European Space Agency: history of creation, functions and activities. Rene Pichel: ESA plans to cooperate with Russia in the exploration of the Moon "European Space Agency - ESA"

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution of higher professional education

"Russian Economic Academy named after. G.V. Plekhanov"

Department of Statistics

Faculty of International Economic Relations

ABSTRACT

BY DISCIPLINE

"INTERNATIONAL STATISTICS"

"European Space Agency - ESA"

PERFORMED:

3rd year student of group 838

NGUYEN Cha Mi

SUPERVISOR:

Doctor of Economics, Professor

SIDENKO Anatoly Viktorovich

1. ESA .

European Space Agency(English) European Space Agency , ESA listen)) is an international organization created in 1975 for the purpose of space exploration.

ESA consists of 18 permanent members:

▪ Austria

▪ Belgium

▪ UK

▪ Germany

▪ Ireland

▪ Spain

▪ Italy

▪ Netherlands

▪ Norway

▪ Portugal

▪ Finland

▪ France

▪ Switzerland

▪ Sweden

Canada and Hungary are also involved in some projects. Romania signed an Accession Treaty with ESA on 20 January 2011 and will soon become the 19th Member State.

ESA was created on the basis of and to replace the first two European space consortia of the 1960s and early 1970s: ESRO for the creation of satellites and ELDO for the creation of Europa launch vehicles.

European Space Agency (ESA)- This is Europe's gateway to space. Its mission is to shape the development of Europe's space capabilities and ensure that investments in space continue to benefit the citizens of Europe and the world.

By coordinating the financial and intellectual resources of its members, ESA can carry out programs and activities far beyond the boundaries of any single European country.

ESA's job is to develop the European space program and implement it. ESA's programs are designed to learn more about the Earth, its immediate space environment, the solar system and the universe, as well as develop satellite technologies and services, and promote European industry. ESA also works closely with space organizations outside Europe.

2. ESA goals

The objectives of ESA are to ensure and promote, exclusively for peaceful purposes, cooperation between European states in the field of space research and technology, with a view to their use for scientific purposes and for the operational application of space technology in space exploration:

· through the development and implementation of a long-term European space policy, recommend space goals to Member States, and concerning policies of Member States in relation to other national and international organizations and institutions;

· through the development and implementation of activities and programs in the space field;

· by coordinating the European space program and national programs, and by integrating the latter gradually and as fully as possible into the European space program, in particular regarding the development of satellite applications;

· by developing and implementing industrial policy, its corresponding programs and recommending a coherent industrial policy to the Member States.

3. ESA organization

ESA's headquarters are in Paris, where ESA's policies and programs are developed. ESA also has subordinate agencies in a number of European countries, each with different responsibilities:

· EAC, European Astronaut Center in Cologne, Germany;

· ESAC, European Astronomy and Space Centre, Villanueva de la Canada, Madrid, Spain;

· ESOC, European Space Operations Center, Darmstadt, Germany;

· ESRIN, ESA Earth Observation Centre, Frascati, near Rome, Italy;

· ESTEC, European Space Technology Research Centre, Noordwijk, Netherlands.

A new ESA center has opened in the UK, in Harwell, Oxfordshire. ESA also has liaison offices in Belgium, the USA and Russia. The Kourou spaceport in French Guiana and ground tracking stations in various parts of the world are used to launch spacecraft being created.

4. Staff

There are approximately 2,200 staff working at ESA, from all member states and include scientists, engineers, information technology specialists and administrative staff.

5. SOURCES OF CASH ESA

ESA's mandatory activities (space science and general budget programs) are financed by financial contributions from member states of all agencies, calculated according to each country's gross national product. In addition, ESA conducts a number of additional programs. Each member state decides which additional programs they would like to participate in and the amount they want to contribute.

6. ESA budget

The European Space Agency's budget for 2011 is €3994 million. ESA operates on a geographic return basis, i.e. invested by each member state, through industrial contracts for space programs, the amount of contribution is determined by each country independently.

