What else did Eugene know to retell? Eugene Onegin

There are (by analogy with the minor members of the sentence: definitions, additions and circumstances) three main type subordinate clauses: definitive, explanatory And circumstantial; the latter, in turn, are divided into several types.

Subordinate clause may refer to a specific word in the main (proverbial subordinate clauses) or to the whole main thing (unverbal subordinate clauses).

For determining the type of subordinate clause It is necessary to take into account three interrelated features: 1) a question that can be asked from the main clause to the subordinate clause; 2) the verbatim or non-verbal nature of the subordinate clause; 3) a means of connecting the subordinate clause with the main one.

Subordinate clauses

Like definitions in a simple sentence, attributive clauses express the attribute of an object, but, unlike most definitions, they often characterize the object not directly, but indirectly - through situation, which is somehow related to the subject.

In connection with the general meaning of the attribute of an object attributive clauses depend on the noun(or from a word in the meaning of a noun) in the main sentence and answer the question Which? They join the main thing only with allied words - relative pronouns (which, which, whose, what) and pronominal adverbs (where, to where, from where, when). In a subordinate clause, allied words replace the main noun on which the subordinate clause depends.

For example: [One of the contradictions, (what creativity is alive Mandelstam), concerns own nature of this creativity] (S. Averintsev)- [noun, (by what (= contradictions)),].

Conjunctive words in complex sentences with can be divided into basic (which, which, whose) And non-basic (what, where, where, where, when). Non-main ones can always be replaced by the main allied word which, and the possibility of such a replacement is a clear sign attributive clauses.

The village where(wherein) I missed Evgeny, there was a lovely corner... (A. Pushkin)- [noun, (where),].

I remembered today a dog that(which) was friend of my youth (S. Yesenin)- [noun], (that).

Sometimes at night in the city desert there is one hour, imbued with melancholy, when(in which) for the whole city night got off... (F. Tyutchev) -[noun], (when).

The main clause often contains demonstrative words (demonstrative pronouns and adverbs) that, such, For example:

It was the famous artist whom she saw on stage last year (Yu. German)- [uk.sl. That - noun], (which).

Pronominal attributive clauses

They are close in meaning to subordinate clauses pronominal attributive clauses . They differ from attributive clauses proper in that they refer not to the noun in the main clause, but to the pronoun (that, every, all etc.), used in the meaning of a noun, for example:

1) [Total (that knew more Eugene), retell to me lack of leisure) (A. Pushkin)- [local, (what)]. 2) [No oh (what do you remember), nature]... (F. Tyutchev)- [local, (what)].

Like subordinate clauses, they reveal the attribute of the subject (therefore it is better to ask a question about them too Which?) and are joined to the main sentence using allied words (main allied words - Who And What).

Wed: [That Human, (who came yesterday Today didn't show up] - subordinate clause. [word + noun, (which), ].

[That, (who came yesterday Today didn't show up] - subordinate pronominal attributive. [loc., (who),].

In contrast to the actual attributive clauses, which always come after the noun to which they refer, pronominal clauses can also appear before the word being defined, for example:

(Who lived and thought), [he can't in the shower don't despise people] ... (A. Pushkin)- (who), [place. ].

Explanatory clauses

Explanatory clauses answer case questions and refer to a member of the main sentence that needs semantic expansion (supplement, explanation). This member of the sentence is expressed by a word that has the meaning speeches, thoughts, feelings or perception. Most often these are verbs (say, ask, answer and etc.; think, know, remember and etc.; be afraid, be happy, be proud and etc.; see, hear, feel etc.), but there may be other parts of speech: adjectives (glad, satisfied) adverbs (known, sorry, necessary, clear), nouns (news, message, rumor, thought, statement, feeling, sensation and etc.)

Explanatory clauses attached to the word being explained in three ways: 1) using conjunctions what, as, as if, in order to, when and etc.; 2) using any allied words; 3) using a particle conjunction whether.

For example: 1) [The light has decided], (what t smart and very nice) (A. Pushkin)- [verb], (that). [I_ was afraid], (so that in a bold thought You me I couldn't blame) (A. Fet) - [ vb.], (so that). [To her dreaming], (as if she goes along a snow glade, surrounded by sad darkness) (A. Pushkin)- [verb], (as if).

2) [You You know himself], (what the time has come) (N. Nekrasov)- [verb], (what). [Then she started asking questions me], (where am I now Working) (A. Chekhov)- [verb], (where). (When he will arrive), [unknown] (A. Chekhov)- (when), [adv.]. [I_ asked and the cuckoo], (How many yo I I'll live)... (A. Akhmatova)- [verb], (how much).

