The innovation process can be reviewed. Innovation process and innovation activity

The mechanism of the innovation process can be divided into macroeconomic and microeconomic parts. The macroeconomic mechanism of innovation depends on the economic potential of the state, political will and weight of the state in the international arena. The microeconomic mechanism of innovation depends on market competitiveness, financial management and the culture of consumption and production.

Formation of a plan, preparation and gradual implementation of innovative changes is called innovation process.

In general, the innovation process diagram can be presented as follows (Table 2.2).

Table 2.2

Main components of the innovation process

Fundamental research and development of a theoretical approach to solving the problem;

Applied research and experimental models;

Experimental development, determination of technical parameters, product design, manufacturing, testing, fine-tuning;

Primary development, preparation of production, launch and management of main production, supply of products;

Consumption and obsolescence, the necessary elimination of obsolete production and the creation of a new one in its place.

As you can see, the innovation process presented in this way fully reflects the life cycle of a new product. The life cycle is understood as a staged process, the unity of its beginning and end.

In relation to innovation, as the process of transferring innovation into the field of application, the content of the life cycle is somewhat different and includes the stages:

- origin- awareness of the need and possibility of change, search and development of innovations;

- development- implementation on site, experiment, implementation of production changes;

- diffusion- distribution, replication and multifaceted repetition at other sites;

- routinization– when innovation is implemented in stable, constantly functioning elements of the corresponding objects.

Innovation as a process cannot be considered fully completed if it stops at one of these intermediate stages. In turn, the life cycle of an innovation may end at the use stage if it does not close with the innovation.

Thus, both life cycles (product and process) are interconnected, interdependent and impossible without one another. Both life cycles are covered by the general concept of the innovation process, and the main difference between them is that in one case the process of forming a new product occurs, in the other - the process of its commercialization.

The innovation process is a broad concept and can be considered from different positions and degrees of detail.

Firstly, this is the parallel-sequential implementation of research, scientific and technical, innovation, production and marketing activities.

Secondly, it can be viewed as temporary stages in the life cycle of an innovation.

Third, it can be viewed as the process of financing and investing in the development and distribution of a new type of product or service. In this case, it acts as an innovative project, as a special case of an investment project widespread in economic practice.

The innovation process involves a complex of scientific, technical and intermediary work. These types of activities include: conducting examinations; creation and implementation of discoveries; R&D; carrying out patent and licensing work; creation of scientific works.

All of the above requires the participation in them, on the one hand, of initiative groups and individuals, and on the other, state regulation through regulations.

In general, the innovation process consists of obtaining and commercializing an invention, new technologies, types of products and services, decisions of a production, financial, administrative or other nature and other results of intellectual activity. The innovation process takes place in four stages.

At the first stage, fundamental research is carried out. They are carried out in academic institutes, higher educational institutions and industry specialized institutes and laboratories. Funding is provided mainly from the state budget on a non-repayable basis.

At the second stage, applied research is carried out. They are carried out in all scientific institutions and are financed from the budget (on a competitive basis) and from customers.

Since the result of applied research is not always predictable, at this stage and beyond there is a high probability of obtaining a negative result. It is from this stage that the possibility of risk of loss of invested funds arises, and investments in innovation are risky in nature, and are called risky investments, and commercial organizations engaged in risk investments are risk firms (by venture capital firms).

At the third stage, development and experimental developments are carried out. They are carried out both in specialized laboratories, design bureaus, experimental departments, and in research and production departments of large industrial enterprises. The sources of financing are the same as in the second stage, as well as the organization’s own funds.

At the turn of the third stage and entering the market, as a rule, large investments in production are required to create production capacities, personnel training, advertising activities, etc. At this stage of the innovation process, the market reaction has not yet been determined and the risks of rejection are very likely, so investments continue to be carried out risky nature.

At the fourth stage, the commercialization process is carried out from launch into production and entry into the market and further through the main stages of the product life cycle. The practical implementation of the results of innovative activity is carried out at the market stage of innovative activity, the main content of which is the organization of mass production and market development. At this stage, the innovation becomes a product that goes through all phases of the life cycle.