How much does each country spend on ESA?

Investments from GDP per capita of each country in space exploration are very small. On average, each citizen of an ESA member state pays taxes on space expenses that are roughly the same as the price of a movie ticket (in the US, investment in civil space activities is almost four times as much).

7. CONTROL ESA

The Council is the governing body of the European Space Agency and ensures the implementation of the basic principles of the policy within which ESA's European space programs develop. Each member state has a representative on the Council and has one vote, regardless of its size or financial contribution.

ESA is headed by a Director General, who is elected by the Council every four years. Each research sector has its own management and reports directly to the Director General. The current Director General of ESA is Jean-Jacques Dordain.

8. ESA projects

· Hermes - reusable winged manned spacecraft (canceled project 1987-1993)

· Ariane - family of launch vehicles

· Spacelab - a module for astronauts that cannot be separated during the flight of the US Space Shuttle.

· Columbus - initially a project of a separate orbital station, implemented in the form of an ISS module

ATM - automatic cargo ship

Giotto - AMS to Halley's Comet

Huygens - lander for Titan (a moon of Saturn)

· AMS "Cassini" (together with NASA)

· Smart-1 - AMS to the Moon

· Rosetta - AMS to the comet

· Mars Express - AMS to Mars

· Venus Express - AMS to Venus

· Bepicolombo - joint AMS with JAXA to Mercury

· YES and YES2 - companions of young engineers

MetOp - meteorological satellites

· Vega - launch vehicle (developed by 2009)

· Soyuz-ST - a launch vehicle ordered in Russia for launches from Kourou (developed by 2009)

· Gaia - space telescope (developed by 2011)

· Darwin - space infrared telescope (developed by 2015)

· CSTS - partially reusable wingless manned spacecraft (developed by 2018)

9. ESA programs.

ESA has organized and is organizing fundamental space research programs (Cosmic Vision - 2015-2025 Space Research Institute, May 29, 2007):

o Horizon 2000 plus

Bibliography

1. Statistics: A textbook in ten parts: Part 8: International statistics / Ed. ed. Sidenko A.V. – M.: MAKS Press, 2009. – 228 p.

2. Fundamentals of international statistics. Textbook. Under general ed. Yu.N. Ivanova. – M.: Infra-M, 2009. – 621 p.

3. ESA official website http://www.esa.int/esaCP/index.html

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution of higher professional education

"Russian Economic Academy named after. G.V. Plekhanov"

Department of Statistics

Faculty of International Economic Relations

ABSTRACT

BY DISCIPLINE

"INTERNATIONAL STATISTICS"

"European Space Agency - ESA"

PERFORMED:

3rd year student of group 838

NGUYEN Cha Mi

SUPERVISOR:

Doctor of Economics, Professor

SIDENKO Anatoly Viktorovich

ESA.

European Space Agency(English) European Space Agency, ESA) is an international organization created in 1975 for the purpose of space exploration.

ESA consists of 18 permanent members:

Austria
Belgium
Great Britain
Germany
Denmark
Ireland
Spain
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
Finland
France
Switzerland
Sweden
Greece (since March 22, 2005)
Luxembourg (since August 5, 2008)
Czech Republic (since July 8, 2008)

Canada and Hungary are also involved in some projects. Romania signed an Accession Treaty with ESA on 20 January 2011 and will soon become the 19th Member State.

ESA was created on the basis of and to replace the two first European space consortia of the 1960s and early 1970s: ESRO for the creation of satellites and ELDO for the creation of Europa launch vehicles.

By coordinating the financial and intellectual resources of its members, ESA can carry out programs and activities far beyond the boundaries of any single European country.

ESA goals

through the development and implementation of a long-term European space policy, recommend space goals to Member States, and concerning policies of Member States in relation to other national and international organizations and institutions;
through the development and implementation of activities and programs in the space field;
by coordinating the European space program and national programmes, and by integrating the latter gradually and as fully as possible into the European space programme, in particular relating to the development of satellite applications;
through the development and implementation of industrial policy, its corresponding programs and recommend a coherent industrial policy to member states.