3) [Both are very I wanted to know\, (brought whether father the promised piece of ice) (L. Kassil)- [verb], (li).

Explanatory clauses can serve to convey indirect speech. With the help of unions what, how, as if, when indirect messages are expressed using a conjunction to- indirect incentives, with the help of allied words and particle conjunctions whether- indirect questions.

In the main sentence, with the word being explained, there may be an indicative word That(in different cases), which serves to highlight the content of the subordinate clause. For example: \Chekhov through the mouth of Doctor Astrov expressed one of his absolutely amazingly accurate thoughts about] (that the forests teach a person to understand the beautiful) (K. Paustovsky)- [noun + adjective], (that).

Distinguishing between attributive clauses and explanatory clauses

Causes certain difficulties differentiation between attributive clauses and explanatory clauses, which refer to a noun. It should be remembered that attributive clauses depend on the noun as parts of speech(the meaning of the defined noun is not important for them), answer the question Which?, indicate the attribute of the object that is named by the defined noun, and are attached to the main one only by allied words. Subordinate clauses same explanatory depend on the noun not as a part of speech, but as from a word with a specific meaning(speeches, thoughts, feelings, perceptions), except for the question Which?(and it can always be assigned from a noun to any word or sentence dependent on it) they can also be assigned case question, They reveal(explain) content speech, thoughts, feelings, perceptions and are attached to the main thing by conjunctions and allied words. ( Subordinate clause, attachable to the main thing by conjunctions and particle conjunctions whether, can only be explanatory: The thought that he was wrong tormented him; The thought of whether he was right tormented him.)

More difficult differentiate between attributive clauses and explanatory clauses, depending on nouns in cases where explanatory clauses join the main one with the help of allied words (especially the allied word What). Wed: 1) The question is what(which) they asked him, it seemed strange to him. The thought that(which) came into his head in the morning and haunted him all day. The news that(which) I received it yesterday, I was very upset. 2) The question of what he should do now tormented him. The thought of what he had done haunted him. The news of what happened in our class amazed the whole school.

1) The first group - complex sentences with subordinate clauses. Union word What can be replaced with a conjunction word which. The subordinate clause indicates the attribute of the object named by the noun being defined (from the main clause to the subordinate clause you can only ask a question Which?, case question cannot be asked). The demonstrative word in the main clause is possible only in the form of a pronoun agreed with the noun (that question, that thought, that news).

2) The second group is complex sentences with explanatory clauses. Replacing a conjunction word What union word which impossible. The subordinate clause not only indicates the attribute of the object named by the defined noun, but also explains the content of the words question, thought, news(a case question can be asked from the main clause to the subordinate clause). The demonstrative word in the main sentence has a different form (case forms of pronouns: question, thought, news).

Adverbial clauses

Majority adverbial clauses sentences have the same meanings as the circumstances in a simple sentence, and therefore answer the same questions and are accordingly divided into the same types.

Clauses of manner and degree

Characterize the method of performing an action or the degree of manifestation of a qualitative characteristic and answer questions How? how? in what degree? how much? They depend on the word that performs the function of adverbial manner of action or degree in the main sentence. These subordinate clauses are attached to the main sentence in two ways: 1) using allied words how, how much, how much; 2) using unions that, to, as if, exactly, as if, as if.

For example: 1) [The offensive was underway because was provided at headquarters) (K. Simonov)- [verb + uk.el. so], (as) (clause of manner of action).

2) [The old lady is the same age I wanted to repeat it your story], (how much of it do I need listen) (A. Herzen)-[verb+uk.el. so many],(how much) (subordinate clause).

Clauses of manner and degree can be unambiguous(if they join the main one with allied words how, how much, to what extent)(see examples above) and double digit(if added by conjunctions; the second meaning is introduced by the conjunction). For example: 1) [White the acacias smelled so much], (that their sweet, sugary, candy the smell was felt on the lips and in the mouth) (A. Kuprin)-

[uk.sl. So+ adv.], (that) (the meaning of the degree is complicated by the meaning of the consequence, which is introduced into the meaning of the subordinate conjunction What).

2) [Beautiful the girl must be dressed so that stand out from the environment) (K. Paustovsky)- [cr. + uk.sl. So],(to) (the meaning of the course of action is complicated by the meaning of the goal, which is introduced by the conjunction to).

3) [It's all small plant So sparkled at our feet] (as if it was really made made of crystal) (K. Paustovsky)- [ul.sl. so + verb.], (as if) (the meaning of the degree is complicated by the meaning of comparison, which is introduced by the conjunction as if).