Promotion of innovations is a set of measures aimed at implementing innovations and including the production and use of an information product, advertising events, organizing the work of retail outlets (points selling innovations, customer consultations, promoting the sale of innovations, etc.).

There are two methods of promoting innovation: “vertical” and “horizontal”.

Vertical method of promoting innovation - with this method, the entire innovation cycle is concentrated in one organization with the transfer of results achieved at individual stages of innovation activity from unit to unit. However, the applicability of this method is very limited - either the organization itself must be a powerful concern uniting all types of departments, production and services (for example, the Volvo concern, which does not even let go of the supply of its auto repair shops), or the enterprise must develop and produce a narrow range very specific products that do not contain dissimilar components (for example, new chemical or pharmacological materials)

The horizontal method of promoting innovation is a method of partnership and cooperation, in which the leading enterprise is the organizer of innovation, and the functions of creating and promoting innovative products are distributed among the participants.

When introducing innovation into business practice, it is very important to know what factors can slow down or speed up the innovation process. The main factors influencing the development of the innovation process are given in Table 2.3.

The commercialization process includes the following stages:

Preparation of an innovative proposal;

Examination of technology by potential investors;

Attracting investments;

Legal consolidation of relations between all participants in the process;

Allocation of rights to future intellectual property;

Development and management of a commercialization project;

Mastering the results in production;

Support of an innovative product;

Further modification.

Table 2.3

Factors influencing the development of the innovation process

To increase production volumes, expand sales markets, increase competitiveness and ensure conditions for return (payback) of risk investments, securities are issued at the commercialization stage of the investment process. It allows you to attract additional investments and ensure their profitable use, subject to maintaining the competitiveness of products, services and the organization as a whole. This completes the innovation process.

In order to reduce the risk of investors, it is advisable to finance R&D in two stages. At the first stage, work related to the development of product samples is financed. Continuation of financing at the second stage is associated with work on the development of working design documentation, manufacturing and testing of new products.

The justification for financing the work of the third stage of the innovation process in two stages is argued by the fact that investments in R&D are risky. It should be borne in mind that the costs at the first and second stages are related as 1:2.5.

Therefore, if a preliminary assessment of the results of work after the first stage of financing indicates that they are unpromising, then further financing may not be carried out. It is advisable for the investor to limit himself to financing only the preliminary technical design, thereby avoiding unjustified costs.

Innovation policy of the company - a set of methods that ensure the integration of all types of innovations in the company and the creation of a microclimate that stimulates innovation in all areas of activity.

The goal of innovation policy is to reduce the implementation time of the innovation process.

Innovation policy is the main element of product policy and includes the following actions:

Searching for ideas for new products;

Creation of new products taking into account consumer behavior (see clause 2.3.);

Introduction of new products to the market;

Monitoring the behavior of new products on the market.

The process of creating a new product presented in Figure 2.1.

Rice. 2.1. - Creation of a new product

One of the final stages of creating a new product is test marketing.

Test marketing– testing the product and the marketing program itself in real market conditions.

Purpose of Test Marketing– finding out the reaction of buyers and consumers to the product itself and its marketing support.

Test marketing includes three methods:

1. Standard market testing- placing the product in market conditions similar to those for full-scale production.

2. Control testing– creation of special panels of stores testing various methods of selling goods.

3. Market simulation testing– placement of goods in conditions simulating market conditions.

Related information.

The article reveals the essence, role and significance of the innovation process, provides a classification and motivation for using the main stages of the innovation process used in innovation management. The innovation process can be divided into two main stages: the first stage (the longest) includes research and development, the second stage is the product life cycle. The main stages of the innovation process and phases of the product life cycle are analyzed. The role of scientific and technical ideas on the materialization of existing theoretical knowledge and discoveries is studied, the content of applied research work is assessed, developments are analyzed with stages - experimental design and design work, the process of commercialization of innovation from launch into production and entry into the market and beyond is demonstrated. according to the main phases of the product life cycle. The connection between production technology and the manufactured product is considered.

investment projects

investments

transformation

efficiency

1. Kovalev V.V. Workshop on analysis and financial management – ​​2nd ed., revised. and additional – M., 2009.

3. Organization and management of mechanical engineering production / ed. B.P. Rodionova. – M.: Mechanical Engineering, 1989.