ESA organization

ESA's headquarters are in Paris, where ESA's policies and programs are developed. ESA also has subordinate agencies in a number of European countries, each with different responsibilities:

EAC, European Astronaut Center in Cologne, Germany;
ESAC, European Astronomy and Space Centre, Villanueva de la Canada, Madrid, Spain;
ESOC, European Space Operations Centre, Darmstadt, Germany;
ESRIN, ESA Earth Observation Centre, Frascati, near Rome, Italy;
ESTEC, European Space Technology Research Centre, Noordwijk, The Netherlands.

Staff

There are approximately 2,200 staff working at ESA, from all member states and include scientists, engineers, information technology specialists and administrative staff.

SOURCES OF CASHESA

ESA budget

How much does each country spend on ESA?

CONTROLESA

ESA projects

Hermes - reusable winged manned spacecraft (canceled project 1987-1993)
Ariane - family of launch vehicles
Spacelab is a module for astronauts that cannot be separated during the flight of the US Space Shuttle.
Columbus was originally a project for a separate orbital station, implemented as an ISS module
ATM - automatic cargo ship
Giotto - AMS to Halley's Comet
Huygens - lander for Titan (a moon of Saturn)
AMS Cassini (together with NASA)
Smart-1 - AMS to the Moon
Rosetta - AMS to the comet
Mars Express - AMS to Mars
Venus Express - AMS to Venus
Bepicolombo - joint satellite with JAXA to Mercury
YES and YES2 - companions for young engineers
MetOp - weather satellites
Vega - launch vehicle (developed by 2009)
Soyuz-ST - a launch vehicle ordered in Russia for launches from Kourou (developed by 2009)
Gaia - space telescope (developed by 2011)
Darwin - space infrared telescope (under development by 2015)
CSTS - partially reusable wingless manned spacecraft (developed by 2018)

ESA programs.

ESA has organized and is organizing fundamental space research programs (Cosmic Vision - 2015-2025 Space Research Institute, May 29, 2007):

EURECA
- Horizon 2000
- Horizon 2000 plus
- Cosmic Vision
Aurora

Bibliography

Statistics: Textbook in ten parts: Part 8: International statistics / Under general. ed. Sidenko A.V. - M.: MAKS Press, 2009. - 228 p.
Fundamentals of international statistics. Textbook. Under general ed. Yu.N. Ivanova. - M.: Infra-M, 2009. - 621 p.
ESA official website http://www.esa.int/esaCP/index.html

TASS-DOSSIER /Veronica Bondareva/. The European Space Agency (ESA; European Space Agency, ESA) is an international organization created in 1975 on the basis of the European Space Research Office (ESRO) and the European Launch Vehicle Development Organization (ELDO). According to the ESA Convention, the organization's activities are aimed at establishing and developing peaceful cooperation between European countries in the field of space research, developing and implementing a long-term European space policy.

Initially, the ESA included 10 countries - France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. They were subsequently joined by Ireland (1980), Norway and Austria (1987), Finland (1995), Portugal (2000), Greece and Luxembourg (2005), Czech Republic (2008), Romania (2011), Poland (2012), Hungary and Estonia (2015).

The governing body is the Council. It is composed of representatives of all member states and meets at ministerial or delegated level approximately every three years. It makes key decisions on new and current programs and resolves funding issues. Each ESA member country is represented on the Council by one vote. The subsidiary bodies of the Council are the Committee on Scientific Programs, the Committee on Administration and Finance, the Committee on Industrial Policy and the Committee on International Relations.

The chief executive officer to whom all ESA institutions report is the Director General, elected by the ESA Council. Since July 2003, this post has been held by Jean-Jacques Dordain (France). On July 1, 2015, he will be replaced by Johann-Dietrich Woerner (Germany), who was elected last December.