Subordinate clauses

Subordinate clauses indicate the place or direction of action and answer questions Where? Where? where? They depend on the entire main sentence or on the circumstance of the place in it, expressed by the adverb (there, there, from there, nowhere, everywhere, everywhere etc.), and are attached to the main sentence using allied words where, where, where. For example:

1) [Go along the free road], (where entails free tsm for you)... (A. Pushkin)- , (Where).

2) [He wrote everywhere], (where caught his thirst write) (K. Paustovsky)- [adv.], (where).

3) (Where the river has flown), [there and there will be a channel] (proverb)- (where), [ uk.sl. there ].

Subordinate clauses should be distinguished from other types of subordinate clauses, which can also be attached to the main clause using allied words where, where, where.

Wed: 1) AND [ Tanya enters to an empty house], (where(in which) lived recently our hero) (A. Pushkin)- [noun], (where) (clause clause).

2) [I_ started to remember], (Where walked during the day) (I. Turgenev)- [verb], (where) (expository clause).

Clauses of time

Clauses of time indicate the time of the action or manifestation of the sign referred to in the main sentence. They answer questions When? how long? since when? How long?, depend on the entire main clause and are joined to it by temporary conjunctions when, while, as soon as, barely, before, while, until, since, when suddenly etc. For example:

1) [When the count is back], (Natasha discourteous I was happy him and I was in a hurry to leave) (L. Tolstoy)- (cog2) (Bye does not require poet to the sacred sacrifice Apollo), [in the worries of the vain world he is cowardly submerged} (A. Pushkin)- (Bye), .

The main clause may contain demonstrative words then, until then, after that etc., as well as the second component of the union (That). If there is a demonstrative word in the main clause Then, That When in a subordinate clause it is a conjunctive word. For example:

1) [I_ sitting until I'm not starting to feel hunger) (D. Kharms)- [uk.sl. until], (Bye).

2) (When in winter eat fresh cucumbers), [then in the mouth smells in spring] (A. Chekhov)- (when), [then].

3) [The poet feels literal meaning of the word even then] (when gives it in a figurative sense) (S. Marshak)- [uk.sl. Then],(When).

Clauses of time must be distinguished from other types of subordinate clauses attached by a conjunctive word When. For example:

1) [I_ saw Yalta that year], (when (- in which) her left Chekhov) (S. Marshak)- [adjective + noun], (when) (clause clause).

2) [Korchagin repeatedly asked me] (when he can check out) (N. Ostrovsky)- [verb], (when) (expository clause).

Subordinate clauses

Subordinate clauses indicate the conditions for the implementation of what is said in the main sentence. They answer the question under what condition?, if, if... then, when (= if), when... then, if, as soon as, once, in case etc. For example:

1) (If I I'll get sick), [to doctors I won't contact you]...(Ya. Smelyakov)- (If), .

2) (Once we started talking), [That it's better to negotiate everything to the end] (A. Kuprin)- (times), [then].

If subordinate clauses stand before the main one, then the latter may contain the second part of the union - That(see 2nd example).

Subordinate goals

Subordinate clauses offers goals indicate the purpose of what is being said in the main clause. They relate to the entire main clause, answer questions For what? for what purpose? For what? and join the main thing with the help of unions in order to (so that), in order to, in order to, then in order to, in order to (obsolete) etc. For example:

1) [I_ woke me up Pashka], (so that he didn't fall down out of the way) (A. Chekhov)- , (to);

2) [He used all his eloquence], (so that disgust Akulina from her intention) (A. Pushkin)- , (so that);

3)(In order to be happy), [necessary Not only be in love, but also to be loved] (K. Paustovsky)- (in order to), ;

When a compound conjunction is dismembered, a simple conjunction remains in the subordinate clause to, and the remaining words are included in the main sentence, being an indicative word and a member of the sentence, for example: [I_ I mention about this solely for the purpose] (so that emphasize the unconditional authenticity of many things by Kuprin) (K. Paustovsky)- [ul.sl. for that],(to).

Subordinate goals must be distinguished from other types of clauses with a conjunction to. For example:

1) [I Want], (to the bayonet equated feather) (V. Mayakovsky)- [verb], (so that) (expository clause).

2) [Time landings was calculated so], (so that to the landing place get in at dawn) (D. Furmanov)- [cr.adverb.+uk.sl. So],(so that) (clause of action with the additional meaning of purpose).