4. Roswell Roy. Changing the nature of the innovation process. – M., 2010.

5. Stankovskaya I.K., Strelets I.A. Economic theory for business schools: textbook. – M.: Eksmo, 2005.

The innovation process can be defined as the process of sequential transformation of an idea into a product, going through the stages of fundamental, applied research, design development, marketing, production, and finally sales - the process of commercialization of technologies.

The innovation process can be viewed from different perspectives and with varying degrees of detail.

Firstly, as a parallel-sequential implementation of research, scientific and technical, innovation, production and marketing activities.

Secondly, as the temporary stages of the life cycle of an innovation from the emergence of an idea to its development and dissemination.

Thirdly, as a process of financing and investing in the development and distribution of a new type of product or service. In this case, it acts as a special case of an investment project widespread in economic practice.

In general, the innovation process consists of obtaining and commercializing inventions, new technologies, types of products and services, decisions of a production, financial, administrative or other nature and other results of intellectual activity.

He dates the linear approach to defining the innovation process to the 1950s - mid-1960s, i.e. to the first generation of innovation process that is driven by technology. A simple linear-sequential process with an emphasis on the role of R&D and an attitude towards the market only as a consumer of the results of the technical activity of production is presented in Fig. 1.

The second generation of the innovation process, according to Roswell, dates back to the late 1960s and early 1970s. The same linear-sequential model, but with an emphasis on the importance of the market, the needs of which R&D responds to (Fig. 2).

Third generation: early 1970s - mid 1980s. Conjugate model. Largely a combination of the first and second generations, with an emphasis on linking technological capabilities and capabilities to market needs (Figure 3).

Fourth generation: mid-1980s - present tense. This is the Japanese model of excellence. It differs in that it focuses on the parallel activities of integrated groups and external horizontal and vertical connections. The main thing here is parallel activities. Simultaneous work on the idea of ​​several groups of specialists operating in several directions. This speeds up the solution of the problem, because the time to implement a technical idea and turn it into a finished product in the modern world is a very important aspect.

Rice. 1. First generation of innovation process

Rice. 2. Second generation of innovation process

Rice. 3. Third generation of the innovation process.
Interactive model of the innovation process

Fifth generation: present time - future. This is a model of strategic networking, strategic integration and linkage. Its difference is that new functions are added to the parallel process. This is the process of conducting R&D using computer and information science systems through which strategic connections are established.

The innovation process itself begins with the stage of exploratory research work (R&D), during which scientific and technical ideas are put forward to materialize existing theoretical knowledge and discoveries. Exploratory research ends with updating and experimental testing of new methods of meeting social needs. All exploratory research is carried out both in academic institutions and universities, and in large scientific and technical industrial organizations by personnel of highly scientific qualifications. Funding for exploratory research is carried out mainly from the state budget and on a non-refundable basis. At the same time, many exploratory research projects have budget funding based on assignments from government programs to solve the most important scientific and technical problems. Ultimately, social production wins, since the results of the evolution of scientific knowledge are included in the productive forces in the form of a complete solution to an important scientific and technical problem based on experimental testing of scientific and technical ideas.

The process of creating and mastering new technology begins with fundamental research (FR), aimed at obtaining new scientific knowledge and identifying the most significant patterns. The goal of FI is to reveal new connections between phenomena, to understand the patterns of development of nature and society in relation to their specific use. FIs are divided into theoretical and search ones.

The results of theoretical research are manifested in scientific discoveries, substantiation of new concepts and ideas, and the creation of new theories. Exploratory research includes research whose task is to discover new principles for creating ideas and technologies. Exploratory FIs end with justification and experimental testing of new methods of meeting social needs. All search FIs are carried out both in academic institutions and universities, and in large scientific and technical industrial organizations only by personnel of highly scientific qualifications. The priority importance of fundamental science in the development of innovative processes is determined by the fact that it acts as a generator of ideas and opens paths to new areas of knowledge.

The next stage of the innovation process is applied research (R&D). Their implementation is associated with a high probability of obtaining negative results. There is a risk of loss when investing in applied research. When investments in innovations are risky, they are called risk investments.