The agency employs about 2,200 people. ESA's activities are financed by contributions from member countries based on gross national income. Today the organization's budget is 4.4 million euros. Approximately 35% of this amount is the contribution of Germany and France.

The headquarters is located in Paris. Representative offices of the organization operate in the USA, Russia and Belgium.

ESA includes four scientific associations: the Space Research and Technology Center in Noordwijk (the Netherlands), the Mission Control Center in Darmstadt (Germany), the Astronaut Selection and Training Center in Cologne (Germany), and the European Space Research Institute in Frascati (Italy). .

The Kourou spaceport in French Guiana (in the north-east of South America) is used to launch spacecraft being created. The location in the equatorial zone allows launches with lower energy costs. The spaceport covers an area of 96 thousand hectares and is served by 1.3 thousand people. Initially, the French spaceport was located in Kourou; in 1975, it became part of the ESA structure.

Currently, ESA is an active player in the international arena, interacting both with states that are not members of ESA (Japan, USA, Russia) and with international organizations (EU, UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, etc.).

The main areas of ESA activity are related to the research of near and far outer space, microgravity, the development of satellites for communications and navigation, the creation of launch vehicles, and the development of ground-based scientific and technical centers. The Agency coordinates its work with the national space programs of its member countries, which allows the creation of unified European programs. Since 1975, more than 30 such programs have been implemented.

The first project was the COS-B satellite for research in the field of gamma-ray astronomy. The launch took place in August 1975. Subsequently, satellites for various purposes were launched into low-Earth orbit - telecommunications, navigation, meteorological, astronomical, etc.

In 1979, the first European launch vehicle Ariane launched from the Kourou spaceport. To date, 216 successful launches of rockets of this series have been carried out. In December 2014, EU countries agreed to begin work on the creation of a new generation rocket, Ariane 6.

In 1983, the German specialist Ulf Merbold (the first ESA astronaut) was included in the crew of the American spaceship Columbia. This flight marked the beginning of ESA's cooperation with the American NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). As part of this cooperation, ESA astronauts made several dozen flights, mainly using the Spacelab laboratory, the pressurized modules for which were manufactured in Europe by order of NASA. Some of these missions were fully funded and organized by ESA. Since the beginning of the 2000s. European astronauts work on the International Space Station (ISS). Since 1983, the European Astronaut Corps has had 28 members and currently has 16 astronauts.

In 1993, the American Hubble telescope was launched into low-Earth orbit. European specialists took part in its development.

In 1995-1998 The European space telescope "Infrared Space Observatory" (ISO) operated in low-Earth orbit.

In 2005, the Galileo satellite navigation system project was launched, an analogue of the Russian GLONASS and American GPS. Today this system includes eight satellites; by 2020 there should be 30.

In 2008-2014 ESA has developed, built and launched five unmanned ATV cargo spacecraft (Automated Transfer Vehicle, ATV). They carried fuel, scientific equipment, food, oxygen and water to the International Space Station (ISS). The "trucks" were launched into space by Ariane 5 carriers.

In 2012-2014 The agency carried out four launches of the lightweight Vega launch vehicle.

In February 2015, ESA sent a reusable vehicle into space - the Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle (IXV). During its flight, scientists tested a number of high-tech solutions for future spacecraft.

To implement many scientific projects, ESA uses the capabilities of Russian medium-class Soyuz and heavy-class Proton launch vehicles. Russian carriers launched into orbit the astrophysical observatory Integral, the Mars Express apparatus, Venus Express, etc. In addition, Roscosmos is implementing a joint project with ESA called Soyuz-Express. Kourou" (launch of Russian spacecraft from the cosmodrome in Kourou; the first - in October 2011), collaborates in the creation of the Volga reusable rocket engine, participates in the ExoMars program for Mars exploration. In 2013, Russia and ESA signed a memorandum on the lunar exploration program.

It was created in 1975. As of today, it includes 22 countries. The main task of the organization is cooperation of its members among themselves and at the international level in the field of exploration and exploration of outer space for its use for peaceful purposes.

