Giant sea waves tsunami emerging. What is a tsunami, pictures and photos of a tsunami

Tsunami- an incredibly dangerous natural phenomenon. Horrifying consequences make you feel unimportant. But, as they say, you need to know your enemy by sight, so let's find out more about this cruel joke of nature:

The areas most at risk from tsunamis are California, Hawaii, Oregon and Washington. Hawaii is at greatest risk and experiences about 1 tsunami per year, with dangerous tsunamis occurring approximately every 7 years.

On March 28, 1964, an extremely strong earthquake struck Alaska. This caused tsunami waves that were very destructive in southeast Alaska, Vancouver and Canada. Waves ranged in size from 6 to 21 feet. The tsunami killed more than 120 people and caused more than $106 million in damage. It was the costliest tsunami to hit the western United States and Canada.
Scientists have concluded that an impact of a moderately large asteroid (about 5-6 km in diameter) in the mid-Atlantic Ocean would generate a tsunami that would travel all the way to the upper two-thirds of the United States. Coastal cities will be destroyed by such a tsunami.
Nuclear explosions can create a tsunami, but there are no test results yet. Moreover, such testing is currently prohibited by international treaties.

During an underwater earthquake or other major disturbance that causes sudden increases or decreases in the mass of water over the affected area. This sudden movement of water creates a series of powerful waves.
Undersea earthquakes, which cause significant changes in the ocean floor and the movement of large volumes of water, are the most common cause of tsunamis.
Tsunamis can also be caused by other underwater events such as volcanic eruptions and landslides.
Tsunamis can also be associated with events above the ocean floor. These events may include meteorites falling into the ocean, large landslides near a coastline, materials from an erupting volcano, or the formation of a landslide. The consequences of a tsunami caused by such factors are usually localized.
More than 75 percent of tsunamis are caused by underwater earthquakes.

Where do tsunamis occur??

Most tsunamis occur in the Indian and Pacific oceans. The Pacific Ocean border experiences frequent earthquakes. This border is known as the "Ring of Fire". There are two main subduction zones in the Indian Ocean that can also generate tsunamis.
Subduction zone earthquakes are the most common source of destructive tsunamis. These earthquakes form when two tectonic plates meet and one slides under the other. The sinking plate is pulled towards the top plate, causing bending. The top plate is restored to its original position, displacing seawater.

In December 2004, an earthquake off the coast of Indonesia caused the sea surface to move away from the epicenter, like a tsunami, within 10 minutes of the event. In this figure, the red arrows indicate the direction in which the top plate deforms due to drag and releases the bottom plate.

• In deep ocean waters, waves are created with long wavelengths, but usually no more than one meter in height. Tsunami waves can be hundreds of kilometers long, and they travel at very high speeds and over long distances without losing much of their energy.
• You can see a mini-tsunami if you throw a large object into the water.
• Tsunamis in the open ocean can travel at speeds of 950 kilometers per hour (that's the speed of a passenger plane). A tsunami loses speed as it approaches the ground, but it does not lose most of its energy.

• In the open ocean, it can be difficult to spot tsunami waves. However, as a tsunami wave approaches and moves to shallower depths, the leading edge of the wave slows down, while the waves at the trailing edge still travel at their original speed. This causes the water to clump together and causes the wave height to increase. This process is known as "shoaling". When a wave reaches land, it can act like a series of breaking waves or just a large, powerful wave.
• The enormous energy of the wave can cause a flow of large amounts of water, which rushes inland, far beyond the coastal zone.
• Some of the largest tsunami waves were generated by the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa. That tsunami reached a height of 37 m. In 1737, the tsunami had a wave height of 64 m and higher (its impact fell on Cape Lopatka, in northeastern Russia).
• Tsunami waves are different from normal waves!Normal waves generated by wind and water that moves near the surface. In a tsunami, all the water moves from the surface to the bottom of the ocean, and this movement is formed due to the displacement of water (as a rule, this is caused by earthquakes). In the open ocean, tsunamis create little movement and a great threat to shipping.
• When a tsunami reaches the shore, its wavelength can be more than 100 km. A tsunami can last for hours or even days, depending on the location. This is significantly different from the waves we are used to seeing on the beach. Typical ocean waves usually last less than a minute and have a wavelength of only 100 meters.
• The energy from a tsunami is enough to strip sand from an entire beach, tear out trees, and crush buildings.
• People and boats are powerless against the force of a tsunami. The amount of water involved in a tsunami is capable of inundating large areas of normal dry land.

The most famous tsunamis in recent times:

• Solomon Islands April 2, 2007

On April 2, 2007, an earthquake occurred with a magnitude of 8.1 on the Richter scale. The earthquake occurred in shallow water early in the morning and was quickly followed by a tsunami. The waves were up to 10 m high. More than 50 were reported and thousands were left homeless. Tsunami warnings were issued in Australia and Alaska 15 minutes after the earthquake.

• Samoa September 29, 2009

At 6:49 a.m., a magnitude 8.0 earthquake triggered a tsunami that caused extensive damage to property and the natural environment and resulted in the deaths of more than 100 people.

• Chile February 27, 2010

It was caused by an earthquake with a magnitude of 8.8. The epicenter of the earthquake was 115 km from Concepcion. The epicenter of the earthquake was 230 km. This earthquake was the result of movement between the eastern Pacific plate and the South American plate. The first waves struck about 34 minutes after the earthquake. Buildings were severely damaged and more than 200 lives were lost.

• Papua New Guinea 17 July 1998

An earthquake measuring 7.0 on the Richter scale in the immediate vicinity of the northern coast caused a devastating tsunami. Waves of up to 10 meters swept through villages in the Aitape region very quickly. More than 2,000 people were killed and the tsunami caused severe damage to buildings and farmland.

• Indian Ocean tsunami December 26, 2004

This tsunami was one of the most destructive natural disasters in recent years.. The earthquake that caused it occurred west of the Indonesian island of Sumatra and measured 9.0 on the Richter scale, making it largest earthquake around the world in the last 40 years . The death toll in March 2005 was more than 273,000, with many missing.

And now it’s time for incredible video materials:

Tsunami Thailand - 2004

Japan 2011 tsunami video

Tsunami in Khao Lak

Tsunami(Japanese 津波 IPA: where 津 - “port, bay”, 波 - “wave”). Translated from Japanese it means “big wave in the harbor” or simply “wave in the harbor”. Tsunamis are long waves generated by a powerful impact on the entire thickness of water in the ocean or other body of water.
They have spatial scales from several hundred meters to several hundred kilometers. Tsunami wave propagation speed (c) described by the formula Lagrange:

с=√gh,

Where h- depth of the ocean;

g- acceleration of gravity.

