainable and safe management of this equipment.

The “man-machine-environment” system (MHMS) is a complex multifunctional system, including inanimate, living matter and society.

The structure of the SCMS consists of:

1) machines (M) - everything that is artificially created by human hands to satisfy their needs (technical devices, information support, etc.);

2) human (H) - a human operator who, when interacting with a machine, performs certain control functions to achieve the goal;

3) the environment, which can be conditionally divided into two types - the environment (ES) and the social environment (SS).

The environment is characterized by such basic parameters as microclimate, noise, vibration, illumination, dust, gas pollution, etc.

The social environment is characterized by socio-economic and political relations in society.

A person and a machine, in their interaction, constitute a subsystem within the framework of the human-machine system, which is called the “man-machine” system - the human-machine system.

The classification of SFM is based on four groups of characteristics:

1. Purpose of the system.

2. Characteristics of the human link.

3. Type of machine link.

4. Type of interaction between system components.

According to their intended purpose, MSM are divided into:

Managers, in which the main task of a person is to control the machine;

Maintenance, in which the human task is to monitor the condition of the machine;

Educational - development of certain skills in a person;

Informational - searching, accumulating or obtaining the necessary information;

Research - analysis of certain phenomena.

According to the characteristics of the human link, HMS are divided into:

Monosystems, which include one person;

Polysystems, which include an entire team and a complex of technical devices interacting with it.

The activity of a human operator is a process of achieving the goals set for the human operator, consisting of an ordered set of actions performed by him.

There are several types of operator activities:

Operator-technologist - a person directly involved in the technological process;

Operator-manipulator - the main role of human activity is sensorimotor regulation (control of manipulators, trains, etc.);

Observer operator - a classic type of operator (transport system dispatcher, radar station operator, etc.);

Operator-researcher - researchers of any profile;

Operator-manager - organizers, managers at various levels, responsible decision makers.

Based on the type of machine link, two types of characteristics can be distinguished:

Information - machines that provide information processing and solve spiritual problems;

Material - machines that process material media.

Based on the type of interaction between system components in the MCS, two types are distinguished:

Informational - interaction caused by the transfer of information from machine to person;

Sensorimotor - interaction directed from a person to a machine to accomplish a given goal.

2.1 Man as a link in the social management system

Man is dual in nature, just like the world around him; he consists of two components, material (physiology) and spiritual (psychology).

Man is a very complex information-energy system, which consists of only a few percent of the physical body and 95% of the information-energy layers of the subconscious.

The catastrophic nature of the path of human life is in itself a consequence, not a cause. This is only a consequence of breaking the laws through ignorance or false interpretation.

The outside world is passive in relation to man. The person himself acts on him with his will. Therefore, the hostility or favorability of any factor in the external world depends on the person himself. He can make contact with this factor harmonious or inharmonious.

The main physiological characteristics of a person are considered: his sensations, which transform environmental signals into quantitative and qualitative indicators of the process of receiving and partially processing information by a person, as well as control movements that ensure human interaction with the environment.

The group of psychological characteristics includes the two most important ones - memory and thinking.

A very important element that shapes the direction of a person’s activity is goal.

A goal is a regulator of human activity - it is something that does not really exist yet, but that should be obtained as a result of activity. The goal acts as a proactive reflection of the future result of this activity. To transform an object of labor into a product, a person must not only imagine the future state of this object, but also receive information about its changes during the transformation process.

Receiving information is a process that has two levels:

The first (material) is the level of perception of physical phenomena that act as material carriers of information (instrument readings, etc.).

The second (ideal) is the level that ensures the decoding of received signals and the formation on this basis of an information model of the controlled process and the conditions in which this process occurs. The information model is a synthesis of perceived information and information retrieved from memory.

3. Protection of the population and territories in emergencies

In accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On the protection of the population and territory from emergencies of a natural and man-made nature”, an emergency situation (ES) is a situation in a certain territory that has arisen as a result of a dangerous natural phenomenon, a man-made incident, which has resulted or may result in human casualties, large material damage, disruption of living conditions.

The main damaging factors of emergency situations include:

1) Aerodynamic impact

2) Temperature effect

3) Chemical exposure

4) Biological effects

3.1 Sources of emergency situations

safety life technosphere dangerous

The sources of emergencies are:

1) Dangerous man-made incident

2) Natural phenomena

3) Epidemic

4) The use of destructive weapons during military operations

Security is the state of protection of the vital interests of the individual, society, and state.

