The state and Russian society at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century in a presentation for a history lesson (9th grade) on the topic. Social structure: bourgeoisie

Territory and population of the Russian Empire

At the beginning of the 20th century. The Russian Empire was one of the largest countries in the world. In terms of territory size - more than 22 million km (almost 17% of the inhabited landmass) - it ranked second, second only to the British Empire.

• Show on the map the territories that were part of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century.

The Russian Empire was divided into provinces and regions. Only the Grand Duchy of Finland retained its autonomy. The Khanate of Khiva and the Emirate of Bukhara were dependent on Russia.

According to the 1897 census, more than 128 million people lived in the country (third place after the British Empire and China).

The Russian Empire was a multinational country. More than 100 peoples and nationalities lived in it.

All major religions coexisted in the vast expanses of the country. The majority of the population, and primarily Russians, professed Orthodoxy. A considerable part of the Russian population considered themselves to be members of the Old Believer Church. In Poland, the Baltic provinces and Finland, the majority of the population professed Catholicism and Protestantism. A large group of peoples - Tatars, Bashkirs, many mountaineers of the Caucasus, Azerbaijanis, peoples of Central Asia - were Muslims. Kalmyks and Buryats were followers of Buddhism. Part of the population professed Judaism. Many indigenous peoples of the North and Siberia retained pagan beliefs.

Features of Russian modernization

At the beginning of the 20th century. The process of modernization continued in Russia.

• From the courses on the history of Russia in the 19th century, New and Contemporary history, remember what modernization is. How are modernization and the development of industrial society related? Test yourself by referring to the section “Expanding your vocabulary” after the paragraph.

Rice. One of the first tram lines in Moscow. Beginning of the 20th century

Modernization covered all leading countries, but Russian modernization had its own characteristics. Let's look at the most important ones. Let's start with the economy.

You know that Russia entered the path of capitalist development relatively late (when?). Catching up with the countries that had gone ahead, it had to move as quickly as possible, transition to an industrial society in a short time. Modernization of the economy required the exertion of all the forces of society. It took place on the initiative and under the control of the state. At the beginning of the 20th century. modernization covered mainly those sectors of the economy on which the military and political power of the country depended. (Guess which ones.)

Political system. State symbols

Modernization is not limited to the economy. It also consists of transforming political and social relations. The political system of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century. has not undergone significant changes.

The Russian Empire remained an autocratic monarchy. The fullness of state power - legislative, executive, and partly judicial - was concentrated in the hands of the emperor.

The advisory body under the emperor was the State Council. He had the right to “submit opinions to the emperor on matters of legislation.” But the emperor was not at all obliged to listen to these opinions. The monarch led the country through the Committee of Ministers, which was the highest executive body of the empire. The ministers were responsible only to the emperor. The Emperor was the head not only of the state, but also of the Russian Orthodox Church, officially recognized as “primary and dominant” in the country. The tsar controlled the Orthodox Church through the Synod. The highest government institutions included the Senate, which monitored the legality of the actions of senior officials and had the right to promulgate laws.

The coat of arms of the Russian Empire was a double-headed eagle with royal regalia - crowns, scepter and orb. The national flag was a cloth with white, blue and red horizontal stripes. The national anthem began with the words: “God save the Tsar...”

Social structure

Modernization of the economy at the beginning of the 20th century. accompanied by important changes in the social structure of society.

According to the law, the entire population of Russia was traditionally divided into classes - hereditary and personal nobles, honorary citizens, merchants of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd guilds, burghers, peasants, Cossacks, etc. Remember which feature is the main one when distinguishing classes - economic or legal (legal) .

Modernization destroyed class barriers. The traditional division into estates was supplemented and replaced by division into classes.