At the third stage, developments are carried out with stages - experimental design work (R&D) and design work (PKR), associated with the development of preliminary designs, preliminary technical design, release of working design documentation, production and testing of prototypes. This work is carried out both in specialized laboratories of universities, design bureaus and pilot plants, as well as in research and production departments of large industrial organizations. Their sources of financing are the same as in the second stage, as well as the own funds of industrial organizations.

In order to reduce the risk of investors, it is advisable to finance R&D in two stages. At the first stage, work related to the development of preliminary designs and preliminary technical design is financed. Here, the general layout of the design of the product is usually completed and its bench tests are carried out. The progressiveness of an innovation is assessed by the number of copyright applications for inventions, provided that the product layout unconditionally meets the specified technical requirements.

Only based on the results of this kind of preliminary assessment can a decision be made on the advisability of further financing the innovation process. Continuation of financing at its second stage is associated with the development of working design documentation, manufacturing and testing of prototypes of new products.

The justification for financing the work of the third stage of the innovation process in two stages is argued by the fact that investments in R&D are risky. It should be borne in mind that the costs at the first and second stages are related as 1.0:2.5. Therefore, if a preliminary assessment of the results of work after the first stage of financing indicates that they are unpromising, then further financing of the third stage of the innovation process may not be carried out. It is advisable for the investor to limit himself to financing only the preliminary technical design, thereby avoiding unjustified costs due to obviously negative results of work at the second stage of financing.

Experimental design work (R&D) is understood as the application of the results of design work to create (or modernize, improve) samples of new equipment, material, technology. R&D is the final stage of scientific research, a kind of transition from laboratory conditions and experimental production to industrial production. Development work includes: development of a specific design of an engineering object or technical system (design work); development of ideas and options for a new object; development of technological processes, i.e. ways of combining physical, chemical, technological and other processes with labor ones into an integral system.

Depending on the complexity of the innovation project (development and development of a new type of product), the tasks solved at the preliminary stage of innovation activity can be quite diverse. In particular, when developing and mastering large innovative projects, systemic integration of research results carried out at different times by other teams, debugging and refinement of both individual subsystems and technologies as a whole are carried out.

The performers of the work at the preliminary stage are creative teams of scientists and engineering and technical workers of universities, universities, institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, state and scientific and technical centers (STC).

The practical implementation of the results of innovative activities is carried out at the market stage, which includes: market introduction, market expansion, product maturity and decline.

At the fourth stage, the process of commercialization of innovation is carried out from launch into production and entry into the market and further through the main phases of the product life cycle. When starting production, large investments are required for the reconstruction of production facilities, personnel training, advertising activities, etc. At this stage of the innovation process, the market reaction to innovations is still unknown and the risks of rejection of the proposed product are very likely. Therefore, investments continue to be risky. Financing the fourth stage of work related to the development of large-scale production of new products and the subsequent improvement of technology through process innovations will require 6-8 times more costs than costs associated with research and development. The increase in costs depends on the accepted scale of mastering the production of new products (small-scale, serial or large-scale type of production). Given the high costs of developing large-scale production of new products, at this stage of the innovation process, securities are issued. It allows you to attract additional investments and ensure their profitable use, subject to maintaining the competitiveness of products. However, the main source of investment is the organizations’ own funds, accumulated in special funds for these purposes, as well as borrowed funds (bank loans).

Financing work on the fourth stage of the innovation process can lead to the organization of technological development of non-competitive products if nothing radically new is created in the previous three stages. In market conditions, such products will not find a buyer, there will be no demand for them. The fourth stage of the innovation process can be considered as an investment project, because it coincides with the second phase of the product life cycle, and the costs of its implementation, as noted above, are 6-8 times higher than the costs of research and development carried out in the first three stages the same process. On the other hand, if innovations created at the first three stages of the innovation process make it possible to organize the technological development and commercialization of new products that have no foreign analogues or replace imported goods, then the state takes a partial part in financing these works.

At the pre-series production stage, experimental work is carried out. Experimental work is aimed at the manufacture, repair and maintenance of special equipment necessary for scientific research and development.