3.2 Phases of emergency development

The phases of emergency development are presented in the form of a graph, where the vertical coordinate axis is the value of the danger, the horizontal coordinate axis is the time from the moment the danger occurs until its complete elimination.

Rice. 3.1 Phases of emergency development. (1 - actual scenario of emergency development; 2 - predicted scenario of emergency development; 3 - difference)

Phase I is the phase of accumulation of residual risks. The occurrence of any emergency is due to the presence of residual risks.

Phase II is the phase of increasing emergency risk.

Phase III is the phase of maximum development of danger.

Phase IV is the phase of decline in danger.

Phase V - liquidation of consequences.

3.3 Emergency classification

Emergencies can be classified according to two variables - the number of victims and the material damage caused - table. 3.1:

Table 3.1 - Emergency classification

Assessment of the situation during an emergency:

1) Determination of the number of victims and their location.

2) Establishing the boundaries of the emergency zone.

3) Determination of levels of negative development.

4) Determination of sources of secondary damaging factors.

5) Determination of approaches and routes for evacuation of the population.

6) Chemical reconnaissance.

7) Radiation and radiological reconnaissance

8) Biological prospecting.

9) Engineering reconnaissance.

10) Search for victims.

3.4 Types of emergency situations

3. 4 .1 Chemical accident

A chemical accident is a disruption of technological processes in production, damage to pipelines, tanks, storage facilities, vehicles, leading to the release of hazardous chemical substances (HAS) into the atmosphere in quantities that pose a danger to the life and health of people and the functioning of the biosphere.

The development of emergencies is facilitated by the volume of matter released into the environment, wind speed, the degree of vertical stability of the atmosphere (inversion, isotherm, conversion), terrain, and air temperature.

The control method is degassing - a method of removing chemical factors from environmental objects.

3. 4 .2 Radiation accident

Radiation accident - loss of control of an object using sources of ionizing radiation.

The control method is decontamination - removal of sources of ionizing radiation from environmental objects with their subsequent transportation to safe storage places. If transportation is impossible, avoid contact of sources of ionizing radiation with the environment and people.

3. 4 .3 Epidemic

Epidemic is a widespread spread of an infectious disease that exceeds the average morbidity threshold typical for a given region. The causative agents of the epidemic are viruses, bacteria, fungi, and rickettsia.

The development of emergencies is facilitated by the time of year, sanitary conditions, level of sanitary culture, and disinfection.

Control methods - disinfection, disinsection, immunization, deratization, quarantine.

3. 4 .4 Flood

Flood is the flooding of an area, causing material damage, disruption of living conditions, resulting from a sharp rise in water level.

The development of emergencies is facilitated by floods, floods, congestion, tsunamis, and accidents of hydraulic structures.

Control methods - increasing the accuracy of weather forecasting systems and warning systems. Explosion of ice on rivers in the spring.

3. 4 .5 Pfires

Fire is an uncontrolled combustion that causes material damage, harm to the life and health of citizens, and the interests of society and the state.

Hazardous factors of fire - fire, ignition, flash, explosion.

Control methods include isolation of reacting substances, chemical inhibition of the combustion reaction, lowering the concentration of reacting substances, cooling of reacting substances.

4. Environmental safety

Environmental legislation is represented by federal laws, as well as other legal acts of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities adopted in accordance with them. The main laws on the regulation and protection of the environment are the federal laws: “On Environmental Protection” (2002), “On the Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare of the Population” (1999), “On the Protection of Atmospheric Air” (1999), Water Code of the Russian Federation (1995), Land Code of the Russian Federation (2001), “On production and consumption waste” (1998), “On environmental assessment” (1995), etc.

The main act of environmental legislation is the federal law “On Environmental Protection”, which came into force on January 12, 2002. (EP Law). This law defines the legal basis of state policy in the field of environmental protection. The Environmental Protection Law provides for ensuring the constitutional right of citizens to a favorable environment.

Sanitary legislation for regulating environmental quality consists of the main federal law “On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population”, other federal laws, as well as other legal acts of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities adopted in accordance with them. The Basic Law is aimed at ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population, protecting the health of citizens and a favorable environment.