Causes of tsunamis.

Tsunamis are not always generated by any one phenomenon; they can be caused by a combination of them. For example, an earthquake and a landslide, a volcanic eruption accompanied by an earthquake and a landslide, and so on.

Most tsunamis are caused by underwater earthquakes(today it is believed that this is the reason that accounts for about 85 % all tsunamis), during which a sharp displacement (raising or lowering) of a section of the seabed occurs. Not every underwater earthquake is accompanied by a tsunami. The tsunami wave that generates is usually an earthquake with a shallow source. The only problem is the lack of ability to 100% recognize such earthquakes, because warning services focus only on magnitude indicators.

Second reason are landslides(near 7% all tsunamis). Once a landslide occurs, it immediately generates a wave. An earthquake can cause a landslide. Underwater landslides most often occur in river deltas.

The third reason are volcanic eruptions(near 5% all tsunamis). Large underwater eruptions have the same effect as earthquakes. A classic example is the tsunami generated after the Krakatoa eruption in 1883. Huge tsunamis from the Krakatoa volcano were observed in harbors around the world and destroyed a total of 5,000 ships and, as a result, killed about 36,000 people.

In the age of the use of atomic energy, a person has in his hands a means to independently cause shocks, previously available only to nature. Therefore, it should be understood that fourth reason is human activity. Here it should be remembered that in 1946, the United States carried out an underwater atomic explosion with a TNT equivalent of 20 thousand tons in a sea lagoon 60 m deep. The resulting wave at a distance of 300 m from the explosion rose to a height of 28.6 m, and 6.5 km from the epicenter still reached 1.8 m. And, although international treaties currently prohibit underwater testing of atomic weapons, but, as practice shows, such agreements are formal in nature and serve only to personally reassure citizens of adjacent territories in their imaginary safety and comfort.

A small, but not so safe percentage falls on meteorological reasons(such as the fall of a large celestial body) and other potential causes, described in scientific circles as “unknown” (but very dangerous). Meteorological reasons today are a rather poorly understood phenomenon. They are recorded mainly in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans.

Features of tsunami propagation

Far from the coast, the height of a tsunami is no more than 2-2.5 m, and its length can reach several hundred kilometers. These tsunamis are very gentle and almost imperceptible to ships passing over them.

The speed of a tsunami depends entirely on its depth and can reach speeds of up to 800 km/h. The most interesting thing is that in the open ocean, tsunamis are invisible, although they move at a speed of 700-800 km/h, but when approaching the shore, the speed noticeably decreases with a significant increase in the height of the approaching wave.

If a tsunami moves towards the shore, then its height, reaching shallow water, begins to increase to 20-30 m, and in some cases can reach 30-60 m. Near the shore itself, the tsunami becomes steeper and higher, reaching its peak point along the entire path of its journey.

This leads to enormous destruction and numerous casualties. Examples of this phenomenon were the coasts of Thailand, Indonesia, India and Sri Lanka during the tsunami of December 26, 2004. in the Indian Ocean, as well as the northeastern part of Japan on March 11, 2011 (the magnitude of the earthquake that generated the tsunami was 9.0 points).

From the point of view of the development of science today, we can say that the height of the tsunami on the coast and the features of movement inland depend on the size of the initial disturbance of sea level, bottom slopes, and the configuration of the coastline of the terrain.

Tsunamis are most dangerous in narrowing bays and straits, as well as in the mouth areas of rivers flowing into the sea. Tsunamis penetrate furthest along river valleys. Examples of such areas are: the Second Kuril Strait, Tuharka Bay on the island of Paramushir, Crab Bay on the island of Shikotan, the mouth of the Kamchatka River and others.

The tsunami threat at any point during the day can rise or fall sharply depending on fluctuations in the tidal level.

The very first harbingers are animals and birds, which, sensing danger, leave their habitats in the period from several hours to several days, or even weeks before the impending disaster. It’s as if our Mother Earth herself is taking care of warning living things about danger through various energy waves captured by animals and birds.

For example, residents of earthquake-prone Japan have been determining the danger of earthquakes for hundreds of years by the behavior of aquarium fish. Thus, on the eve of a tsunami, Japanese catfish literally try to jump out of the aquarium and constantly rush from wall to wall. Repeated observations, including those carried out by scientists from the experimental oceanological laboratory of the Russian Hydrometeorological University, also confirmed that ocean fish also leave coastal waters several hours before the tsunami. Studies have shown that stingrays, carp fish, catfish and crayfish are especially sensitive to changes in electromagnetic fields before natural disasters.

It is no coincidence that biochemist H. Tributsch notes that, shortly before the onset of earthquakes and the subsequent occurrence of tsunamis, a powerful stream of charged particles or ions rushes from the soil surface into the atmosphere, which saturate the air with electricity to the limit, causing increased excitability, nausea, and headaches in people. It is these electrostatic fields that force animals to leave dangerous areas. And a group of German researchers from Tübingen, led by Professor W. Ernst, also discovered a change in the color of leaves of flowers, shrubs and trees several weeks before earthquakes. Such changes can be recorded using space satellites, which will allow people to be warned about danger in advance.

Signs of a tsunami may also include:

1. A sudden rapid withdrawal of water from the shore over a considerable distance and drying out of the bottom.
2. The occurrence of an earthquake. In tsunami-prone regions, there is a rule that if an earthquake is felt, it is better to move further from the coast and at the same time climb a hill, in order to thus prepare in advance for the arrival of the wave.
3. During a storm, only the surface layer of water moves. During a tsunami - the entire thickness of water, from the bottom to the surface.
4. A tsunami, as a rule, generates not one, but several waves. The first wave, not necessarily the largest, "wets the surface", reducing resistance for subsequent waves.
5. The speed of tsunami waves, even near the shore, exceeds the speed of wind waves. The kinetic energy of tsunami waves is also thousands of times greater.

Consequences of the tsunami.

The consequences of the tsunami are huge human casualties. Human life alone is a priceless gift and gift.
As the first of the seven foundations of AllatRa states, the highest value in this world is human life. And it is very important to protect the life of any person as your own, because although it is fleeting, it gives everyone a chance to increase their main value - their inner spiritual wealth, the only thing that opens the Personality to true spiritual immortality.