Additional reasons

Subordinate clauses offers causes reveal (denote) the reason for what is said in the main sentence. They answer questions Why? for what reason? from what?, refer to the entire main clause and are joined to it using conjunctions because, because, since, for, due to the fact that, then that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that etc. For example:

1) [I send her all my tears as a gift], (because Not live until the wedding) (I. Brodsky)- , (because)

2) [Any labor is important], (because ennobles person) (L. Tolstoy)- , (for).

3) (Thanks to we put new plays every day), [ theater ours quite willingly visited] (A. Kuprin)- (thanks to), .

Compound conjunctions, the last part of which is What, can be dismembered: a simple conjunction remains in the subordinate clause What, and the remaining words are included in the main sentence, performing the function of an index word in it and being a member of the sentence. For example:

[That's why roads to me People], (What live with me on earth) (S. Yesenin)- [uk.sl. that's why],(What).

Subordinate clauses

The subordinate clause reports an event in spite of which the action is carried out, an event called in the main clause. In concessional relations, the main sentence reports such events, facts, actions that should not have happened, but nevertheless occur (happened, will happen). Thus, subordinate clauses they call it a “failed” reason. Subordinate clauses answer questions no matter what? in spite of what?, refer to the entire main sentence and are joined to it 1) by conjunctions although, although... but, Not despite the fact that, despite the fact that, despite the fact that, let, let etc. and 2) allied words in combination With particle nor: no matter how, no matter how much, no matter what. For example:

I. 1) And (even though he was an ardent rake), [But he fell out of love finally, abuse, and saber, and lead] (A. Pushkin)- (at least), [but].

Note. In the main clause, at which there is a concessive clause, there may be a conjunction But.

2) (Let the rose is plucked), [she more blooms] (S. Nadson)- (let be), .

3) [B steppes it was quiet, cloudy], (despite What the sun has risen) (A. Chekhov)- , (although).

P. 1) (No matter how protected myself Panteley Prokofevich from any difficult experiences), [but soon had to go through a new shock for him] (M. Sholokhov)-(no matter how), [but].

2) [I_, (no matter how much would love you), getting used to it, I'll fall out of love immediately) (A. Pushkin)- [, (no matter how much), ].

Comparative clauses

The types of adverbial clauses discussed above correspond in meaning to the categories of adverbials of the same name in a simple sentence. However, there are three types of clauses (comparative, consequences And connecting), for which there is no correspondence among the circumstances in a simple sentence. A common feature of complex sentences with these types of subordinate clauses is the impossibility, as a rule, of asking a question from the main clause to the subordinate clause.

In complex sentences with comparative clauses the content of the main clause is compared with the content of the subordinate clause. Comparative clauses refer to the entire main clause and are joined to it by conjunctions as, exactly, as if, buto, as if, just as, as if, with... with whatAnd etc. For example:

1) (As in summer we swarm midge flies to the flame), [flocked flakes from the yard to the window frame] (K. Pasternak](How), ["].

2) [Small leaves bright and friendly turn green], (as if Who their washed and varnish on them directed) (I. Turgenev)- , (as if).

3) [We three of us started talking], (as if a century do you know each other?) (A. Pushkin)- , (as if).

A special group among comparative clauses make up sentences with a conjunction how and with a double union than... that. Subordinate clauses with double conjunction than... the have comparative meaning, mutual conditionality of parts. Subordinate clauses with a conjunction how, in addition, they do not refer to the entire main thing, but to the word in it, which is expressed in the form of the comparative degree of an adjective or adverb.

1) (The smaller the woman we love), [the easier like us to her] (A. Pushkin)- (than), [that].

2) [As time went slower] (than the clouds were creeping across the sky) (M. Gorky)- [compare step.nar.], (than).

Comparative clauses can be incomplete: they omit the predicate if it coincides with the predicate of the main sentence. For example:

[Existence his concluded into this close program] (as egg into the shell) (A. Chekhov)- , (How).

The fact that this is precisely an incomplete two-part sentence is evidenced by the secondary member of the predicate group - into the shell.

Incomplete comparative clauses should not be confused with comparative clauses, which cannot contain a predicate.

Subordinate corollaries

Subordinate corollaries indicate a consequence, a conclusion that follows from the content of the main sentence .

Subordinate corollaries refer to the entire main clause, always come after it and are joined to it by a conjunction So.

For example: [ Heat All increased], (So it was getting hard to breathe) (D. Mamin-Sibiryak); [ Snow All became whiter and brighter], (So it ached eyes) (M. Lermontov)- , (So).

Subordinate clauses

Subordinate clauses contain additional information and comments to what is reported in the main sentence. Connecting clauses refer to the entire main clause, always come after it and are attached to it by conjunctive words what, what, O what, why, why, why and etc.