The main law on regulating the quality and protection of atmospheric air in the city is the Law “On the Protection of Atmospheric Air”. Regulation of air quality is carried out by standardization (Articles 11, 12), monitoring (Article 23), state, industrial and public control over the protection of atmospheric air (Articles 24...27), carrying out measures to protect atmospheric air (Article 9, thirty).

The Water Code of the Russian Federation ensures the rights of citizens to clean water and a favorable water environment. This is the basic law for the protection of surface and ground waters. In accordance with the Water Code of the Russian Federation, the quality of surface and groundwater must meet sanitary and environmental requirements (Article 3), that is, requirements for water purity according to standardized chemical, physical and biological indicators, which are given in the relevant documents.

In the Land Code of the Russian Federation, the regulation of relations regarding the use and protection of land is carried out on the basis of ideas about land as a natural object, the most important component of the environment.

The Federal Law “On Production and Consumption Waste” defines the legal framework for waste management in order to prevent the harmful effects of waste on human health and the environment.

Conclusion

The level of solving problems of ensuring the safety of human life in any modern state can serve as the most reliable and comprehensive criterion for assessing both the degree of economic development and stability of this state, and for assessing the moral state of society.

This is explained by the fact that a deep and comprehensive solution to complex problems generated by scientific and technological progress requires enormous capital investments and high production standards, and, therefore, is only possible for an economically highly developed, stable state with powerful scientific, technical and intellectual potential.

On the other hand, solving security problems requires the active participation of all members of society, organized on the principles of high morality and culture. The implementation of these principles can be achieved on the basis of a carefully designed and organized continuous system of education and upbringing, covering all levels of education from preschool education to the system of advanced training and retraining of personnel.

Particularly acute are the problems of ensuring human safety directly at enterprises, where zones of formation of various dangerous and harmful factors practically permeate the entire production environment in which personnel work.

During the report, I relied on some premises that helped structure the knowledge gained during the preparation of the report.

The most important of them are the following:

First, all problems arise in the “man-machine-environment” system; therefore, to understand them, it is necessary to study all links of this system, bearing in mind that each can be a source of danger.

The second - the sequence of solutions to industrial safety problems consists of the implementation of three groups of tasks: analysis, forecasting, modeling of sources of hazards, development of methods and means of protection, elimination of the consequences of its manifestation.

Third, to ensure a high level of safety of technological processes and favorable working conditions in production, it is necessary to use all methods and means, including technical, organizational, legal and economic.

Taking into account these prerequisites helped to facilitate the selection of information material, and it was methodically justified to present it to study the entire range of issues that provide an effective solution to problems of safety and labor protection.

Bibliography

1. Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Environmental Protection” (2002).

2. Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population” (1999).

3. PPB 01-03. Fire safety rules in the Russian Federation.

4. Life safety. Textbook for universities / S.V. Belov, I.V. Ilnitskaya and others; 7th edition; M.: Higher School, 2007. - 616s.

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Man and his environment interact harmoniously and develop only in conditions where the flows of energy, matter and information are within limits that are favorably perceived by man and the natural environment. Any excess of the usual flow levels is accompanied by negative impacts on humans, the technosphere and/or the natural environment. The result of human interaction with the environment can vary over a very wide range: from positive to catastrophic, accompanied by the death of people and destruction of components of the environment. Determine the negative result of the interaction of danger - negative impacts that suddenly arise, periodically or constantly act in the “person - environment” system.

Man and his environment (natural, industrial, urban, household, etc.) constantly interact with each other in the process of life. At the same time, “life can exist only in the process of movement of flows of matter, energy and information through a living body.”

Man and his environment interact harmoniously and develop only in conditions where the flows of energy, matter and information are within limits that are favorably perceived by man and the natural environment. Any excess of the usual flow levels is accompanied by negative impacts on humans, the technosphere and/or the natural environment. Under natural conditions, such impacts are observed during climate change and natural phenomena. In the technosphere, negative impacts are caused by elements of the technosphere (machines, structures, etc.) and human actions.

By changing the value of any flow from the minimum significant to the maximum possible, you can go through a number of characteristic states of interaction in the “person - environment” system:

Dangerous when flows exceed permissible levels and have a negative impact on human health, causing disease during prolonged exposure, and/or lead to degradation of elements of the technosphere and the natural environment;

It is extremely dangerous when high-level flows in a short period of time can cause injury, lead to death, and cause destruction in the technosphere and in the natural environment.

Human interaction with the environment can be positive or negative; the nature of the interaction is determined by the flow of substances, energies and information.