The worst consequence of a tsunami is the loss of at least one priceless human life.

But, in addition to the loss of life, tsunamis also cause flooding of large coastal areas, salinization and erosion of soils, destruction of buildings and structures, and damage to ships moored near the coast. A tsunami deals a huge blow to the economy of the country in which such a disaster occurs. The economic losses from the tsunami are colossal and amount to truly astronomical sums of money allocated to eliminate the consequences and restore the destroyed infrastructure of the region.

An example of this is an event in Japan. According to experts, a year after the earthquake and the resulting tsunami, the damage to Japan is estimated at 210.00 billion US dollars. This tsunami not only became the most expensive natural disaster in history. But it also destroyed 128,582 and partially destroyed 243,914 buildings. About 320,000 people lost their homes and 15,848 lost their lives. Another 3,305 people are considered missing.

What to do if a tsunami occurs?

We must make sure that documents, the necessary minimum of things and products are always at hand.

You should discuss with family members a meeting place after a disaster, consider evacuation routes from a dangerous coastal area, or identify places for rescue if evacuation is not possible. These may be local hills or high capital buildings. You need to move to them by the shortest route, avoiding low-lying places. A distance of 2-3 km is considered safe. from the shore.

It is important to understand that when tsunami warning signs, tremors are observed, or local tsunami warnings are issued, the time to rescue can be measured in minutes. Therefore, it is necessary to act instantly, remaining collected and as calm as possible.

The occurrence of distant tsunamis is detected by warning systems and the forecast is communicated by radio and television. Such messages are preceded by the sound of sirens.

The number, height of waves, as well as the interval between them is impossible to predict. Therefore, after each wave it is dangerous to approach the shore for 2-3 hours. It is advisable to use the gap between waves to find the safest place.

Any earthquake felt on the seashore should be considered a tsunami hazard.

You cannot go close to the shore to watch the tsunami. It is believed that if you see a wave and are in a low-lying place, it is too late to save yourself.

Compliance with these simple rules of behavior and knowledge of tsunami precursors could reduce the number of victims of the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004. After all, according to eyewitnesses (this can also be seen in the recorded videos), many people used such a harbinger of a tsunami as the low tide before the arrival of the wave to walk along the seabed and collect sea animals, shells, as well as various things left after the rapid “leaving” of the water during low tide

With the right behavior, the number of saved people could reach tens of thousands.

It is necessary to pay attention to the development of science in the field of observation of animals, birds, fish and the entire surrounding world, so that, together with these harbingers of upcoming changes, we are fully armed and informed as much as possible about the impending future.
It is important to understand that in order to reduce damage from the consequences of a tsunami, it is necessary to take great responsibility for construction, which should be carried out outside the tsunami impact zone. If this is not possible, build buildings so that they absorb impacts on their short side, and/or place them on strong columns. In this case, the wave will freely pass under the building without causing damage to it.

If there is a threat of a tsunami, ships moored near the shore must be taken out to the open sea.

You should pay attention and your understanding that there are no state territories on planet Earth.

It is people themselves, by desire and choice, who share one indivisible planet, one whole and the only one, dividing it in all possible ways - whatever their imagination and greed is enough for. All this division is just an appearance for the mind and an outlet for the ego, especially the imaginary owners of artificially created territories in distant and not so distant history. We are all Earthlings. We are all inhabitants of the Earth. And it doesn’t really matter what complexion each of us has, where we live or what we believe.

It is important to support each other, lend a helping hand to your neighbor, and take care of the people around you in every possible way. And then no disaster will become an obstacle in the life of every person, but will only be a temporary task, overcoming which with joint efforts will be easy and least painful for the people “affected” by the disaster.

Tsunami waves propagate at a speed where is the gravitational acceleration and is the depth of the ocean (the so-called shallow water approach, when the wavelength is significantly greater than the depth). With an average depth of 4 km, the propagation speed is 200 m/s or 720 km/h. In the open ocean, the wave height rarely exceeds one meter, and the wave length (the distance between crests) reaches hundreds of kilometers, and therefore the wave is not dangerous for shipping. When waves enter shallow water, near the coastline, their speed and length decrease, and their height increases. Near the coast, the height of a tsunami can reach several tens of meters. The highest waves, up to 30-40 meters, form along steep shores, in wedge-shaped bays and in all places where focusing can occur. Coastal areas with closed bays are less dangerous. A tsunami usually appears as a series of waves; since the waves are long, more than an hour can pass between wave arrivals. That is why you should not return to the shore after the next wave leaves, but wait a few hours.

The wave height in coastal shallow water (H shallow), which does not have protective structures, can be calculated using the following empirical formula:

H fine = 1.3 · H deep. · (B deep / B shallow) 1/4, m

where: H deep. - initial wave height in a deep place;

B depth - depth of water in a deep place;

B chalk - water depth in the coastal shallows;

Causes of tsunami formation

Most common reasons

• Other Possible Causes. In our age of atomic energy, man has in his hands a means of causing shocks that were previously only available to nature. In 1946, the United States carried out an underwater atomic explosion with a TNT equivalent of 20 thousand tons in a sea lagoon 60 m deep. The resulting wave at a distance of 300 m from the explosion rose to a height of 28.6 m, and 6.5 km from the epicenter still reached 1.8 m. But for long-distance propagation of the wave, it is necessary to displace or absorb a certain volume of water, and a tsunami from underwater landslides and explosions are always local in nature. If several hydrogen bombs are simultaneously detonated on the ocean floor, along any line, then there will be no theoretical obstacles to the occurrence of a tsunami; such experiments have been carried out, but have not led to any significant results compared to more accessible types of weapons. Currently, any underwater testing of atomic weapons is prohibited by a series of international treaties.

• The fall of a large celestial body can cause a huge tsunami, since, having a huge falling speed (tens of kilometers per second), these bodies have colossal kinetic energy, and their mass can be billions of tons or more. This energy is transferred to the water, resulting in a wave.

• Wind can cause large waves (up to about 20 m), but such waves are not tsunamis, since they are short-period and cannot cause flooding on the coast. However, the formation of a meteo-tsunami is possible with a sharp change in pressure or with a rapid movement of an atmospheric pressure anomaly. This phenomenon is observed in the Balearic Islands and is called Rissaga.