History of creation

The agency was formed on the basis of two European organizations through their merger. The first of them was engaged in the creation of launch vehicles, and the second was in the development of satellites. ESA's headquarters are in Paris. In addition to permanent members, this includes several observer countries, including Canada, which takes part in some programs. Fourteen countries are permanent members of the agency: France, Germany, Belgium, Austria, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Ireland and Denmark.

Purpose

The main purpose of the organization is scientific, development, launch and operation of automatic interplanetary stations, the Spacelab laboratory, the Hubble telescope and others. The Agency actively cooperates with the national space programs of the states participating in it. The largest countries that are part of the organization oversee certain areas. Germany is assigned the function of creating automated cargo ships and personnel training centers for their maintenance. France is developing launch vehicles and satellites that should significantly simplify space exploration, and is also responsible for operating the Kourou spaceport. Italy is developing interplanetary stations and modules for them.

Structural units

ESA consists of five structural divisions. They are geographically scattered throughout Europe. The first of these is the secretariat, whose headquarters are located in the French capital. The center for space technology and research is located in the Dutch city of Noordwijk, which is considered the main technical institution of the organization. It includes numerous project teams as well as a technology support department. There is also various equipment for testing related to such areas as space exploration. Two structural units are stationed in Germany. Darmstadt is home to a space operations center that sets up satellites and ground equipment to communicate with them. An astronaut center is located in Porzvan, which specializes in training future cosmonauts and coordinating the activities of the entire European manned space program. In the Italian city of Frascati there is a research institute whose employees analyze and use data obtained from systems observing the planet from space.

Control

The European Space Agency is led by a director general and a board. They are responsible for carrying out all the tasks facing the organization. The main body is the council, consisting of representatives of all member states. He approves all programs and activities of the organization, approves the budget and coordinates all financial matters. In addition, the council approves or blocks the entry of new members into the European Space Agency. Each country has one vote here. All decisions are made based on a majority vote. As for financial issues, their approval requires the support of 2/3 of the participants. The Council has several subsidiary bodies, which include committees responsible for administrative and financial policy, implementation of scientific programs, international relations and industrial policy.

The CEO is the chief executive officer and legal representative of the agency. Everyone is subordinate to him. In addition, he represents its interests in NASA and other international organizations.

Activity

The European Space Agency cooperates with many organizations, as well as states that are not part of it. International activities are considered one of the key elements in ESA policy. In February 2003, an agreement on cooperation between the organization and our country was signed. Similar agreements are in force with countries such as Poland, Greece, Hungary, Portugal, the Czech Republic and Romania. It should be noted that the agency's activities are not limited to Europe. In particular, fruitful relations have been established with Japan for the high-quality use of satellites. The organization actively helps other countries develop space activities, for whose representatives relevant courses are organized.

Among other things, it actively cooperates with many international organizations. In particular, they are currently developing future meteorological programs, various studies of outer space with a view to its further use for peaceful purposes, and training new personnel for these tasks.

The European Space Agency - also known as ESA, also known as ESA - is an international organization created in 1975 for the purpose of space exploration. ESA has 22 permanent members, with Canada also participating in some projects. It mainly conducts unmanned launches of space exploration vehicles and plans to establish a “village on the Moon,” according to current director Johann Dietrich-Werner. Among the most famous ESA devices are the Hubble Space Telescope, the Ariane family of rockets, the Huygens, Rosetta, Cassini, Galileo probes and others.

Almost all space equipment costs millions of dollars, and at the same time is disposable - that is why companies and SpaceX seriously took up the creation of reusable rockets, and made them a reality. The efforts of the European Space Agency ESA are also directed in the same direction, which outlined a reusable capsule that could deliver different types of cargo into low-Earth orbit, return safely to Earth and be reused.

Experts have developed a new model of small CubeSats capable of independently changing orbit using butane engines installed on their bodies. The first such satellites - GomX-4B and GomX-4A - will be launched in early February 2018.