For example: 1) [To her I shouldn't have been late to the theatre], (from whatshe Very was in a hurry) (A. Chekhov)- , (from what).

2) [The dew has fallen], (what foreshadowed tomorrow the weather will be good) (D. Mamin-Sibiryak)- , (What).

3) [And the old man Cuckoos n quickly allotment glasses, having forgotten to wipe them], (which has never happened to him in thirty years of official activity didn't happen) (I. Ilf and E. Petrov)- , (what).

Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with one subordinate clause

Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with one subordinate clause

1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).

2.Indicate the type of sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).

3. Determine the main and subordinate clauses, find their boundaries.

Make a sentence diagram: ask (if possible) a question from the main to the subordinate clause, indicate in the main word on which the subordinate clause depends (if it is a verb), characterize the means of communication (conjunction or allied word), determine the type of subordinate clause (definitive, explanatory, etc.). d.).

Sample analysis of a complex sentence with one subordinate clause

1) [In time of strong storm vomited with the roots of a tall old pine], (which is why formed this pit) (A. Chekhov).

, (from what).

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex with a subordinate clause. The subordinate clause refers to the entire main thing and is joined to it by a conjunctive word from what.

2) (So that be contemporary clear), [all wide the poet will open the door] (A. Akhmatova).(so that), .

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex with a subordinate clause of purpose. The subordinate clause answers the question for what purpose?, depends on the entire main clause and is joined to it by a conjunction so that

3) [I I love everything], (to which there is no consonance or echo in this world No) (I. Annensky).[local], (to).

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamative, complex with a pronominal clause. The subordinate clause answers the question which?, depends on the pronoun All in the main, it is joined by a conjunctive word what, which is an indirect object.

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin

Eugene Onegin

Novel in verse

Pe€tri de vanite€ il avait encore plus de cette espe`ce d'orgueil qui fait avouer avec la me^me indiffe€rence les bonnes comme les mauvaises actions, suite d'un sentiment de supe€riorite€, peut-e ^tre imagine.

Tire€ d'une lettre particulie`re

Not thinking of amusing the proud world,
Loving the attention of friendship,
I'd like to introduce you
The pledge is more worthy than you,
More worthy than a beautiful soul,
Saint of a dream come true,
Poetry alive and clear,
High thoughts and simplicity;
But so be it - with a biased hand
Accept the collection of motley heads,
Half funny, half sad,
Common people, ideal,
The careless fruit of my amusements,
Insomnia, light inspirations,
Immature and faded years,
Crazy cold observations
And hearts of sorrowful notes.

Chapter first

And he’s in a hurry to live, and he’s in a hurry to feel.

Prince Vyazemsky

“My uncle has the most honest rules,
When I seriously fell ill,
He forced himself to respect
And I couldn't think of anything better.
His example to others is science;
But, my God, what a bore
To sit with the patient day and night,
Without leaving a single step!
What low deceit
To amuse the half-dead,
Adjust his pillows
It's sad to bring medicine,
Sigh and think to yourself:
When will the devil take you!”

So thought the young rake,
Flying in the dust on postage,
By the Almighty will of Zeus
Heir to all his relatives. -
Friends of Lyudmila and Ruslan!
With the hero of my novel
Without preamble, right now
Let me introduce you:
Onegin, my good friend,
Born on the banks of the Neva,
Where were you perhaps born?
Or shone, my reader;
I once walked there too:
But the north is bad for me.

Having served excellently and nobly,
His father lived in debt
Gave three balls annually
And finally squandered it.
Eugene's fate kept:
First Madame I followed him
After Monsieur replaced her;
The child was harsh, but sweet.
Monsieur l'Abbe€, poor Frenchman
So that the child does not get tired,
I taught him everything jokingly,
I didn’t bother you with strict morals,
Lightly scolded for pranks
And he took me for a walk to the Summer Garden.

When will the rebellious youth
The time has come for Evgeniy
It's time for hope and tender sadness,
Monsieur kicked out of the yard.
Here is my Onegin free;
Haircut in the latest fashion;
How dandy London dressed -
And finally saw the light.
He's completely French
He could express himself and wrote;
I danced the mazurka easily
And he bowed casually;
What do you want more? The light has decided
That he is smart and very nice.

We all learned a little bit
Something and somehow
So upbringing, thank God,
It's no wonder for us to shine.
Onegin was, according to many
(decisive and strict judges),
A small scientist, but a pedant.
He had a lucky talent
No coercion in conversation
Touch everything lightly
With the learned air of a connoisseur
Remain silent in an important dispute
And make the ladies smile
Fire of unexpected epigrams.