Danger is a negative property of living and inanimate matter that can cause damage to the matter itself: people, the natural environment, and material values.

When identifying hazards, it is necessary to proceed from the principle “everything affects everything.” In other words, everything living and non-living can be a source of danger, and everything living and non-living can also be endangered. Hazards do not have a selective property; when they arise, they negatively affect the entire material environment surrounding them. People, the natural environment, and material values are exposed to the influence of hazards. Sources (carriers) of dangers are natural processes and phenomena, the technogenic environment and human actions. Hazards are realized in the form of flows of energy, matter and information; they exist in space and time.

Rice. 1. Negative impact factors in the “person - environment” system: 1-natural disasters; 2 - production environment per worker; 3 - industrial environment to urban environment (industrial zone environment); 4 - human (erroneous actions) on the production environment; 5 - urban environment per person, industrial and domestic environment; 6 - domestic environment to urban; 7- household environment per person; 8 - person per household environment; 9 - urban environment or industrial zone to the biosphere; 10 - biospheres on the urban, domestic and industrial environment; 11 - people in the urban environment; 12 people per biosphere; 13 - biosphere per person.

There are hazards of natural, technogenic and anthropogenic origin. Natural hazards caused by climatic and natural phenomena arise when weather conditions and natural light in the biosphere change. For protection from everyday life (cold,

low lighting, etc.) dangers people use housing, clothing, ventilation systems,

heating and air conditioning, as well as artificial lighting systems. Providing comfortable living conditions practically solves all problems of protection from everyday dangers.

Protection from natural phenomena occurring in the biosphere is a more complex task, often without a highly effective solution (floods, earthquakes, etc.).

Every year, natural disasters endanger the lives of about 25 million people. For example, in 1990, more than 52 thousand people died as a result of earthquakes around the world. This year was the most tragic in the past decade, given that during the period 1980 - 1990. 57 thousand people became victims of earthquakes.

Man-made hazards are created by elements of the technosphere - machines, structures, substances, etc., and anthropogenic hazards arise as a result of erroneous or unauthorized actions of a person or groups of people.

The higher the transformative activity of a person, the higher the level and number of dangers - harmful and traumatic factors that negatively affect a person and his environment.

A harmful factor is a negative impact on a person that leads to deterioration of health or illness.

A traumatic (traumatic) factor is a negative impact on a person that leads to injury or death.

To paraphrase the axiom about potential danger formulated by O.N. Rusak, we can state:

Human life is potentially dangerous.

The validity of the axiom can be traced at all stages of the development of the “man - environment” system. Thus, in the early stages of his development, even in the absence of technical means, man continuously experienced the impact of negative factors of natural origin: low and high air temperatures, precipitation, contacts with wild animals, natural phenomena, etc. In the conditions of the modern world, natural Numerous factors of technogenic origin have been added: vibrations, noise, increased concentrations of toxic substances in the air, water bodies, and soil; electromagnetic fields, ionizing radiation, etc.

Technogenic hazards are largely determined by the presence of waste that inevitably arises from any type of human activity in accordance with the law on the inevitability of waste (or) side effects of production. In any economic cycle, waste and side effects are generated; they are not removable and can be transferred from one physical and chemical form to another or moved in space. Waste accompanies the work of industrial and agricultural production, means of transport, the use of various types of fuel to obtain energy, the lives of animals and people, etc. They enter the environment in the form of emissions into the atmosphere, discharges into water bodies, industrial and household waste, mechanical flows , thermal and electromagnetic energy, etc. Quantitative and qualitative indicators of waste, as well as regulations for their handling, determine the levels and zones of dangers arising from this.

A person is exposed to significant man-made dangers when entering the zone of operating technical systems: transport highways; radiation zones of radio and television transmission systems, industrial zones, etc. The levels of hazardous exposure to humans in this case are determined by the characteristics of technical systems and the duration of a person’s stay in the hazardous area. Danger is also likely to occur when a person uses technical devices at work and at home: electrical networks and devices, machine tools, hand tools, gas cylinders and networks, weapons, etc. The occurrence of such dangers is associated both with the presence of malfunctions in technical devices and with incorrect human actions when using them. The levels of dangers arising in this case are determined by the energy performance of technical devices.

Rice. 2. Daily migration of a city dweller in the “man-technosphere” system: BS-domestic environment;

GS-urban environment; PS-production environment.