The stages of industrial production include two stages: the actual production of new products and their sale to consumers. The first is the direct social production of materialized achievements of scientific and technical developments on a scale determined by consumer demands. The second is bringing new products to the consumer.

The production of innovations is followed by their use by the end consumer with the parallel provision of services, ensuring trouble-free economic operation, as well as the necessary elimination of obsolete production and the creation of new production in its place.

Already at the initial stage of the process, the company management takes into account the product life cycle curve, i.e. periods of its rise and fall due to the impact of market competition.

Unlike NTP, the innovation process does not end with the so-called implementation, i.e. the first appearance on the market of a new product, service or bringing a new technology to its design capacity. This process is not interrupted even after implementation, because as it spreads (diffusion), the innovation is improved, becomes more effective, and acquires previously unknown consumer properties. This opens up new areas of application and markets for it, and therefore new consumers.

Thus, this process is aimed at creating products, technologies or services required by the market and is carried out in close unity with the environment: its direction, pace, goals depend on the socio-economic environment in which it operates and develops.

The essence of diffuse processes at different levels of the emergence of an innovative environment is determined by the equilibrium spread of innovations and innovations in the business cycles of scientific, technical, industrial and organizational-economic activities, including the sphere of service provision. Ultimately, diffusion processes make it possible for a new technological order to take a dominant position in social production. At the same time, a structural restructuring of the economy is taking place. When most technological chains for the production of products and the provision of services are updated, business cycles develop in a new direction under the influence of changes in the value system.

Reviewers:

Makarov A.D., Doctor of Economics, Professor of the Department of Applied Economics and Marketing of the St. Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, St. Petersburg;

Biryukov V.D., Doctor of Economics, Professor, Head. Department of Economic Theory, State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "St. Petersburg State University of Water Communications", St. Petersburg.

The work was received by the editor on December 30, 2011.

Bibliographic link

CHAPTER 2. Innovations as an object of innovation management

The concept of innovation.

The word innovation is synonymous with, and can be used alongside, innovation or newness (see English terminology dictionaries). There are several approaches to defining the essence of innovation in the literature. The most common two points of view are:

· in one case the innovation is presented as a result creative process in the form of new products (equipment), technology, method, etc.;

· in another case, the innovation is presented as a process introduction of new products, elements, approaches, principles instead of existing ones.

Innovation arises as a result of using the results of scientific research and development aimed at improving the process of production activity, economic, legal and social relations in the field of science, culture, education, and other areas of society. The term may have different meanings in different contexts, depending on the specific purposes of measurement or analysis.

Innovation- this is the final result of innovative activity, realized in the form of a new or improved product sold on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practical activities. Thus, the end result of innovation is commercial success.

The concept of “innovation” is closely related to the concept of “ invention " And " opening ».

Under invention understand new devices, mechanisms, tools, and other devices created by man.

Under discovery understand the result of obtaining previously unknown data or observing a previously unknown natural phenomenon.

Discovery differs from innovation in the following ways:

1) discovery, like invention, occurs, as a rule, at the fundamental level, and innovation is carried out at the level of technological (applied) order;

2) a discovery can be made by a single inventor, and innovation is produced by teams (laboratories, departments, institutes) and embodied in the form of an innovative project;

3) the discovery does not aim to gain benefits, but innovation is always aimed at obtaining tangible benefits, in particular, a greater influx of money, a larger amount of profit, increased productivity and reduced production costs through the use of specific innovations in engineering and technology.

A discovery can happen by accident, but innovation is always the result of scientific research.

Term and concept " innovation "as a new economic category was introduced into scientific circulation by the Austrian (later American) scientist Joseph Alois Schumpeter (J.A. Schumpeter, 1883-1950) in the first decade of the 20th century. In his work “The Theory of Economic Development” (1911), J. Schumpeter first considered the issues of new combinations of changes in development (i.e., issues of innovation) and gave a complete description of the innovation process. J. Schumpeter identified five changes in development:

1) the use of new equipment, technological processes or new market support for production;

2) introduction of products with new properties;

3) use of new raw materials;

4) changes in the organization of production and its logistics;

5) the emergence of new markets.