As in other countries that embarked on an industrial footing, the most powerful class in Russian society from an economic point of view was the bourgeoisie. The number of the big bourgeoisie (that is, those with incomes over 10 thousand rubles per year) was insignificant. At the beginning of the century it was approximately 25 thousand people (with family members 125 thousand), in 1910 - about 30 thousand (with family members 200 thousand). The Russian bourgeoisie did not have a strong support in society, since there were practically no middle strata of the population, that is, small owners. She was closely associated with the government and had no political rights. There was merciless exploitation of wage workers in factories and factories.

Many representatives of the Russian bourgeoisie were educated people, engaged in charity, philanthropy and educational activities. Textile manufacturer P. M. Tretyakov donated to Moscow a unique collection of Russian national painting and the magnificent building in which it was housed. With the financial assistance of S. T. Morozov, the Moscow Art Theater was created.

By the beginning of the 20th century. in Russia there were approximately 13 million wage workers, of which 2.8 million were hereditary workers, the rest were first-generation workers, usually from the village. According to the law adopted on June 14, 1897, the working day was 11.5 hours. Earnings were barely enough to make ends meet. A coal miner in the Donbass in 1902 could earn no more than 24 rubles. per month, and the minimum expenses, not counting housing fees, for a family of 4 people were 30 rubles. The families of many workers lived from hand to mouth. Enterprises had a draconian system of fines - they took up to 30% of wages. As a rule, workers huddled in barracks built at factories, the entire furniture of which consisted of two-story bunks and long dining tables and benches. The workers did not have basic civil rights, and this particularly outraged them. They could not create organizations even to protect their economic interests. Participation in strikes was punishable by imprisonment from 2 to 8 months. The lack of rights was aggravated by police brutality.

Rice. Construction workers. 1904

The highest social group in Russia was the local nobility. The landowners owned vast land properties, but changes were taking place here too. Land ownership ceased to be exclusively noble. In 1905, more than a third of large estates belonged to non-nobles. Only a few noble landowners were able to transfer their farms to capitalist lines, transform them into model estates using agricultural machines and hired labor. In 1905 there were no more than 3% of such estates. The vast majority of landowners were unable to adapt to the new conditions. Their expenses, as a rule, exceeded their income. Lands were mortgaged and remortgaged and sold.

There was property stratification among the peasantry. People appeared in the village whose main source of wealth was the exploitation of hired labor, trade, and usury. It was they, and not all wealthy owners, who were called kulaks. By the beginning of the 20th century. kulaks made up 2-3% of the peasant population. Approximately 15% of wealthy peasants joined them. The main measure of prosperity is the presence of a certain number of livestock - more than four horses, the same number of cows. At the other extreme of the village there are horseless farms (approximately 25%). The extreme manifestation of poverty was the absence of a cow - such farms numbered up to 10%. The peasantry was suffocating from acute land shortages. There was not enough land, many peasants were forced to rent land from landowners.

They paid for the land with money or work in favor of the landowner (working off). The peasants continued to pay the state money for their liberation from serfdom.

They remained the most powerless category of the population. Class courts and corporal punishment were preserved. Village life was under the control of zemstvo chiefs.

The intelligentsia played an important role in the public life of Russia. By the beginning of the 20th century. in Russia, 2.7% of the population was engaged primarily in mental work: scientists, teachers, doctors, liberal professions (lawyers, journalists, writers, artists, etc.). By 1917, their number doubled and amounted to 1.5 million people.

Lifestyle

Over 80% of the Russian population lived in rural areas. At the same time, the urban population grew rapidly. At the same time, a third of the townspeople were concentrated in large cities.

The lifestyle of the urban population of European Russia, Finland, Poland, the Baltic, and southwestern provinces was increasingly approaching the level of the industrial era. Multi-storey housing construction has expanded widely. Electricity, elevators, running water and telephones became commonplace in the homes of wealthy citizens. Trams ran quickly along the streets next to cab drivers, and cars were no longer a rarity.

The country's rural residents adhered to the traditional way of life, age-old rules and norms of behavior, although urban trends also penetrated into the villages. At the same time, many peoples of the Russian Empire were practically not affected by the influence of civilization. Their life, way of life, culture and beliefs were at the level of tribal relations.