Latin is now out of fashion:
So, if I tell you the truth,
He knew quite a bit of Latin,
To understand the epigraphs,
Talk about Juvenal,
At the end of the letter put vale,
Yes, I remembered, although not without sin,
Two verses from the Aeneid.
He had no desire to rummage
In chronological dust
History of the earth;
But the jokes of days gone by
From Romulus to the present day,
He kept it in his memory.

Having no high passion
No mercy for the sounds of life,
He could not iambic from trochee,
No matter how hard we fought, we could tell the difference.
Scolded Homer, Theocritus;
But I read Adam Smith
And there was a deep economy,
That is, he knew how to judge
How does the state get rich?
And how does he live, and why?
He doesn't need gold
When simple product It has.
His father couldn't understand him
And he gave the lands as collateral.

Everything that Evgeniy still knew,
Tell me about your lack of time;
But what was his true genius?
What he knew more firmly than all sciences,
What happened to him from childhood
And labor, and torment, and joy,
What took the whole day
His melancholy laziness, -
There was a science of tender passion,
Which Nazon sang,
Why did he end up a sufferer?
Its age is brilliant and rebellious
In Moldova, in the wilderness of the steppes,
Far away from Italy.

……………………………………
……………………………………
……………………………………

How early could he be a hypocrite?
To harbor hope, to be jealous,
To dissuade, to make believe,
Seem gloomy, languish,
Be proud and obedient
Attentive or indifferent!
How languidly silent he was,
How fieryly eloquent
How careless in heartfelt letters!
Breathing alone, loving alone,
How he knew how to forget himself!
How quick and gentle his gaze was,
Shy and daring, and sometimes
Shined with an obedient tear!

How he knew how to seem new,
Jokingly amaze innocence,
To frighten with despair,
To amuse with pleasant flattery,
Catch a moment of tenderness,
Innocent years of prejudice
Win with intelligence and passion,
Expect involuntary affection
Beg and demand recognition
Listen to the first sound of the heart,
Pursue love and suddenly
Achieve a secret date...
And then she's alone
Give lessons in silence!

How early could he have disturbed
Hearts of coquettes!
When did you want to destroy
He has his rivals,
How he sarcastically slandered!
What networks I prepared for them!
But you, blessed men,
You stayed with him as friends:
The wicked husband caressed him,
Foblas is a long-time student,
And the distrustful old man
And the majestic cuckold,
Always happy with yourself
With your lunch and your wife.

……………………………………
……………………………………
……………………………………

Sometimes he was still in bed:
They bring notes to him.
What? Invitations? Indeed,
Three houses for the evening call:
There will be a ball, there will be a children's party.
Where will my prankster ride?
Who will he start with? Doesn't matter:
It’s no wonder it’s easy to keep up with everything.
While in morning dress,
Putting on wide bolivar,
Onegin goes to the boulevard,
And there he walks in the open space,
While the watchful Breget
Dinner won't ring his bell.

"Eugene Onegin", Chapter One, Stanza VIII

In Nabokov’s “Comments” we read: “These lines echo the following, related to Ovid, dialogue from Pushkin’s “Gypsies,” a Byronic poem begun in the winter of 1823 in Odessa and completed on October 10, 1824 in Mikhailovsky; the poem was published anonymously in early May 1827 in Moscow (lines 181-223) (the following is a long, meaningless quote from “Gypsies”).

Then, in order to get out of Ovid’s Moldova, Nabokov explains the history and geography of Bessarabia and Moldova, makes the assumption that Publius Ovid Naso was exiled to Moldova for the same reason that the current director Polanski is hiding from American justice in Switzerland, which favors pedophiles, but nothing does not explain Onegin’s connection with “My Italy”. In other words, Nabokov refers “Italy” to Nason, and not to Onegin, although even a triple-A student will guess that in the time of Ovid no Moldavia existed. Lotman, by the way, also does not have any explanations for this line beyond his short biography of Nazon and his trip to Moldova.

It is clear that Moldova and Italy belong to Onegin, and not to Nazon. Pushkin simply tells us that Onegin ended his life in Moldova. Why?

Meanwhile, this stanza would not have raised any questions for a Russian reader of the first half of the 19th century, familiar with the history of the Capulet and Montague families. I have finished my life far away from Italy - a beautiful metaphor that only means that Onegin died his own death, and was not killed according to the custom of blood feud.