J. Schumpeter began to use the term “innovation” in the 30s. XX century At the same time, by innovation J. Schumpeter meant change with the aim of introducing and using new types of consumer goods, new production and transportation means, markets and forms of organization in industry.

There are many definitions of innovation in the literature.

For example, B. Twiss defines innovation as a process in which an invention or idea acquires economic content.

F. Nixon believes that innovation is a set of technical, production and commercial activities that lead to the appearance on the market of new and improved industrial processes and equipment.

According to B. Santo, innovation is a socio-technical-economic process that, through the practical use of ideas and inventions, leads to the creation of products and technologies that are better in their properties, and if the innovation is focused on economic benefit, profit, its appearance on the market can bring additional income.

Analysis of various definitions of innovation allows us to conclude: the specific content of innovation is change, and the main function of innovation is the function of change.

Currently, there is no generally accepted terminology in the field of ID. In domestic and foreign literature there are several approaches to determining the essence of innovation.

In Western literature There are two approaches to innovation: broad and narrow.

With a broad approach to innovation- these are all kinds of changes in the implementation of new or improved solutions in technology, organization, supply and sales processes, public life, etc.

With a narrow approach, innovation– a characteristic feature is the reduction of innovation to technical problems, most often to the introduction of new products and new technologies.

In Russian literature There are five main approaches to defining the essence of innovation: 1) object-based (in the domestic literature in this case the word “innovation” is often used as the defined term); 2) process; 3) object-utilitarian; 4) process-utilitarian; 5) process and financial.

Object approach to the definition of the term “innovation” is that the innovation is an object - the result of scientific and technical progress: new equipment, technology.

Process approach to the definition of the term “innovation” is that innovation is understood as a complex process, including the development, introduction into production and commercialization of new consumer values ​​- goods, equipment, technology, organizational forms, etc.

Object-utilitarian approach The definition of the term “innovation” is characterized by two main points. Firstly, an innovation is understood as an object - a new use value based on the achievements of science and technology. Secondly, the emphasis is on the utilitarian side of innovation - the ability to satisfy social needs with great beneficial effect.

Process-utilitarian approach to the definition of the term “innovation” is that in this case innovation is presented as a complex process of creation, dissemination and use of a new practical means.

Process-financial approach to the definition of the term “innovation” is that innovation is understood as the process of investing in innovation, investing in the development of new equipment, technology, and scientific research.

In the literature, the concepts of “novelty” and “innovation” are distinguished.

Innovation– a formalized result of fundamental, applied research, development or experimental work in any field of activity to improve its efficiency.

Innovation– the final result of introducing innovation in any field and human activity in order to satisfy existing needs in the market and obtain economic, social, environmental, scientific, technical or other type of effect.

Thus, an innovation involved in dynamics and developed to a certain extent becomes an innovation.

The stages of creating an innovation include the following stages:

· fundamental research and development of a theoretical approach to solving the problem;

· applied research and experimental models;

· experimental developments, determination of technical parameters, product design, manufacturing, testing, fine-tuning;

· initial development, preparation of production, launch and management of established production, supply of products;

· consumption and obsolescence, the necessary elimination of obsolete production and the creation of a new one in its place.

The stages of creating an innovation include the following stages:

· emergence - awareness of the need and possibility of change, search and development of innovations;

· development - implementation at the facility, experiment, implementation of production changes;

· diffusion - distribution, replication and repeated repetition on other objects;

· routinization - when innovation is implemented in stable, constantly functioning elements of the corresponding objects.

Thus, both life cycles are interconnected, interdependent and impossible without the other.

The concept of innovation process.

The innovation process can be viewed from different perspectives and with varying degrees of detail.

Firstly, it can be considered as a parallel - sequential implementation of research, scientific and technical, innovation, production and marketing activities.

Secondly, the innovation process can be viewed as the temporary stages of the innovation life cycle from the emergence of an idea to its development and dissemination.

Third, it can be viewed as the process of financing and investing in the development and distribution of a new type of product or service. In this case, he acts as an individual entrepreneur.