In terms of population literacy, Russia occupied one of the lowest places in Europe. In 1897, 21.2% were literate: 29.3% among men, 13.1% among women. The literate population lived mainly in large cities. One person out of a hundred had higher education, four people had secondary education. Only among the nobility and clergy there were practically no illiterate people. The state spent 43 rubles per year on educational needs per capita, while England and Germany - about 4 rubles, the USA - 7 rubles.

Thus, the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century. was a multinational power with a huge territory that had embarked on the path of industrial modernization, but retained traditional political foundations.

Expanding vocabulary

Autonomy- self-government, the right to independently resolve internal issues by any part of the state, a separate institution.

Industrial society- a society in which the process of creating a large, technically developed industry, predominant over agriculture, has been completed.

Patronage- patronage of any business, science, culture.

Modernization- the process of transition from traditional society to industrial society.

Self-test questions

1. What territories were part of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century?
2. What religions did the subjects of the Russian Empire profess? What religion was the state religion?
3. What is modernization? What are the features of Russian economic modernization?
4. What changes took place in the social structure of Russian society?
5. What new challenges did Russia face at the beginning of the 20th century? How are they related to modernization?

Express your point of view on the question: “What problems facing the country at the beginning of the 20th century do you consider the most important, acute, and why?”

LESSON PLAN
The state and Russian society at the end XIX – beginning XX century

The purpose of the lesson:

Consider the features of the development of the Russian Empire at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries, characterize the social structure, political system and standard of living using electronic educational resources.

Objectives: - educational

1. To generate knowledge about the features of the development of the Russian Empire at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries, using ESM

know public administration and features of the political development of the Russian Empire at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries.

know the main indicators and factors determining the dynamics of the development of the Russian Empire;

know Russia’s place in the world in terms of population, the structure of Russian society, using document data;

know the lifestyle of the urban and rural population of the Russian Empire at the turn of the century.

-developing:

1. Develop the ability to analyze graphs and maps, find the necessary information in them, and identify the main features.

2. Develop the skills of interpreting source information into new forms (into a diagram).

3. Develop the ability to work in groups - effectively collaborate and interact, listen to different points of view about the political development of Russia.

4. Develop the ability to make inferences, conclusions based on the results of a discussion, discussion of problematic issues.

-educational

1. Nurturing Russian civic identity, a sense of concern for the fate of the Russian people.

2. Fostering tolerance as a norm of conscious and friendly attitude towards another person, his opinion, worldview, culture.

Personal results:

- formation of readiness and ability for self-development and self-education based on the use of electronic educational resources;

Formation of a cognitive and information culture, including the development of skills for independent work with available tools and technical means of information technology;

Formation of tolerance as a norm of conscious and friendly attitude towards another person, his opinion, worldview;

Mastering social norms and rules of behavior for working in groups;

Formation of communicative competence in educational and research activities.

Meta-subject results:

Mastering the skills of independently acquiring new knowledge, searching for means of its implementation;

Formation and development of educational and general user competence in the field of using technical means of information and communication technologies as an instrumental basis for the development of communicative and cognitive universal educational activities.

Ability to extract necessary information from various sources;

Ability to work in a group - effectively collaborate and interact based on the coordination of various positions in developing a common solution in joint activities.

Subject results:

Formation of basic theoretical knowledge about the state of the Russian Empire at the turn of the century;

Mastering the skills of finding and using historical information in practice;

Formation of skills and abilities to use historical knowledge in assessing the processes taking place in modern Russia;

Creating a basis for the formation of interest in the further expansion and deepening of historical knowledge.

Lesson type - learning a new topic

Forms of student work - partially - search work, problem-based learning, work in pairs.