A world of dangers that threaten the individual,

very wide and continuously growing. In industrial, urban, and domestic conditions, a person is usually affected by several negative factors. The complex of negative factors operating at a particular point in time depends on the current state of the “person - environment” system. In Fig. Figure 2 shows the typical daily migration of a city resident (employee of an industrial enterprise) in the “man - technosphere” system, where the size of the radius conditionally corresponds to the relative share of negative factors of anthropogenic and technogenic origin in various habitat options.

All hazards are classified according to a number of characteristics (Table 1).

The distribution of injuries in the adult population by type of habitat in Russia is shown in Table 2.

All dangers are then real when they affect specific objects (objects of protection). Objects of protection, like sources of danger, are diverse. Every component of the environment can be protected from hazards.

In order of priority, the objects of protection include:

person, society, state, natural environment

(biosphere), technosphere, etc.

The main desired state of the protected objects is safe. It is implemented in the complete absence of exposure to hazards. The state of safety is also achieved under the condition that the hazards affecting the object of protection are reduced to the maximum permissible exposure levels. Security is the state of the object of protection in which the impact on it of all flows of matter, energy and information does not exceed the maximum permissible values.

Table 1 Classification of hazards by characteristics

table 2

Distribution of injuries to the adult population by type of habitat, percentage

Environmental friendliness of a hazard source is the state of the source in which its permissible impact on the technosphere and/or biosphere is observed.

Speaking about the implementation of a security state, it is necessary to consider the object of protection and the set of dangers acting on it.

The actual security systems that exist today are shown in Table 3.

From the above it follows that security systems for objects of protection that actually exist at present fall into the following main types:

The system of personal and collective security of a person in the process of his life;

System of protection of the natural environment (biosphere);

State security system;

Global security system.

Systems for ensuring the safety of people, who at all stages of their development have constantly strived to ensure comfort, personal safety and the preservation of their health, have historical priority. This desire was the motivation for many human actions and actions! Creating a reliable home is nothing more than the desire to provide yourself and your family with protection from natural negative factors: lightning, precipitation, wild animals, low and high temperatures, solar radiation, etc. But the appearance of a dwelling threatened a person with the emergence of new negative impacts, for example, the collapse of the dwelling, when fire was brought into it - poisoning due to smoke, burns and fires.

The presence in modern apartments of numerous household appliances and devices significantly makes life easier, makes it comfortable and aesthetically pleasing, but at the same time introduces a whole range of traumatic and harmful factors: electric current, electromagnetic field, increased levels of radiation, noise, vibration, danger of mechanical injury, toxic substances and etc.

Progress in the sphere of production during the period of the scientific and technological revolution was accompanied and is currently accompanied by an increase in the number and energy level of traumatic and harmful factors in the production environment. Thus, the use of progressive methods of plasma treatment Table 3 Existing safety systems

melting from toxic aerosols, exposure to electromagnetic fields, increased noise, high voltage electrical networks.

The creation of internal combustion engines solved many transport problems, but at the same time led to increased injuries on the roads and gave rise to difficult tasks to protect people and the natural environment from toxic vehicle emissions (exhaust gases, oils, tire wear products, etc.).

The significance of problems in security systems is constantly increasing, since not only the number, but also the energy level of negative impacts is growing. If the level of influence of natural negative factors is practically stable over many centuries, then most anthropogenic and technogenic factors continuously increase their energy indicators (increase in stress, pressure, etc.) with the improvement and development of new types of equipment and technology (the emergence of nuclear energy, the concentration of energy resources and etc.).

In recent centuries, the levels of energy possessed by humans have increased immeasurably. If at the end of the 18th century. he only had a steam engine with a power of up to 75 kW, then at the end of the 20th century. It has at its disposal power plants with a capacity of 1000 MW or more. Significant energy capacities are concentrated in storage facilities for explosives, fuels and other chemically active substances.

According to academician N.N. Moiseev, “humanity has entered a new era of its existence, when the potential power of the means it creates to influence the environment becomes commensurate with the powerful forces of nature on the planet. This inspires not only pride, but also fear, because it is fraught with consequences that could lead to the destruction of civilization and even all life on Earth.”

Many security systems are interconnected both in terms of negative impacts and means of achieving security. Ensuring the safety of human life in the technosphere is almost always inextricably linked with solving problems of protecting the natural environment (reducing emissions and discharges, etc.). This is well illustrated by the results of work to reduce toxic emissions into the atmosphere from industrial zones and, as a consequence, to reduce the negative impact of these zones on the natural environment.