Innovation process- a sequential chain of events during which an innovation “matures” from an idea to a specific product, technology or service and spreads in business practice.

Main stages and characteristics of the innovation process:

The innovation process begins with basic research (FI), aimed at obtaining new scientific knowledge and identifying the most significant patterns. The goal of FI is to reveal new connections between phenomena, to understand the patterns of development of nature and society, regardless of their specific use. FIs are divided into theoretical and search ones.

results theoretical research manifest themselves in scientific discoveries, substantiation of new concepts and ideas, and the creation of new theories. TO search engines include research whose task is to discover new principles for creating products and technologies; previously unknown properties of materials and their compounds; methods of analysis and synthesis.

Sources of resources: state budget, incl. on programs for solving the most important scientific and technical problems.

The second stage of the innovation process is applied research (PR). They are aimed at exploring ways of practical application of previously discovered phenomena and processes. Scientific research work (R&D) of an applied nature aims to solve a technical problem, clarify unclear theoretical issues, and obtain specific scientific results, which will later be used as a scientific and technical basis in development work.

Sources of resources: state budget, funds from customers, innovation funds.

Under development work (R&D) refers to the application of PI results to create (or modernize, improve) samples of new equipment, material, technology. R&D is the final stage of scientific research; it is a kind of transition from laboratory conditions and experimental production to industrial production.

The purpose of R&D is to create (upgrade) samples of new products, which can be transferred after appropriate testing to mass production or directly to the consumer. At this stage, the final verification of the results of theoretical research is carried out, the corresponding technical documentation is developed, and samples of new products are manufactured and tested.

Sources of resources: own funds of industrial organizations, funds of customers and the state budget.

The final stage of the field of science is development of industrial production of new products (OS), which includes scientific and production development: testing of new (improved) products, as well as technical and technological preparation of production.

At the development stage, experimental work is carried out on the experimental basis of science. These works are aimed at manufacturing and testing prototypes of new products and technological processes. Experimental work is aimed at the manufacture, repair and maintenance of special (non-standard) equipment, apparatus, instruments, installations, stands, mock-ups, etc., necessary for scientific research and development.

After the development stage begins industrial production process (IP). In production, knowledge materializes, and research finds its logical conclusion. In a market economy, there is an acceleration of the implementation of R&D and the stage of production development.

An innovative enterprise, as a rule, carries out R&D under contracts with industrial enterprises. Customers and performers are mutually interested in ensuring that the results of R&D are put into practice and generate income, i.e. would be sold to the consumer.

At the PP stage, two stages are carried out: the actual production of new products and their sale to consumers. First stage– direct social production of materialized achievements of scientific and technical developments on a scale determined by consumer demands. Purpose and content second stage is to bring new products to consumers.

Sources of resources: own funds of organizations, issue of securities and bank loans, partial support from the state.

In table 2.2.1. the time and cost costs of PSNT are given by stage, and the types of scientific organizations participating in this process are also indicated.

Innovation process (IP) is a set of states of innovation that replace each other in the process of transforming the initial state (for example, a proposed marketing, design or technological idea for innovation) into the final state (entered into consumption, used and giving effect new materials, products, methods, technologies).

The innovation process is associated with the creation, development and dissemination of innovations. Therefore, innovation must be considered continuously with the innovation process.

The innovation process is a broader concept than innovation activity. It can be viewed from different perspectives and with varying degrees of detail:

Firstly, it can be considered as a parallel-sequential implementation of research, scientific and technical, production activities and innovations;

Secondly, it can be considered as the temporary stages of the life cycle of an innovation from the emergence of an idea to its development and implementation.

In general, the innovation process is a sequential chain of events during which an innovation is implemented from an idea to a specific product, technology or service and spreads into business practice. Moreover, the innovation process does not end with the so-called implementation, i.e. the first appearance on the market of a new product, service or bringing a new technology to its design capacity. The process is not interrupted, because As it spreads throughout the economy, an innovation is improved, made more efficient, and acquires new consumer properties, which opens up new areas of application, new markets, and therefore new consumers.