Signs of a tsunami

• A sudden rapid withdrawal of water from the shore over a considerable distance and drying out of the bottom. The further the sea recedes, the higher the tsunami waves can be. People on the shore who are unaware of the danger may remain out of curiosity or to collect fish and shells. In this case, it is necessary to leave the shore as soon as possible and move as far away from it as possible - this rule should be followed when, for example, in Japan, on the Indian Ocean coast of Indonesia, or Kamchatka. In the case of a teletsunami, the wave usually approaches without the water receding.
• Earthquake. The epicenter of an earthquake is usually in the ocean. On the coast, the earthquake is usually much weaker, and often there is no earthquake at all. In tsunami-prone regions, there is a rule that if an earthquake is felt, it is better to move further from the coast and at the same time climb a hill, thus preparing in advance for the arrival of the wave.
• Unusual drift of ice and other floating objects, formation of cracks in fast ice.
• Huge reverse faults at the edges of stationary ice and reefs, the formation of crowds and currents.

Tsunami danger

It may not be clear why a tsunami several meters high turned out to be catastrophic, while waves of the same (and even much greater) height that arose during the storm did not lead to casualties or destruction. There are several factors that lead to catastrophic consequences:

• The height of the wave near the coast in the event of a tsunami, generally speaking, is not a determining factor. Depending on the configuration of the bottom near the coast, the tsunami phenomenon can occur without a wave at all, in the usual sense, but as a series of rapid ebbs and flows, which can also lead to casualties and destruction.

• During a storm, only the surface layer of water moves. During a tsunami - the entire thickness of water, from the bottom to the surface. At the same time, during a tsunami, a volume of water splashes onto the shore that is thousands of times greater than storm waves. It is also worth considering the fact that the length of the crest of storm waves does not exceed 100-200 meters, while the length of the tsunami crest extends along the entire coast, and this is more than one thousand kilometers.

• The speed of tsunami waves, even near the shore, exceeds the speed of wind waves. The kinetic energy of tsunami waves is also thousands of times greater.

• A tsunami, as a rule, generates not one, but several waves. The first wave, not necessarily the largest, wets the surface, reducing resistance for subsequent waves.

• During a storm, excitement increases gradually; people usually manage to move to a safe distance before large waves arrive. The tsunami comes suddenly.

• Destruction from a tsunami can increase in the harbor - where wind waves are weakened, and therefore residential buildings can be located close to the shore.

• Lack of basic knowledge among the population about possible dangers. Thus, during the 2004 tsunami, when the sea retreated from the coast, many local residents remained on the shore - out of curiosity or out of a desire to collect fish that had not managed to escape. In addition, after the first wave, many returned to their homes to assess the damage or try to find loved ones, unaware of subsequent waves.

• The tsunami warning system is not available everywhere and does not always work.

• The destruction of coastal infrastructure aggravates the disaster, adding catastrophic man-made and social factors. Flooding of lowlands and river valleys leads to soil salinization.

Tsunami warning systems

Tsunami warning systems are based mainly on the processing of seismic information. If an earthquake has a magnitude of more than 7.0 (in the press this is called points on the Richter scale, although this is a mistake, since magnitude is not measured in points. The magnitude is measured in points, characterizing the intensity of ground shaking during an earthquake) and the center is located under water, then A tsunami warning is issued. Depending on the region and the population of the shores, the conditions for generating an alarm signal may be different.

The second possibility of warning about a tsunami is a warning “after the fact” - a more reliable method, since there are practically no false alarms, but often such a warning can be generated too late. The warning after the fact is useful for teletsunamis - global tsunamis that affect the entire ocean and arrive at other ocean boundaries a few hours later. Thus, the Indonesian tsunami in December 2004 is a teletsunami for Africa. A classic case is the Aleutian tsunami - after a strong splash in the Aleutians, you can expect a significant splash in the Hawaiian Islands. Bottom hydrostatic pressure sensors are used to detect tsunami waves in the open ocean. A warning system based on such sensors with satellite communication from a near-surface buoy, developed in the United States, is called DART (en:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis). Having detected a wave in one way or another, it is possible to quite accurately determine the time of its arrival in various populated areas.

An essential aspect of the warning system is the timely dissemination of information among the population. It is very important that the population understands the threat a tsunami poses. Japan has many educational programs on natural disasters, while in Indonesia the population is largely unfamiliar with tsunamis, which was the main reason for the large number of casualties in 2004. The legislative framework for the development of the coastal zone is also important.

The largest tsunamis

XX century

• 5.11.1952 Severo-Kurilsk (USSR).

see also

Sources

• Pelinovsky E. N. Hydrodynamics of tsunami waves / IAP RAS. Nizhny Novgorod, 1996. 277 p.
• Local tsunamis: warning and risk reduction, collection of articles. / Edited by Levin B.V., Nosov M.A. - M.: Janus-K, 2002
• Levin B.V., Nosov M.A. Physics of tsunamis and related phenomena in the ocean. M.: Janus-K, 2005
• Earthquakes and tsunamis - study guide - (contents)
• Kulikov E. A. “Physical foundations of tsunami modeling” (training course)

Tsunami in art

• "Attention, tsunami!" - feature film (Odessa Film Studio, 1969)
• “Tsunami” - song by V. S. Vysotsky, 1969
• “Tsunami” is the name of the album of the group “Night Snipers” ().
• “Tsunami” - a novel by Gleb Shulpyakov
• "Tsunami" - Korean film, 2009
• "2012 (film)", 2009
• Film "Deep Impact", 1998
• Tsunami 3D - thriller 2012
• Catastrophic natural phenomena. Electronic version of the rescuer's textbook by a team of authors (Shoigu S.K., Kudinov S.M., Nezhivoy A.F., Nozhevoy S.A., under the general editorship of Vorobyov Yu.L.), published by the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia in 1997.

Notes

Links

• Tsunami Thailand (Koh Phi Phi) 2004 on YouTube (showing several phases of the arrival of a tsunami starting with calm water)

In Japanese, the character "tsu" means bay or bay, and "nami" means wave. Together, both hieroglyphs translate as “wave flooding the bay.” The catastrophic consequences of two tsunamis that hit the shores of the Indian Ocean in 2004 and Japan in 2011 clearly demonstrated that reliable protection against this formidable natural phenomenon has not yet been found...

Tsunami - what is it?

Contrary to popular belief, a tsunami is not one gigantic wave that suddenly hits the shore and sweeps away everything in its path. In fact, a tsunami is a series of marine gravity waves of very long length, resulting from the displacement of extended sections of the bottom during strong underwater earthquakes or, occasionally, for other reasons - as a result of volcanic eruptions, giant landslides, asteroid falls, underwater nuclear explosions.