Ensuring the safety of human life in the technosphere is the way to solve many problems of protecting the natural environment from the negative influence of the technosphere.

The growth of technogenic and anthropogenic negative impact on the environment is not always limited to an increase in direct dangers, for example, an increase in the concentration of toxic impurities in the atmosphere. Under certain conditions, secondary negative impacts may arise that arise at the regional or global levels and have a negative impact on regions of the biosphere and significant groups of people. These include the formation of acid rain, smog, the “greenhouse effect”, destruction of the Earth’s ozone layer, the accumulation of toxic and carcinogenic substances in the bodies of animals and fish, in food products, etc.

Solving problems related to ensuring the safety of human life is the foundation for solving security problems at higher levels: technospheric, regional, biosphere, global.

At the heart of the dangers of the technosphere

Problems of theoretical and applied ecology at the present stage, ways to solve them. Methods and necessity for the development of environmentally friendly technologies, requirements for them. International control and state management of environmental quality.

Assessing the state of the air basin of an oil region primarily includes determining the potential danger of its pollution depending on natural and climatic factors.

Some industrial enterprises are highly energy-saturated and have significant amounts of toxic and radioactive substances in circulation, which makes them potentially dangerous to the population and the environment.

Concept, composition and structure of the biosphere. The main functions of the biosphere: gas; concentration; redox; informational. Biogeochemical cycles of substances in the biosphere. The main phases of the evolution of the biosphere. Vernadsky's law of the noosphere.

Geographical and economic characteristics of the area. Main sources of technogenic loads and types of natural hazards, assessment of negative environmental impacts. The essence of the anthropogenic impact of economic entities on the environment.

Situational analysis of the issue of human environmental safety in the conditions of a modern ecosystem. Characteristics and methods of preventing anthropogenic impacts and environmental damage as consequences of man-made disasters and environmental crisis.

"Harmony. Human ecology and its importance in harmonizing the relationship between society and nature" "HARMONY. HUMAN ECOLOGY AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN THE HARMONIZATION OF RELATIONS OF SOCIETY AND NATURE"

Organization of monitoring systems in Russia. Methods and means of monitoring habitats: contractual, remote and biological methods for assessing air, water and soil quality. Methods for monitoring energy pollution and assessing the environmental situation.

The concept and purpose of animal monitoring, stages and regulatory framework for its implementation. Main objects and directions of implementation of monitoring of fauna. Composition and content of environmental information obtained as a result of such observations.

Pollution of technosphere regions with toxic substances. Smog and photochemical fog. Energy pollution of the technosphere. Ensuring life safety in anthropoecological systems. Main anthropogenic sources of atmospheric pollutants.

The main man-made factors of adverse effects on humans, the extent of their distribution at the present stage. Periods of development of the technosphere. Scope of adsorption cleaning, industrial adsorbents: their characteristics and features.

Types of negative impacts in the “Man – Environment” system.

Physico-chemical characteristics of drinking water, its main sources, importance in human life and health. The main problems associated with drinking water and ways to solve them. Biological and social aspects of human interaction with the environment.

The essence of environmental pollution, its signs. Features of water and atmosphere pollution, main pollutants and the degree of their impact. The concept of an environmental crisis and its consequences. Factors, sources and consequences of environmental hazards.

Factors that directly or indirectly affect human life and activities. Natural and anthropogenic, social, physical, chemical, biological phenomena and elements. Rules for preserving and improving an environment favorable to human life.

Negative impact of production and technical means on the biosphere and technosphere. Identification of emissions from technical systems, energy impacts of technical systems and emergency situations arising during the operation of technical systems.

The evolution of human development and the creation of industrial economic methods have led to the formation of a global technosphere, one of the elements of which is railway transport.

Criteria for environmental safety, its legal support and regulatory levels. Environmental risks: basic concepts, price, terms of management and hazard assessment. Global, regional and local levels of environmental safety implementation.

The concept of environmental safety. Terminology in the field of environmental safety. What are the prospects for environmental safety?

Analysis of standards for maximum permissible emissions, discharges of pollutants and limits on waste disposal for military facilities. Review of environmental hazards: disturbances of the natural environment, radioactive contamination and deterioration of living conditions of the population.