In the process of transforming innovations, the latter go through a number of intermediate states: the idea of ​​need; design and technological expression of an idea; experimental, experimental and serial samples; a new product, a new element of the technological process or a new technology for the consumer; new socio-economic effect. All this applies to main IP. In addition, there is a process services (provisions) and process regulation(rice.).

Simple intra-organizational IP involves the creation and use of an innovation within the same organization. The innovation in this case does not directly take commodity form.

At simple interorganizational(commodity) IP innovation acts as an object of purchase and sale. This form of IP means department of function the creator and producer of innovation (functions of the innovator) from the function of its consumption (functions of the innovator).

In the context of a commodity IP, there are at least two economic entities: the creator/producer (innovator) and the consumer/user (innovator) of the innovation. If the innovation is a technological process, its producer and consumer can be combined in one economic entity.

A simple innovation process turns into a commodity process in two phases:

1) creation of an innovation and its dissemination(promotion of the idea of ​​innovation along the technological chain of creating an innovation/product, promotion of an innovation/product to the first innovator) - these are successive stages of scientific research, development work, organization of pilot production and sales, organization of commercial production. In the first phase, the beneficial effect of the innovation is not yet realized, but only the prerequisites for such implementation are created.

2) diffusion of innovation (promotion of an innovation after the first experience of use in one company, in one place, in one industry, to a number of companies, in many places, in other industries diffusion - this is the dissemination of an innovation that has already been mastered and used in new conditions or places of application) - the socially beneficial effect is redistributed between the producers of the innovation (IP), as well as between producers and consumers.

In real innovation processes, the rate of diffusion depends on various factors:

a) forms of decision-making;

b) method of transmitting information;

c) properties of the social system;

d) properties of the NV itself.

Advanced IP manifests itself in creation of new manufacturers innovations, in violation of the monopoly of the pioneer manufacturer, which contributes through mutual competition to the improvement of the consumer properties of the manufactured product. IP has traits discreteness and continuity, cyclicality, instability and uncertainty.

The essence of the innovation process consists of targeted actions related to the initiation and development of a new product or service, its implementation on the market and its further distribution.

The innovation process represents a sequential set of actions from the idea of ​​innovation to the design, creation, implementation and dissemination of this innovation. We will consider these stages from concept to implementation below. In other words, the innovation process is the activity of an economic entity, that is, a process that consists of developing and implementing the result of scientific research into a new or improved product or service sold on the market, or a technological process that is used in production activities.

The innovation process includes seven components connected into a single sequential chain, which form its structure. These include:

Marketing research;

Development and release of innovation;

Implementation of the produced innovation;

Innovative promotion;

Spreading.

The innovation process begins with initiation - an activity that consists of determining its goals and objectives, comprehending the corresponding idea and documenting it. The latter is its transformation into a document of property rights (copyright certificate, license) and into a technological document.

Initiation of innovation is the beginning of the innovation process. After the idea of ​​a new product has been documented, marketing of the innovation is carried out, during which the demand for a new product or service is examined, the quantity or volume of production, product characteristics and consumer properties that the product entering the market should have are determined. After this, the innovation is sold and a small batch of it appears on the market, which is promoted, evaluated for effectiveness and distributed.

Promoting innovation is a system of measures that is aimed at its implementation. After this, an economic calculation of its effectiveness is carried out. The innovation process ends with the dissemination

Diffusion (translated from Latin - spreading, spreading) means the spread of mastered innovation in new areas, in new markets and in a new economic and financial situation.

Innovation process management as a subject of research has gone through 4 main stages in its evolution.

At the first of them, a factor approach was implemented, where evaluation criteria were considered for each component of the corresponding management. At this time, extensive development methods were used, for the most part, manifested in a quantitative increase in scientific and technical potential.

The second stage was characterized by the development of concepts of innovation management functions, which emphasized the study of management types and the process of adoption of SD

At the third stage, they began to apply which made it possible to consider the subject of innovation activity (enterprise, organization, etc.) as a system of internally interconnected components, focused on achieving specific goals and the principle of feedback.

The fourth stage correlates with the growing popularity of understanding the goals, meaning and content of innovation management, which allows for the analysis of external and internal environmental factors, systematization and optimal combination of various models of behavior of an innovation manager or effective management decisions.