How does a tsunami occur?

The most common cause of a tsunami is vertical movement of the bottom during underwater earthquakes. When part of the bottom sinks and part rises, the mass of water begins to oscillate. In this case, the water surface tends to return to its original level - the average ocean level - and thus generates a series of waves.

The speed of tsunami propagation at a sea depth of 4.5 km exceeds 800 km/h. But the wave height in the open sea is usually small - less than a meter, and the distance between the crests is several hundred kilometers, so it is not so easy to notice a tsunami from the deck of a ship or from an airplane. In the vast oceans, encountering a tsunami is not dangerous for any ship. But when waves enter shallow water, their speed and length decrease, and their height increases sharply. Near the coast, the wave height often exceeds 10 m, and in exceptional cases reaches 30-40 m. Then the impact of the elements causes colossal damage to coastal cities.

However, tsunami waves of relatively low height often cause enormous destruction. At first glance, this seems strange: why do the seemingly more formidable waves that arise during a storm not lead to similar casualties? The fact is that the kinetic energy of a tsunami is much higher than that of wind waves: in the first case, the entire thickness of the water moves, and in the second, only the surface layer. As a result, the pressure of water splashing onto land during a tsunami is many times higher than during a storm.

One more factor should not be discounted. During a storm, the excitement increases gradually, and people usually manage to move to a safe distance before they begin to face danger. A tsunami always comes suddenly.

Today, about 1000 cases of tsunamis are known, of which more than a hundred had catastrophic consequences. Geographically, the periphery of the Pacific Ocean is considered the most dangerous region - approximately 80% of all tsunamis occur there.

It is impossible to completely protect the coast from a tsunami, although some countries, especially Japan, have tried to build breakwaters and breakwaters in order to reduce the force of the waves. However, there are cases when these structures played a negative role: tsunamis destroyed them, and pieces of concrete picked up by water flows only aggravated the damage on the shore. Hopes for protection from trees planted along the shore were also not realized. To dampen the energy of waves, too large an area of ​​forest plantations is needed, and most coastal cities simply do not have that. Well, a narrow strip of trees along the embankment cannot provide any resistance to a tsunami.

One of the important measures to protect the population of dangerous regions from destructive waves was the international tsunami warning system created in the Pacific region. 25 states, including Russia, take part in its work. Scientists from different countries, based on a comprehensive analysis of strong earthquake zones, are trying to determine whether they caused tsunamis in the past, and what is the likelihood of tsunamis occurring in the future. The system's main research center, located in Honolulu, Hawaii, continuously monitors seismic conditions and surface levels in the Pacific Ocean.

In our country, the tsunami warning service of the Far East consists of three regional services: Kamchatka, Sakhalin regions and Primorsky Territory. In the Kamchatka region, in particular, there is a tsunami station of the territorial administration for hydrometeorology and environmental monitoring and a seismic station of the Institute of Earth Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

The most destructive tsunamis of the past

It is possible that the most catastrophic tsunami event in human history occurred in ancient times, although it has come down to us in the form of myths and legends. Around 1450 BC. An entire civilization perished from a giant wave triggered by the Santorini volcano. 120 km from the volcano is Crete, which at that time was one of the most powerful powers in the Mediterranean. But the tsunami at one point caused colossal damage to the island of Crete, from which the previously prosperous state was never able to recover. It collapsed, and many of its cities were abandoned for two and a half thousand years.

Giant tsunami waves followed the devastating earthquake in Lisbon on November 1, 1755. The source of the earthquake was obviously at the bottom of the ocean. The total number of victims from the waves and earthquake is estimated at approximately 60 thousand people.

In 1883, as a result of a series of eruptions of the Krakatoa volcano in Indonesia, a powerful tsunami was formed, from which the islands of Java and Sumatra suffered the most. Waves up to 40 m high wiped out about 300 villages from the face of the earth, killing more than 36 thousand people. Near the city of Teluk Betung, a Dutch warship, the gunboat Berouw, was thrown 3 km inland and ended up on a mountainside at an altitude of 9 m above sea level. Seismic waves passed two or three times around the Earth, and unusual red dawns were observed for a long time in Europe from the ash thrown into the atmosphere.

The most destructive tsunami of the 20th century hit the coast of Chile on May 22, 1960. The tsunami and the powerful earthquake that generated it, measuring 9.5 on the Richter scale, killed 2,000 people, injured 3,000, left two million homeless, and caused $550 million in damage. The same tsunami killed 61 people in Hawaii, 20 in the Philippines, 3 in Okinawa and more than 100 in Japan. The wave height on Pitcairn Island reached 13 m, on Hawaii - 12 m.

The most unusual tsunami

In 1958, a tsunami was generated in Lituya Bay, Alaska, caused by a giant landslide - about 81 million tons of ice and solid rock fell into the sea as a result of the earthquake. The waves reached an incredible height of 350-500 m - these are the largest waves ever recorded in history! The tsunami washed away all vegetation from the mountain slopes. Fortunately, the shores of the bay were uninhabited, and human casualties were minimal - only two fishermen died.

Tsunami in the Russian Far East

On April 4, 1923, a strong earthquake occurred in the Kamchatka Bay. 15-20 minutes later a wave approached the top of the bay. Two fish factories on the coast were completely destroyed, and the village of Ust-Kamchatsk was severely damaged. The ice on the Kamchatka River was broken over a distance of 7 km. 50 km southwest of the village, the maximum height of water rise on the coast was observed - up to 30 m.

In Russia, the most catastrophic tsunami occurred on the night of November 4–5, 1952 on the Far Eastern island of Paramushir, where the city of Severo-Kurilsk is located. At about 4 a.m., strong tremors began. Half an hour later the earthquake stopped, and the people who had left their homes returned to their homes. Only a few remained outside and noticed the approaching wave. They managed to take refuge in the hills, but when they went down to inspect the destruction and look for relatives, a second, even more powerful wave of water about 15 m high fell on the city. The captain of one tug stationed in the roadstead of Severo-Kurilsk said that that night the sailors did nothing They didn’t notice, but early in the morning they were surprised by the large amount of garbage and various objects floating around. When the morning fog cleared, they saw that there was no city on the shore.

On the same day, the tsunami reached the shores of Kamchatka and caused serious damage to a number of villages. In total, more than 2,000 people died, but in the USSR, until the early 1990s, almost no one knew about the events of that tragic night.