Required technical equipment - computer class, multimedia installation

Lesson structure and flow

STRUCTURE AND PROGRESS OF THE LESSON

Task 1. Analyze the materials in the paragraph and fill out the table “Territory and population of the Russian Empire”

Task 2.

1. Highlight the characteristic features of the social structure of Russian society at the beginning of the 20th century:

a) maintaining the class division of society

b) the simultaneous existence of the main classes of traditional and industrial society

c) a significant proportion of small bourgeois owners

d) “crystallization” of the population along class lines

2. Group the following social groups according to their affiliation with either traditional or industrial society:

a) peasantry

b) nobility

c) bourgeoisie

d) proletariat

d) philistinism

e) merchants

g) farming

h) intelligentsia

Traditional society: a, b, d, f

Industrial society: c, d, g, h

Task 3. Based on the digital material presented below, formulate and write down conclusions about the processes taking place among the local nobility

1. 31% of nobles owned plots whose size did not exceed 20 acres

2. 25.8% of nobles owned lands from 20 to 100 acres

3. At the same time, 17% of large landowners owned 83% of the total noble land fund, and 155 large latifundists - 36.2%

4. By 1915, 50 million dessiatines of landowners’ land worth over 4 billion rubles were pledged

5. From January 1, 1905 to January 1, 1915, the total area of ​​noble estates in European Russia decreased by 20%

Land ownership ceased to be exclusively noble. In 1905, more than a third of large estates belonged to non-nobles. Only a few noble landowners were able to transfer their farms to capitalist lines, transform them into model estates using agricultural machines and hired labor. The vast majority of landowners were unable to adapt to the new conditions. Their expenses exceeded their income. Lands were mortgaged and remortgaged, sold

Task 4. To which of the following public figures do these characteristics belong (we are talking about one person)?

For a number of years he was at the head of the Nikolskaya manufactory and knew the factory business well. In addition, he was heavily involved in industrial and social activities. P.A. Buryshkin, industrialist, writer

This wonderful man was destined to play in our theater the important and wonderful role of a patron of the arts, who knows how not only to make material sacrifices, but also to serve art with all devotion, without pride, without false ambition and personal gain. K.S. Stanislavsky, actor, director, theater theorist

But his most enormous, all-consuming passion was Maxim Gorky and, subsequently, the revolutionary movement... V.N. Nemirovich-Danchenko, actor, director

a) S. Morozov

b) A. Putilov

c) P. Tretyakov

Task 5

1. Who were called kulaks in Russia at the beginning of the century:

a) rural moneylenders

b) wealthy peasants

c) peasants who separated from the community

2. What processes were characteristic of the Russian peasantry at the beginning of the 20th century. (several answer options are possible):

a) strong community influence

b) the predominance of wealthy peasants

c) social stratification

d) land shortage

d) high literacy

f) the existence of corporal punishment

Task 6

1. Which of the following characterizes the position of the Russian proletariat at the beginning of the 20th century:

a) high concentration of workers in industrial enterprises

b) low working hours

c) a well-thought-out system of social benefits and guarantees

d) lack of basic civil rights

e) draconian system of fines

2. Form logical pairs from the following provisions, interconnected as cause and effect:

a) lack of labor legislation

b) high concentration of labor

c) poor technical equipment of enterprises

d) mass discontent among workers

3. What was the legally established length of the working day for an adult man in factories and factories in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century:

History lesson

MBOU "Chula Basic Secondary School"

History teacher Demko E.N.
Lesson topic: The state and Russian society at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century.

The purpose of the lesson:

1.Update the necessary knowledge of students from the course on the history of Russia in the 19th century.

2. Bring students to understand that Russia at the beginning of the 20th century was a moderately developed agrarian-industrial country.

3. Continue to develop the skills to analyze historical sources, draw conclusions independently, and work with a historical map.

Plan:

1. Update students’ necessary knowledge from the course on the history of Russia in the 19th century

2. Territory and population of the Russian Empire

3. Features of Russian modernization

4. Political system. State symbols

5. Social structure

6. Lifestyle

DURING THE CLASSES

1. Updating students' basic knowledge based on previously studied eighth-grade material (19th-century Russian history).

What period of the history of our state did we study in eighth grade?