Some of Pushkin's friends called "EO" a weak imitation of Byron. And although in “EO” you can find many direct and indirect quotes from Childe Harold, when writing the poem, Pushkin himself took Shakespeare’s tragedy “Romeo and Juliet” as a model. See letter to Nik. Raevsky dated July 19, 1825: "...mais quel homme que ce Schakespeare! je n"en reviens pas. Comme Byron le tragique est mesquin devant lui!..(...how amazing Shakespeare is! I can’t get over it. How petty Byron is compared to him...)"

The story of Eugene Onegin, told by Pushkin, is the finale of a bloody vendetta between the Larin and Onegin families. At the very beginning, the author barely hints that Onegin is... heir to all his relatives- remained an orphan. Only my uncle is alive, but his end, apparently, is near -... or foreknowledge from afar the death of the old man's uncle. For my uncle's sudden funeral at his estate... enemies and friends came from all sides, but among them the reader does not see (!) their closest neighbors - the landowners Larins. Onegin has a vague idea that the Larins are his uncle’s blood enemies! Immediately after the wake, Evgeniy inspects the things left behind by his uncle and finds no diaries or notes -... not a speck of ink anywhere. But in the eighth year calendar Mysterious crosses were discovered, coinciding with the dates of the sudden death of numerous Onegin relatives.

Onegin dreams of killing the head of the Larin family and thereby avenging his uncle. He has to come into contact with the young and stupid Lensky - Olga Larina's fiancé - in order to penetrate the enemy's lair. Onegin’s disappointment is immeasurable - the head of the Larin family has been resting in the graveyard for a long time, on his grave there is a completely neutral "The humble sinner, Dmitry Larin, the Lord's servant and foreman, tastes peace under this stone". It is not even clear from the inscription whether dad was killed, as expected, by one of the Onegins, or whether he simply gave his soul to God from a volvulus. Onegin realizes, however, that it was this same Madame Larina who killed his uncle. The widow is a woman no longer young, but powerful. At one time she... discovered the secret of how to autocratically rule a spouse... she went to work herself, pickled mushrooms for the winter, managed expenses, shaved their foreheads... she beat the maids in anger... sometimes she wrote in blood in the albums of gentle maidens... This one will stop at nothing! Surely it was she who personally pickled a jar of pale toadstools, bribed her uncle's servant and - bang! - uncle suddenly fell ill! But you can’t kill a woman; according to the Sicilian customs of blood feud, one of the men must be killed.

What to do? Evgeniy rushes about in search of a solution. Bah! - And what does Lensky need?! After all, he is already almost a member of the Larin clan. God, what unexpected joy! Evgeniy decides to wait until Olga and Vladimir's wedding so that everything is honorable. But here, confusing all the cards, Olga’s older sister Tatyana comes into play. Tatyana writes a scathing letter to Onegin and he realizes that he himself has been under the hood for a long time. Run! Anywhere, to the village, to hell, to the wilderness, to Moldova! But before that, you need to fulfill your duty of honor. Onegin goes all-in. At the Larins' party, he dances a quadrille with only Olga, constantly winks at her and tells her old St. Petersburg jokes. In the end, the enraged Lensky challenges Onegin to the long-awaited duel. An experienced shooter Onegin hastily kills the future husband of Madame Larina's youngest daughter and that same night, without saying goodbye to anyone, he runs, covering his tracks, to God knows where. And that’s true, it’s better to die of old age somewhere in Moldova than to die of youth in Italy.

"The science of tender passion, which Nazon sang..."

On the eve of A.S.’s birthday Pushkin, certain lines of our brilliant poet involuntarily come to mind.

Everything that Evgeniy still knew,
Tell me about your lack of time;
But what was his true genius?
What he knew more firmly than all sciences
What happened to him from childhood
And labor, and torment, and joy,
What took the whole day
His melancholy laziness, -
There was a science of tender passion,
Which Nazon sang,
Why did he end up a sufferer?
Its age is brilliant and rebellious
In Moldova, in the wilderness of the steppes,
Far away from Italy.

(A.S. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin. Chapter 1. VIII)

The collections of the Rare Book Center contain a wonderful edition of the book “The Art of Love” by Publius Ovid Naso, which A.S. Pushkin mentions “Eugene Onegin” in the VIII stanza of the first chapter.