The tsunami that occurred on May 23, 1960, off the coast of Chile, reached the shores of the Kuril Islands and Kamchatka about a day later. The highest level of water rise was 6-7 m, and on the territory of the Khalaktyrsky beach near Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky - 15 m. In Vilyuchinskaya and Russkaya bays, houses were destroyed and outbuildings were washed into the sea.

Tsunami distribution in the Pacific Ocean (the most destructive waves are black and red) after the 1960 earthquake. Map prepared by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

Indian Ocean disaster (2004)

After an earthquake measuring about 9 on the Richter scale with an epicenter in the northern part of the island of Sumatra in Indonesia, which occurred on the night of December 26, 2004, a powerful tsunami covered the Indian Ocean. The more than 1,000-kilometer fault line, created by the movement of large layers of the earth's crust on the ocean floor, generated a huge release of energy. The waves hit Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Malaysia, Thailand, Bangladesh, Myanmar, the Maldives and Seychelles and reached Somalia, located 5 thousand km from the epicenter of the earthquake. More than 300 thousand people became victims of the tsunami, including foreign tourists from many countries who were vacationing in Indonesia and Thailand in those days. Most of the dead were in Indonesia (more than 180 thousand) and Sri Lanka (about 39 thousand).

Such numerous casualties are largely explained by the lack of basic knowledge among the local population about the impending danger. So, when the sea retreated from the shore, many locals and tourists remained on the shore - out of curiosity or out of a desire to collect the fish remaining in the puddles. In addition, after the first wave, many returned to their homes to assess the damage or try to find loved ones, not knowing that others would follow the first wave.

Tsunami in Japan (2011)

The tsunami was caused by a strong earthquake of magnitude 9.0-9.1 that occurred on March 11, 2011 at 14:46 local time (8:46 Moscow time). The center of the earthquake was at a depth of 32 km, at a point with coordinates 38.322° N. 142.369°E east of the island of Honshu, 130 km east of the city of Sendai and 373 km northeast of Tokyo. In Japan, the tsunami caused widespread destruction on the east coast. The maximum wave height was observed in Miyagi Prefecture - 10 m. The tsunami flooded the Sendai airport, washed away one passenger train, and caused serious damage to the Fukushima I nuclear power plant. In Sendai alone, the tsunami caused the death of approximately 300 people. The total damage caused to the country's economy amounts to hundreds of billions of dollars.

According to official data, the death toll from the earthquake and tsunami was 15,892 people, with another 2,576 people listed as missing. 6,152 people were seriously injured. According to unofficial data, the number of victims is much higher. According to media reports, 9,500 people are missing in the city of Minamisanriku alone.

Numerous photographic documents paint a truly apocalyptic picture of destruction:

The tsunami was observed along the entire Pacific coast - from Alaska to Chile, but outside Japan it looked much weaker. The tourism infrastructure of Hawaii was hit the hardest—about 200 private yachts and boats were wrecked and sunk in Honolulu alone. On the island of Guam, waves tore two US Navy nuclear submarines from their moorings. In Crescent City, California, more than 30 boats were damaged and one person was killed.

According to the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, due to the threat of a tsunami on the Kuril Islands, 11 thousand residents were evacuated from coastal areas. The highest wave height - about 3 m - was recorded in the area of ​​the village of Malokurilskoye.

Tsunami in cinema

In the popular genre of disaster films, tsunamis have repeatedly attracted the attention of screenwriters and directors. An example is the feature film “Tsunami” (South Korea, 2009), frames from which are given below.

What is a tsunami? How is this natural phenomenon formed? For what reasons can these giant waves arise? What signs can be used to determine that a tsunami is approaching? Let's take a closer look at where they most often occur and provide statistics on the most destructive natural disasters that have occurred due to tsunamis over the past 50-60 years.

The definition of the word tsunami when translated from Japanese means "wave in a harbor". that is, tsunamis are large and long waves that are formed due to the impact on the entire thickness of water. This is the difference between a simply large storm wave and a tsunami, since in a large storm wave the impact occurs only on the surface, while in a tsunami the entire thickness of the water is affected. Of course, the larger the body of water, the larger and longer the tsunami. Tsunamis can only form in seas and oceans. With a tsunami, most often not one wave is formed, but several, which are thrown onto land with a time interval between them from 2 minutes to 2 hours.

Causes of tsunamis

Scientists share several reasons for the occurrence of such a natural phenomenon as a tsunami. Mainly, a tsunami occurs from the impact on the bottom of the sea or ocean, as a result of which a force is released, which forms the movement of the entire thickness of water - that is, a tsunami.

These are natural phenomena such as:

• — underwater earthquakes;
• - landslides;
• — underwater volcanic eruptions;
• — the fall of a large celestial body into the ocean or sea (for example, the Tunguska meteorite);
• - military tests (for example, testing nuclear weapons in the ocean or sea).

How does a tsunami occur due to earthquakes?

Large waves are formed due to the displacement of lithospheric plates, while the plates themselves begin to move as a result of underwater earthquakes. The mechanism for the formation of a wave as a result of the displacement of lithospheric plates is as follows: one plate begins to creep under the other, as a result, a sufficiently large force is formed that lifts the second lithospheric plate upward, this effect sets the water column in motion.

Other causes of tsunamis

The next cause of waves such as tsunamis is landslides. For example, off the coast of Alaska, a large landslide occurred and a large amount of ice and earth rocks fell into the water from a great height, resulting in a large and long wave. Off the coast of Alaska, the wave reached a height of more than 500 meters.

Tsunamis as a result of the eruption of an underwater volcano are formed in much the same way as during an earthquake. Since as a result of a volcanic eruption, explosions occur, and when they are very powerful, they are also ways to cause the occurrence of large and long waves, i.e. tsunamis.

What types of tsunamis are there?

Scientists distinguish different types of tsunamis depending on the strength and height of the waves, as well as the catastrophic consequences that these waves cause. Waves from earthquakes can be formed as large as 10 meters in height, or very small - waves of 1-2 meters. The further from the coast, the less destructive the tsunami has.

The most destructive tsunamis occur when the epicenter of the earthquake is close to the shore, with an earthquake magnitude of 6.5 on the Richter scale. And a small earthquake somewhere in the center of the ocean can cause waves of 1 meter, which are not dangerous even for ships and liners that are nearby. This is because the tsunami gains its strength and power as it approaches the shore. That is why, when you are in seismically dangerous coastal zones, you need to know the main signs of a tsunami.

Signs of a tsunami:

• - earthquakes - the more intense the tremors, the stronger the wave;
• - sharp ebb of tide - the further the sea and ocean coast goes inland, the higher and more powerful the wave will be.