What was the name of our state in the 19th century?

What historical events from the history of our state of the 19th century do you remember?

Which emperor ruled the Russian Empire in the 19th century?

Which great cultural figures lived in the 19th century?

Who were called Decembrists, Narodniks, Itinerants, Westerners, Slavophiles?

What period of cultural development in the 19th century has gone down in history as the “Golden Age”?

2. Study a new topic

Territory and population of the Russian Empire

At the beginning of the 20th century, the Russian Empire was one of the largest countries in the world, with more than 22 million km, ranking second after the British Empire.

The Russian Empire was divided into provinces and regions. Only the Grand Duchy of Finland retained its autonomy. The Khanate of Khiva and the Emirate of Bukhara were dependent on Russia.

More than 128 million people and more than 100 peoples and nationalities lived in the country. All major religions existed. The majority professed Orthodoxy. A considerable part of the Russian population considered themselves to be members of the Old Believer Church. A large group of peoples - Tatars, Bashkirs, highlanders of the Caucasus, the peoples of Central Asia were Muslims. Kalmyks and Buryats were followers of Buddhism. The indigenous peoples of the North and Siberia retained pagan beliefs.

Features of Russian modernization

At the beginning of the 20th century. The process of modernization continued in Russia. Russia entered the path of capitalist development relatively late; it had to move as quickly as possible, transition to an industrial society in a short time. At the beginning of the 20th century. Modernization covered mainly those sectors of the economy on which the military and political power of the country depended.

Political system. State symbols

The Russian Empire remained an autocratic monarchy. All state power - legislative, executive and judicial - was concentrated in the hands of the emperor.

The advisory body under the emperor was the State Council. The monarch led the country through the Committee of Ministers, which was the highest executive body of the empire. The ministers were responsible only to the emperor; he was not only the head of state, but also of the Russian Orthodox Church. The tsar controlled the Orthodox Church through the Synod.

The coat of arms of the Russian Empire was a double-headed eagle with royal regalia - crowns, scepter and orb. The national flag was a cloth with white, blue and red horizontal stripes. The national anthem began with the words: “God save the Tsar...”

Social structure

Economic modernization was accompanied by important changes in the social structure of society. Modernization destroyed class barriers. The most powerful class of Russian society was the bourgeoisie. The number of the big bourgeoisie was insignificant, approximately 25 thousand people (with family members 125 thousand). Many representatives of the Russian bourgeoisie were engaged in charity, philanthropy and educational activities. Textile manufacturer P.M. Tretyakov donated a collection of Russian paintings to Moscow. With the financial assistance of S.T. Morozov, the Moscow Art Theater was created.

By the beginning of the 20th century. in Russia there were approximately 13 million wage workers, 2.8 million. - hereditary workers, the rest of the workers are in the first generation, people from villages.

The highest social group in Russia was the hereditary nobility; they owned land property. But here, too, changes took place. In 1905, more than a third of large estates did not belong to the nobility; few noble landowners were able to transfer the economy to capitalist lines using agricultural machines and hired labor. Lands were mortgaged and remortgaged and sold.

There was a stratification among the peasantry, all wealthy owners were called kulaks, they made up 2-3% of the peasant population. At the other extreme of the village there are horseless farms (approximately 25%). The extreme manifestation of poverty was the absence of a cow - such owners numbered up to 10%.

By the beginning of the 20th century in Russia, 2.7% of the population were engaged in mental work6 scientists, teachers, doctors, lawyers, journalists, artists - the intelligentsia. By 1917 their number was 1.5 million people.

Lifestyle

Independent work of students with textbooks.