Publius Ovid Naso (43 BC - 18 AD) is a Roman poet whose works are distinguished by virtuosic lightness and flexibility of verse. Social and philosophical issues are alien to Ovid; erotic themes decisively predominate in his work. In the early poems “The Art of Love” and “Remedies for Love,” the poet gives instructions in the field of love relationships. The transition to large works in the spirit of Hellenistic “scientific” poetry was marked by the creation of the poem “Metamorphoses,” which was conceived as an epic and contains about 250 mythological and folklore tales about the transformation of people into animals, plants, constellations, and even stones. At the end of 8 AD. e. Ovid was exiled by Emperor Augustus to the city of Tomy (now the port of Constanta in Romania), where he died. In the last period of his life, “Mournful Elegies” and “Pontic Epistles” were written. A.S. During the years of southern exile, Pushkin felt the kinship of his fate with the fate of the ancient Roman poet-exile, which he reflected in the poems “In the country where he was married to Julia,” “To Ovid,” and the poem “Gypsies.”

Note that Ovid's "The Art of Love" can indeed be considered as a guide. At the very beginning of the book, the author clearly outlines the plan for his essay:

"He who wants to become

under the battle banners of the Amur,

must first choose

the object of your love;

then his task is to achieve

the location of the girl he has chosen;

and finally he has to make a relationship

with her for a long time.

This is my plan, this is my goal

what I want to achieve, this is the way,

along which I will go to this goal.

And I will lead those who want

master the art of love"

So, for the reader who wants to study “The Art of Love,” the Rare Book Center offers a magnificent, richly illustrated gift edition, published by the Russian State Library as part of the project “Classics of World Literature: Word and Image.” Ovid's text on each page is accompanied by high-quality reproductions of paintings by famous masters, mainly on subjects of Greek and Roman mythology.

The copy of the book, now stored in the Rare Book Center of the Pskov Regional Library, is also remarkable in that it is one of three hundred published in a leather cover and the same case.

The novel “Eugene Onegin” is a must-read for all connoisseurs of Pushkin’s work. This large work plays one of the key roles in the poet’s work. This work had an incredible influence on all Russian fiction. An important fact from the history of writing the novel is that Pushkin worked on it for about 8 years. It was during these years that the poet reached his creative maturity. The book, completed in 1831, was published only in 1833. The events described in the work cover the period between 1819 and 1825. It was then, after the defeat of Napoleon, that the campaigns of the Russian army took place. The reader is presented with situations that took place in society during the reign of Tsar Alexander I. The interweaving of historical facts and realities in the novel that are important for the poet made it truly interesting and lively. Many scientific works have been written based on this poem. And interest in it does not fade even after almost 2 hundred years.

It is difficult to find a person who is not familiar with the plot of Pushkin’s work “Eugene Onegin”. The central line of the novel is a love story. Feelings, duty, honor - all this is the main problem of creation, because it is so difficult to combine them. Two couples appear before the reader: Evgeny Onegin with Tatyana Larina and Vladimir Lensky with Olga. Each of them dreams of happiness and love. But this is not destined to happen. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin was a master of describing unrequited feelings. Tatyana, who falls madly in love with Onegin, does not receive the desired answer from him. He understands that he loves her only after strong shocks that melt his stone heart. And now, it would seem, the happy ending is so close. But the heroes of this novel in verse are not destined to be together. The sad thing is that the characters cannot blame fate or those around them for this. From the very beginning of Eugene Onegin, you understand that only their mistakes influenced this sad outcome. The search for the right path was unsuccessful. The content of such deep philosophical moments in the work makes the reader think about the reasons for the actions of the heroes. In addition to a simple love story, the poem is filled with living stories, descriptions, pictures and colorful characters with difficult destinies. Through the chapters of the novel, step by step, you can trace the most incredible details of that era.

The main idea of the text of “Eugene Onegin” is not easy to identify. This book gives an understanding that true happiness is not available to everyone. Only people who are not burdened with spiritual development and aspirations for the highest can truly enjoy life. Simple things that anyone can achieve are enough for them. Sensitive and thinking individuals, according to the author, suffer more often. They will face inevitable death, like Lensky, “empty inaction,” like Onegin, or silent sadness, like Tatyana. This pattern is frightening and causes a feeling of melancholy. Moreover, Pushkin, in no case, directly accuses his heroes. He emphasizes that it was the environment around that made the characters this way. After all, every respectable, intelligent and noble person will change under the influence of the heavy burden of the serfdom and hard labor. The emergence of this abnormal system in society has made hundreds of thousands of people unhappy. It is the sadness from such events that is expressed in the last lines of the work. Alexander Sergeevich managed to skillfully combine the problems of society with the hardships of individual destinies. This combination makes you re-read the novel again and again, marveling at the suffering of the characters, sympathizing with them and empathizing. The novel “Eugene Onegin” can be read online or downloaded for free on our website.