Which regions belong to seismically dangerous zones where a tsunami can form?

Most often, tsunamis are formed on the coasts of the Pacific Ocean, since more than 80% of the active volcanoes of our planet are located in its waters, and 80% of all earthquakes occur at the bottom of this ocean. Dangerous zones include the western coast of Japan, Sakhalin Island, the coast of Peru, India, Australia, and Madagascar.

Gender of nouns

6th grade

Test work No. 4.

Target:

1. Identify skills in determining the classifying feature of a noun - gender.
2. Test your word analysis skills at the phonetic, morphemic, and morphological levels.
3. Punctuation skills.

Dictation.

"Tsunami"

Tsunami is a Japanese word. These ominous waves, often preceded by a sudden ebb of tide, claim more lives than any other marine disaster.

A grandiose spectacle - a real tsunami, a single wave generated by a large earthquake.

At first this wave is very high, then it moves away from its birthplace and quickly becomes lower and lower, and in the open ocean it can hardly be distinguished from other waves.

Ships encountering a tsunami often do not notice anything, but its peaceful appearance is deceptive: the wave carries colossal force.

Having reached the coastal shallows, it suddenly grows to a dizzying height. The sea emerges from the shore and advances onto the land like a huge wall.

White breakers boil at the top of the blue-gray wall.

Then the wall collapses, flooding piers, port facilities, houses, and entire villages with millions of tons of salt water.

Assignments to the text.

1. Have you ever heard of a tsunami?

   What is a tsunami?

   Express your attitude to this natural phenomenon. (3 p.)

2. Determine the gender of the inflexible word “tsunami”.

   How did you do this? (2 p.).

3. Give your example of an inflexible word.

   What, in your opinion, is the reason for this phenomenon?

   Explain. (3 p.).

4. What do you know about common nouns?

   Give an example, explain the reason for this grammatical phenomenon. (3p.),

5. Which nouns have no gender differences? (2 p.)
6. Find a sentence with a dash and explain its placement. (3 p.).
7. Underline the grammatical basis in this sentence.

   How is it expressed? (2 p.).

8. Explain the spelling of words:

Colossal, grows, millions, coastal, blue-gray, salty.

1. Sort out the words according to their composition:

Preceded by, earthquake, removed, dizzying, port.(3 p.).

Grammar task grading scale.

24 – 22 p……………………………………...”10"

21 – 20 p………………………………………9"

19 - 18 p…………………………………………………………”8”

17 – 16 p……………………………………………………….”7”

15 – 13 p…………………………………….”6”

12 – 11 p……………………………………..”5”

10 - 8 p………………………………………….”4”

7 – 6 p………………………………………….”3”

5 – 4 p…………………………………………………………….”2”

3 – 1 p…………………………………………………………….”1”

The word tsunami

The word tsunami in English letters (transliterated) - tsunami

The word tsunami consists of 6 letters: a and m n u ts

Meanings of the word tsunami.

What is a tsunami?

Tsunami (translated from Japanese means “high wave in the bay”) are long waves generated by a powerful impact on the entire thickness of water in the ocean or other body of water.

Encyclopedic Fund of Russia

Tsunamis, huge sea waves associated mainly with underwater earthquakes, but sometimes generated by volcanic eruptions on the ocean floor, which can cause the formation of several waves...

Encyclopedia Around the World

Tsunami tsunami are sea waves of very long length that occur during strong underwater and coastal earthquakes, as well as during volcanic eruptions or large rock falls from a coastal cliff.

Geographical encyclopedia

Tsunamis are giant waves resulting from earthquakes whose epicenter is located under the ocean floor.

Near the coast, the height of a tsunami can reach 10–30 meters and approach the coast with enormous speed.

Japan from A to Z - 2009

"Tsunami 3D" (eng.

What is a tsunami

Bait is a thriller directed by Kimble Randall. World premiere - September 6, 2012, premiere in Russia - September 27, 2012. The film takes place in a small Australian town located near the ocean coast.

en.wikipedia.org

TSUNAMI (TSUNAMI)

TSUNAMI (TSUNAMI) is a huge, destructive wave that occurs when the water level changes locally during underwater earthquakes.

Their speed of spread is 400-800 km/h. The height when approaching the banks reaches 15-30 m or more.

Geological Dictionary. — 1978

Tsunami deposits

Tsunami deposits are accumulative deposits remaining on coasts after exposure to tsunami waves.

Based on tsunami deposits, it is possible to reconstruct wave parameters such as height (runup)…

en.wikipedia.org

Attention, tsunami!

"Attention, tsunami!" - Soviet adventure film from 1969. Seven sailors serve at a remote warning post located in the Pacific Ocean.

One day a tsunami hits the island. A giant wave destroys the bunker.

en.wikipedia.org

ATTENTION, TSUNAMI!, USSR, Odessa Film Studio, 1969, b/w, 82 min. Heroic film story. A remote warning post in the Pacific Ocean. Seven sailors carry out their service, the peaceful course of which is interrupted by a tsunami that hits the island.

Encyclopedia of cinema. — 2010

Tsunami Strength Rating Scale

Tsunami strength rating scale - a four-point scale for assessing the strength (intensity) of a tsunami based on its impact on ground objects and wave height (M).

Proposed by K. Iida and A. Imamura Moderate tsunami…

Glossary of terms of the Ministry of Emergency Situations. — 2010

Meiji Sanriku Earthquake and Tsunami (1896)

The Meiji Sanriku earthquake and tsunami was one of the most destructive natural disasters in Japanese history. A magnitude 7.2 earthquake that occurred on June 15, 1896 generated a tsunami with a higher magnitude of 8.2...

en.wikipedia.org

Russian language

Tsunami station, -i.

Orthographic dictionary.

Tsunamis are sea waves of very long length that occur during strong underwater and coastal earthquakes, as well as during volcanic eruptions or large rock falls from a coastal cliff.

Geographical encyclopedia

Usage examples for tsunami

No tsunami warnings were issued after the earthquake.

The announced tsunami threat on the Sakhalin coast was subsequently lifted.

has developed a tsunami barrier system that automatically responds to the impact of a wave.

There has been no information yet about casualties in the Russian Federation, nor about the threat of a tsunami.