Homework: § 1; answer questions about the paragraph

Territory and population Parameters Data (fill in - page 5) Territory Administrative division Population National composition Religions Savka N.V., teacher of history and social studies, Municipal Educational Institution "February Secondary School", 2011

Territory and population Parameters Data Territory More than 22 million km (second place in the world after the British Empire) Administrative division Provinces and regions, autonomous Finland Population More than 128 million people National composition More than 100 peoples and nationalities Religions Orthodoxy, Old Believers, Catholicism, Protestantism, Islam, Buddhism, Judaism, paganism Savka N.V., teacher of history and social studies, MOU "February Secondary School", 2011.

Russian modernization 1. Features (in the economy, political, social spheres 3. Tasks of the state related to modernization 2. Problems of modernization (in the economy, political, social structures) Group assignments: Savka N.V., teacher of history and social studies, Moscow Educational Institution " February secondary school", 2011

In the economy Late start of modernization, the need to catch up with developed countries in a short time. Initiative and state control. Preferential development of heavy industries. In the political sphere: Preservation of autocracy, absence of political parties, civil rights and freedoms of the population. In the social sphere Preservation of the class system, which does not reflect the economic situation. The emergence of classes in bourgeois society, the erosion of classes and class barriers. Development of philanthropy and educational activities of the bourgeoisie. Savka N.V., teacher of history and social studies, Municipal Educational Institution "February Secondary School", 2011

In the economy, Modernization required the exertion of all the forces of the state; light industry did not develop and did not have state support. In the political sphere, the political system did not meet the requirements of the time and the needs of the state: the classes producing the wealth of the state did not have political rights. In the social sphere, the preservation of the class system did not reflect the real economic situation layers of the population. The poverty of workers and peasants, the preservation of the remnants of serfdom posed a threat of social explosion. Savka N.V., teacher of history and social studies, Municipal Educational Institution "February Secondary School", 2011

In the economy Completion of modernization in a short time, creation of a powerful economy, which is the basis of the power of the state. In the political sphere, the elimination of autocracy, the division of branches of power, the creation of a representative body (parliament), and the endowment of citizens with rights and freedoms. In the social sphere, the elimination of class division and the associated privileges of the nobility. Improving the situation of workers and peasants. Destruction of the remnants of serfdom. Savka N.V., teacher of history and social studies, Municipal Educational Institution "February Secondary School", 2011

Consolidation 1. In 1897, the following people lived in Russia: A) 128 million people B) 137 million people C) 105 million people 2. Modernization is a transition A) from a traditional society to an industrial society B) from an industrial society to a post-industrial one C) from industrial society to the traditional 3. The head of the Russian state was: A) State Council B) Senate C) Emperor 4. The national anthem began with the words: A) “Glory to the Fatherland...” B) “God bless the Emperor...” C) “God "Save the Tsar..." Savka N.V., teacher of history and social studies, MOU "February Secondary School", 2011

5. The following did not belong to the highest state bodies: A) Zemstvo government B) Synod C) Senate D) Committee of Ministers 6. The privileged class at the end of the 19th century: A) Philistinism B) Nobility C) Merchants D) Peasantry 7. The most a powerful social group from an economic point of view: A) Merchants B) Bourgeoisie C) Nobility D) Intelligentsia Savka N.V., teacher of history and social studies, MOU "February Secondary School", 2011

8. A group of people in a village, the main source of wealth of which was the exploitation of hired labor, trade, usury - A) Wealthy peasants B) Poor people C) Kulaks 9. The most powerless category of the population in Russia at the end of the 19th century: A) Intellectuals B) Peasants C) Workers 10. Autonomy within Russia had: A) Poland B) Finland B) Khiva Khanate Savka N.V., teacher of history and social studies MOU "February Secondary School", 2011. Homework § 1, terms, task at the end of the paragraph Additional: tasks in the workbook Repeat: S.Yu. Witte - biography, views; concepts: monopoly, Trans-Siberian Railway, peasant community Savka N.V., teacher of history and social studies, MOU "February Secondary School", 2011