The group's first performances took place in April 2011 in Japan, which was shaken by the earthquake and tsunami.

tsunami- an incredibly dangerous natural phenomenon. Horrible consequences make you feel out of place. But as they say, you need to know your enemy personally, so learn more about this evil nature:

The areas most at risk from tsunamis are California, Hawaii, Oregon and Washington. Hawaii is the highest risk and has about 1 tsunami per year, with a dangerous tsunami occurring every 7 years.

Alaska was hit by an extremely strong earthquake. This caused a tsunami wave that was very destructive in the southeast of Alaska, Vancouver and Canada.

Waves ranged from 6 to 21 feet. The tsunami killed more than 120 people and caused more than $106 million in damage. It was the costliest tsunami to hit the western United States and Canada.
Scientists have discovered that the impact of a moderately large asteroid (approximately 5-6 km in diameter) in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean will create a tsunami that will travel to two-thirds of the United States. Coastal cities will be destroyed by such a tsunami.
Nuclear explosions can create a tsunami, but not yet the test results.

Tsunami is a catastrophic natural phenomenon

Moreover, such testing is currently prohibited by international agreements.

What causes a tsunami?

An undersea earthquake or other major disturbance that causes a sudden increase or decrease in the mass of water over the affected area.

This sudden flow of water creates a series of strong waves.
The most common causes of tsunamis are undersea earthquakes, which cause significant changes in the ocean floor and the movement of large amounts of water.
Tsunamis can also be caused by other underwater events such as volcanic eruptions and landslides.
Tsunamis can also be associated with events above the ocean floor.

These events may include meteorite impacts in the ocean, large landslides near the coast, materials from a volcano erupting, or landslides. The effects of a tsunami caused by such factors are usually localized.
More than 75 percent of tsunamis are caused by undersea earthquakes.

Where do tsunamis occur??

Most tsunamis occur in the Indian and Pacific oceans.

The Pacific Ocean regions are prone to earthquakes. This boundary is known as the "Ring of Fire". There are two main subduction zones in the Indian Ocean that can also create tsunamis.
Subduction region earthquakes are the most common source of destructive tsunamis. These earthquakes are formed when two tectonic plates meet, one underneath the other. The submerged slab extends to the top slab causing bending.

The top plate returns to its original position, thereby moving seawater.

In December 2004, an earthquake off the coast of Indonesia resulted in sea surface movement, such as a tsunami, moving away from the epicenter 10 minutes after the event.

In this picture, the red arrows indicate the direction in which the top plate is deformed by pulling and lowering the bottom plate.

A tsunami can actually move!

• In deep ocean waters, waves are created with long waves, but usually no more than one meter in height.

  Tunisian waves can be hundreds of miles long and travel very quickly and over long distances without losing much of their energy.

• You may see a mini-tsunami if you throw a large object into the water.
• Tsunamis in the open sea can travel at speeds of 950 kilometers per hour (that is, the speed of a passenger plane).

  The tsunami loses speed as it approaches the ground, but does not lose much of its energy.

What is the size of the tsunami?

• In the open ocean, tsunami waves are very difficult to see. However, as a tsunami wave approaches land and travels to a lower depth, the leading edge of the wave slows down and moves backward in the waves at the initial speed.

  This causes the water to crash into the pile and causes the waves to increase in height. This process is known as "shallow water". When a wave hits the floor, it can behave like a series of surfs or just a powerful wave.

• The enormous energy of the waves can cause a flow of large quantities of water that will enter the interior, far beyond the coastal zone.
• Some of the largest tsunami waves were generated by the Krakatoa volcano eruption in 1883.

  The tsunami reached a height of 37 m. The tsunami reached a height of 64 m or more in 1737 (its impact fell at Cape Lopatka, in northeastern Russia).

• Tsunami waves are different from normal waves! Normal waves caused by wind and water moving near the surface.

  In a tsunami, all the water moves from the surface to the ocean floor, which is caused by water movements (caused by earthquakes). In the open ocean, tsunamis create little movement and a large threat to shipping.

• When a tsunami reaches the coast, its wavelength is more than 100 km.

  A tsunami can last for several hours or even days, depending on the location. This is fundamentally different from the waves we saw on the beach. Typical ocean waves typically last less than a minute and have a wavelength of only 100 meters.

• The energy from the tsunami is enough to strip sand from an entire beach, remove trees and crush buildings.
• People and boats are powerless against the power of a tsunami. The amount of water caused by a tsunami can flood vast areas of normal land.

The most famous tsunami in recent times:

• Solomon Islands April 2, 2007

The earthquake occurred in shallow water early in the morning and was soon followed by a tsunami. Waves reached heights of up to 10 m. More than 50 deaths were reported, while thousands of people were left homeless. There are tsunami warnings in Australia and Alaska 15 minutes after the earthquake.

At 6:49 a.m., the tsunami, which caused extensive damage to property and the natural environment, triggered an 8.0 magnitude earthquake and killed more than 100 people.

The cause is an earthquake of magnitude 8.8.

The epicenter of the earthquake was 115 km from Concepcion. The epicenter of the earthquake was 230 km. This earthquake was the result of movement between the eastern Pacific plates and the South American plates. The first waves struck about 34 minutes after the earthquake. Buildings were severely damaged and more than 200 people died.

• Papua New Guinea 17 July 1998

An earthquake measuring 7.0 on the Richter scale just off the northern coast triggered a devastating tsunami.

Waves of up to 10 meters were very fast through villages in the Aitape region. More than 2,000 people were killed and the tsunami caused severe damage to buildings and farmland.

• Indian Ocean tsunami December 26, 2004

This tsunami was one of the most destructive natural disasters in recent years.

The earthquake that caused it occurred west of the Indonesian island of Sumatra and measured 9.0 on the same Richter scale, the world's largest earthquake in 40 years. The death toll in March 2005 was more than 273,000, many of whom were missing.

And here is a series of incredible videos:

Tsunami Thailand 2004

Keywords in 2017: Haip, Zashchvar and Eshkere!

Tsunami - what is it? Definition, that is, translation

tsunami(emphasis on “a”) this is a super heavy wave, which usually occurs as a result of a strong undersea earthquake or volcanic eruption.

What is a tsunami, photography and tsunami photography. Causes and symptoms of tsunamis

The word "tsunami" is a Japanese word composed of "tsu" meaning "cove" and "nas" meaning "wave". With their destructive power, a tsunami can be compared to the impact of a nuclear explosion. Often the effects of an earthquake are much less obvious than the damage caused by a tsunami.

There are examples of thousands of deaths caused by tsunamis, the most recent of which hit Southeast Asia in 2004 and killed 280,000 people.

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